DOCSLIB.ORG

Predictors of Prospective Memory in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Predictors of Prospective Memory in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2008), 14, 823–831. Copyright © 2008 INS. Published by Cambridge University Press. Printed in the USA. doi:10.10170S1355617708080971 Predictors of prospective memory in adults with traumatic brain injury JENNIFER FLEMING,1,2 LEE RILEY,1 HANNAH GILL,1,3 MATTHEW J. GULLO,3,4 JENNY STRONG,1 and DAVID SHUM3,4 1School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2Occupational Therapy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 3Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Research Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4School of Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Received July 19, 2007; Final Revision May 7, 2008; Accepted May 8, 2008) Abstract Previous studies have established that prospective memory is commonly affected following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study examines whether demographic factors, injury severity and site, executive function, and metacognitive factors predict prospective memory performance in adults with TBI, using a cross-sectional multivariate correlational model. Prospective memory of 44 adults (mean age 5 30 years) with severe TBI was measured by the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) time-based and event-based scores. Using stepwise multiple regression, the time-based score was predicted by the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) Animals subtest score, length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and use of note-taking on the CAMPROMPT. The event-based score was predicted by length of PTA and COWAT Animals score. Therefore, patients with longer periods of PTA and executive function impairment may be expected to display poorer prospective memory. Note-taking was associated with improved performance on time-based prospective memory tasks. (JINS, 2008, 14, 823–831.) Keywords: Memory deficits, Intention, Neuropsychological tests, Chronic brain injury, Rehabilitation, Outpatients INTRODUCTION Research has found that adults with TBI demonstrated significantly greater prospective memory failure compared Prospective memory, or the realization of delayed inten- to matched control participants (Cockburn, 1995; Mathias tions, refers to memory for activities to be carried out in the & Mansfield, 2005; Schmitter-Edgecombe & Wright, 2004; future. In surveys of people with traumatic brain injury Shum et al., 1999). Prospective memory failures may limit (TBI), prospective memory problems, such as forgetting to the ability to live independently, as well as affect social and telephone a friend or post a letter, have been identified by vocational roles (Fleming et al., 2005; Groot et al., 2002). large percentages of respondents as a significant area of A better understanding of the factors that predict prospec- deficit (Hannon et al., 1995; Shum et al., 1999). Despite tive memory function may provide insight into the nature this, prospective memory research is a relatively new field, of processes underlying prospective memory. Knowledge with very little literature on the topic prior to the 1970s of these factors may lead to the development of rehabilita- (Kvavilashvili & Ellis, 1996). Among other authors, Shum tion programs to assist individuals with TBI to function et al. (2002) and Martin et al. (2003) have argued that more independently in everyday life (Shum et al., 2002). research into prospective memory is of considerable clini- Einstein and McDaniel (1990) proposed the distinction cal and theoretical relevance, as well as being pertinent to between event-based and time-based prospective memory everyday life. tasks. Event-based tasks are to be carried out when an exter- nal event occurs (e.g., giving a message to a friend when Correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Jennifer Fleming, Divi- you next meet) whereas time-based tasks, which are con- sion of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sci- ences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. sidered to require a higher level of self-initiated retrieval, E-mail: [email protected] involve performing an action at a specific time (e.g., taking 823 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. UQ Library, on 07 Aug 2017 at 02:35:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617708080971 824 J. Fleming et al. medication at 10 am). Differences in the demands of time- comes (Fleming et al., 2005). Therefore, it is relevant to based and event-based prospective memory tasks necessi- include metacognitive factors as potential predictors of pro- tate the separate examination of predictors of these two spective memory after TBI. types of prospective memory. Much of the research to date on has focused on establish- Einstein and McDaniel (1990) also proposed that prospec- ing a relationship between prospective memory and TBI. tive memory consists of a retrospective component involv- Only a small amount of research has moved beyond com- ing the retention of the action and when it should be carried paring persons with TBI to matched controls, to consider out, and a prospective component involving retrieval of the which TBI-related factors as well as demographic vari- action to be performed when the correct moment arrives. How- ables, predict prospective memory performance (e.g., Kinch ever, in studies of prospective memory performance, the fac- & McDonald, 