Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations

Abelard, Peter 2, 3, 81, 83, 108–9, ontological argument for existence “Five Ways” 7, 91, 101–4 229, 271 of God 99–101 on sacraments 111 Acts of the Apostles 27, 28 Proslogion 90, 99–101 scholasticism and 84, 85 ad fontes (“back to the sources”) 86, to study 269 Summa contra Gentiles 14, 91, 97, 115–16 Antioch 22 94–5, 102 Alexander of Hales 3 Antiochene school: Summa Theologiae 3, 6, 89, 91, 95, Alexandria 22 Bible interpretation 112–13 102, 107–8 Alexandrian school: Christological 22, 31, 47, 49–53 to study 269 Bible interpretation 112 apocatastasis (universal Arian controversy 31, 41–6, 240 Christological 22, 31, 42, 46–9, 50 restoration) 24 Apollinaris and 48 Anabaptism 126–7, 129, 151, 167–8, Apocrypha 147, 148, 153 Athanasius and 25, 29, 31, 43 169–71 Apollinarian controversy 31, 46–9 Origen and 24 Andrewes, Lancelot 17 Apollinaris of Laodicea 31, 47, 48, 271 Aristotle 12, 89, 91, 94, 95, 104, Anglicanism 126–7, 129–30, 193 apologetics 18, 41, 94, 186, 197, 252 131, 164 anonymous Christians 264, 265 Apostles’ Creed 6, 29, 30, 30, 150 Arius 31, 43–5, 271–2 Anselm of Canterbury 12–13, 90, apostolic church 171, 173 Arnold, Matthew 189, 190 227, 271 apostolic era 117 assumption model 50, 53 Cur Deus homo 90, 106 appropriation, doctrine of 55, 56 astronomy: and theology 177–81 on devil 105–6 Aquinas, Thomas 2, 14, 83, 90–1, Athanasius 1, 11, 32, 44–6, 272 on doctrine of satisfactionCOPYRIGHTED of 102, 132, 194, 271 MATERIALArian controversy 25, 29, 31, 43 Christ 10 on atonement 105–7 New Testament and 27 on faith and rationality 94 on divine intellect 91–2 On the Incarnation 14, 25, 87 on legal approach and death of Dominican 82, 90–1 to study 269 Christ 225 feminism and 204 atheism: moral form 13

Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought, Second Edition. Alister E. McGrath. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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atonement 90, 104–9, 189 Anabaptism 129, 169–71 Word of God 149, 172–3, 176, 242, classic theory of 224 Augustine on 66 247–8 modern discussions on 199, creeds and 29 see also Bible interpretation; New 222–32 debate over infant 167–71 Testament; Vulgate translation moral theory of 185 Reformation and 150, 151, 152, Bible interpretation: theories of 186 167–71 accommodation approach 177–8, Augustine of Hippo 6, 11, 22, 25–6, Barth, Karl 7, 11, 14, 193–4, 197, 272 179–80 56, 272 on church 247–8 allegorical 24, 42, 112, 113, on church doctrine 33, 171, Church Dogmatics 6, 193–4, 200, 114, 177 174, 175 227–8, 236, 241–2 Copernican and Galilean Confessions 14 on natural theology 255–6 debate 177–81 De civitate Dei 26 particularist approach and 262 Enlightenment and 185 on doctrine of grace 26, 33–4, on Resurrection 236–7 literal approach 177, 178 67–8, 70, 71–3, 95–6, 171, 175 to study 269 in Middle Ages 112–15 Donatist controversy and 33, 64–5, on Trinity 240, 241–3, 248 postmodernism and 192 66–7 Basil of Caesarea 32, 55, 57, 58, 272 Biel, Gabriel 118, 119, 121 illuminationism and 91 Baudrillard, Jean 191 bishops 39, 63, 64, 149–50, 176 interpretation of Bible 113 Baur, F. C. 10 Black theology 202, 206–7 on justification 159 Baxter, Richard 8, 134 Boff, Leonardo 248–9 Manichaean period 10, 197 Bec abbey 81, 90 Bonaventure 3, 6, 83, 84 “On Baptism” 66–7 Bellarmine, Roberto 139, 140, 145–6, Bonino, José Miguel 232 “On Nature and Grace” 72 148–9, 248 Borg, Marcus L. 220 original sin 10, 34, 65, 70, 72, 187, Benedictine order 81 Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne 