CHAPTER 17: ELECTIONS and VOTING 475 474-480 CH17S1-860053 12/3/04 5:18 AM Page 476

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

CHAPTER 17: ELECTIONS and VOTING 475 474-480 CH17S1-860053 12/3/04 5:18 AM Page 476 474-480 CH17S1-860053 12/3/04 5:17 AM Page 474 Every Vote Counts A successful demo- cracy is built on an informed electorate that is influenced by many factors. You are—or soon will be—part of that electorate. To find out more about how to cast your vote and to learn about its impact, view the Democracy in Action Chapter 17 video lesson: Elections and Voting ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ GOVERNMENT Chapter Overview Visit the United States Government: Democracy in Action Web site at gov.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 17—Overview to preview chapter information. 474 474-480 CH17S1-860053 12/3/04 5:18 AM Page 475 Section 11 Election Campaigns Reader’s Guide unning for political office is expensive. National elections to select all represen- Key Terms tatives and one-third of the senators are held every two years. Senators and repre- campaign manager, image, political action Rsentatives spend considerable time and effort rais- committee, soft money ing campaign funds. Presidential elections are held Find Out every four years. Candidates for the highest office ■ What are the basic elements of a presidential must have access to hundreds of millions of dollars campaign? to run their campaigns. The presidential campaign ■ Why were the Federal Election Campaign Acts is not only expensive, but also is a lengthy and com- passed? plex process. The reward for the winner, however, Understanding Concepts is the most powerful position in government. Political Processes What strategic decisions must political parties and candidates make during Electing the President each campaign? Candidates for president begin organizing their campaigns almost one year before the election. Primary races in the spring help to nar- row the field of candidates. Following the national conventions in late summer, the presidential cam- Election Controversy paigns become intense by early September. They ECEMBER 14, 2000 end on Election Day—the first Tuesday after the WASHINGTON, D.C., D first Monday of November. During the final eight he presidential election of weeks of the campaign, the candidates spend long, 2000 was finally concluded frenzied hours traveling from state to state. Taping T its last night, 36 days after television messages, shaking hands, making ending date. Vice speeches, giving interviews, and many other cam- scheduled President Al Gore conceded paign activities are exhausting. Candidates may victory to Texas governor forget where they are and greet the people of the George W. Bush after Denver with a “Hello, Dallas.” The slipup will be Florida Supreme Court halted a on the nightly news. recount. statewide manual vote TIME Cover The ruling allowed Florida’s for Bush, thus making Electoral Votes and the States To be electoral votes to be counted the United States. The elected president, a candidate must win at least the 43rd president of him tally, which was 270 of the 538 available electoral votes. The total hinged on Florida’s final election for a recount, electoral vote is equal to the number of repre- by Gore. He had petitioned contested cards and absen- sentatives and senators from all the states, plus 3 focused on individual punch which allowed Bush to votes from Washington, D.C. Each state’s elec- ballots. The Court’s decision tee to win the election toral vote is the total number of its senators and only the fourth president become representatives in Congress. while losing the popular vote. The candidate who wins the greatest num- ber of popular votes in any state usually receives all of that state’s electoral votes. To win the Students support an election campaign. ▲ CHAPTER 17: ELECTIONS AND VOTING 475 474-480 CH17S1-860053 12/3/04 5:18 AM Page 476 Campaign Organization A strong organiza- tion is essential to running a presidential cam- paign. Heading the organization is a campaign manager, who is responsible for overall strategy and planning. In the national office, individuals handle relations with television, radio, and the print media and manage finances, advertising, opinion polls, and campaign materials. Every Vote Counts A single vote On the state and local levels, the state party sometimes makes the difference in an chairperson usually coordinates a campaign. Local election. In 1997 Sydney Nixon, a Vermont party officials and field workers contact voters, state representative, won his seat by hold local rallies, and distribute campaign litera- a vote of 570 to 569. After a recount ture. The field workers, who are usually volunteers, showed he actually lost 572 to ring doorbells, canvass voters by telephone, and 571, Nixon was forced to give up do whatever they can do to make sure voters turn his seat to his opponent. In 1999, out to vote on Election Day. in Bering Strait, Alaska, an election for a school board Using Television