2001; Martin et al., 2003). In addition, among tors involved in these theories can prove difficult to isolate these studies none has included these factors together as a (Otani et al., 1997; Palmer & McDonald, 2000), although it set of predictors and evaluated their unique contribution in is generally accepted that executive functions play an impor- predicting prospective memory performance. To gain a tant role (Fish et al., 2007; Kliegel et al., 2004). better understanding of the causes of impaired prospective By definition, prospective memory involves executive memory, this study examined whether demographic and processes such as planning, disruption of ongoing activity, injury-related factors, executive functions, and metacogni- and initiation of an action (Shum et al., 2002), which are tive skills predict the performance of adults with TBI on a generally associated with the frontal lobes (Demakis, 2004). standardized prospective memory assessment. It was hypoth- Damage to the prefrontal lobes is common after TBI (Levine esised that participants with more severe TBI, frontal lobe et al., 2002), and individuals with TBI are predicted to dem- injuries, more impaired executive function, and lower lev- onstrate prospective memory impairment resulting from els of metacognitive skills would demonstrate poorer pro- impaired executive functions (Shum et al., 1999, 2002). spective memory performance. Imaging studies have reported involvement of the frontal lobes during prospective memory tasks (Burgess et al., 2001; Okudaa et al., 1998). Studies of single participants of small METHODS samples with focal frontal lobe lesions have demonstrated deficits in prospective memory performance (Fortin et al., Design 2002; Palmer & McDonald, 2000). Other studies have pre- dicted performance on prospective memory tasks using A cross-sectional multivariate correlational model was used scores on standardized tests of executive function (Cock- to identify the extent to which demographic, injury severity burn, 1995; Groot et al., 2002; Kinch & McDonald, 2001; and site, executive functioning, and metacognitive factors Kliegel et al., 2004; Martin et al., 2003). Martin et al. (2003) predict prospective memory performance in adults with TBI found that executive functioning predicted prospective mem- living in the community. ory performance, even after controlling for nonexecutive factors, such as level of education. Some studies have found Participants that executive functions are more predictive of time-based than event-based tasks, suggesting that increased self- Forty-four participants were recruited from a Brain Injury monitoring involved in time-based prospective memory tasks Rehabilitation Unit at a major metropolitan hospital in Aus- places higher demand on executive processes (Cockburn, tralia, as part of a larger randomized clinical trial. Persons 1995; Groot et al., 2002; Kinch & McDonald, 2001). included in the study were required to be aged between 18 The ability to remember effectively in everyday life depends and 60, with a diagnosis of moderate or severe TBI, and on metacognitive factors, such as the ability to monitor ongo- living in the community. Participants were excluded if they ing performance, the ability to predict what amount of infor- were more than five years post injury, living in residential mation can be remembered, and knowing when to use a care, or if they had severe behavioral or communication memory aid (Knight et al., 2005).This level of self-awareness, deficits that would compromise engagement in a rehabili- which is assumed to come about through a lifetime of expe- tation program (as advised by the hospital occupational ther- rience and feedback, is abruptly lost following the cognitive apist). Persons displaying low-level arousal, severe amnesia changes often seen in TBI (Knight et al., 2005; McGlynn & or confusion (i.e., not emerged from post-traumatic amne- Schacter, 1989). Reduced self-awareness into one’s own abil- sia when assessed on the Westmead PTA scale), or with a ities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparison of Prospective and Retrospective Memory and Attention in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain with Healthy People
    October 2015, Volume 3, Number 4 Comparison of Prospective and Retrospective Memory and Attention in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain with Healthy People Mehdi Mehraban Eshtehardi 1, Hassan Shams Esfandabad 2*, Peyman Hassani Abharian 3 1. Department of General Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. 2. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. 3. Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran. Article info: A B S T R A C T Received: 18 Mar. 2015 Accepted: 29 Jul. 2015 Objective: The present study aimed to compare prospective and retrospective memory impairment and attention deficit in people suffering from chronic low back pain with those cognitive functions in healthy subjects. Furthermore, this study examines the relation between severity and duration of pain and prospective and retrospective memory impairment and attention deficit. Methods: The research was a causality-comparative study. Using convenience sampling method, 53 male patients and 53 healthy male individuals were selected. The participants were asked to fill out prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire and pain numeric rating scale (NRS). In addition, a continuous performance test was performed. The study hypotheses were tested using two independent group T-test and the Pearson correlation analysis by SPSS 22 with the significant level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that there was significant difference between the 2 groups of participants regarding prospective memory, but no significant difference regarding retrospective Keywords: memory. With respect to hypotheses, significant difference was found between the two groups Chronic pain, regarding attention. And finally results of the study did not show any relation between duration and intensity of pain with impairment in prospective and retrospective memory and attention.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Prospective Memory in Individuals with Acquired Brain Injury [Pre-Print]