134, 181 196, 226 Berengar of Tours 7 Bradwardine, Thomas 120 patristic “sentences” 83, 93 Bernard of Clairvaux 82, 114 Bridgewater Treatises 253 on philosophy and culture 27, 76 Beza, Theodore 132, 134, 138 Browne, Sir Thomas 252 on predestination 34, 40 Bible: Brunner, Emil 255–6 Reformation and 150, 152, 155, authority of Scripture 143, 148–50 Bullinger, Heinrich 128, 148 171, 174, 175 biblical studies 4, 5 Bultmann, Rudolf 5, 216–17, 221, Roman Empire and 27 canon of Scripture 27–8, 147–8, 150 225, 235, 236, 248, 272 on sacraments 246 criticism 252 Burckhardt, Jacob 84–5 on sacrifice of Christ 222 “Fourfold Sense of Scripture” 112, Bushnell, Horace 223 to study 269 113–14 Butler, Joseph 223 Trinitarian theology 15, 26, 56, Gnosticism and 37–8 Byzantine theology 78–9, 86, 87 58–60, 61–2 liberation theology and 206 Augustinian order 82, 120–1 Old Testament 24, 54, 75, 112–13, Cabasilis, Nicolas 88 Augustinianism: 147, 257 Caliphate 79 in late medieval theology 118–23 principle of sufficiency of Calvin, John 2, 83, 126, 128–9, modern Augustinian school (schola Scripture 24 137–8, 272 Augustiniana moderna) 120, Protestant versions 147–8 on church doctrine 175–6, 247 121, 122 Renaissance humanism and Geneva Catechism 142 Aulén, Gustav 224–5, 229 115–18 Institutes of the Christian Roman Catholic version 147–8 Religion 6, 14, 122–3, 129, 132, Balthasar, Hans Urs von 7, 194–5, sola scriptura (by Scripture alone) 137–8, 144–5, 175–6 246, 249 principle 129, 140, 148, 150, 173 on justification 159, 163 baptism 65, 111 tradition and 36–41, 146–53 on Scripture 147, 148, 149, 176–9 of adults 129, 150 translation in Reformation 153 to study 269

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on union with Christ 231 nihilism 83–4 Cross: constitutive or illustrative 230 on voluntarism 121–3 Origen and 24, 42–3 Crossan, John Dominic 219 Calvinism 126–7, 128–9, 132–3, quest of the historical Jesus and culture 194, 197, 198 137, 231 210, 213–14, 217, 219 church history and 8, 9 Camus, Albert: The Revel 13 relation with soteriology 221 classical, and Christian faith 26–7 Cano, Melchior: Loci theologici 145 two natures of Christ 30–2 Cyprian of Carthage 20, 22, 47, 63–4, canon, fixing of: New Testament 27–8 Christus Victor 104, 106–7, 224–5 65, 273 Cappadocian fathers 22, 32, 55–6, Chubb, Thomas 223 Cyril of Alexandria 52–3, 61, 273 60–1 church: Carolingian renaissance 78, 80 analogy to robe 64 Daniélou, Jean 201, 264 Carthage 22 as charismatic community 251–2 de la Bigne, Marguerin 133 Carthage, Council of 34–5 as communion 250–1 de Lubac, Henri 246 catechisms 142–3 institutions 249–50 de Saussure, Ferdinand 191 cathedral schools of theology, rise of like sacrament 246–7 deconstruction 191 3, 80–1 as people of God 251 deification 231 “cathedrals of the mind”: scholasticism visible and invisible 176 Deism 135, 184, 185–6, 210, 252 4, 84, 95 church, doctrine of 32–3 denominations 171–2, 270 Catherine of Siena 81 20th century discussions on Derrida, Jacques 191–2 “Catholic letters” 28 245–52 devil 104–6, 224 Catholic Reformation 9, 125–7, Reformation and 141, 171–6 dialectical theology 13, 193, 200 130–1, 146 Vatican II on 249–52 Didache 28, 109 consolidation of post-Reformation church history 8 Diderot, Denis 187, 233 133–4 historical theology and 9, 11 Diet of Worms 1521: 127 Galileo condemned 179–81 ideas and 11 Diocletian 20, 32, 62 position on Bible and Cistercian order 82 divine will and intellect 91–2, 122 tradition 152–3 Cleage, Albert 206 Docetism 41 systematic theology in post- Clement of Alexandria 2, 27, 74–5, doctrinal criticism 