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David Lloyd George 1863–1945 Kenneth O For the study of Liberal, SDP and Issue 77 / Winter 2012–13 / £10.00 Liberal Democrat history Journal of LiberalHI ST O R Y David Lloyd George 1863–1945 Kenneth O. Morgan Lloyd George and leadership The influences of Gladstone and Lincoln Alan Sharp ‘If I had to go to Paris again …’ Lloyd George and the revision of the Versailles Treaty Stella Rudman Lloyd George and the appeasement of Germany, 1922–1945 Peter Clarke ‘We can conquer unemployment’ Lloyd George and Keynes David Dutton The wonderful wizard as was Lloyd George, 1931–1945 Liberal Democrat History Group 2 Journal of Liberal History 77 Winter 2012–13 Journal of Liberal History Issue 77: Winter 2012–13 The Journal of Liberal History is published quarterly by the Liberal Democrat History Group. ISSN 1479-9642 David Lloyd George, 1863–1945 4 Editor: Duncan Brack Kenneth O. Morgan introduces this special edition of the Journal. Deputy Editor: Tom Kiehl Biographies Editor: Robert Ingham Reviews Editor: Dr Eugenio Biagini Lloyd George and leadership 6 Contributing Editors: Graham Lippiatt, Tony Little, The influences of Gladstone and Abraham Lincoln; by Kenneth O. Morgan York Membery Lloyd George, nonconformity and radicalism 12 Patrons Ian Machin examines Lloyd George’s career and beliefs from 1890 to 1906 Dr Eugenio Biagini; Professor Michael Freeden; Professor John Vincent Lloyd George’s coalition proposal of 1910 18 Editorial Board and its impact on pre-war Liberalism; by Martin Pugh Dr Malcolm Baines; Dr Ian Cawood; Dr Roy Douglas; Dr David Dutton; Prof. David Gowland; Prof. Richard Lloyd George’s war rhetoric, 1914–1918 24 Grayson; Dr Michael Hart; Peter Hellyer; Dr Alison Richard Toye analyses Lloyd George’s rhetorical skills at the height of his powers Holmes; Dr J. Graham Jones; Dr Tudor Jones; Tony Little; Prof. Ian Machin; Dr Mark Pack; Dr Ian Packer; Dr John Powell; Jaime Reynolds; Dr Andrew Russell; ‘If I had to go to Paris again …’ 30 Dr Iain Sharpe Lloyd George and the revision of the Treaty of Versailles; by Alan Sharp Editorial/Correspondence Lloyd George and the appeasement of Germany 38 Contributions to the Journal – letters, articles, and Stella Rudman looks at Lloyd George’s stance on Germany, 1922–1945 book reviews – are invited. The Journal is a refereed publication; all articles submitted will be reviewed. Contributions should be sent to: ‘We can conquer unemployment’ 46 Duncan Brack (Editor) Lloyd George and Keynes; by Peter Clarke 54 Midmoor Road, London SW12 0EN email: [email protected] The wonderful wizard as was 54 All articles copyright © Journal of Liberal History. All Lloyd George, 1931–1945; by David Dutton rights reserved. The Beaverbrook Library 64 Advertisements A. J. P. Taylor and the rise of Lloyd George studies; by Chris Wrigley Full page £100; half page £60; quarter page £35. Discounts available for repeat ads or offers to readers (e.g. discounted book prices). To place ads, please Lloyd George archives 68 contact the Editor. J. Graham Jones surveys manuscript sources Subscriptions/Membership Reviews 71 An annual subscription to the Journal of Liberal History Hattersley, The Great Outsider: David Lloyd George, reviewed by Ian Packer; costs £20.00 (£12.50 unwaged rate). This includes Rudman, Lloyd George and the Appeasement of Germany 1919–45, reviewed by membership of the History Group unless you inform Chris Cooper us otherwise. Non-UK subscribers should add £10.00. Institutional rate £50.00, including online access. As well as printed copies, online subscribers can access online copies of current and past Journals. Online subscriptions are available to individuals at £40.00. Cheques (payable to ‘Liberal Democrat History Group’) should be sent to: Patrick Mitchell 6 Palfrey Place, London SW8 1PA; email: [email protected] Payment is also possible via our website, Liberal Democrat History Group www.liberalhistory.org.uk. The Liberal Democrat History Group promotes the discussion and research of topics relating Cover design concept: Lynne Featherstone to the histories of the Liberal Democrats, Liberal Party, and SDP, and of Liberalism. The Published by the Liberal Democrat History Group, Group organises discussion meetings and produces the Journal of Liberal History and other c/o 54 Midmoor Road, London SW12 0EN occasional publications. Printed by Kall-Kwik, For more information, including historical commentaries, details of publications, back issues 18 Colville Road, London W3 8BL of the Journal, and archive and other research sources, see our website at: January 2013 www.liberalhistory.org.uk. Chair: Tony Little Honorary President: Lord Wallace of Saltaire Journal of Liberal History 77 Winter 2012–13 3 DAVid llOYD GEORGE, 1863 – 1945 his special issue of the Journal commemorates the T150th anniversary of the birth of David Lloyd George, argu- ably our greatest Liberal in peace and in