1. Introduction is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material. It is also known as Additive manufacturing. A method of Additive Manufacturing that adds material to an object layer by layer to create the final product. It can “print” in plastic, metal, , and over a hundred other materials. A 3D printer is a type of industrial robot. There are many uses of 3D Printing e.g. architecture, construction, industrial design, engineering, dental and medical industries, biotech (human tissue replacement), fashion, 3D Printer footwear, jewelry, education, geographic information systems, food, and many other fields. The cost of 3D printers has decreased dramatically since about 2010, with machines that used to cost $20,000 now costing less than $1,000. For instance, as of 2013, several companies and individuals are selling parts, with prices starting at about €400/US$500.

2. History The technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data was first developed by Charles Hull in 1984. He named the technique as Stereo lithography and obtained a patent for the technique in 1986. In Stereo lithography layers are added by curing photopolymers with UV lasers. He also developed the STL () widely accepted by 3D printing software. Charles Hull STL is a file format native to the CAD (Computer Aided Design) software created by 3D Systems. Stereolithography is a "system for generating three- dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed. STL is also known as Standard Tessellation Language. This file format is supported by many other software packages. It is widely used for computer-aided manufacturing. In 1993, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) patented another technology, named "3 Dimensional Printing techniques", which is similar to the inkjet technology used in 2D Printers. In 1996, three major products, "Genisys" from Stratasys, "Actua 2100" from 3D Systems and "Z402" from Z Corporation, were introduced. In 2005, Z Corp. launched a breakthrough product, named Spectrum Z510, which was the first high definition color 3D Printer in the market.

1 3. General Principal Principals of 3D printing have three parts.

Modelin Finishin Printing g g

a) Modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three- dimensional surface of an object via specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process is CAD (computer aided design) or automatically is 3D scanner.  Computer Aided Design is software used for computer system to help in the creation, modification, analysis of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing.

Fig. 1 Bridge on CAD

 3D scanning is possible by 3D scanner. 3D scanner is a device that analyses a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. colour). The collected data can then be used to construct digital three-dimensional models. It is process of analyzing and collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object. Based on this data, three-dimensional models of the scanned object can then be produced.

2 Many different technologies can be used to build these 3D-scanning devices each technology comes with its own limitations, advantages and costs. Many limitations in the kind of objects that can be digitized are still present, for example, optical technologies encounter many difficulties with shiny, mirroring or transparent objects. For example, 3D printing can be used to construct 3D models.

Collected 3D data is useful for a wide variety of applications. These devices are used extensively Fig. 2 3D scanner by the entertainment industry in the production of movies and video games. Other common applications of this technology include industrial design and architectural engineering.

b) Printing Before printing a 3D model from an STL file, it must first be processed by a piece of software called a "slicer" which converts the model into a series of thin layers and produces a G-code file containing instructions tailored to a specific printer. G-code which has many variants is the common name for the most widely used numerical control (NC) programming language. It is used mainly in computer-aided manufacturing for controlling automated machine tools. G-code is sometimes called G programming language. The 3D printer follows the G-code instructions to lay down successive layers of liquid, powder, paper or sheet material to build the model from a series of cross sections. These layers, which correspond to the virtual cross sections from the CAD model, are joined or automatically fused to create the final shape. The primary advantage of this technique is its ability to create almost any shape or geometric feature. Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dots per inch (DPI) or micrometers (µm). Typical layer thickness is around 100 µm (250 DPI), although some machines such as the Objet Connex series and 3D Systems ProJet series can print layers as thin as 16 µm (1,600 DPI). X-Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers. The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 µm (510 to 250 DPI) in diameter.

Construction of a model with contemporary methods can take anywhere from several hours to several days, depending on the method used and the size and complexity of the model. Additive systems can typically reduce this time to a few hours, although it varies widely depending on the type of machine used and the size and number of models being produced simultaneously.

3 Traditional techniques like injection moulding can be less expensive for manufacturing polymer products in high quantities, but additive manufacturing can be faster, more flexible and less expensive when producing relatively small quantities of parts. 3D printers give designers and concept development teams the ability to produce parts and concept models using a desktop size printer.

4 c) Finishing Though the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications, printing a slightly oversized version of the desired object in standard resolution and then removing material with a higher-resolution subtractive process can achieve greater precision. Some additive manufacturing techniques are capable of using multiple materials in the course of constructing parts. Some are able to print in multiple colors and color combinations simultaneously. Some also utilize supports when building. Supports are removable or dissolvable upon completion of the print, and are used to support overhanging features during construction.