252 Reformation period 131–3 272 Dogmengeschichte (history of see also Trent, Council of Commentaries on the Sentences 84, 91 dogma) 10, 226 Catholicism 193 communicatio idiomatum (communi- Dominican order 82, 90–1 catechisms 143 cation of attributes) 51 Donatist controversy 8, 26, 32–3, and Donatist controversy 63, 64, 65 Cone, James H. 207 62–7, 171, 174, 175 see also Catholic Reformation; confessionalization 131 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor: The Brothers Trent, Council of; Vatican II confessions of faith 29, 131, 143–4 Karamazov 13 Chalcedon, Council of 17, 32, 78 consensus fidelium 40–1 Duns Scotius, John 6, 82, 84, 91–2, charismatics 183, 251–2 Constantine 31, 86 94, 96, 103, 122–3 Chartres cathedral 81 conversion of 20–1, 26, 170 Christ see Jesus Christ Constantinople 52, 78, 86 eastern church: Christmas 31, 46–7 fall of 85, 88 in Middle Ages and Christology 10, 32, 41, 204, 228 Constantinople, Council of 45, 48, 57 Renaissance 78–9, 86–8 Alexandrian school 22, 31, 42, consubstantiation 165 in patristic period 18, 28, 32, 55, 46–9, 50 Copernican debate 177–9 60–1, 62 Antiochene school 22, 31, 47, Council of Trent see Trent, Council of Ebeling, Gerhard 217, 218 49–53 covenant concept 119–20, 121 Ebionitism 41 Athanasius and 25, 29 Cranmer, Thomas 130 ecclesia docens/ecclesia discens Logos-Christology 41–3, 46–7, 48, creation 56, 59, 60, 72, 102, 177–9, 256 (teaching/learning church) 250 49–50, 73–6 creeds 29–30, 143, 144 ecclesiology 33, 245

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ecumenical councils 31–2 as trust 156 righteousness of 95, 106–7, 154, ecumenical creeds 29–30 unites believer with Christ 156 155, 156–7, 161–2 Edict of Decius 20 fallenness: of human nature 33–4, 70 suffering 10, 12–14, 52, 195, 223 Edict of Toleration 8, 20 Farley, Edward 4 theology and 1–2, 6 Edwards, Jonathan 8, 134, 139, Felix of Aptunga 62 in Trinity 54–5, 56–62 183, 269 feminism 202–4 unchangeable 12 Eliot, George 189 critique of traditional Christian as watchmaker 186, 253 Enlightenment 3, 13–19, 184, 198 theology 256–9 good works 34, 72, 119–20, 141, 162 atonement critique 223, 224, 226, filioque controversy 60–2, 79 Gospels 27, 28, 192, 214, 215, 228, 231, 232 Forsyth, P. T. 227 234–5 critique of Christian theology Foscarini, Paolo Antonio 179–80, 181 grace, doctrine of: 184–7 Fourth Gospel see John’s gospel Augustine on 26, 33–4, 67–8, 70, natural theology 252 Franciscan order 82 71–3, 95–6, 171, 175 “religion” as universal category 260 Franck, Sebastian 151, 173 development of theology of, in on Resurrection 233–5 free will 33, 68–9, 70 Middle Ages 95–6 Romanticism and critique of 187–9 fulfillment model: Christianity and Mary and 97, 117–18 Erasmus of Rotterdam 83, 92–3, other faiths 263–4 nature of 71 97, 116 patristic period and 33–5 Enchiridion 92–3, 117 Galerius 20 Pelagian controversy 33, 34–5, eschatology 6, 212–13 Galilean debate 177, 179–81 67–73 ethics, Christian 209 Gaunilo: “A Reply on Behalf of the Reformation and 140–1 eucharist 111, 137, 150 Fool” 100, 101 “unconditional election” 140 Donatist controversy and 65 Geneva 126, 128, 137 Great Awakening 134, 139, 183 nature of real presence 164–7 Genevan Academy 3, 128 Great Schism 79 transubstantiation 141, 164, 165, 166 geocentric theory 177 Greek: Eusebius of Caesarea 2 Gerhard, Johann: Loci communes Hellenism 10, 244–5 evil 187, 225 theologici 138, 144 language 18, 19, 31, 78–9, 85 exclusivism: Christian approach to Gilbert of Poitiers 2 New Testament in 86, 92, 93, other religions 266–7, 268 Gilson, Étienne 4, 95, 202 117, 