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Wetenschappelijke Verhandeling UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT POLITIEKE EN SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN ‘I’M SO HUNGRY. BUT AT LEAST MY DRESS FITS.’ Een kwalitatieve analyse van de representatie van jonge meisjes met eetstoornissen in teen drama’s Casestudy: Degrassi, Glee & Skins Wetenschappelijke verhandeling aantal woorden: 25 017 LAURANNE MELAERTS MASTERPROEF COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN afstudeerrichting FILM- EN TELEVISIESTUDIES PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. SOFIE VAN BAUWEL COMMISSARIS: SUSAN VERTOONT ACADEMIEJAAR 2013 – 2014 I I Inzagerecht in de masterproef Inzagerecht in de masterproef (*) Ondergetekende, ……………………………………………………. geeft hierbij toelating / geen toelating (**) aan derden, niet- behorend tot de examencommissie, om zijn/haar (**) proefschrift in te zien. Datum en handtekening ………………………….. …………………………. Deze toelating geeft aan derden tevens het recht om delen uit de scriptie/ masterproef te reproduceren of te citeren, uiteraard mits correcte bronvermelding. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (*) Deze ondertekende toelating wordt in zoveel exemplaren opgemaakt als het aantal exemplaren van de scriptie/masterproef die moet worden ingediend. Het blad moet ingebonden worden samen met de scriptie onmiddellijk na de kaft. (**) schrappen wat niet past ________________________________________________________________________________________ I ABSTRACT Wetenschappers hebben voornamelijk onderzoek gedaan naar een mogelijke effectrealtie tussen het zien van slanke actrices op televisie en het ontstaan van eetstoornissen bij jonge meisjes. Deze thesis tracht op zoek te gaan naar hoe die meisjes juist worden voorgesteld in teen drama’s. Wij stelden namelijk vast dat daar nog niet zoveel onderzoek naar is gedaan. We hebben ervoor gekozen om de series Degrassi (Epitome Pictures Inc., 2010- ), Glee (20th Century Fox Television, 2009- ) en Skins (Company Pictures, 2007-2013) te analyseren. In alle drie de series kampt namelijk één van de hoofdspersonages met boulimia nervosa of anorexia nervosa. Ook staan de makers van de series langer dan één aflevering stil bij de stoornis en zien we hoe het personage haar eetstoornis verder evolueert in de reeks. In deze masterproef lichten we eerst enkele belangrijke concepten in verband met jongeren, televisie en het genre teen drama toe. Daarnaast wijden we ook een groot deel van deze thesis aan de kerneigenschappen van de eetstoornissen die in de geanalyseerde series aan bod komen. Om tot een algemeen beeld van meisjes met een eetstoornis in teen drama’s te kunnen komen, hebben we beroep gedaan op het driedelige onderzoeksmodel van Chris Vos (2004). Zijn kwalitatieve methode heeft ervoor gezorgd dat we zowel belangrijke overeenkomsten als verschillen hebben ontdekt tussen de drie series en hun personages onderling. II INHOUDSTABEL INZAGERECHT IN DE MASTERPROEF I ABSTRACT II INHOUDSTABEL III FIGURENLIJST V TABELLEN V INLEIDING 1 DEEL I: JONGEREN-TELEVISIECULTUUR 3 1. Waarom jongeren televisiekijken 4 2. Bedroom culture of sociale aangelegenheid? 5 2.1 Televisie in een multimediale samenleving 5 2.2 Televisie als storyteller 7 3. Teen drama is drama voor tieners? 9 3.1 Controversiële thema’s en ‘te perfecte’ tieners 10 3.2 Subgenre: het musical comedy teen drama 12 4. Relevantie 13 DEEL II: REPRESENTATIEPOLITIEK 15 1. Wat is representatie? 16 2. Jonge meisjes en het ideale lichaamsbeeld 17 2.1 ‘Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels’ 20 2.2 Relevantie 22 DEEL III: SYMPTOMEN EN METHODOLOGIE 25 1. De symptomen en de context van de eetstoornissen 26 1.1 Anorexia nervosa 26 1.2 Boulimia nervosa 31 1.3 Waarom enkel anorexie en boulimie analyseren? 34 2. Het analysemodel 35 DEEL IV ANALYSE 39 1. Productiecontext 40 1.1 Degrassi 40 1.2 Glee 41 1.3 Skins 43 III 2. Personagebeschrijving 44 2.1 Katie Matlin in Degrassi 44 2.2 Marley Rose in Glee 45 2.3 Cassie Ainsworth in Skins 46 3. Analyse aan de hand van het model van Vos (2004) 48 3.1 Degrassi 48 3.2 Glee 52 3.3 Skins 57 4. Algemeen beeld van meisjes met een eetstoornis in teen drama’s? 61 BESLUIT 65 LITERATUURLIJST 67 BIJLAGE 1 76 IV FIGURENLIJST Figuur 1 Encoding/decoding-model en soorten readings van Stuart Hall 9 Figuur 2 Vrouwelijke hoofdpersonages in teen drama’s 18 Figuur 3 ‘Elementen van een analyseprotocol voor de filmische laag’ 36 Figuur 4 Voorbeeld van twee opeenvolgende shots 37 Figuur 5 Gleeks: de fancultuur rond Glee 42 Figuur 6 De sportieve studentenraadvoorzitster Katie Matlin in Degrassi 45 Figuur 7 De zelfonzekere Marley Rose in Glee 46 Figuur 8 De excentrieke Cassie in Skins 47 TABELLEN Tabel 1 Overzicht tienerseries en telenovellas volgens gender 7 V INLEIDING Eetstoornissen zijn geen hedendaags fenomeen (Wykes & Gunter, 2005, p. 14). Volgens