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Home , Cynicism (philosophy)

Robert Gallagher ([email protected]) CVSP 201 Spring 2015

PLATO (b 427 BC) * Models of soul (fig. 2) & state (fig. 3). * 35 , 13 ltrs; 1700 pp. * Opens school in sacred grove of Academus, nr , 385 BC Outline * Develops optimistic to counter of * Invents dramatic form as method of education * Plato’s theory of & * Early career as tragic poet * turns him away from tragedy * No character speaks for Plato * Uses geometry to show world is lawful --Study of geometry transfers us from material to intellectual & frees us from domination of appetites and . --Study of geometry proves human reason The Parthenon on the Acropolis. Its meaning debated between Sophists & Socratics. is non-arbitrary, not relative. * Plato a “realist”.

Passages

Teachings of the sophists relevant to the 1. is nothing other than the interest of the stronger (, Rep. I; cf. psg. 7) 2. Man is the measure of all things () [i.e., values are relative and a matter of opinion]. 3. Everything is in flux (). 4. A cynical view of (cf. passage 8, below). 5. Sophists taught “how to make the weaker argument the stronger,” i.e., they treated philosophy as a technical skill that helps you in your career, for example, as a lawyer.

Passages from Thucydides relevant to the Republic 6. Antiphon, one of the ablest Athenians of his times. He had a most powerful intellect and was well able to express his thoughts in word (Hist. viii.68). 7. Justice depends on the balance of power. In fact the stronger can do whatever they have the power to do, and the weak must accept whatever the stronger does (Hist. v.89). 8. Human nature…showed itself…as something incapable of controlling passion, insubordinate to the idea of justice, the enemy to anything superior to itself (Hist. iii.84). from Plato 9. The greatest good of man is daily and that the life which is to converse about , and all unexamined is not worth living that concerning which you hear (Pl, Apol. 38a). me examining myself and others,

1 10. So we were right not to admit that are far removed from the him [the tragic poet] into a city and by gratifying the irrational that is to be well-governed, for part (Rep. 605b).i he arouses, nourishes, and strengthens the lamenting part of the soul, and so destroys the rational one, in just the way that someone destroys the better sort of citizens when he strengthens the vicious ones and surrenders the city to them. Similarly we’ll say that an imitative poet puts a bad constitution in the soul of each individual by making images Plato’s model of soul represented in art.

11. Let no one who does not know geometry enter (attributed to Plato by Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers). 12. [S]ome things summon thought, while others do not. Those that strike the relevant sense at the same time as their opposites, I call summoners, those that don’t do this do not awaken understanding (Rep. 524d).

Figure 1: the Platonic Solids

13. What we need to consider is whether the greater and more advanced part of geometry tends to make it easier to see the form of the good. And we say that anything has that tendency if it compels the soul to turn itself around towards the region in which lies the happiest of the things that are, the one the soul must see at all costs (Rep. 526e2-4).

2 Note: epithumia = physical appetites for sex, food, drink, Reason (logisikon) often expressed as desire for money. Spirit = passions of social relations: pride, Spirit (thumos) anger,lamentation, but also friendship, gentleness, Appetites (epithumia) humility.

Figure 2: Model of Soul

14. But the spirit (thumos) deep in the heart of Odysseus was stirred by this, and much he pondered in the division of mind (phrena) and spirit (thumos), whether to spring on them and kill each one, or rather to let them lie this one more time with the insolent suitor…So, Odysseus’ heart (kradiē) was growling inside him as he looked on these wicked actions. He struck himself on the chest and spoke to his heart and scolded it: “Bear up my heart. You have had worse to endure before this on that day when the irresistible Cyclops ate up my strong companions, but you endured it until intelligence (mētis) got you out of the cave, though you expect to perish.” So, he spoke addressing his own dear heart within him; and the heart in great obedience endured and stood it without complaint…(Homer, Odyssey, xx.9-24) 15. The result is that the young man, hearing and seeing all these thing --hearing too, the words of his father, and having a nearer view of his way of life, and making comparisons of him and others --is drawn opposite ways: while his father is watering and nourishing the rational principle in his soul, the others are encouraging the passionate and appetitive; and he not originally of a bad nature, but having kept bad company, is at last brought by their joint influence to a middle point, and gives up the kingdom which is within him to the middle principle of spirit and passion, and becomes arrogant and ambitious (550b1-6). 16. And the son has seen and known girt with tiara and chain and all this --he is a ruined man, and scimitar? Most true, he his fear has taught him to knock ambition and passion head- foremost from his bosom's throne; humbled by he takes to money-making and by mean and miserly savings and hard work gets a fortune together. Is not such an one likely to seat the concupiscent and covetous element on the vacant throne and to suffer it to play the great king within him, Ostracon voting for exile of Themistocles replied. And when he has made reason and spirit sit down on the ground obediently on either side of their sovereign, and taught them to know their place,

3 he compels the one to think only of how lesser sums may be turned into larger ones, and not allow the other to worship and admire anything but riches and rich men, or to be ambitious of anything so much as the acquisition of wealth and the means of acquiring it (553b6-d6). 17. I really know not how to look again who are to be husbandmen you in the face, or in what words and craftsmen he has composed to utter the audacious fiction, of bronze (Rep iii.415). which I propose to communicate gradually, first to the rulers, then to the soldiers, and lastly to the people… Citizens, we shall say to them in our tale, you are brothers, yet God has framed you differently. Some of you have the power of command, and in the composition of these he has mingled gold, wherefore also they have the greatest honour; others he has made of silver, to Figure 3: Model of State be auxiliaries [soldiers]; others

Discussion Questions for sections: 1) Which part of soul rules in citizens made of different metals in passage 17? 2) Define and explain the three types of goods that Glaucon discusses in Rep. ii. 3) Is Glaucon’s name for the first city fair, or does it reflect something about him? 4) Explain Socrates’ using of the image of detergent at Rep. 430. What literary device is he employing here? 5) Socrates says in Rep., we are lead to idea of beauty through contact with beautiful things. Is this idea reflected in the design of the education of the guardians? If so, how?

Bibliography Burnyeat, M. 2000. ‘Plato on Why Mathematics is Good for the Soul,’ in T. Smiley, ed., Mathematics and Necessity, Proc. Brit. Acad. 103, Oxford, 1-81. M. Frede. 1992. "Plato's arguments and the dialogue form," in Oxford Studies in , Supplementary Volume, Oxford. R Gallagher, “Protreptic aims of Plato’s Republic,” Ancient Phil. 24.293-319 (2004). ‘ “'s peirastic treatment of the Republic,” Arch. f Geschichte der Philosophie 93 (2011)., #1, 1-23. (Both papers available at: http://aub.academia.edu/RobertGallagher) G. B. Kerferd, The Sophistic Movement (Cambridge, 1981). i The translator of the Penguin edition does not always consistently translate the terms for soul, spirit or appetites. He translates the word for soul, psuche, as “personality,” he translates the word that means appetite or desire, epithumia, as “impulse”, and the word that means spirit (thumos) as ‘indignation’ (439e), which is just one emotion of spirit. Keep in mind that when you see this mix of terms, what Plato means specifically is: soul, appetite, spirit and reason (logisikon). We know that he means soul by psuche and not “personality” because Republic Book 10 specifically says that the personality is destroyed in death, but the soul lives on and is reincarnated in another being at rebirth.

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