118 exemplarist approach: death of Gnosticism 24, 28, 37–9, 41, 54 philosophy 24, 31, 41, 42, 43, 49, Christ 228–30 God: 68, 73–6 existentialist philosophies 33–4, 232 -centered approach and other Gregory the Great 104–5 Exodus 27, 76 religions 267 Gregory of Nazianzus 31, 32, 48–9, extra-canonical 27 arguments for existence 2, 98–104 52, 58, 273 Arius’s view 43 Gregory of Nyssa 32, 55–6, 57, 58, faith: consciousness of 232 87, 273 Anselm of Canterbury on 90, 94 distinguished from other gods 2 Gregory of Rimini 85, 120–1 confessions of 29, 131 doctrine of 6 guilt 227 crisis of, in Victorian England hesychastic controversy 87–8 Gunton, Colin 14–15, 230 189–90 human mind is “an image” of 60 Gutiérrez, Gustavo 205, 232 culture and 26–7, 194 love of 13, 108–9 justification by 8, 9, 12, 140, 141, maleness of 203, 256–8 Harnack, Adolf von 41, 56, 198, 226 154–63, 168 nature of 7, 31, 101 History of Dogma 10–11 personal reference 156 “otherness” of 200 “harrowing of hell” 104, 105 philosophy and 73–6 Pelagius on 69 Hayter, Mary 257 rationality of 252–6 perfect 12 Heidelberg Catechism 142, 227 Resurrection and 236–7 righteousness before 231 Heim, Mark 265–6

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heliocentric theory: of solar Athanasius on 45 John’s gospel 19, 39, 44, 46–7, 60, 61, system 177, 179 icons and 87 62, 71, 73 Hellenism 10, 244–5 Nestorian controversy and 48–9, 53 Johnson, Elizabeth 258 heresy 25–6, 29, 31, 36, 39 inclusivism: Christian approach to Judaism 18, 19, 41, 219, 220, 223, 251 hesychastic controversy 87–8 other religions 261, 263–7 Judea 19 Hick, John 220, 229, 230, 262, individualism 84–5, 151, 152, Julian of Norwich 81 265–6, 268 153, 154 justification 20, 118–19, 121, 270 Hilary of Poitiers 61, 79 INRI (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the by faith 8, 9, 12, 95, 140, 141, Hildegard of Bingen 81 Jews) 19 154–63, 168 historical Jesus, quests of see quests of intellectualist approach 122 cause of 162 the historical Jesus Irenaeus of Lyons 19, 24, 273 covenantal 120 historical theology 1, 3–4 “Against Heresies” 24, 38–9 forensic 157, 158–9 church history and 9, 11 Demonstration of the Preaching of nature of 162–3 as critical tool 9, 10–11, 12–14 the Apostles 54 Justin Martyr see Martyr, Justin development of 9–11 to study 269 landmarks including writers/ on tradition 28–9, 36 Kähler, Martin 214–15, 230, 273 debates/documents 11 on Trinity and salvation 53–4, 243 Kant, I. 3, 193, 221, 232 as pedagogic tool 9, 11 Islam 79, 98–9 Käsemann, Ernst 217–18 purpose and place 8–9 Italian Renaissance 84–5 kerygmatic approach 5, 216–17, 218, as resource for systematic 235, 247, 248 theology 14–15 Jenson, Robert 244–5 King James Bible 153 history of dogma 10–11, 226 Jesus Christ 5 Kingdom of God 212–13, 218, 232 Hoen, Cornelius 166 assumption model 50, 53 Kraemer, Hendrik 262 Holmer, Paul 208 at eucharist 164–7 Holy Spirit: Christus Victor 104, 106–7, 224–5 language games 208 as breath of God 61 divinity of 31, 41–6, 47, 49–50, 53, Latin 18, 19, 79 charismatics 183 108, 122, 152, 196 Latin America 204–6 church and 248–9 humanity of 31, 47, 48, 49–50, 108 legal approach: death of Christ 225–8 “double procession” 60, 61 hypostatic union 50 legal status: of Christianity 19, 20 filioque controversy 60–2 identity and significance of, for Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 211, 233, Trinity and 54–5, 56–62, 240 Enlightenment 185–6 234, 273 homoiousios (“of like substance”) 46, 53 INRI (Jesus of Nazareth, King Lewis, C. S. 14 homoousios (“of one substance”) 30, of the Jews) 19 liberal