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Qualitative Phytochemical اثر و شیمیایی ترکیبات کیفی بررسی

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Qualitative Phytochemical اثر و شیمیایی ترکیبات کیفی بررسی مجله علمی ـ پژوهشی زیستشناسی جانوری تجربی .Experimental Animal Biology Vol. ??? No. ???, ?????? (??? - ???) سال هفتم، شماره دوم، پیاپی بیست و ششم، پاییز 7931 )93-39( بررسی کیفی ترکیبات شیمیایی و اثر Qualitative phytochemical کشندگی عصاره اتانولی علف شور جنوبی screening and mortality effect of )Salsola imbricate( بر شته جالیز ethanolic extract of Salsola imbricata on Aphis gossypii Aphis gossypii ) ( 1 2* Fatemeh Ordouni , Abbas Khani , 3 *2 1 فاطمه اردونی ، عباس خانی ، نجمه صاحبزاده Najmeh Sahebzadeh3 1. دانشجوی دکتری، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران. ,Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Plant Protection .1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. 2. دانشیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران. ,Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection .2 3. استادیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران. .Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, )تاریخ دریافت: 21/1/1331 - تاریخ تصویب: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. )1331/8/21 (Received: Apr. 10, 2017- Accepted: Nov. 17, 2018) چکیده Abstract Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: شته جالیز (Aphis gossypii Glover (Hem.: Aphididae Aphididae), is one of the polyphagous and highly از گونههای چندخوار و خسارتزا در مزارع و گلخانهها میباشد. ,damaging species in fields and greenhouses. Now هماکنون مبارزه با شتهها به استفاده از حشرهکشهای شیمیایی aphids control is dependent on using chemical وابسته است. بهدلیل استفاده مداوم سموم، گونههای فراوانی از شتهها insecticides. Because of continuous use of pesticides, many species of aphids have become به تعداد زیادی از ترکیبات شیمیایی مقاوم شدهاند. بنابراین در ,resistant to many chemical compounds. Then مدیریت تلفیقی شتهها جستجوی روش جایگزین جهت مبارزه با surveying the alternative approach needed for این آفات ضروری میباشد. در این مطالعه، بررسی کیفی ترکیبات effectively managing of aphids in integrated pest management (IPM). In this study, the qualitative شیمیایی عصاره اتانولی علف شور )Salsola imbricate( انجام phytochemical of ethanolic extract of Salsola و اثر حشرهکشی آن روی شته جالیز در شرایط آزمایشگاهی در قالب imbricata and its insecticidal effect on A. gossypii طرح کامﻻً تصادفی بررسی شد. نتایج حاصل از آزمایشها نشان داد، investigated in a completely randomized design under laboratory conditions. The results showed, عصاره علف شور جنوبی در غلظتهای بین 13/33 تا 2111/33 the mortality rate of one-day adult aphids treated میکروگرم بر سانتیمتر مربع باعث 21 تا 13 درصد تلفات شته بالغ with ethanolic extract of S. imbricate at شد و مقدار غلظت کشنده 01 درصد )LC50( پس از 22 ساعت از concentrations between 33.63 to 2016.99 µg/cm2 کاربرد عصاره روی شته، 11/321 میکروگرم بر سانتیمتر مربع was 20 to 73 %. The LC50 value after 24 hours was 2 340.06µg/cm . Preliminary phytochemical study of . محاسبه گردید بررسی کیفی ترکیبات عصاره اتانولی علف شور extract showing the presence of various bioactive نشان داد که این گیاه، دارای ترکیبات با خواص حشرهکشی از جمله and insecticidal compounds in ethanolic extract of فﻻونوئید، استروئید، تانن، تریترپنوئید