The most important com- seat ended in a tie. Later, a munication tool for a presidential candidate flip of a coin gave candidate is television. Television coverage is the main way Wayne Morgan the seat. many citizens find out how a campaign is progressing. The image, or mental picture, that voters have of a candidate is extremely important. presidency, a candidate must pay special attention A candidate’s organization spends a great deal of time to those states with large populations, such as “packaging” him or her for television appearances. California, Texas, New York, and Florida. The larg- Political commercials provide an effective means er a state’s population, the more electoral votes it of shaping a candidate’s image. Appearances on has. A presidential candidate who won the elec- television news programs are equally important. toral votes of the 11 largest states would obtain the Television is now the single most commonly used 270 votes necessary to win the presidency. source of news for most Americans. Candidates also Because a candidate needs to win as many use television by participating in debates. Televised states as possible, he or she must appeal to a broad debates usually come late in a campaign and can have range of voters across the nation. A candidate who a big impact on voters who are undecided. Political runs on a single issue or only appeals to a certain parties know that these voters may determine the region of the country will find it much harder to winner of the election. win the necessary number of electoral votes. This need for broad appeal works against third-party Using the Internet Candidates running for candidates, who usually do not have the level of nearly every office from president of the United national organization or the amount of money States to county clerk are making increasing use of that is available to Democrats and Republicans. the Internet. The World Wide Web is become a key tool for raising the money all candidates need to Campaign Strategy Planning how to capture compete effectively for office. In addition, every key states is only one of many decisions a presiden- candidate for higher office will have a campaign tial candidate must make. For example, should the Web site. Voters and reporters can visit these sites candidate wage an aggressive, all-out attack on an to learn about the candidate’s background, sched- opponent, or would a more low-key campaign be a ule of appearances, positions on issues, voting better strategy? What should be the theme or slogan record, recent speeches, and more; some sites also of the campaign? What issues should be stressed? include a list of campaign contributors. Many sites How much money should be spent on television also offer an electronic newsletter that provides e- commercials, radio advertising, and newspaper ads? mail updates on a candidate’s activities. 476 CHAPTER 17: ELECTIONS AND VOTING 474-480 CH17S1-860053 12/3/04 5:19 AM Page 477 Financing Campaigns direct contributions, and limit how much individ- uals and groups can contribute. At first the regula- Running for political office is very expen- tions also tried to limit how much candidates sive. In the 2004 elections, presidential and could spend in a campaign. congressional candidates spent a combined total of The 1974 amendment to the law created the $3.9 billion dollars. Candidates need money for Federal Election Commission (FEC) as an inde- such things as office space, staff salaries, consul- pendent agency in the executive branch to admin- tants, pollsters, travel, campaign literature, and ad- ister federal election laws. Records of campaign vertising in the mass media, especially television. contributions must be kept, and all contributions Money can contribute to open political debate over $100 must be reported to the FEC. The FEC’s by giving candidates the chance to broadcast their records are open to public inspection. views to voters. However, the possibility arises that In 1976 the Supreme Court ruled that even candidates will need to give special favors to con- though limiting individual contributions to candi- tributors rather than represent all voters. dates did not violate the First Amendment, an overall limit on the total cost of a campaign was Regulating Campaign Financing Today unconstitutional. As a result, some candidates have campaign financing is heavily regulated. The Fed- spent huge sums. In 2000, for example, Democrat eral Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1971 and its Jon S. Corzine used $65 million of his own money amendments in 1974, 1976, and 1979 provide the in winning a New Jersey Senate seat. framework governing campaign financing. This law and its amendments require public disclosure Public Funding The 1974 campaign finance of each candidate’s
Recommended publications
  • D-1 Americans for Campaign Reform John D