Fig. 3 Process of 3D printing

How 3D printing works in block diagram:-

Fig. 4

5 It is a block diagram for 3D printing working. In this we show on no.1 original object to coffee mug. First we have modeling by scanning or CAD. In this no.2 object digitized in CAD. After that we have printing by printer but before use printer make STL file for slices.

4. Processes Several different have been invented since the late 1970s. The printers were originally large, expensive, and highly limited in what they could produce. A large number of additive processes are now available. The main differences between processes are in the way layers are deposited to create parts and in the materials that are used. Some methods melt or soften material to produce the layers, e.g. (SLM), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), while others cure liquid materials using different sophisticated technologies, e.g. Stereolithography (SLA). Each method has its own advantages and drawbacks, which is why some companies consequently offer a choice between powder and polymer for the material used to build the object. Other companies sometimes use standard, off-the-shelf business paper as the build material to produce a durable prototype. The main considerations in choosing a machine are generally speed, cost of the 3D printer, cost of the printed prototype, cost and choice of materials, and color capabilities. Printers that work directly with metals are expensive. In some cases, however, less expensive printers can be used to make a mould, which is then used to make metal parts.

Technologies Materials Fused deposition (e.g. PLA, ABS), HDPE, eutectic metals, modeling (FDM) edible materials, Rubber (Sugru), Modeling clay, Plasticine, RTV silicone, Metal clay Ceramic Materials, Metal alloy, cermet, metal matrix composite, ceramic matrix composite Electron Beam Almost any metal alloy Freeform Fabrication (EBF3) Direct metal laser Almost any metal alloy sintering (DMLS) Electron-beam Almost any metal alloy including Titanium alloys melting (EBM) Selective laser Titanium alloys, Cobalt Chrome alloys, Stainless Steel, melting (SLM) Aluminium Selective heat powder sintering (SHS) Selective laser Thermoplastics, metal powders, ceramic powders sintering (SLS) Plaster-based 3D Plaster printing (PP) Laminated object Paper, metal foil, plastic film

6 manufacturing (LOM) Stereolithography Photopolymer (SLA)

i. Fused deposition modeling Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was developed by S. Scott Crump in the late 1980s and was commercialized in 1990 by Stratasys. It is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used for modeling, prototyping, and production applications. In fused deposition modeling the model or part is produced by extruding small beads of material which harden immediately to form layers. A thermoplastic filament or metal wire that is wound on a coil is unreeled to supply material to an extrusion nozzle head. The nozzle head heats the material and turns the flow on and off. Typically stepper motors or servo motors are employed to move the extrusion head and adjust the flow. The

head can be moved in both horizontal and vertical Fig. 5 FDM directions, and control of the mechanism is typically 1. Nozzle ejecting molten plastic done by a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) 2. Deposited material 3. Controlled movable table software package running on a microcontroller. In this various polymers are used, including Thermoplastic, eutectic metals, edible materials, Rubber (Sugru), Modeling clay, Plasticine, RTV silicone, Metal clay (including Precious Metal Clay) ii. Laminated object manufacturing In some printers, paper can be used as the build material, resulting in a lower cost to print. During the 1990s some companies marketed printers that cut cross sections out of special adhesive coated paper using a carbon dioxide laser and then laminated them together. Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) is a system developed by Helisys Inc. It layers of paper, plastic, or metal laminates are successively glued together and cut to shape with a knife or laser cutter. Objects printed with this technique may be additionally modified by Fig.6 machining or drilling after printing. Typical layer 1.Foil supply 2. Heated roller. resolution for this process is defined by the material 3. Laser beam 4.Scanning prism 5. Laser unit. 6. Layers. feedstock and usually ranges in thickness from one

7 to a few sheets of copy paper. 7. Moving platform 8. Waste

iii. Stereolithography(SLA) Stereolithography was patented in 1986 by Chuck Hull. Photo polymerization is primarily used in Stereolithography (SLA) to produce a solid part from a liquid. Stereolithography is currently the most widely used process in the rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RP&M) field. “It translates computer aided designs (CAD) into solid objects through a combination of laser, photochemistry and software technologies.

Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing process which employs a vat of liquid ultraviolet curable photopolymer "resin" and an ultraviolet laser to build parts' layers one at a time. For each layer, the laser beam traces a cross-section of the part pattern on the surface of the liquid resin.

After the pattern has been traced, the SLA's elevator platform descends by a distance equal to the thickness of a single layer, typically 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm (0.002" to 0.006"). Then, a resin-filled blade sweeps across the cross section of the part, re- coating it with fresh material. On this new liquid surface, the subsequent layer pattern is traced, joining the previous layer. A complete 3-D part is formed by this process. After being built, parts are immersed in a chemical bath in order to be cleaned of excess resin and are subsequently cured in an ultraviolet oven.

Stereolithography requires the use of supporting Fig. 7 Stereolithography apparatus structures which serve to attach the part to the elevator platform, prevent deflection due to gravity

and hold the cross sections in place so that they resist lateral pressure from the re-coater blade. Supports are generated automatically during the preparation of 3D Computer Aided Design models for use on the stereolithography machine, although they may be manipulated manually. Supports must be removed from the finished product manually, unlike in other, less costly, rapid prototyping technologies.

8 iv. Nano scale 3D printing 3D printing techniques can be employed to construct nanoscale-size objects. Such printed objects are typically grown on a solid substrate, e.g. silicon wafer, to which they adhere after printing as they're too small and fragile to be manipulated post-construction. While 2D nanostructures are usually created by depositing material through some sort of static stencil mask, 3D nanostructures can be printed by physically moving a stencil mask during the material deposition process. Programmable-height nanostructures with widths as small as 10nm have been produced by metallic physical vapor deposition through a piezo-actuator controlled stencil mask having a milled nanopore in a silicon nitride membrane.

5. 3D Printers 3D printers are a very important for 3D printing technology. It has many types. a. Industrial Use b. Consumer Use c. Large 3D Printers

a. Industrial Use As of October 2012, Stratasys now sells additive manufacturing systems that range from $2,000 to $500,000 in price and are employed in several industries: aerospace, architecture, automotive, defense, and dental, among many others. For example, General Electric uses the high-end model to build parts for turbines.

b. Consumer Use Several projects and companies are making efforts to develop affordable 3D printers for home desktop use. Much of this work has been driven by and targeted at enthusiast/early adopter communities, with additional ties to the academic and hacker communities. RepRap (British initiative to develop a 3D printer) is one of the longest running projects in the desktop category. The RepRap project aims to produce a free and hardware (FOSH) 3D printer, whose full specifications are released under the GNU General Public License, and which is capable of replicating itself by printing many of its own (plastic) parts to create more machines. RepRap have already been shown to be able to print circuit boards and metal parts.

Fig. 8 RepRap version 2.0 (Mende) Fig. 9 Cupcake CNC i. 3D printing pen

9 The 3D Doodler is a 3D printing pen developed by Peter Dilworth and Maxwell Bogue of WobbleWorks LLC. 3Doodler is the world’s first and only 3D Printing Pen. Using ABS plastic (the material used by many 3D printers), 3Doodler draws in the air or on surfaces. It’s compact and easy to use, and requires no software or computers. You just plug it into a

Fig. 10 Home Interior pieces power socket and can start drawing anything within minutes. As 3Doodler draws, it extrudes heated plastic, which quickly cools and solidifies into a strong stable structure. 3D printing pen raised $2.3 million on Kickstarter with the pens selling at $99. This pen is available in India by amazon.

Fig. 11 A mini Eiffel Tower Fig. 12 3-Dimensional Pen c. Large 3D printers Large 3D printers have been developed for industrial, education, and demonstrative uses. A large delta-style 3D printer was build in 2014 by SeeMeCNC. The printer is capable of

10 making an object with diameter of up to 4 feet (1.2 m) and up to 10 feet (3.0 m) in height. It also uses plastic pellets as the raw material instead of the typical plastic filaments used in other 3D printers.