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Faculty Scholarship 4-2-2018 A review of prospective memory in individuals with acquired brain injury [pre-print] Sarah Raskin Trinity College, [email protected] Jasmin Williams Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut, [email protected] Emily M. Aiken Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/facpub A Review of Prospective Memory in Individuals with Acquired Brain Injury Sarah A. Raskin1,2, Jasmin Williams1, and Emily M. Aiken1 1Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut 2Department of Psychology, Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut address for correspondence: Sarah Raskin Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program 300 Summit Street Hartford CT, USA [email protected] Prospective Memory and Brain injury 2 Abstract Objective: Prospective memory (PM) deficits have emerged as an important predictor of difficulty in daily life for individuals with acquired brain injury (BI). This review examines the variables that have been found to influence PM performance in this population. In addition, current methods of assessment are reviewed with a focus on clinical measures. Finally, cognitive rehabilitation therapies (CRT) are reviewed, including compensatory, restorative and metacognitive approaches. Method: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Liberati, 2009) were used to identify studies. Studies were added that were identified from the reference lists of these. Results: Research has begun to elucidate the contributing variables to PM deficits after BI, such as attention, executive function and retrospective memory components. Imaging studies have identified prefrontal deficits, especially in the region of BA10 as contributing to these deficits.
    [Show full text]
  • Richards, Louise (2011) Estimation of Post-Traumatic Amnesia in Emergency Department Attendees Presenting with Head Injury. D Clin Psy Thesis
    Richards, Louise (2011) Estimation of post-traumatic amnesia in emergency department attendees presenting with head injury. D Clin Psy thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2422/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Estimation of post-traumatic amnesia in emergency department attendees presenting with head injury & Clinical Research Portfolio Volume I (Volume II bound separately) Louise Richards (BSc Hons) February 2011 Academic Unit of Mental Health and Wellbeing Centre for Population and Health Sciences Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (D Clin.Psy) 1 Declaration of Originality Form Medical School This form must be completed and signed and submitted with all assignments. Please complete the information below (using BLOCK CAPITALS). Name: LOUISE RICHARDS Registration Number: Candidate Number: 0702120r Course Name (e.g MBChB 2) : DOCTORATE IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (D.Clin.Psy) Assignment Name: MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT & CLINICAL RESEARCH PORTFOLIO Date :26.11.10 An extract from the University’s Statement on Plagiarism is provided overleaf.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Program, the International Neuropsychological Society
    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2009 ), 1 5, Su ppl. 2. C opy right © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2009. doi: 10.1017/S135561770 9 9 9 1044 Final Program The International Neuropsychological Society, Finnish Neuropsychological Society, Joint Mid-Year Meeting July 29-August 1, 2009 Helsinki, Finland & Tallinn, Estonia WEDNESDAY, JULY 29, 2009 9:00 AM–12:00 PM Continuing Education Course 1: Cerebral Palsy And Traumatic Brain Injury: A Family-Based Approach To The Rehabilitation Of The Child Presenter: Lucia Braga Press Room 9:00 AM–12:00 PM Continuing Education Course 2: Clinical & Psychometric Strategies For Improving Accuracy For Identifying Cognitive Impairment Presenter: Grant Iverson Fennia II 1:00–4:00 PM Continuing Education Course 3: Neuropsychotherapy: Guidelines For A New Integrated Field Of Neuropsychological Treatment Presenter: Ritva Laaksonen Fennia I 1:00–4:00 PM Continuing Education Course 4: The Functional Neuroanatomy Of Semantic Memory Presenter: Alex Martin Fennia II 1:00–4:00 PM Continuing Education Course 5: Neurodevelopmental Consequences Of Very Low Birth Weight: Current Knowledge And Implications Presenter: H. Gerry Taylor Press Room 4:15–4:45 PM Opening Ceremony Europaea 4:45–5:30 PM Presidential Address: Time, Language, and the Human Brain INS President: Michael Corballis Europaea 1. CORBALLIS, M Time, Language, and the Human Brain. 6:00–7:30 PM Helsinki City Reception Helsinki City Hall Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.93, on 26 Sep 2021 at 02:03:36, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Retrospective Memory
