O17177 Hambäck, P. A., Gilbert, J., Schneider, K., Martinson, H

Home , Nectarivore

Oikos O17177 Hambäck, P. A., Gilbert, J., Schneider, K., Martinson, H. M., Kolb, G. and Fagan, W. F. 2009. Effects of body size, trophic mode and larval habitat on Diptera stoichiometry: a regional comparison. – Oikos 118: 615–623.

1 - 38.0 --- 27.31 N:P --- 40.7 40.62 --- 25.40 ------46.8 25.54 25.54 53.4 ------13.29 ------16.32 ------34.74 --- 30.3 29.18 --- 25.94 --- 181.7 --- 122.0 C:P --- 187.0 212.5 --- 129.1 ------212.1 131.8 140.0 288.2 ------82.19 ------90.08 ------175.4 --- 142.2 149.1 --- 126.0 --- 4.78 --- 4.50 C:N --- 4.60 5.23 --- 5.08 --- 4.71 4.53 5.16 5.52 5.39 ------6.19 4.61 --- 5.52 --- 4.56 5.05 --- 4.69 5.11 --- 4.86 --- 0.73 0.46 1.09 % P 1.50 0.75 0.61 0.56 0.99 0.39 --- 0.65 0.89 0.91 0.49 0.56 0.91 1.22 1.73 --- 0.57 1.54 0.61 --- 0.79 0.47 0.92 0.93 0.94 1.13 0.57 11.1 --- 11.9 % N --- 12.2 9.85 --- 10.0 --- 9.97 12.1 9.06 9.3 10.5 ------9.18 11.7 --- 10.1 --- 12.3 11.0 --- 11.2 10.8 --- 11.8 --- 45.5 --- 46.02 % C --- 48.1 44.17 --- 43.77 --- 40.21 47.0 40.08 43.9 48.5 ------48.65 46.38 --- 47.63 --- 48.1 47.47 --- 44.9 47.46 --- 49.03 --- 1.94 0.27 15.5 4.61 4.09 1.53 1.05 2.56 0.70 0.74 4.70 5.99 0.33 0.68 0.56 0.64 3.08 0.94 1.88 1.26 0.53 1.46 2.08 0.22 5.27 0.17 5.43 30.63 32.09 22.08 Body wgt wgt Body (mg) terrestrial Larval Larval habitat terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial aquatic terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial aquatic terrestrial aquatic terrestrial terrestrial aquatic terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial a Larval diet soil insects (N+) carrion carrion soil insects (N+) spiders (N+) grass stem isopods (N–) roots aphids (N–) microorganisms vertebrate insect larvae (N+) (N+) Hymenoptera microorganisms plant detritus microorganisms grass stem plant detritus microorganisms plant detritus soil insects (N+) grass stem insect larvae (N+) insect larvae (N+) soil insects (N+) grass stem earth worms soil insects (N+) grass stem soil insects (N+) a Adult trophic trophic Adult mode detritivore detritivore predator nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nothing detritivore predator nectarivore nothing nectarivore blood nectarivore nectarivore blood nectarivore predator nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore predator nectarivore detritivore predator nectarivore predator predator Larval Larval trophic mode predator predator predator predator herbivore predator herbivore predator detritivore predator predator predator detritivore detritivore detritivore herbivore detritivore detritivore detritivore predator herbivore predator predator predator herbivore predator predator herbivore predator predator sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. sp sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. 1 sp. sp. 2 sp. sp. 3 sp. Species Lucillia Calliphora vicina Calliphora Empis livida Empis Acrocera globulus Acrocera umbraculata Platycephala Melanomyia nana Melanomyia Delia floralis Delia Thaumatomyia Chironomus Chironomus Protocalliphora azurea Protocalliphora Philonicus albiceps Philonicus testacea Myopa Dicrotendipes Bibio Aedes Chlorops Bibio Anopheles Dicraeus Bibio plumipes Dolichopus Hemipenthes maurus Hemipenthes Bombylius major Bombylius Dolichopus Elachiptera cornuta Elachiptera Bellardia Clinocerinae Oscinella Empis opaca Empis Empis stercorea Empis cluding fungi and bacteria). Appendix 1 Appendix S1. Diptera analyzed for nitrogen, Table carbon and phosphorus content. are Species classified whether they primarily feed on living plants, animals (predation and parasitism) or detritus (in Family Calliphoridae Calliphoridae Empididae Acroceridae Chloropidae Calliphoridae Anthomyidae Chloropidae Chironomidae Calliphoridae Asilidae Conopidae Chironomidae Bibionidae Culicidae Chloropidae Bibionidae Culicidae Chloropidae Bibionidae Dolichopodidae Bombylidae Bombylidae Dolichopodidae Chloropidae Calliphoridae Empididae Chloropidae Empididae Empididae