Fig. 13 Large scale industrial 3D printing Another type of large printer is Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM). The goal is to develop printers that can produce a large object in high speed. A BAAM machine of Cincinnati Incorporated can produce an object at the speeds 200-500 times faster than typical 3D printers available in 2014. Another BAAM machine is being developed by Lockheed Martin with an aim to print long objects of up to 100 feet (30 m) to be used in aerospace industries

6. Efficiency The current slow print speed of 3D printers limits their use for mass production. To reduce this overhead, several fused filament machines now offer multiple extruder heads. These can be used to print in multiple colours, with different polymers, or to make multiple prints simultaneously. This increases their overall print speed during multiple instance production, while requiring less capital cost than duplicate machines since they can share a single controller. 7. Cost The cost of 3D printers has decreased dramatically since about 2010, with machines that used to cost $20,000 now costing less than $1,000. For instance, as of 2013, several companies and individuals are selling parts to build various RepRap designs, with prices starting at about €400/US$500. The open source Fab@Home project has developed printers for general use with anything that can be squirted through a nozzle, from chocolate to silicone sealant and chemical reactants. Printers following the project's designs have been available from suppliers in kits or in pre-assembled form since 2012 at prices in the US$2000 range. The Kickstarter funded Peachy Printer is designed to cost $100 and several other new 3D printers are aimed at the small, inexpensive market including the mUVe3D and Lumifold. Rapide 3D has designed a

11 professional grade crowd sourced 3D-printer costing $1499 which has no fumes nor constant rattle during use. The 3Doodler, "3D printing pen", raised $2.3 million on Kickstarter with the pens selling at $99, though the 3D Doodler has been criticised for being more of a crafting pen than a 3D printer.

8. Application a) Manufacturing application i) Distributed manufacturing Additive manufacturing in combination with cloud computing technologies allows decentralized and geographically independent distributed production. Distributed manufacturing as such is carried out by some enterprises; there is also a service to put people needing 3D printing in contact with owners of printers. Some companies offer on-line 3D printing services to both commercial and private customers, working from 3D designs uploaded to the company website. 3D-printed designs are either shipped to the customer or picked up from the service provider.

ii) Raped manufacturing Advances in RP technology have introduced materials that are appropriate for final manufacture, which has in turn introduced the possibility of directly manufacturing finished components. One advantage of 3D printing for rapid manufacturing lies in the relatively inexpensive production of small numbers of parts. Rapid manufacturing is a new method of manufacturing and many of its processes remain unproven. 3D printing is now entering the field of rapid manufacturing and was identified as a "next level" technology by many experts in a 2009 report.

b) Industrial application i) Apparel 3D printing has spread into the world of clothing with fashion designers experimenting with 3D-printed shoes, and dresses. In commercial production Nike is using 3D printing to prototype and manufactures the 2012 Vapor Laser Talon football shoe for players of American football, and New Balance is 3D manufacturing custom- fit shoes for athletes.

12

Fig. 14 Nike Debuts First Football shoes Fig. 15 Bow tie ii) Automobile An American company, Local Motors is working with Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Cincinnati Incorporated to develop large-scale additive manufacturing processes suitable for printing an entire car body. The company plans to print the vehicle live in front of an audience at the International Manufacturing Technology Show. "Produced from a new fiber-reinforced thermoplastic strong enough for use in an automotive application, the chassis and body without drivetrain, wheels and brakes weighs a scant 450 pounds and the completed car is comprised of just 40 components, a number that gets smaller with every revision.

Fig. 16 Local motors 3D printed car body iii) Construction

13 An additional use being developed is building printing, or using 3D printing to build buildings. This could allow faster construction for lower costs, and has been investigated for construction of off-Earth habitats. For example, A Chinese Company has become the first to construct multiple buildings using 3D printers that extrude recycled building materials at breakneck speed.

Fig. 17 3D printed House Fig. 18 printed houses using a large 3-D printer

Using four huge 3D printers, Yingchuang New Materials Inc. was able to print the shells of 10 one-room structures in 24 hours and at a cost of only about $5,000 per building. The buildings had to harden at the factory and then be transported and assembled on site. The 3D printed buildings will be used as offices at a Shanghai industrial park.

iv) Firearms

In 2012, the US-based group Defense Distributed disclosed plans to "[design] a working plastic gun that could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3D printer. Defense Distributed has also designed a 3D printable AR-15 type rifle lower receiver (capable of lasting more than 650 rounds) and a 30 round M16 magazine.

14 Fig. 19 3D-printed gun

In 2014, a man from Japan became the first person in the world to be imprisoned for making 3D printed firearms. Yoshitomo Imura posted videos and blueprints of the gun online and was sentenced to jail for two years. Police found at least two guns in his household that were capable of firing bullets.

v) Medical

3D printing has been used to print patient specific implant and device for medical use.

