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Pollyanna Nunes De Otanásio Parâmetros B CAMPUS PLANALTINA - FUP PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS AMBIENTAIS (PPG-CA) Pollyanna Nunes de Otanásio Parâmetros biológicos de Elaphria agrotina (Guenée, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e sua distribuição espaço temporal no Brasil Orientador: Alexandre Specht Coorientador: Ludgero Cardoso Galli Vieira BRASÍLIA/DF 2017 Pollyanna Nunes de Otanásio Dissertação de Mestrado Parâmetros biológicos de Elaphria agrotina (Guenée 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e sua distribuição espaço temporal no Brasil Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade de Brasília (UnB), como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Ambientais. Linha de Pesquisa: Manejo e Conservação dos Recursos Naturais Orientador: Alexandre Specht Coorientador: Ludgero Cardoso Galli Vieira BRASÍLIA/DF 2017 2 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA 3 Parâmetros biológicos de Elaphria agrotina (Guenée 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e sua distribuição espaço temporal no Brasil Pollyanna Nunes de Otanásio BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof. Dr. Alexandre Specht (Embrapa Cerrados/FUP – UnB) Dr. Amabilio Jose Aires de Camargo (Embrapa Cerrados) Dra. Rosângela Brito (UFRGS) 4 DEDICATÓRIA Aos meus pais amados Aleone e Juracy. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus, à minha família por todo apoio e incentivo em todos esses anos de estudo. Por acompanharem todo esse processo e sempre acreditarem no meu esforço, mesmo nos momentos que eu não obtive êxito nos meus sonhos. Agradeço a todos os professores do ensino fundamental I e II, médio, graduação, especialização e mestrado que passaram e contribuíram de alguma forma no meu processo de aprendizagem desde a minha infância até agora. A professora Dra. Vânia Ferreira Roque-Specht, ao meu orientador Dr. Alexandre Specht pela oportunidade e ao meu coorientador Dr. Ludgero Cardoso Galli Vieira por toda ajuda e aos seus orientandos do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais e Limnológicas – NEPAL pelo carinho e simpatia, a Dra Silvana V. Paula-Moraes pela ajuda em todos os momentos, ao estatístico Juaci Malaquias pela grande ajuda e a professora Dra Michelle pelo acolhimento nas dúvidas. Aos estudantes da pós-graduação do Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical pertencente a Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, aos quais participaram da triagem dos insetos coletados. Aos colegas que tive a honra de conhecer enquanto trabalhávamos no Laboratório de Entomologia da Embrapa Cerrados: Cloh, Caik Carlos, Eunice, Fernando Martins, Filipe, Henrique, Janara, Márcia, Matheus, Tamara e Vander. Saibam que vocês contribuíram de forma positiva para o meu crescimento pessoal e profissional agradeço pela amizade, brigas, apoio, risadas e trocas de experiências. Agradeço a Priscila da Luz pela amizade, risadas e pelas conversas carregadas de reflexões sobre a humanidade. Aos colegas do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA), em especial a Carla Albuquerque por ser tão amada com todos e a Carla Alves pelas caronas e risadas nesses dois anos. A todos os meus amigos que mesmo longe contribuíram, peço desculpa pela ausência, ao Alexandre Coutinho por todo carinho, a Pâmella que além de irmã é uma grande amiga e ao Marcelo pela alegria e simpatia. Aos que cumpriram a sua missão nessa vida e se foram tão cedo, todo meu agradecimento. As minhas queridas e amadas Paty e Paola que me alegram todos os dias com seus carinhos. À Universidade de Brasília - UnB e a Embrapa Cerrados por permitir o uso de todas as suas facilidades e serviços: transporte, secretaria, laboratório, biblioteca entre outros. A Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal - FAPDF pela concessão de bolsa na parte final do mestrado. E a todos aqueles que não foram mencionados e que participaram de forma direta ou indireta para a realização deste trabalho. Muito obrigada! 6 ABSTRACT The occurrence of caterpillars and moths pertaining to Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) may vary according to the environmental conditions and available resources. Some of these species have wide geographic distribution, great dispersal capacity and their caterpillars high potential to cause economic damage to one or more crops. Such characteristics are reported in a growing number of studies related to the ecology and biology of these insects. Elaphria agrotina (Guenée, 1852) has caused losses in recent years, mainly due to its behavior in the field. While the majority of noctuidae caterpillars feed on vegetative and reproductive phases, the immature stages of E. agrotina show a preference for dry plant structures. In the laboratory, this species demonstrated a better performance in an