    APPENDIX D NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OFFERING RESOURCES FOR CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORMERS Americans for Campaign Reform John D. Rauh, President 5 Bicentennial Square Concord, NH 03301 phone: 603-227-0626 fax: 603-227-0625 email: [email protected] www.just6dollars.org Americans for Campaign Reform is a non-partisan grassroots campaign to restore public accountability and increase participation in American politics through public financing of federal elections. American University School of Communication Prof. Wendell Cochran 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, DC 20016-8017 phone: 202-885-2075 fax: 202-885-2019 e-mail: [email protected] www1.soc.american.edu/campfin/index.cfm The American University School of Communication has a campaign finance project with its own web site, normally housed at the top URL but temporarily at the lower one. Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law Monica Youn, Senior Counsel, Democracy Program 161 Avenue of the Americas, 12th Floor New York, NY 10013 phone: 646-292-8342 fax: 212-995-4550 e-mail: [email protected] www.brennancenter.org The Democracy Program of the Brennan Center for Justice supports campaign finance reform through scholarship, public education, and legal action, including litigation and legislative counseling at the federal, state, and local levels. The Brennan Center has served as litigation counsel for proponents of reform in cases throughout the country and encourages reformers to call for legal advice throughout the legislative drafting process. D-1 Brookings Institution Thomas E. Mann, Senior Fellow 1775 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, DC 20036 phone: 202-797-6000 fax: 202-797-6004 e-mail: [email protected] www.brookings.edu The Brookings Institution maintains a web page specifically addressed to campaign finance issues (http://www.brookings.edu/topics/campaign-finance.aspx).
    [Show full text]
  • Twitter and Millennial Participation in Voting During Nigeria's 2015 Presidential Elections
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2021 Twitter and Millennial Participation in Voting During Nigeria's 2015 Presidential Elections Deborah Zoaka Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Public Administration Commons, and the Public Policy Commons Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Deborah Zoaka has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Lisa Saye, Committee Chairperson, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Raj Singh, Committee Member, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Christopher Jones, University Reviewer, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2021 Abstract Twitter and Millennial Participation in Voting during Nigeria’s 2015 Presidential Elections by Deborah Zoaka MPA Walden University, 2013 B.Sc. Maiduguri University, 1989 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University May, 2021 Abstract This qualitative phenomenological research explored the significance of Twitter in Nigeria’s media ecology within the context of its capabilities to influence the millennial generation to participate in voting during the 2015 presidential election. Millennial participation in voting has been abysmally low since 1999, when democratic governance was restored in Nigeria after 26 years of military rule, constituting a grave threat to democratic consolidation and electoral legitimacy. The study was sited within the theoretical framework of Democratic participant theory and the uses and gratifications theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Randomocracy
    Randomocracy A Citizen’s Guide to Electoral Reform in British Columbia Why the B.C. Citizens Assembly recommends the single transferable-vote system Jack MacDonald An Ipsos-Reid poll taken in February 2005 revealed that half of British Columbians had never heard of the upcoming referendum on electoral reform to take place on May 17, 2005, in conjunction with the provincial election. Randomocracy Of the half who had heard of it—and the even smaller percentage who said they had a good understanding of the B.C. Citizens Assembly’s recommendation to change to a single transferable-vote system (STV)—more than 66% said they intend to vote yes to STV. Randomocracy describes the process and explains the thinking that led to the Citizens Assembly’s recommendation that the voting system in British Columbia should be changed from first-past-the-post to a single transferable-vote system. Jack MacDonald was one of the 161 members of the B.C. Citizens Assembly on Electoral Reform. ISBN 0-9737829-0-0 NON-FICTION $8 CAN FCG Publications www.bcelectoralreform.ca RANDOMOCRACY A Citizen’s Guide to Electoral Reform in British Columbia Jack MacDonald FCG Publications Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Copyright © 2005 by Jack MacDonald All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by an information storage and retrieval system, now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 2005 by FCG Publications FCG Publications 2010 Runnymede Ave Victoria, British Columbia Canada V8S 2V6 E-mail: [email protected] Includes bibliographical references.