Deans (2011, 11 december) kunnen we de eerste westerse descripties van anorexia nervosa al terugvinden in lectuur van de twaalfde en dertiende eeuw. Toch werden de stoornissen pas als een belangrijke problematiek beschouwd vanaf de negentiende eeuw. Het heeft dan nog eens geduurd tot de jaren 1980 vooraleer de populaire cultuur ook aandacht ging besteden aan de aandoeningen. Eetstoornissen kwamen toen vooral aan bod in de literatuur. In 1981 verscheen de eerste Amerikaanse televisiefilm waarin anorexie het hoofdthema vormde, The Best Little Girl in the World (Papazian, 2004, p. 148). Sindsdien verschenen er al heel wat documentaires en films die focussen op eetstoornissen. Een recent voorbeeld is Black Swan (2010), een film over een gedreven ballerina die de symptomen van anorexie vertoont. Ook in fictieseries, zoals Starved (2005), gaan scenarioschrijvers het thema als maar minder uit de weg. Niet alleen de fictiewereld gaat belang hechten aan de aandoeningen, maar ook in talkshows komen de ziektes aan bod. Zowel bij Oprah Winfrey (s25e36) als bij Dr. Phil (s11e27, s12e81, s1e35 & s1e75) kwamen al verscheidenen mensen getuigen over hun eigen eetstoornis of over die van een familielid. Fotografe Lauren Greenfield maakte in 2006 de documentaire Thin. In de film volgen we een aantal jonge vrouwen die lijden aan een eetstoornis en die in gemeenschapsverband behandeld worden in een residentiële instelling in Florida. Greenfield koppelde aan de documentaire ook een fotoboek en een fototentoonstelling. We zien hoe onder andere de televisiewereld het taboe probeert te doorbreken en hoe ook fictieve teen series personages met een eetstoornis introduceren. Toch zijn heel wat bloggers, die zelf ooit te maken kregen met een eetstoornis of die er nog steeds tegen strijden, niet tevreden over hoe die personages worden geportretteerd. Zo vinden ze vaak dat de personages er ‘te mooi’ uitzien en niet genoeg of niet de juiste symptomen vertonen (We-are-anti-thinspo, 2011; WinterRose18, 2013). Op de blog van Recoveringanorexic (n.d.) vinden we nog een andere kritiek terug: ‘There have been many TV shows that have dedicated one or two piece episodes on the subject of eating disorders. Although they have good intentions, most are wildly inaccurate given the lifespan of said eating disorders are usually a few days to a few weeks, and abruptly end once something drastic happens to the main character.’ Als we op zoek gaan naar wetenschappelijke literatuur over eetstoornissen en televisie, vinden we voornamelijk onderzoeken terug die peilen naar een eventueel verband tussen het zien van magere actrices en tienermeisjes die er alles aan doen om net zo’n slank lichaam te bekomen (Caldao, 1 Lameiras, Sepulveda, Rodriguez & Carrera, 2011, p. 390-399; Harrison, 2009, p. 478-500; Rousseau, Rusinek, Valls & Callahan, 2011, p. 163-168). Een voorbeeld van zo’n effectonderzoek is dat van Marika Tiggemann (2003, p. 418-430). Zij ging na of er een verband is tussen televisiekijken en de lichaamsontevredenheid bij jonge vrouwen. Verder vinden we ook heel wat studies terug over hoe het vrouwelijk lichaam wordt voorgesteld in films en televisieseries (Bennett & Dickerson, 2001; Suleiman, 1985), maar we vinden ontzettend weinig informatie over hoe meisjes met eetstoornissen worden gerepresenteerd in hedendaagse fictieseries. Verscheidene auteurs (Osgerby, 2004, p. 6; Van Damme, 2013) hebben erop gewezen dat televisie voor jongeren vandaag een belangrijke aanbieder van informatie is geworden. Jongeren beschouwen het medium niet alleen als een bron van ontspanning, maar ze halen er ook bepaalde waarden uit die van belang kunnen zijn bij hun identiteitsconstructie. We moeten wel opmerken dat niet elke jongere de media-informatie op dezelfde manier ‘leest’. Omdat televisie een belangrijk onderdeel van de jongerencultuur is en omdat het medium een opvoedende rol speelt bij het identiteitsontwikkelingsproces van adolescenten, zijn we genoodzaakt onderzoek te doen naar tienerseries. In onze studie gaan we ons toespitsen op één genre, namelijk het teen drama. Zoals eerder vermeld vinden we enkel recente studies terug over een mogelijke causaliteit tussen magere actrices en jonge meisjes met eetstoornissen. Aangezien de manier waarop die meisjes in beeld komen niet of vaag besproken wordt, zullen we in deze masterproef een kwalitatieve analyse maken van drie Engelstalige teen drama’s waarin de eetstoornis van de personages langer dan één aflevering aan bod komt, zijnde Degrassi (Epitome Pictures Inc., 2010- ), Glee (20th Century Fox Television, 2009- ) en Skins (Company Pictures, 2007-2013). Concreet luidt onze onderzoeksvraag: hoe worden jonge meisjes met anorexia nervosa en boulimia nervosa gerepresenteerd in populaire Angelsaksische teen drama’s? Om een antwoord te kunnen formuleren op die vraag zullen we in Deel I van deze thesis
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