Protestantism 13, 196–8, 31–2, 46, 53 maleness of 204, 258 213–14 Hugh of St. Victor 11, 109–12, 273 modern interpretations of work liberation theology 7, 9, 183, 204–6, humanism 92, 93, 137 of 222–30 207, 232 Renaissance, and Bible 96, 115–18 Old Testament and 113 Lindbeck, George 208 rise of 85–6, 154 present in church 246–9 liturgy, Catholic 130 hypostatic union 50 ratio meriti Christi 122–3 Locke, John 222–3 the Son 43–4, 54–5, 56–62 logos spermatikos 24, 42, 74 iconoclastic controversy 87, 89 two natures of 18, 30–2, 47, Logos-Christology 41–3, 46–7, 48, idolatry 25 49–50 49–50, 73–6 Ignatius of Antioch 245 union with 231 Loisy, Alfred 198–9 illuminationism 91 see also atonement; Christology; Lombard, Peter 81 Incarnation, doctrine of 10, 78 quests of the historical Jesus Four Books of the Sentences 6, 83–4, Abelard on 108 Jewett, Paul 258 89, 93, 111, 145 Anselm on 106 John of Damascus 87, 88–9 Loofs, Friedrich 215–16

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love: Mary: systematic theology 6–7 of God 13, 108–9 annunciation 117–18 theologians 192–5 and Spirit 58–9 grace and 97, 117–18 western theological Luke’s gospel 37, 97, 117–18 immaculate conception 92, 140 movements 195–209 Luther, Martin 2, 3, 10, 11, 82, 126, Mother of God 48, 51–2 modernism 198–9 136–7, 273 salvation and 96 Moltmann, Jürgen 195 on alien righteousness of Christ theotokos 48, 51, 52 monarchianism 57 157, 161 Vulgate translation and 97, 117–18 monastic schools of theology, rise Appeal to the Christian Nobility of Matthew’s gospel 37, 97, 117 of 3, 79, 80–2 the German Nation 136 Mechthild of Magdeburg 81 morality 13, 49, 65, 121–2 on atonement 122, 224 medieval theology 79 modern period and 189, 227, 229, “autobiographical fragment” 154–5 Melanchthon, Philip 154, 156, 231, 232 The Babylonian Captivity of the 158–9, 274 mystical theology 138 Christian Church 136, 165 Loci communes 6, 138, 144 mythologia of pagan writers 2 Catechisms 136–7, 142 memorialism 165–7 on church doctrine 171, 172–3, 174 metanarratives 192 natural theology 252–6 on consubstantiation 165, 166 Methodism 135 Neill, Stephen C. 262–3 Four Books of the Sentences and 84 Middle Ages and Renaissance 77–123 neo-orthodoxy 193, 199–201 on “godly prince” 128 Bible and humanism 115–18 Neoplatonism 18 on infant baptism 168 Bible and tradition 150 Nestorian controversy 47, 49–53 on justification by faith 8, 95, 120, case studies 98–123 Nestorius 51–2, 274 140, 154–8, 160–3, 168, 231 definition of Middle Ages 78–9 New Testament 5, 41 The Liberty of a Christian 136 eastern Europe theological Augustine’s conversion 25 Ninety-Five Theses on indulgences landmarks 79, 86–8 canon 27–8 127, 136, 171 Italian Renaissance 84–5 Greek text 86, 92, 93, 97, 116, on orders of creation 256 key names/words/phrases 98 117, 118 on sacraments doctrine 141 rise of humanism 85–6, 114–18 humanists and 86 “theology of the cross” 137 rise of scholasticism 76, 84, 85, 93, justification and 154 to study 269 95, 118, 121 law of Christ 93 translation of Bible to theologians 88–93, 147 letters of Paul 18, 19, 27, 28 vernacular 153 theological developments 93–8 miracles in 186–7 Lutheranism 126–8, 131–3, 138, 140 western Europe theological Old Testament and 24, 54, 113, 245 Lyons, Council of 62 landmarks 80–4 quest of the historical Jesus and Middle Platonism 18, 41, 42, 73 185–6, 210, 211, 218–19 McFague, Sallie 257 ministers 33, 65, 66–7 synoptic gospels 36–7, 213, 217, 219 MacIntyre, Alasdair 207–8 miracles, critique of 186–7, 233, 234 traditional interpretation 28, 36 Mack, Burton L. 220 modalism 56–7, 242, 