    [Show full text]
  • Cause and Effect in Political Polarization: a Dynamic Analysis*
    Cause and Effect in Political Polarization: A Dynamic Analysis * Steven Callander † Juan Carlos Carbajal ‡ July 23, 2021 Abstract Political polarization is an important and enduring puzzle. Complicating attempts at explanation is that polarization is not a single thing. It is both a description of the current state of politics today and a dynamic path that has rippled across the political domain over multiple decades. In this paper we provide a simple model that is consistent with both the current state of polarization in the U.S. and the process that got it to where it is today. Our model provides an explanation for why polarization appears incrementally and why it was elites who polarized first and more dramatically whereas mass polarization came later and has been less pronounced. The building block for our model is voter behavior. We take an ostensibly unrelated finding about how voters form their preferences and incorporate it into a dynamic model of elections. On its own this change does not lead to polarization. Our core insight is that this change, when combined with the response of strategic candidates, creates a feedback loop that is able to replicate many features of the data. We explore the implications of the model for other aspects of politics and trace out what it predicts for the future course of polarization. Keywords: Political Polarization, Electoral Competition, Dynamic Analysis, Behavioral Voters. *We have benefited from the helpful comments of Avi Acharya, Dave Baron, Gabriel Carrol, Char- lotte Cavaille, Dana Foarta, Jon Eguia, Gabriele Gratton, Andy Hall, Matt Jackson, Keith Krehbiel, Andrew Little, Andrea Mattozzi, Nolan McCarty, Kirill Pogorelskiy, an Editor, two anonymous refer- ees, and seminar audiences at Stanford GSB, University of Warwick, University of Sydney, LSE, the Econometric Society Summer Meetings, the Australasian Economic Theory Workshop, and the Aus- tralian Political Economy Network.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Voter Participation
    Youth Voter Participation Youth Voter Participation Involving Today’s Young in Tomorrow’s Democracy Copyright © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) 1999 All rights reserved. Applications for permission to reproduce all or any part of this publication should be made to: Publications Officer, International IDEA, S-103 34 Stockholm, Sweden. International IDEA encourages dissemination of its work and will respond promptly to requests for permission for reproduction or translation. This is an International IDEA publication. International IDEA’s publications are not a reflection of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA’s Board or Council members. Art Direction and Design: Eduard âehovin, Slovenia Illustration: Ana Ko‰ir Pre-press: Studio Signum, Slovenia Printed and bound by: Bröderna Carlssons Boktryckeri AB, Varberg ISBN: 91-89098-31-5 Table of Contents FOREWORD 7 OVERVIEW 9 Structure of the Report 9 Definition of “Youth” 9 Acknowledgements 10 Part I WHY YOUNG PEOPLE SHOULD VOTE 11 A. Electoral Abstention as a Problem of Democracy 13 B. Why Participation of Young People is Important 13 Part II ASSESSING AND ANALYSING YOUTH TURNOUT 15 A. Measuring Turnout 17 1. Official Registers 17 2. Surveys 18 B. Youth Turnout in National Parliamentary Elections 21 1. Data Sources 21 2. The Relationship Between Age and Turnout 24 3. Cross-National Differences in Youth Turnout 27 4. Comparing First-Time and More Experienced Young Voters 28 5. Factors that May Increase Turnout 30 C. Reasons for Low Turnout and Non-Voting 31 1. Macro-Level Factors 31 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use and Design of Referendums an International Idea Working Paper *