2 ------36.78 31.31 33.60 36.93 ------25.12 37.81 48.80 --- 28.84 19.09 ------22.64 ------103.47 30.74 ------18.04 23.05 22.69 --- 43.93 16.34 ------199.3 162.6 145.7 178.0 ------146.6 219.3 215.2 --- 146.5 95.28 ------136.0 ------120.7 136.2 ------104.9 123.8 113.4 --- 223.2 84.32 ------4.10 5.42 5.19 4.34 4.82 ------4.90 5.84 5.80 4.41 --- 5.08 4.99 ------5.35 6.01 ------8.10 4.43 --- 4.94 ------4.85 5.81 5.37 5.00 4.75 5.08 5.16 ------0.93 0.31 --- 0.70 0.72 0.91 0.73 0.76 0.87 --- 0.74 0.68 0.59 0.77 0.99 1.48 1.16 0.43

0.86 0.79 1.00 0.28 1.20 1.11 1.02 1.54

0.92 1.05 --- 1.30 1.03 1.22 --- 0.65 1.20 1.03 ------13.8 10.3 9.01 12.3 10.7 ------11.2 7.41 10.3 11.5 --- 11.4 11.3 ------11.0 7.83 ------6.64 12.5 --- 11.1 ------11.2 9.41 9.53 11.0 10.9 11.5 7.86 ------48.35 47.75 40.12 45.65 44.41 ------46.98 37.07 51.31 43.61 --- 49.55 48.26 ------50.67 40.31 ------46.11 47.66 --- 47.18 ------46.44 46.89 43.89 47.36 44.3 49.96 34.75 --- 8.54 0.42 2.80 3.10 4.34 2.27 2.69 0.94 0.29 2.49 1.05 0.29 0.13 5.39 2.49 0.80 0.88 1.73 5.52 0.40 1.13 2.73 0.15 3.75 0.28 1.92 0.44 0.47 0.92 0.71 1.95 0.28 0.18 1.16 25.75 13.91 10.98 13.13 terrestrial terrestrial aquatic terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial aquatic terrestrial terrestrial aquatic NA terrestrial terrestrial aquatic aquatic terrestrial aquatic aquatic aquatic terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial dung soil insects (N+) plant detritus dung isopods (N–) dung soil insects (N+) isopods (N–) grass stem plant detritus insects (N+) insect larvae (N+) soil insects (N+) carrion plant detritus plant detritus soil insects (N+) plant detritus gastropods leafhoppers (N–) soil insects (N+) plant detritus gastropods root microorganisms unclear plant detritus vertebrates plant detritus insect larvae (N+) soil insects (N+) plant detritus insect larvae (N+) microorganisms plant detritus insects (N+) microorganisms insects (N+) detritivore predator nothing detritivore nectarivore detritivore predator nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore detritivore predator predator detritivore nothing nothing predator nothing unknown nectarivore predator nothing unknown nectarivore detritivore nothing nothing blood nectarivore nectarivore predator predator nectarivore detritivore predator detritivore detritivore detritivore detritivore predator detritivore detritivore predator detritivore predator predator herbivore detritivore predator predator predator predator detritivore detritivore predator detritivore predator predator predator detritivore predator herbivore detritivore detritivore detritivore predator detritivore predator predator detritivore predator detritivore detritivore predator detritivore predator sp. sp. sp. species sp.

