Genes in Some Samples, Suggesting That the Gene Repertoire Is Modulated by Environmental Conditions

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Genes in Some Samples, Suggesting That the Gene Repertoire Is Modulated by Environmental Conditions Analyses de variations génomiques liées à la biogéographie des picoalgues Mamiellales. Thèse de doctorat de l'université Paris-Saclay École doctorale n°577, Structure et dynamique des systèmes vivants (SDSV) Spécialité de doctorat : Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé Unité de recherche : Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, CEA, Génomique métabolique, 91057, Evry-Courcouronnes, France. Référent : Université d'Évry Val d’Essonne Thèse présentée et soutenue à Évry, le 28/08/2020, par Jade LECONTE Composition du Jury Christophe AMBROISE Professeur des universités, Université Examinateur & Président d’Evry Val d’Essonne (UMR 8071) François-Yves BOUGET Directeur de recherche CNRS, Sorbonne Rapporteur & Examinateur Université (UMR 7232) Frédéric PARTENSKY Directeur de recherche CNRS, Sorbonne Rapporteur & Examinateur Université (UMR 7144) Ian PROBERT Ingénieur de recherche, Sorbonne Examinateur Université Olivier JAILLON Directeur de thèse Directeur de recherche, CEA (UMR 8030) Remerciements Je souhaite remercier en premier lieu mon directeur de thèse, Olivier Jaillon, pour son encadrement, ses conseils et sa compréhension depuis mon arrivée au Genoscope. J’ai appris beaucoup à ses côtés, progressé dans de nombreux domaines, et apprécié partager l’unique bureau sans moquette du troisième étage avec lui. Merci également à Patrick Wincker pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité de travailler au sein du LAGE toutes ces années. J’ai grâce à vous deux eu l’occasion de plonger un peu plus loin dans le monde de l’écologie marine à travers le projet Tara Oceans, et j’en suis plus que reconnaissante. Je tiens également à remercier les membres de mon jury de thèse, à la fois mes rapporteurs François-Yves Bouget et Frédéric Partensky qui ont bien voulu évaluer ce manuscrit, ainsi que Christophe Ambroise et Ian Probert qui ont également volontiers accepté de participer à ma soutenance. Une pensée spéciale pour Hervé Moreau, qui avait rejoint mon jury avec enthousiasme, j’aurais aimé qu’il puisse être avec nous également. Un grand merci à tous mes collègues du Genoscope, ceux qui sont partis avant moi comme ceux qui resteront un peu plus longtemps. J’en oublierai forcément dans cette liste, mais ces cinq dernières années ont été pavées de nombreuses bonnes rencontres. Merci à Thomas, Yoann et Sarah, mes prédécesseurs, pour leurs nombreux conseils et leur amitié, merci à Kevin, Romuald, Julie et Paul, camarades thésards qui étaient là pour la majorité de ma thèse et avec qui j’ai partagé de nombreux bons moments, merci à Éric, Betina, et Quentin, le « bureau d’à côté » où j’ai toujours pu aller chercher opinions et bonne ambiance, merci à Benjamin de nous avoir rejoint si souvent dans nos expéditions culinaires, merci à Tom pour tous tes conseils. Un merci particulier à Samuel et Jana, avec qui j’ai tour à tour partagé mon bureau, venir travailler à vos côtés a toujours été un plaisir. Merci aux membres de mon comité de thèse, Gwenaël Piganeau et Lionel Guidi, pour m’avoir guidée au cours de cette thèse et donné votre avis sur mes travaux. Merci aux nombreuses autres personnes avec qui j’ai eu l’occasion de collaborer, de Tara et d’ailleurs, sur différents projets passionnants. Merci à Catherine Sarlande, Nancy Delpech et Catherine Contrepois pour votre aide dans de nombreuses tâches administratives. Enfin, merci à tous mes proches. Merci à ma mère, fan numéro un du projet Tara, et à mon père, qui m’ont toujours soutenue dans ce que j’entreprenais. Merci à ma sœur, qui commence tout juste sa propre thèse et va brillamment la réussir. Et merci à Tabatha qui partage ma vie pour le meilleur et pour le pire depuis de nombreuses années déjà, pour tout ce qu’elle fait pour moi. Merci à tous. i ii Table des matières Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 I. Le plancton, acteur majeur de notre écosystème .................................................. 1 1. Diversité des organismes planctoniques .................................................................. 1 2. Interactions entre le plancton et l'environnement .................................................. 3 3. Cycle de vie du phytoplancton .................................................................................. 6 II. Les Mamiellales, membres clés du phytoplancton ............................................... 7 1. Phylogénie des Mamiellales ....................................................................................... 7 2. Biogéographie des Mamiellales ................................................................................ 9 3. Génomes des Mamiellales ....................................................................................... 10 III. De la génomique à la métagénomique, de nouvelles méthodes pour étudier les organismes dans l'environnement naturel ........................................... 12 1. Métabarcoding ........................................................................................................... 12 2. Métagénomique et métatranscriptomique ............................................................ 14 3. Single-cell.................................................................................................................... 15 IV. Génomique à l’échelle des populations ............................................................... 16 1. Présentation de l’étude des populations ................................................................ 16 2. Méthodes d’analyse de la structure des populations ........................................... 17 3. Historique des applications aux Mamiellales ......................................................... 19 V. Le projet Tara Oceans ................................................................................................ 20 1. Historique des principaux projets océanographiques .......................................... 20 2. Le parcours de Tara Oceans ..................................................................................... 23 3. Méthode d'échantillonnage ..................................................................................... 26 Objectif de la thèse .......................................................................................................... 29 Chapitre 1 : Biogéographie des Mamiellales à partir de données métagénomiques ................................................................................................................. 31 I. Article 1 : Survey of the green picoalga Bathycoccus genomes in the global ocean ................................................................................................................................... 31 II. Article 2 : Genome Resolved Biogeography of Mamiellales ............................ 44 IV. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 62 Chapitre 2 : Diversité et biogéographie des Mamiellales arctiques à partir de métabarcodes ....................................................................................................................... 63 I. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 63 II. Distribution des V9 de Mamiellophyceae ............................................................. 63 iii 1. Abondance relative par bassin océanique ............................................................. 64 2. Répartition géographique globale .......................................................................... 65 3. Analyse détaillée des taxons de Micromonas ........................................................ 67 4. Biodiversité du milieu Arctique ................................................................................ 69 III. Comparaison avec les échantillons métagénomiques ...................................... 73 IV. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 75 Chapitre 3 : Etude des variations génomiques de Bathycoccus prasinos dans les populations naturelles ........................................................................................................ 76 I. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 76 II. Article 3 : Equatorial to Polar genomic description of cosmopolitan Bathycoccus prasinos populations .............................................................................. 76 III. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 95 Chapitre 4 : Analyses de biogéographie au niveau des communautés .................. 97 I. Application de ces méthodes à d'autres espèces : exemple des Straménopiles ................................................................................................................... 97 II. Article 4 : Genomic evidence for global ocean plankton biogeography shaped by large-scale current systems ..................................................................... 100 III. Etude de l'impact du changement climatique sur les communautés planctoniques ................................................................................................................. 138 IV. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 141 Conclusions
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