    N. º 4, Segundo Semestre 2007 ISSN: 1659-2069 THE USE AND DESIGN OF REFERENDUMS AN INTERNATIONAL IDEA WORKING PAPER * Andrew Ellis ** [email protected] Nota del Consejo Editorial Abstract: Introduces an International IDEA working paper on referendum and direct democracy as result of an investigation carried out in Europe and Latin America. It analyzes matters such as the use of direct democracy and its impact in representative democracy, as well as the adoption of the referendum mechanism, referenda types, matters of situations where a referendum can take place, participation thresholds, financial controls, the writing of the question to be consulted, etc.. Key words: Direct democracy / Referendum / Popular consultation / Plebiscite / Latin America / Democracy. Resumen: Presenta un ensayo práctico de IDEA Internacional sobre el referéndum y la democracia directa producto de un trabajo investigativo realizado en Europa y América Latina. Analiza temas como el uso de institutos de democracia directa y su impacto en la democracia representativa, la adopción del mecanismo del referéndum, los tipos de referéndum, los temas o situaciones en que un referéndum puede ser celebrado, los umbrales de participación, los controles financieros, la redacción de la pregunta a consultar, etc. Palabras claves: Democracia directa / Referéndum / Consulta popular / América Latina / Democracia. * Dissertation presented at "Seminary of reflection on the importance and use of mechanisms of direct democracy in democratic systems", celebrated on May 25th, 2007, at San José, Costa Rica and organized by International IDEA and the Electoral Supreme Tribunal of the Republic of Costa Rica. This Working Paper is part of a process of debate and does not necessarily represent a policy position of International IDEA.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting the Right Not to Vote from Voter Purge Statutes
    Fordham Law Review Volume 64 Issue 3 Article 15 1995 Protecting the Right Not to Vote from Voter Purge Statutes Jeffrey A. Blomberg Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Jeffrey A. Blomberg, Protecting the Right Not to Vote from Voter Purge Statutes , 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1015 (1995). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol64/iss3/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Protecting the Right Not to Vote from Voter Purge Statutes Cover Page Footnote I would like to thank Professor Martin Flaherty for his assistance with this Note. In addition, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Joseph Wagner of Colgate University for his continued guidance and encouragement both with this Note and in my life. This article is available in Fordham Law Review: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol64/iss3/15 PROTECTING THE RIGHT NOT TO VOTE FROM VOTER PURGE STATUTES Jeffrey A. Blomberg* INTRODUCTION Little dispute exists that no right is more fundamental than the right to vote. As the Supreme Court has emphasized: "No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live.
    [Show full text]
  • Voter Apathy in British Elections: Causes and Remedies
    Voter apathy in British elections: Causes and Remedies Ioannis Kolovos and Phil Harris Abstract The turnout for the 2001 General election in Britain was the lowest ever after full adult suffrage. This essay presents the theoretical explanations of voter apathy and then reviews the literature on the causes behind the increasing voter abstention in General elections in Britain. Finally, the measures which have been proposed in order to increase voter participation are presented and critically assessed. Setting the scene According to Dalton (1988) “citizen involvement in the political process is essential for democracy to be viable and meaningful” (p. 35). Limited political involvement is a sign of weakness because it is only through dialogue and participation that societal goals are defined and achieved in a democracy. Voting, though it requires little initiative and cooperation 2 with others, is the most visible and widespread form of citizen involvement (Dalton, 1988). Voter Turnout in British General Elections (1945-2001) 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 40% 5 9 4 6 0 b) ct) 79 83 87 92 e 997 001 1945 1950 1951 195 195 196 196 197 (F (O 19 19 19 19 1 2 4 74 197 19 Source: Bartle J. (2002) Table 7.10, p. 197 Crewe et al (1992) distinguish between voter apathy and voter alienation as the basis of low political motivation. Apathy denotes a lack of feeling of personal responsibility, a passivity and indifference for political affairs. Subsequently, it denotes the absence of a feeling of personal obligation to participate. Voter alienation, on the other hand, denotes an active rejection of the political system and thus, political participation is negative towards the political world.