sp. 1 sp. sp. 2 sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. Musca domestica Musca Epiphragma ocellaris Epiphragma meridiane Mesembrina maculata Paykullia Empis pennipes Empis Orthellia caesarium Empis tesselata Empis Limonia lepida Rhinophora Opomyza florumOpomyza species unknown Phaonia Scatophaga stercoraria Rhampomyia species unknown Unknown scatopsoides Lycaria Tachydromia Limonia quadrionotula Limonia Dictya umbrarum Tachypeza Limonia sexpunctata Limonia Pherbina coryletiPherbina Psila Caenia fumosa Caenia Limnophila ferruginea Limnophila unknown species unknown Ornithomyia chloropus unknown species unknown Chrysopilus auratus Hybos femoratus Hybos Calobata Rhagio notatus Lauxania cylindricornis Calobata Sapromyza Sapromyza Coenosia Lispocephala erythrocera Lispocephala Muscidae Empididae Limoniidae Muscidae Rhinophoridae Muscidae Empididae Limoniidae Rhinophoridae Opomyzidae Scatopsidae Muscidae Scatophagidae Empididae Sarcophagidae Pipunculidae Sciaridae Empididae Limoniidae Sciomyzidae Empididae Limoniidae Sciomyzidae Psilidae Ephydridae Limoniidae Psychodidae Hippoboscidae Lonchopteridae Rhagionidae Hybotidae Micropezidae Rhagionidae Lauxanidae Micropezidae Lauxanidae Muscidae Muscidae

3 29.26 44.70 36.90 47.19 --- 66.69 44.76 ------45.04 ------34.99 41.50 36.31 --- 22.33 --- 39.43 ------28.70 --- 40.29 29.00 53.21 --- 47.37 --- 181.3 253.8 244.2 210.5 --- 283.3 211.4 ------267.2 ------174.3 219.0 214.2 --- 121.0 --- 212.9 ------217.7 --- 231.7 136.2 283.4 --- 212.8 --- 6.20 5.69 6.62 4.46 --- 4.25 4.72 ------5.93 ------4.98 5.28 5.90 --- 5.42 5.79 5.40 ------7.59 --- 5.75 4.70 5.33 --- 4.49 5.51 0.70 0.55 0.60 0.66 0.75 0.43 0.58 0.49 0.72 0.61 0.85 0.38 0.54 0.96 0.76 1.14 0.81 0.71 0.97 0.76 0.64 --- 0.42 1.18 --- 0.71 0.83 1.12 0.63 0.94 0.58 0.87 0.43 1.11 0.64 --- 8.21 9.89 8.80 12.4 11.4 10.4 ------9.75 ------10.6 10.6 9.50 --- 10.5 9.15 11.2 ------7.26 --- 9.32 10.1 9.16 ------12.1 9.70 43.58 48.12 49.94 47.41 41.37 42.14 ------49.56 ------45.39 48.18 48.04 --- 48.94 45.46 52.03 ------47.22 --- 45.97 40.51 41.81 ------46.43 45.85 4.17 6.69 4.77 5.18 1.46 9.47 4.25 1.01 0.45 3.63 3.33 3.27 0.80 5.06 3.14 4.04 1.14 3.21 0.88 6.75 1.41 4.98 0.93 4.80 1.14 6.98 0.74 5.15 4.19 2.39 30.40 20.91 16.42 30.53 12.95 34.23 NA terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial aquatic terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial aquatic terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial aquatic terrestrial aquatic terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial gastropods wood aphids (N–) plant detritus aphids (N–) plant detritus plant detritus gastropods wood plant detritus plant detritus plant detritus plant detritus insect larvae (N+) roots plant detritus dead seaweeds insect larvae (N+) aphids (N–) insect larvae (N+) aphids (N–) plant detritus microorganisms seed heads dung seed heads aphids (N–) microorganisms insect larvae (N+) Hymenoptera (N+) Hymenoptera microorganisms insect larvae (N+) aphids (N–) plant detritus fungi roots unknown nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nothing nothing unknown nectarivore nectarivore nothing nothing detritivore blood nectarivore nectarivore detritivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nectarivore nothing nectarivore nectarivore predator detritivore predator detritivore predator detritivore detritivore predator detritivore detritivore detritivore detritivore detritivore predator herbivore detritivore detritivore predator predator predator predator detritivore detritivore herbivore detritivore herbivore predator detritivore predator predator detritivore predator predator detritivore herbivore herbivore sp. sp. sp. sp. Tetanocera robusta Tetanocera Xylota florum Xylota Episyrphus balteatus Episyrphus Eoseristalis cryptorumEoseristalis Tipula lateralis Tipula Tipula luna Tipula Trypetoptera punctulata Trypetoptera Xylota coeruliventris Xylota Eristalinus sepulchralis Eristalinus Ula macroptera Ula Tipula vittata Tipula Sepsis Haematopota pluvialis Haematopota Eumerus strigatus Eumerus Ortalis urticae Themira leachii Themira Eriothrix rufomaculatum Eriothrix Metasyrphus Chilomyia Mintho rufiventris Mintho Platycheiros fulviventris Platycheiros Myathropa florea Myathropa Tephritis dilacerata Tephritis Rhingia campestris Microchrysa Urophora stylata Urophora Syrphus ribesii Syrphus Thereva latistratia Thereva Volucella pellucens Volucella Nemotelus pantherinus Nemotelus Thereva annulata Thereva Baccha elongata Baccha Nephrotoma maculata Nephrotoma Cheilosia scutellata Cheilosia variabilis Chrysotoxum arcuatum Diet information from Oosterbroek, P. 2006. The European families of the Diptera: identification, diagnosis, biology. – KNNV Publishing, Utrecht, NL; Torp, E.De 1984. danske svirrefluer Torp, NL; Utrecht, Publishing, – KNNV families identification, of diagnosis, the biology. Diptera: The European 2006. P. information Oosterbroek, from Diet (Diptera: Syrphidae). – Apollo Books, Copenhagen, DK; Sommaggio, D. 1999. Syrphidae: can they be used as environmental bioindicators? – Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 74: 343–356 Environ. bioindicators? – Agric. Ecosyst. can they be used as environmental D. 1999. Syrphidae: Books, Copenhagen, DK; Sommaggio, – Apollo Syrphidae). (Diptera: Sciomyzidae a Syrphidae Syrphidae Syrphidae Tipulidae Tipulidae Sciomyzidae Syrphidae Syrphidae Tipulidae Tipulidae Sepsidae Tabanidae Syrphidae Ulidiidae Sepsidae Tachinidae Syrphidae Stratiomyidae Tachinidae Syrphidae Syrphidae Tephritidae Syrphidae Stratiomyidae Tephritidae Syrphidae Therevidae Syrphidae Stratiomyidae Therevidae Syrphidae Tipulidae Syrphidae Syrphidae Syrphidae