258 Vulgate translation 86, 97–8, Manicheism 10, 68 modern period 11, 13–14, 182–268 115–18 Marcion 24, 54 case studies 210–68 Newman, John Henry 193, 254 Maritain, Jacques 7 crisis of faith in Victorian Nicea, Council of 31–2 Mark’s gospel 19, 36, 37, 213 England 189–90 Nicene Creed 6, 18, 30, 46, 60, 79 Martyr, Justin 18–19, 22–4, 41–2, Enlightenment 184–9 Niebuhr, Reinhold 197, 200, 203, 259 73–4, 273–4 global aspect 183 nominalism 118–19 logos spermatikos doctrine 24, history of dogma 10, 226 North Africa, western 22 42, 74 key names/words/phrases 209 North America: colonization 126, martyred: Christians 20 postmodernism 190–2 134, 183 Marxist theory 205, 237 Romanticism 187–9 nouvelle théologie, la 201–2

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Oberman, Heiko A. 150–1 theological developments 26–35 trends within 171–6 Ockham’s razor 92 western church 18, 28, 32, 55, 60, 62 see also Reformation office of Christ, threefold (munus patristics 17 Prout, William 253–4 triplex Christi) 222 patrology 17 purgatory, doctrines of 86, 148 orders of creation 256 Paul 19 Puritanism 8, 133, 134 Origen 19, 24, 42–3, 48, 104, faith and philosophy 73 112, 274 letters 18, 19, 27, 28 Quadriga (fourfold sense of original sin 92, 168 Pelagian controversy: Scripture) 112, 113–14 Augustine on 10, 34, 65, 70, 72, grace and 33, 34–5, 68–73, 140 Quasten, Johannes 17 187, 196, 226 in late medieval theology 118–23 quests of the historical Jesus 184, rejection of 187, 196, 226 Pelagius 33, 34, 68–9, 70, 71, 274 185–6, 210–20 Orthodox churches, eastern 32, 88, penance 97, 110, 111, 117 apocalyptic critique 212–13 89–90, 231 persecution, problem of 19–20, 32–3, dogmatic critique 214–16 Orthodoxy, period of 132 62, 64 new 217–19 Peter Abelard see Abelard, Peter original 210–12 Palamism 88 Peter Lombard see Lombard, Peter retreat from history 216–17 Paley, William 253, 254 Petilian 67 skeptical critique 213–14 Pannenberg, Wolfhart 195, 221, 231, Philo 112 third 219–20 237–9, 257, 274 Quod Deus immutabilis sit 12 papacy 79, 250 philosophical theology 3–4, 5, 7, 90 radical orthodoxy 209 parables: philosophy 94, 188 Rahner, Karl 7, 194, 243–4, 246–7, laborers in the vineyard 71–2 analogy with Old Testament 75 264–5, 269, 274 the wheat and the tares 64–5, 174 appropriated 27, 76 Rashdall, Hastings 199, 229 particularism: Christian approach to faith and 73–6 reason: other religions 261, 262–3, 266 Greek 24, 31, 41, 42, 43, 49, 68, 73–6 Enlightenment and 184–5, 187–8, pastoral theology 4, 7–8, 134, 202, in patristic period 18, 73–6 252 203–4 Pietism 133, 135–6, 188, 231 postmodernity and 191 patristic period 2, 6, 9–10, 12, Platonism 18, 73, 75 in theology in Middle Ages 94–5 16–76, 269 pluralism: Christian approach to redemption 34, 46, 96, 188, 224 case studies 36–76 other religions 4, 229, 230, 262, Reformation 3, 9, 17, 124–81 centers of theological 265–6, 267–8 Bible and tradition in debates 5, reflection 22, 23 Polkinghorne, John 255 146–53 clarification of terms 17 polytheism 2, 244 case studies 146–81 consolidation of heritage in post-Reformation movements 133–6 Catholic 9, 125–7, 130–1, 146, Middle Ages 93 postliberalism 207–9 152–3 difficulties in approaching 17–18 postmodernism: new theological clarification of terms 126–7 eastern church 18, 28, 32, 55, agenda 190–2 English 126–7, 129–30 60–1, 62 poverty 204–6 German 126–8, 131–3, 138, 140 historical background 18–19 predestination, doctrine of 34, 40, global phenomenon 125, 126 historical importance of Rome 19 132, 140 key names/words/phrases 146 key names/words/phrases 35 Prime Unmoved Mover 103, 104 magisterial 129, 143, 146, 150, 151, persecution 19–20 prolegomena 6 152, 171 philosophical issues 18, 73–6 Protest Atheism 13 post-Reformation movements public theological debate 21 Protestantism 127 133–6 Reformation and 133, 150, 152 on justification by faith 154–63 radical 125–7, 129, 146, 151, 173–5 “sentences” 6, 83 liberal 13, 196–8, 213–14 or Reformations 125–6 theologians 22–6 Protestant Orthodoxy 131–3, 135 Second 125–7