Successful operations include a titanium pelvis implanted into a British patient, titanium lower jaw transplanted to a Dutch patient, and a plastic tracheal splint for an American infant. The hearing aid and dental industries are expected to be the biggest area of future development using the custom 3D printing technology.

In March 2014, surgeons in Swansea used 3D printed parts to rebuild the face of a motorcyclist who had been seriously injured in a road accident. Research is also being conducted on methods to bio-print replacements for lost tissue due to arthritis and cancer.

In October 2014, a five-year-old girl born without fully formed fingers on her left hand became the first child in the UK to have a prosthetic hand made with 3D printing technology. Her hand was designed by US-based E-nable, an open source design organization which uses a network of volunteers to design and make prosthetics mainly for children. The prosthetic hand was based on a plaster cast made by her parents.

15 3D Printed prosthetics have been used in rehabilitation of crippled animals. In 2013, a 3D printed foot let a crippled duckling walk again. In 2014 a chihuahua born without front legs was fitted with a harness and wheels created with a 3D printer. 3D printed hermit crab shells let hermit crabs inhabit a new style home. Fig.20 prosthetic leg

3d printed medical cast could help bones to heal up to 40 per cent faster. The black cast, known as the Osteoid, uses an ultrasound system which makes bones heal more quickly. It is filled with ventilation holes which the designer says mean it does not smell or itch- unlike traditional casts.

Fig.21 3D printed medical cast

As of 2012, 3D bio-printing technology has been studied by biotechnology firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications in which organs and body parts are built using inkjet techniques. In this process, layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium or sugar matrix and slowly built up to form three-dimensional structures including vascular systems. The first production system for 3D tissue printing was delivered in 2009, based on NovoGen bioprinting technology. Several terms have been used to refer to this field of research: organ printing, bio-printing, body part printing, and computer-aided tissue engineering, among others. The possibility of using 3D tissue printing to create soft tissue architectures for reconstructive surgery is also being explored.

16 c) Sociocultural application i) Art In 2005, academic journals had begun to report on the possible artistic applications of 3D printing technology. By 2007 the mass media followed with an article in the Wall. Street Journal and Time Magazine, listing 3D printed design among their 100 most influential designs of the year. During the 2011 London Design Festival, an installation, curated by Murray Moss and focused on 3D Printing, was held in the Victoria and Albert Museum (the V&A). An example of 3D printed limited edition jewellery. This necklace is made of glassfiber-filled dyed nylon. It has rotating linkages that were produced in the same manufacturing step as the other parts.

Fig.22 3D necklace

The MakerBot team joined forces with artists to democratize famous works of art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. These 3D designs are now on and ready to be 3D printed. For example, the marble lion statue pictured above dates from 400 B.C. and is now available in digital form on Thingiverse. Fig.23 3D printed lion The use of 3D scanning technologies allows the replication of real objects without the use of molding techniques that in many cases can be more expensive, more difficult, or too invasive to be performed, particularly for precious or delicate cultural heritage artifacts where direct contact with the moulding substances could harm the original object's surface.

ii) Domestic Use As of 2012, domestic 3D printing was mainly practised by hobbyists and enthusiasts, and was little used for practical household applications. A working clock was made and gears were printed for home woodworking machines among other purposes. 3D

17 printing was also used for ornamental objects. Web sites associated with home 3D printing tended to include backscratchers, coat hooks, doorknobs etc. The open source Fab@Home project has developed printers for general use. They have been used in research environments to produce chemical compounds with 3D

Fig.24 3D printing Domestic application printing technology, including new ones, initially without immediate application as proof of principle. The developers of the chemical application envisage both industrial and domestic use for this technology, including enabling users in remote locations to be able to produce their own medicine or household chemicals. iii) Education And Research 3D printing is the latest technology making inroads into the classroom 3D printing allows students to create prototypes of items without the use of expensive tooling required in subtractive methods. Students design and produce actual models they can hold. The classroom environment allows students to learn and employ new applications for 3D printing.