    Published on Explorable.com (https://explorable.com) Home > Retrospective Memory Retrospective Memory Explorable.com25.6K reads Retrospective memory involves memories of almost everything we have done or achieved in the past. Every other type of memory such as declarative and semantic are involved in the process and can also be explicit or implicit. Its counterpart, prospective memory, involves the recollection of something after an initial delay such as remembering to mow the lawn after you are finished watching television. Prospective memory is linked to retrospective memory however because aspects of the former are required for the latter. Mental Time Travel Simply put, events we recall from our life are retrospective memories and can be divided into distinct episodic and semantic memory [1] subcategories. We have the ability to go back in time and remember certain episodes from our life in what is known as Mental Time Travel (MTT). MTT not only involves us remembering the incident, it also entails us being actively aware that we are doing so. Despite this, research has shown that MTT can also happen unconsciously. This occurs when a certain taste or scent acts as a trigger and allows us to remember a certain episode in our life. Experiments Alzheimer patients have been used as subjects for study when it comes to retrospective episodic memory. A recent study by Livner and others looked at the damage caused to retrospective and prospective memory by Alzheimer’s. The patients’ ability to remember instructions given to them and their episodic memory [2] were tested. The test subjects were given a series of nouns to be divided into four categories with results based on the ratio of nouns remembered to those forgotten.
    [Show full text]
  • Metamemory Prediction Accuracy for Simple Prospective and Retrospective Memory Tasks in 5-Year-Old Children ⇑ Lia Kvavilashvili A, ,1, Ruth M
    Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 127 (2014) 65–81 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Child Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jecp Metamemory prediction accuracy for simple prospective and retrospective memory tasks in 5-year-old children ⇑ Lia Kvavilashvili a, ,1, Ruth M. Ford b,1 a Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK b Department of Psychology, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK article info abstract Article history: It is well documented that young children greatly overestimate Available online 31 March 2014 their performance on tests of retrospective memory (RM), but the current investigation is the first to examine children’s prediction Keywords: accuracy for prospective memory (PM). Three studies were con- Children ducted, each testing a different group of 5-year-olds. In Study 1 Prospective memory (N = 46), participants were asked to predict their success in a simple Retrospective memory Metamemory event-based PM task (remembering to convey a message to a toy Future thinking mole if they encountered a particular picture during a picture- Judgement of learning naming activity). Before naming the pictures, children listened to either a reminder story or a neutral story. Results showed that chil- dren were highly accurate in their PM predictions (78% accuracy) and that the reminder story appeared to benefit PM only in children who predicted they would remember the PM response. In Study 2 (N = 80), children showed high PM prediction accuracy (69%) regardless of whether the cue was specific or general and despite typical overoptimism regarding their performance on a 10-item RM task using item-by-item prediction.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospective and Retrospective Memory in Normal Aging and Dementia: an Experimental Study
    Memory & Cognition 2002, 30 (6), 871-884 Prospective and retrospective memory in normal aging and dementia: An experimental study ELIZABETH A. MAYLOR University of Warwick, Coventry, England and GEOFF SMITH, SERGIO DELLA SALA, and ROBERT H. LOGIE University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland Two experiments investigatedthe effectsof normal aging and dementia on laboratory-basedprospec- tive memory (PM) tasks. Participantsviewed a film for a later recognition memory task. In Experiment 1, they were also required either to say “animal” when an animal appeared in the film (event-based PM task) or to stop a clock every 3 min (time-based PM task). In both tasks, young participants were more successful than older participants, who were, in turn, more successful than patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For successful remembering in the time-based task, older participants and AD patients checked the clock more often than did young participants. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to reset a clock either when an animal appeared in the film (unrelated cue–action) or when a clock ap- peared in the film (related cue–action). Responses were faster in the related condition than in the un- related condition. Again, there were differences in PM performance between young and older partici- pants, and between older participants and AD patients. The observed deficits were not due to the forgetting of the PM task instructions in either experiment. Retrospective memory (RM) tasks (digit span, sentence span, free recall, and recognition) were more impaired by AD than were the PM tasks. Factor analysis revealed separate factors corresponding to RM and PM.