303

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Reformation (cont’d) seven 111, 112 scholasticism: Swiss 126–7, 128–9 Vulgate translation and 97 in Reformation 132–3, 136 theologians 136–9 see also baptism; eucharist; penance rise in Middle Ages 76, 84, 85, 95, theological developments 139–41 sacrifice: Christ’s death on Cross 199, 118, 121 theological literature developments 222–4 schools of theology: 6, 141–6 St. Victor, Royal Abbey of 81, 109 cathedral 3, 80–1 Reformed church 126–7, 128–9, 131 Saiving, Valerie C. 259 monastic 3, 79, 80–2 Reimarus, Hermann Samuel 185, salvation 9, 31, 45 Schweitzer, Albert 210, 212–13, 274 186, 211, 234–5 assurance of 163 Scripture see Bible religion(s): basis and nature of 71–3, 221–32 Second Vatican Council 245, 246, Christian approaches to other 251, consciousness of God 232 249–52 259–68 deification and 86, 231 seminaries 4, 183 defining 259–60 economy of 54, 56, 75, 243, 244 semper eadem (“always the same”) 134 religious orders: schools of genuine humanity and 232 sign, linguistic 191 theology 82 Gnosticism and 37 Simeon the New Theologian 87–8, Renaissance see Middle Ages and by grace 34, 70, 72–3 89–90 Renaissance liberation theology and 206 Simons, Menno 169–70 ressourcement 201–2 Mary and 96 sin: Resurrection 211, 222, 224 by merit 34 atonement and 106, 107, 226 critique of miracles 186, 187 modern discussions on 221–32 as disease 70 debate over 233–9 moral perfection and 232 doctrine of grace 33, 68, 70, 72 disciples and 235 other religions and 262 Donatist controversy and 64, 65, 67 empty tomb 236 Pelagius on 33, 72 feminist critique 258–9 historical event and critical political liberation and 232 as guilt 70 enquiry 236–9 righteousness before God and 231 Mary and 92 as myth 234–5 union with Christ and 231 nature of 70, 203 non-event 233–4 via moderna on 119, 121 as power 70 revelation 184, 185, 194, 195, 200–1, sanctification 159, 161 revelation and 255 242, 255 Sanders, E. P. 220 righteousness and 157–8 Revelation, Book of 27, 28, 97 “satisfaction” model 106, 107–8, 226 see also original sin Ritschl, Albrecht 10, 213, 221 schism: Society of Jesus 126, 132 Roman Empire 8, 19, 21, 23, 26, 60, denominationalism 171–2 sola scriptura (by Scripture alone) 70, 78 Donatists and 63, 64, 65 principle 129, 140, 148, 150, 173 Romanticism: critique of of eastern and western soteriology 31, 46, 48, 230 Enlightenment 187–9 churches 79, 86 relation with Christology 221 Roman Catholicism see Catholicism Great 79 see also salvation Rome: historical importance 19, 85 in Reformation 171–2 Spener, Philip Jakob: Pia desideria Schleiermacher, F. D. E. 135, 135 sacraments 137, 246 193, 194 Steinbart, G. S. 10, 226–7, 228 defined 109–12 Brief Outline of the Study of Stoic philosophy 68, 73 development of theology 78, 95, Theology 3–4 Strauss, David Friedrich 234–5 109–12 Christian Faith 6–7, 188, 193, Streeter, B. H.: Four Gospels 37 Donatist controversy 33, 65–7 239–40 Swete, Henry Barclay 240–1 ex opere operantis 66 on consciousness of God 232 synoptic gospels 36–7, 213, 217, 219 ex opere operato 66 on death of Christ 229 systematic theology 4, 5, 6–7 of Old and New Covenant 110, 111 liberal theology 196, 199 historical theology as resource Reformation and 141, 176 on Trinity 239–40 for 9, 11