    [Show full text]
  • Voter Turnout Trends Around the World
    Voter Turnout Trends around the World Voter Turnout Trends around the World Voter Turnout Trends around the World Abdurashid Solijonov © 2016 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance International IDEA Strömsborg SE-103 34 Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8 698 37 00, fax: +46 8 20 24 22 Email: [email protected], website: www.idea.int The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Attribute-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information on this licence see: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, or those of its Boards or Council members. Cover photograph: ‘Voting queue in Addis Ababa’ (© BBC World Service/Uduak Amimo) made available on Flickr under the terms of a Creative Commons licence (CC-BY-NC 2.0) Graphic design by Turbo Design, Ramallah ISBN: 978-91-7671-083-8 Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 7 Preface ..........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States
    NOTES THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES Voter turnout in the United States is much lower than in other de- mocracies.1 In European nations, voter turnout regularly tops 80%,2 while turnout in American elections has not approached this number for at least the past century.3 Even in the U.S. presidential election of 2004, with the nation bogged down in an unpopular war and with a very tight campaign that left no front-runner, voter turnout was only about 60%.4 Although many may disparage the American electorate for being forgetful or lazy,5 low voter turnout does not necessarily mean that something is drastically wrong with American voters. The decision not to vote can be a rational one. Democratic government is a classic public good, and like any public good it is subject to a free-rider prob- lem.6 One can enjoy the benefits of living in a free, democratic society whether one incurs the costs of voting — time spent traveling to polls and waiting in line, information costs of choosing whom to vote for — or not. Even potential voters who have a strong preference for one candidate over another are likely to have a rational basis for not vot- ing since the likelihood of any single vote influencing the outcome of an election is negligible. This gives rise to what scholars call the “paradox of voting”7: the fact that some people do vote even though a ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 DEREK BOK, THE STATE OF THE NATION 325 (1996). 2 Id. 3 Less is known about earlier American history, in part because of problems with the avail- able data.
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Reform
    2016-08-31 (September 30, 2016) AND BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED THAT immediately after the next election, an all-Party process be instituted, involving expert assistance and citizen participation, to report to Parliament within 12 18 months with recommendations for electoral reforms including, without limitation, a preferential ballot and/or a form of proportional representation, to represent Canadians more fairly and serve Canada better. PS: Both the NDP and the Green Party support electoral reform, thus 63% of the 68% of those who voted in the last election are supporting this initiative (maybe). 1 2016-08-31 Is the First-Past-the-Post the best electoral/voting system for Canada – i.e.: from a ‘voter representation’ and/or ‘increasing the voting participation rate’ points of view? Are there any other voting systems which might be better? What about Preferential (Ranked) or Proportional/Mixed Proportional Voting Systems? Should, for example, voting be made mandatory as it is in Australia? 2 2016-08-31 This Presentation: ◦ Does not cover all the types of voting systems out there ◦ Does not even delve into all the complexities of the systems examined ◦ Does not specifically deal with the Nomination Process , Governance, Political Stability, Party Funding and/or the ‘Diminishing of Democracy’ Issues – it….. ◦ only deals with Electoral Voting Systems Voting Principles • Free, Open and Fair Vote • Administered by an Independent Electoral Entity (e.g.: Elections Canada) with powers to guard against infractions, compel witnesses, and enforce penalties • Easy to Understand • One person, One Vote 3 2016-08-31 Voting Principles • Results should Represent Voters’ Intentions • Voters should know the Person(s) who represents them directly • A certain Threshold of Votes should be needed to garner legislature recognition • Majority Rules – but, at the same time, Minorities should not abused • Voting is only one demonstration of our hard-won Democratic Rights – but it is an important and visible part.
    [Show full text]
  • Ann Ravel, a New Kind of Voter Suppression in Modern Elections
    A New Kind of Voter Suppression in Modern Elections * ANN RAVEL I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1019 II. POLITICAL TRUST ...................................................................... 1025 III. CAMPAIGN FINANCE POLICY CAUSES PEOPLE TO STAY AWAY FROM THE POLLS .................................................................. 1028 A. Pivotal Supreme Court Decisions ................................ 1032 B. Dark Money .................................................................. 1040 C. FEC Deadlock .............................................................. 1042 IV. ELECTED OFFICIAL VOTER ENGAGEMENT ................................ 1045 V. SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS ROLE IN VOTER SUPPRESSION .............. 1049 VI. ELECTION MANAGEMENT ......................................................... 1056 VII. WHAT CAN BE DONE? ............................................................ 1061 VIII. CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 1063 I. INTRODUCTION Democracy’s essential feature is the equal participation of all citizens in the electoral process to ensure that elected representatives respond to the will of the people. The Federalist Papers are clear that the Framers intended political power to reside in “the great body of [white male] people,” and not solely in the elites.1 Even though the Framer’s intent has been an ideal, throughout the history of the United * Ann Ravel is the former Chair and Commissioner of the Federal
    [Show full text]