    [Show full text]
  • Individual Differences in Everyday Retrospective Memory Failures
    Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2 (2013) 7–13 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jarmac Individual differences in everyday retrospective memory failures a,∗ a b c Nash Unsworth , Brittany D. McMillan , Gene A. Brewer , Gregory J. Spillers a University of Oregon, United States b Arizona State University, United States c University of Georgia, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The present study examined individual differences in everyday retrospective memory failures. Under- Received 17 July 2012 graduate students completed various cognitive ability measures in the laboratory and recorded everyday Received in revised form 7 November 2012 retrospective memory failures in a diary over the course of a week. The majority of memory failures were Accepted 11 November 2012 forgetting information pertaining to exams and homework, forgetting names, and forgetting login and Available online 22 November 2012 ID information. Using latent variable techniques the results also suggested that individual differences in working memory capacity and retrospective memory were related to some but not all everyday mem- Keywords: ory failures. Furthermore, everyday memory failures predicted SAT scores and partially accounted for Everyday memory failures the relation between cognitive abilities and SAT scores. These results provide important evidence for Individual differences individual differences in everyday retrospective memory failures as well as important evidence for the Working memory Retrospective memory ecological validity of laboratory measures of working memory capacity and retrospective memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospective Memory in Children: the Effects of Age and Task Interruption
    Developmental Psychology Copyright 2001 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2001, Vol. 37. No. 3,418-430 0012-1649/01/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0O12-1649.37.3.418 Prospective Memory in Children: The Effects of Age and Task Interruption Lia Kvavilashvili, David J. Messer, and Pippa Ebdon University of Hertfordshire Prospective memory (PM), remembering to carry out a task in the future, is highly relevant to children's everyday functioning, yet relatively little is known about it. For these reasons the effects of age and task interruption on PM were studied in 3 experiments. Children aged 4, 5, and 7 years were asked to name pictures in stacks of cards (the ongoing task) and to remember to do something when they saw a target picture (the PM task). Significant age differences were identified, but age explained only a small amount of variance. As predicted, children in the no-interruption condition performed significantly better than those who had to interrupt the ongoing activity in order to carry out the PM task. An additional finding was that no relation was detected between performance on prospective and retrospective memory tasks. Taken together, these findings provide support for current models of PM and identify ways to assist children's PM. One of the recent distinctions drawn in research into memory is well as children has both theoretical and practical importance. the difference between retrospective and prospective memory Indeed, by shedding some light on retrieval processes involved in (Meacham & Leiman, 1982; see also Brandimonte, Einstein, & prospective memory we could (a) substantially enhance the under- McDaniel, 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Metamemory for Prospective and Retrospective Memory Tasks
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Hertfordshire Research Archive CHILDREN’S METAMEMORY PREDICTIONS 1 Metamemory prediction accuracy for simple prospective and retrospective memory tasks in 5-year-old children Lia Kvavilashvili1 & Ruth M. Ford2 1 University of Hertfordshire, UK 2 Anglia Ruskin University, UK * Both authors have contributed to the paper equally Address for correspondence: Lia Kvavilashvili Department of Psychology University of Hertfordshire College Lane Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB United Kingdom Ph. +44 (0)1707 285121 Fax. +44 (0)1707 285073 E-mail. [email protected] Word count: 9,229 CHILDREN’S METAMEMORY PREDICTIONS 2 Abstract It is well documented that young children greatly overestimate their performance on tests of retrospective memory (RM) but the present investigation was the first to examine their prediction accuracy for prospective memory (PM). Three studies were conducted, each testing a different group of 5-year-olds. In Study 1 (n=46), participants were asked to predict their success in a simple event-based PM task (remembering to convey a message to a toy mole if they encountered a particular picture during a picture-naming activity). Before naming the pictures the children listened to either a reminder story or a neutral story. Results showed that children were highly accurate in their PM predictions (78% accuracy) and that the reminder story appeared to benefit PM only in children who predicted they would remember the PM response. In Study 2 (n=80), children showed high PM prediction accuracy (69%) regardless of whether the cue was specific or general, and despite typical over-optimism regarding their performance on a 10-item RM task using item-by-item prediction.