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in Middle Ages 95 transubstantiation 141, 164, 165, 166 Paris University 2, 3, 6, 81, 82–3, postliberalism and 208–9 Trent, Council of 82, 126, 272 91, 98–9, 121 in Reformation and post- on Augustine 141 philosophy and 3 Reformation period 6, 132–3, Catholic Reformation and 130, 131 secular approach 4 137, 144–6 on church doctrine 141, 172 via moderna and 118–19 consolidation of Catholicism 133 Wittenberg University 126, 127, 136 Taylor, Mark 192 on justification by faith 159–63 Teresa of Avilà 138, 247 on sacraments doctrine 141 Vanhoozer, Kevin 190–1 Tertullian 22, 24, 39, 274–5 on Scripture 140, 147, 148, 151, Vatican II 245, 246, 249–52 on philosophy 7, 68, 75–6 152–3 via moderna 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 136 rhetorical question 18 on transubstantiation 164 Victorian England: crisis of faith on tradition 29, 36, 39 Tridentine Catechism 143 189–90 on Trinity 54 Trinity, doctrine of 2, 6–7 Vincent of Lérins 36, 40–1, 275 theodicy 187 in 20th century thought 239–45, Vincentian canon 40 Theodore of Mopsuestia 49, 50, 258, 261 voluntarism 91, 121–2 112–13 appropriation 55, 56 Vulgate translation of Scripture 147, theological aesthetics 7 Augustine’s model 15, 26, 56, 153 theology: 58–60, 61–2 critique 86, 96, 97–8, 115, 116, architecture of 4–8 Cappadocian approach 22, 57–8 117–18 astronomy and 177–81 “community of being” 56 Paris version 115, 116 concept 1–4 economic 54, 58 defined 1 Enlightenment view 186 Weiss, Johannes 212–13 local 183 Father, Son and Holy Spirit 32, Wesley, John 135 method 6, 132, 195 54–5, 56–62, 116, 244, 258 western church: pastoral 4, 7–8 feminist critique 258 in Middle Ages and philosophical 3–4, 5, 7 filioque controversy 60–2 Renaissance 79, 80–4, 113 practical 3–4 Gunton on 14–15 in patristic period 18, 28, 32, 55, Reformation and sources of 140 humanism and 116 60, 62 role of reason 94–5 immanent 243–4 recent movements and trends study at universities 2–3, 4 modalism 56–7 195–209 theotokos 48, 51, 52, 53 in patristic period 31, 32, 53–62, 152 in Reformation period 124–81 Thomas Aquinas see Aquinas, perichoresis (mutual William of Ockham 82, 84, 92, 103, 118 Thomas interpenetration) 55–6 “Wolfenbüttel Fragments” 211 Thomas à Kempis 3 social 261 women theological writers 81, 202–4 Tillich, Paul 194, 197, 221, 225 Tertullian on 24 Word of God 149, 172–3, 176, 242, tradition 11 Troeltsch, Ernst 238, 275 247–8 Bible and 36–41, 146–53 two natures: of Jesus Christ 18, 30–2, World War I: 13, 197, 199–200, 225, 227 dual-source theory 151, 152 47, 49–50 Wrede, William 213–14 paradosis 87 two-source theory: of synoptic Wright, N. T. 220 role of, in patristic period 28–9 gospels 37 role of, in Reformation 150–2 Tyrrell, George 198–9 Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig Graf single-source theory 38, 151 von 135 Tradition 0: 151 universities: Zurich Reformation 126, 169, 170 Tradition 1: 143, 150–1, 152 “faculties of religion” in North Zwingli, Huldrych 117, 127, 128, 137 Tradition 2: 150, 151, 152 America 4 on baptism 129, 168–70 traditores 32–3, 62, 65 founding of 2–3, 79, 82–3 memorialism 165–7 transcendental method 194 Oxford University 83, 120 on Scripture 147

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00001530860.INDD001530860.INDD 330505 44/25/2012/25/2012 7:41:137:41:13 PMPM 00001530860.INDD001530860.INDD 330606 44/25/2012/25/2012 7:41:137:41:13 PMPM