و گلیکوزید بوده، اما فاقد ,(S. imbricata, like glycosides (anthraquinones flavonoids, steroids, tannins and tri terpenoids ساپونین میباشد. compounds. But no saponons detected. واژههای کلیدی: علف شور جنوبی، شته جالیز، سمیت تماسی، ,Keywords: Salsola imbricata, Aphis gossypii Contact toxicity, Bioassay, Phytochemical زیستسنجی، ترکیبات گیاهی. compounds. * نویسنده مسئول: E-mail: [email protected] 39 مجله علمی ـ پژوهشی زیستشناسی جانوری تجربی، سال هفتم، شماره دوم، پیاپی بیست و ششم، پاییز 7931 مقدمه در مقابل بیشتر حشرات دست یافتهاند، بهطوریکه شتهها از جمله آفات مهم اقتصادی میباشند که در برخی از گیاهان به یک منبع غنی از ترکیبات با سراسر جهان پراکنش داشته و ایجاد خسارت میکنند. خاصیت سمی ضد تغذیهای، ممانعتکننده از یکی از مهمترین شتهها از نظر خسارت اقتصادی تخمگذاری و محدودکننده باروری و تولید مثل بهویژه در گلخانهها، شته جالیزAphis gossypii حشرات، تبدیل شدهاند. خانوادههای سنجد تلخیان میباشد. این شته یک آفت با پراکنش جهانی و )Meliaceae(، کاسنی )Asteraceae(، سدابیان چندخوار است که عﻻوه بر خسارت مستقیم به علت )Lamiaceae(، نَعناعیان )Rutaceae(، آنوناسه تغذیه از شیره گیاهی، به روش غیرمستقیم و با ترشح )Annonaceae( و خانواده دارچین )Canellaceae(، عسلک و انتقال بیماریهای ویروسی روی دامنه دارای منابع استثنایی و قابل توجهی از حشرهکشهای وسیعی از گیاهان میزبان گلخانهای و زراعی ایجاد گیاهی هستند )Pavela, 2008(. خسارت میکند. شته جالیز یکی از مخربترین از اینرو ترکیبات جدا شده از این گیاهان بهعنوان شتههاست که حداقل به 9۶ گونه از گیاهان مهم یک منبع زیستی، میتوانند به عنوان جایگزین مناسبی اقتصادی شامل پنبه و گیاهان مختلف از خانواده برای حشرهکشهای مصنوعی در برنامه مدیریت کدوئیان )مانند کدو تنبل، خیار، کدو سبز و طالبی( تلفیقی آفات، مطرح باشند )Kim et al., 2005(. به حمله میکند )Kresting et al., 1999(. عﻻوه، ترکیبات گیاهی در مقایسه با حشرهکشهای میزان خسارت این شته در گلخانهها بعد از سفید مصنوعی، با بوم نظام سازگارتر و دارای سمیت کمی بالک گلخانه در مرتبه دوم اهمیت قرار دارد و روی برای پستانداران و موجودات غیر هدف بوده و دوام و خیار خسارت قابلتوجهی ایجاد میکند. فعالیت شته پایداری کمی در محیط دارند ) ;Liu et al., 2005 جالیز در گوجهفرنگی، با ظهور برگهای اصلی گیاه Georges et al., 2007(. آغاز میشود و در اثر تغذیه پورهها و حشرات کامل، جنس سالسوﻻ )Salsola ( با داشتن 799 گونه گیاه میزبان ضعیف شده، برگها زرد و پیچیده بزرگترین جنس در زیر خانواده Salsoloideae میشوند و بهدلیل کاهش سطح فتوسنتز، میزان میباشد. این جنس بهخاطر ویژگیهایی مانند مقاومت عملکرد محصول کاهش مییابد. این آفت در انبوهی به خشکی، شوری، آفات و بیماریها و چرای دام، باﻻ حتی میتواند سبب خشک شدن کامل بوتهها سیستم ریشهای عمیق، فشار اسمزی باﻻ، کارایی باﻻ گردد )McKinlay, 1992(. در استفاده از آب و تنوع زیستی بهعنوان یک گیاه در سالهای اخیر گرایش زیادی به افزایش بازده مهم علوفهای در زمینهای خشک محسوب شده و محصوﻻت کشاورزی وجود داشته است. در این راستا، برای کاشت در زمینهای شور جایی که محصوﻻت کاربرد بیرویه سموم آفتکش، مشکﻻتی نظیر سمیت دیگر تولید خوبی ندارند و یا در نواحی که آبیاری مستقیم برای پارازیتوئیدها، شکارگرها، گردهافشانها، فقط با آب شور امکان دارد، حائز اهمیت است ماهیها و انسان، بروز مقاومت آفات نسبت به آفت کش، )Maroof, 2001(. باقیمانده سم در محصوﻻت غذایی، اثرات سوء علف شور جنوبی )Salsola imbricate Forssk( زیستمحیطی را به دنبال داشته است )Isman, 1996(. گیاهی شورپسند، پایا و متعلق به خانواده اسفناج متابولیتهای ثانویه گیاهی نقش مهمی در دفاع )Chenopodiaceae( با ارتفاع 729 سانتیمتر که در طبیعی و کنترل آفات بر عهده دارند. در حقیقت بیابانهای ایران در ناحیه رویشی ایران و تورانی پراکنش گیاهان در مسیر تکامل به یک سیستم دفاعی کارآمد دارد. این گونه شورهزی )Halophyte( عﻻوه بر ایران اردونی و همکاران: بررسی کیفی ترکیبات شیمیایی و اثر کشندگی عصاره اتانولی علف شور ... 