    [Show full text]
  • Retrospective Memory Bias for the Frequency of Potentially Traumatic Events: a Prospective Study
    Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy © 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 3, No. 2, 165–170 1942-9681/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0020847 Retrospective Memory Bias for the Frequency of Potentially Traumatic Events: A Prospective Study Kathleen M. Lalande and George A. Bonanno Teachers College, Columbia University We conducted a prospective study that tracked the frequency of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and nontraumatic events among college students over a 4-year period using a weekly web-based survey. At the study’s completion, participants attempted to recall the number of events they had endorsed on the web surveys. Although participants underrecalled the frequency of all types of life events, recollection was more accurate for PTEs than for non-PTEs. Recalled-frequency of PTEs was associated positively with distress at recall and inversely with trait self-enhancement. These effects were qualified by a distress X self-enhancement interaction. High distress at recall was associated with a greater recalled-frequency of PTEs, but only for people low in trait self-enhancement. Keywords: memory, trauma, self-enhancement It would be nice to simply forget the bad things that happen to survivors of child abuse who fail to acknowledge the abuse when us. Unfortunately, memories of serious traumas appear to be all but questioned decades later (Briere & Conte, 1993; Williams, 1994). impossible to erase (McNally, 2005). To date, the majority of However, more parsimonious explanations for these failures are trauma literature has focused on cross-sectional studies that exam- available, including interference from other memories, simple for- ine trauma experienced by those in military service or civilian getting, and a lack of interest or willingness to disclose (Bonanno, disasters (e.g., Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000; Dohrenwend 2006; Loftus, Garry, & Feldman, 1994; Piper, Lillevik, & Kritzer, et al., 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Prospective Memory, Working Memory, Retrospective Memory and Self-Rated Memory Performance in Persons with Intellectual Disability
    Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research Vol. 10, No. 3, 147Á165, 2008 Prospective Memory, Working Memory, Retrospective Memory and Self-Rated Memory Performance in Persons with Intellectual Disability ANNA LEVE´ N*, BJO¨ RN LYXELL*, JAN ANDERSSON**, HENRIK DANIELSSON* & JERKER RO¨ NNBERG* *Department of Behavioural Sciences, Linko¨ ping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Sweden; **Division of Control and Command, Department of Man-System- Interaction, The Swedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between prospective memory, working memory, retrospective memory and self-rated memory capacity in adults with and without intellectual disability. Prospective memory was investigated by means of a picture-based task. Working memory was measured as performance on span tasks. Retrospective memory was scored as recall of subject performed tasks. Self-ratings of memory performance were based on the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire. Individuals with intellectual disability performed at a lower level on most tasks and the task performances were to a higher degree correlated compared to persons without intellectual disability. The groups did not differ in self-rated memory scores. Distinct prospective memory cues (pictures, compared to words) were essential for prospective memory performance in persons with intellectual disability. The results are discussed with respect to how working memory capacity relates to prospective memory and retrospective memory performance. KEYWORDS: Prospective memory, working memory, intellectual disability, self-rated memory, retrospective memory Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to act on intentions (for example, to bake) at an appropriate time or event in the future (in 20 minutes or as the bread turns golden brown; Ceci & Bronfenbrenner 1985, Ellis & Kvavilashvili 2000).
    [Show full text]