war, certainly our most radi- cal Prime Minister. Lloyd George was always to be linked with his almost native Wales, although his birth actu- ally took place in New York Place, Manchester, which allowed LG opportunities, as appropriate, to declare himself to be a ‘Lancashire lad’. It was an astonishing life, packed with crisis and controversy. This was captured in February 1934 by the Daily Express cartoon- ist, ‘George’ Strube, who always depicted his subject accompanied by a pheasant and a mangold wur- zel, thereby never allowing him to forget a famous agricultural error from one of Lloyd George’s speeches in his pre-1914 land cam- paign. Strube’s cartoon is on the theme of one man in his life pay- ing many parts. Two columns of Lloyd George effigies are lined up. The one on the left depicts, among First World War in 1918. The pre- a party regular, to his ultimate cost. others, the Birmingham Police- sent writer covers his subject’s ideas Richard Toye illuminates a cen- man, the Ratcatcher of Limehouse of leadership and the influence tral asset of Lloyd George’s politi- and the Munitions Minister; the upon them of two transcendent cal style, his command of rhetoric, one on the right includes the Welsh statesmen: Gladstone, still a great never displayed to more powerful Bard, the Wizard, the Court Jester. figure in the Commons when Lloyd effect than during the First World The two lines of effigy meet at the George entered parliament at a War. end with the simple depiction ‘The by-election in April 1890, and that Four other contributions deal Man who won the War’. But these other country lawyer, Abraham with the years after 1918, the time many characterisations only hint Lincoln. of fleeting international greatness at the rich variety of a glittering Ian Machin shows how central and ultimate marginalisation. Alan career that, as Churchill so memo- to Lloyd George’s earlier ventures Sharp examines the post-war peace rably proclaimed in the Commons in Liberal politics was popular settlement when Lloyd George, one in March 1945 at the time of his old nonconformity, but how never- of its architects, came to advocate a friend’s death, did so much to shape theless it enabled him to straddle fundamental revision, and discusses the domestic and international his- the Old Liberalism of civic democ- what the components of that revi- tory of Britain in the early twenti- racy and the New Liberalism of sion might have been. Peter Clarke eth century. social reform. Martin Pugh recalls recalls the fascinating relationship Many of these aspects are cov- Lloyd George’s unique contribu- between Lloyd George and May- ered by the distinguished team of tion to the Liberalism of welfare in nard Keynes, a bewildering story scholars who have contributed to the Edwardian years, but also how that moves from Keynes’s power- this special issue. Four of the essays his partisan Liberalism could be ful indictment of Versailles in a broadly cover Lloyd George’s ear- shunted aside by ideas of coalition, famous tract to their brilliant coop- lier career down to the end of the as in 1910. Lloyd George was never eration in proposing remedies for 4 Journal of Liberal History 77 Winter 2012–13 DAVid llOYD GEORGE, 1863 – 1945 long-term depression and unem- the political, social and economic A third and decisive phase has ployment, and finally to the savage history of Britain, and of Wales. completely changed the approach. dénouement when Keynes’s Essay It helped carry his fellow citizens, The 1960s were marked by a new in Biography created the legend of to quote Adlai Stevenson, kicking politics (with men like Macmil- Lloyd George as purposeless, a man and screaming into the twentieth lan, Wilson and Foot, who greatly ‘rooted in nothing’. Stella Rudman century. admired Lloyd George) and of describes Lloyd George as an advo- Lloyd George’s reputation has course they were ‘swinging’ and cate of appeasement towards Ger- gone through many historical their moral climate more liber- many and dangerously emollient phases, with many highs and lows. ated. Most important, the treasures towards Hitler, though in the end a Down to the end of the First World of the Beaverbook Library meant fearsome critic of Chamberlainite War, he was hailed as the great that the release of new sources foreign policy who helped to bring democratic social reformer, a bril- enabled Lloyd George’s career to down his old foe in 1940 in his last liant boy from a poor home in rural be explored with a new serious- great speech. David Dutton illus- Caernarfonshire who moved up, ness, and his importance for Brit- trates how throughout the 1930s in the title of an early biography, ain and the world in the twentieth the ageing Lloyd George remained ‘from Village Green to Downing century to emerge with new clar- a formidable front-line politician, Street’, as his hero Lincoln had pro- ity and depth.
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