37 در بعضی از کشورهای عربی، پاکستان، افغانستان و 299 میلیلیتر حﻻل اتانول 39 درصد بهمدت 2۶ شمالغربی هند نیز پراکنش دارد. از مشخصههای این ساعت روی دستگاه شیکر با 929 دور در دقیقه گیاه تولید تعداد زیاد بذرهای نسبتاً کوچک میباشد عصارهگیری شد و دور ظرفی که جهت عصارهگیری )Freitag et al., 2001(. استفاده میشد با ورقه آلومینیومی پوشانده شد تا از هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی خاصیت حشرهکشی تابش نور به آن جلوگیری شود. عصاره مورد نظر با عصاره اتانولی برگ گیاه علف شور جنوبی روی شته استفاده از کاغذ صافی واتمن شماره یک، صاف و تا جالیز در شرایط آزمایشگاه و بررسی کیفی ترکیبات زمان استفاده درون ظرف شیشهای تیره درون یخچال شیمیایی عصاره اتانولی این گیاه میباشد که امکان نگهداری شد. جهت تعیین غلظت مورد استفاده در بهکارگیری عصاره این گیاه را جهت استفاده در آزمایش زیستسنجی، وزن خشک عصاره گیاهی موجود مدیریت تلفیقی آفات آشکار خواهد ساخت. در یک میلیلیتر عصاره استخراج شده )در سه تکرار( محاسبه گردید )Bahraminejad et al., 2008(. مواد و روشها پرورش شته در گلخانه بررسی سمیت تماسی برای ایجاد جمعیت اولیه شته جالیز، برگهای آلوده به سمیت تماسی در قالب طرح کامﻻً تصادفی در 3 غلظت شته از یک واحد گلخانه در شهرستان هامون و هر غلظت در چهار تکرار همراه با شاهد و در هر تکرار جمعآوری و روی برگهای خیار پنج تا شش برگه حداقل ده شته بالغ یک روزه، مطالعه شد. حجمهای منتقل شد، گلدانهای حاوی گیاه خیار در اتاقک رشد مختلف عصاره بین 29 میکرولیتر تا 9 میلیلیتر عصاره در دمای 22 درجه سانتیگراد و رطوبت نسبی 19 علف شور جنوبی بهتدریج بهصورت یکنواخت توسط درصد و دوره نوری 79 ساعت روشنایی و 9 ساعت سمپلر روی کاغذ صافی دایرهای شکل به قطر 9 تاریکی نگهداری شد. برای انجام آزمایشات سانتیمتر )مساحت 29/29 سانتیمتر مربع( ریخته شد زیستسنجی از شتههای بالغ یک روزه استفاده شد. تا غلظتهای معادل 99/99، 91/29، 297/19، 999/79، 22/29۶، 99/912، ۶3/7999، 99/79۶۶ و 2979/33 تهیه نمونه گیاهی و عصارهگیری میکروگرم بر سانتیمتر مربع از عصاره در هر واحد در مهرماه 7939، گیاه علف شور جنوبی از رویشگاه آزمایش ایجاد گردد. پس از تبخیر حﻻل اتانول، کاغذ طبیعی آن در شهرستان هامون )دارای آبوهوای گرم صافی خشکشده و آغشته به عصاره، درون پتریدیش و خشک و ارتفاع 292 متر از سطح دریا( واقع در به قطر 9 سانتیمتر جاگذاری شد. برای تیمار شاهد از شمال استان سیستان و بلوچستان، جمعآوری گردید. کاغذ صافی آغشته به حﻻل اتانول استفاده شد. در هر پس از شناسایی و تأیید گونه گیاه توسط متخصصین ظرف آزمایش حداقل 79 شته بالغ یکروزه رهاسازی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سیستان و شد و پس از گذشت 2۶ ساعت، میزان تلفات حشرات انتقال به آزمایشگاه، اندام هوایی گیاه علف شور در ثبت گردید. حشراتی که قادر به تکان دادن پا و شاخک شرایط 2۶-29 درجه سانتیگراد و تهویه مناسب، نبودند بهعنوان حشرات تلف شده، ثبت گردید. خشک و در پاکت کاغذی بستهبندی و درون پﻻستیک در فریزر قرار داده شد. بررسی کیفی ترکیبات شیمیایی عصاره اتانولی علف مواد گیاهی کامﻻً خشکشده، بهوسیله آسیاب شور جنوبی برقی کامﻻً پودر شد و سپس 29 گرم از پودر گیاه با تعیین کیفی ترکیبات شیمیایی بر اساس روشهای 32 مجله علمی ـ پژوهشی زیستشناسی جانوری تجربی، سال هفتم، شماره دوم، پیاپی بیست و ششم، پاییز 7931 بیان شده در دو مقاله ) ;Doctor & Manuel, 2014 میشود که نشان از وجود تریترپنوئید در عصاره گیاه Hossain et al., 2013( بررسی شد.
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