18 Fig.25 3D printing revolutionizing classroom Students discover the capabilities with 3D printing. Engineering and design principles are explored as well as architectural planning. Students recreate duplicates of museum items such as fossils and historical artefacts for study in the classroom without possibly damaging sensitive collections. Other students interested in graphic designing can construct models with complex working parts. 3D printing gives students a new perspective with topographic maps. Science students can study cross- sections of internal organs of the human body and other biological specimens. And chemistry students can explore 3D models of molecules and the relationship within chemical compounds. Future applications for 3D printing might include creating open-source scientific equipment.

iv) Environmental Use In Bahrain, large-scale 3D printing using a sandstone-like material has been used to create unique coral-shaped structures, which encourage coral polyps to colonise and regenerate damaged reefs. These structures have a much more natural shape than other structures used to create artificial reefs, and, unlike concrete, are neither acid nor alkaline with neutral pH.

9. Legislation

19 The US Department of Homeland Security and the Joint Regional Intelligence Center released a memo stating that "significant advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing capabilities, availability of free digital 3D printable files for firearms components, and difficulty regulating file sharing may present public safety risks from unqualified gun seekers who obtain or manufacture 3D printed guns," and that "proposed legislation to ban 3D printing of weapons may deter, but cannot completely prevent their production. Even if the practice is prohibited by new legislation, online distribution of these 3D printable files will be as difficult to control as any other illegally traded music, movie or software files."

10. Impact 3D printing is already having an effect on the way that products are manufactured – the nature of the technology permits new ways of thinking in terms of the social, economic, environmental and security implications of the manufacturing process with universally favorable results.

a. Social Change 3D printing is becoming influential in many industries, like fashion and lighting design, automobile and aircraft industries, custom-made musical instruments creation, and even in weapon manufacturing - 3D Systems have already been sponsored by the US Air Force to improve the sustainability and affordability of weapons systems. Another important application of 3DP technologies is in the health care system - printing of prosthetic limbs, and also researching towards the 3D printing of organ tissues. There has already been a successful transplant of a 3D printed bladder in a patient as early as 11 years ago. What would the social impact be though, as a result of the mechanization of labor digitizing is bringing about? Is 3D printing also the amplifier of unemployment rates? And from an ecological point of view, what would the impact on nature be? Creating often meaningless plastic objects in a home environment can give birth of great ideas, but a lot of them will also go to the bin and add to pollution. These are crucial and urgent social issues, which will be analyzed in the following thesis report.

b. Material Innovations Consumer grade 3D printing has resulted in new materials that have been developed specifically for 3D printers. For example, filament materials have been developed to imitate wood, in its appearance as well as its texture. Furthermore, new technologies, such as infusing carbon fiber into printable plastics, allowing for a stronger, lighter material. In addition to new structural materials that have been developed due to 3D printing, new technologies have allowed for patterns to be applied directly to 3D printed parts.

11. Future of 3D Printing

According a recent report, 3D printing is evolving rapidly, although many technologies are still five to ten years away from mainstream adoption. Consumer adoption will be outpaced by business and medical applications that have more compelling use cases in the short term.

20 Fig.26 Difference b/w Standard and 3d printing chain

In this image we see difference between standard and 3D printing supply chain. Standard supply chain is long compare to 3D printing supply chain.

Meanwhile, we will see better and more diverse materials coming to market as well as better printers with increased printing speed at reduced cost. 3D printing will make its way too many more classrooms in education as it’s the ultimate maker tool to create objects and prototypes. And we will probably see Apple, Google or Amazon coming up with an own 3D-printers as soon as the consumer market is ready to explode.

21 12. Reference a. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing b. www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48 c. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereolithography d. http://www.makepartsfast.com/2014/10/7479/3d-print-electric-motor/ e. http://www.guns.com/2013/05/23/3d-printers-meet-othermill-a-cnc-machine-for- your-home-office/ f. http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/20/7022809/3d-printed-gun-maker-in-japan- sentenced-2-years g. http://wohlersassociates.com/NovDec05TCT3dp.htm h. http://www.cfr.org/technology-and-science/3d-printing-challenges-opportunities- international-relations/p31709 i. http://www.rapidtoday.com/mcor.html j. http://www.techadvisor.co.uk/features/printing/how-3d-printing-is-helping-doctors- mend-you-better/ k. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-29441115 l. http://www.3ders.org/articles/20140306-research-into-3d-bioprinting-may-soon- produce-transplantable-human-tissues.html m. http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/analysis/building-body-parts-with-3d- printing/1002542.article n. http://uk.reuters.article.archive.joblink-inc.org/oldfiles/2011/06/spime-watch- dassault-systemes o. http://www.consultancy.nl/nieuws/6718/eurogroup-impact-van-3dprinten-op-de- supply-chain

22