artificial diet rich in carbohydrates. It is emphasized that E. agrotina is a small species, but even in a more adequate artificial diet, it had slow development when compared to other noctuids with twice its size. Another curious aspect of the development of E. agrotina is that when grown on a diet considered less adequate, caterpillars present a reduction in the number of larval instars, a situation contrary to lepidoptera, which increase the number of instars. The concomitant occurrence of E. agrotina was also observed in different locations of Brazil, with different types of vegetation cover, this demonstrates its biological plasticity in occupying native and anthropized environments. An association was observed between the population peaks of the species with the beginning of the driest seasons and / or the end of the crop cycle, when there is greater availability of dry plant material. It should be noted that the number of moths collected correlated more with the climatic variables measured 35 and 50 days before collection, which corresponds to the conditions in which the immature were in the field. Keywords: Population fluctuation, light trap, artificial diet, mass rearing. 7 RESUMO A ocorrência de lagartas e mariposas pertecentes a Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) pode variar de acordo com as condições ambientais e recursos disponíveis. Algumas dessas espécies possuem ampla distribuição geográfica, grande capacidade de dispersão e suas lagartas elevado potencial para ocasionar danos econômicos a uma ou mais culturas. Tais características são relatadas em um número crescente de estudos relacionados com a ecologia e biologia desses insetos. Elaphria agrotina (Guenée, 1852) passou a ocasionar prejuízos nos últimos anos, devido principalmente ao seu comportamento em campo. Enquanto a maioria das lagartas dos noctuídeos se alimentam de culturas na fase vegetativa e reprodutiva, os estágios imaturos de E. agrotina apresentam preferência por estruturas vegetais secas, em laboratório, essa espécie demonstrou melhor desempenho em dieta artificial rica em carboidratos. Ressalta-se que E. agrotina é uma espécie pequena, porém, mesmo em dieta artificial mais adequada, teve desenvolvimento lento quando comparado ao de outros noctuídeos com o dobro do seu tamanho. Outro aspecto curioso do desenvolvimento de E. agrotina é que quando criada em dieta considerada menos adequada, as lagartas apresentam uma redução no número de instares larvais, situação contrária aos lepidópteros, que aumentam o número de instares. Verificou-se ainda a ocorrência concomitante de E. agrotina em distintos locais do Brasil, com diferentes tipos de cobertura vegetal, isso demonstra a sua plasticidade biológica em ocupar ambientes nativos e antropizados. Notou-se uma associação entre os picos populacionais da espécie com o início das épocas mais secas e/ou de final de ciclo das culturas, quando há maior disponibilidade de material vegetal seco. Ressalta-se que o número de mariposas coletadas se correlacionou mais com as variáveis climáticas medidas 35 e 50 dias antes das coletas, o que corresponde às condições em que os imaturos estavam em campo. Palavras-chave: Flutuação populacional, armadilha luminosa, dieta artificial, criação massal 8 Sumário ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 7 RESUMO .................................................................................................................................................. 8 LISTA DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................................................. 10 LISTA DE TABELAS .............................................................................................................................. 13 LISTA DE APÊNDICES .......................................................................................................................... 15 ESTRUTURA DA DISSERTAÇÃO ......................................................................................................... 16 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .......................................................................................................................... 17 OBJETIVOS............................................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.1. Objetivo Geral ................................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.2. Objetivos Específicos ...................................................................................................................... 19 REFERÊNCIAS ...................................................................................................................................... 20 CAPÍTULO 1 .........................................................................................................................................
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