4 Table S2. Statistical models describing body C:N ratio, for all Table S3. Statistical model describing body P content for all speci- specimens with (a) coarse trophic mode description (α = 0.75) or mens with a coarse trophic mode description, with phylogenetic (b) fine trophic mode description (α = 0.97), with phylogenetic information (GLS, α = 10.0). Key: TroAd, adult trophic mode information (GLS). Key: Tro, larval trophic mode [Det, detriti- [Blood, blood feeder; Det, detritivore; Flo, floral feeder; None, vore; Det:Plant, feeding on plant material; Det:Microbial, micro- do not feed as adults; Pred, predator]; BS, body size (loge-trans- bial feeder; Herb, herbivore; Pred, predator; Pred:High, predator formed). with high N diet; Pred:Low, predator with low N diet]; TroAd, adult trophic mode [Flo, floral feeder; Other, non-floral feeder]; Model Lik. ratio ∆DF p ∆AIC BS, body size (log -transformed). e BS 7.57 1 0.006 5.57 TroAd 12.59 4 0.013 4.59 (a) C:N, coarse trophic mode Model Lik. ratio ∆DF p ∆AIC Table of coefficients Estimate SE BS × Tro 8.27 2 0.015 4.27 Intercept (Blood) 30.99 11.64 BS × TroAd 7.78 1 <0.01 5.78 BS 4.58 1.71 TroAd (Det) 17.18 13.33 Table of coefficients Estimate SE TroAd (Flo) 33.42 12.29 Intercept (Det, Flo) 4.20 0.22 TroAd (None) 18.64 13.27 BS 0.12 0.12 TroAd (Pred) 24.52 13.09 Tro (Herb) 0.62 0.31 Tro (Pred) 0.07 0.21 TroAd (Other) 0.19 0.21 BS × Tro (Herb) –0.75 0.34 BS × Tro (Pred) 0.18 0.12 BS × TroAd (Other) –0.36 0.13

(b) C:N, fine trophic mode Model Lik. ratio ∆DF p ∆AIC BS × TroAd 5.66 1 0.017 3.663 BS × Tro 5.83 3 0.120 1.16

Table of coefficients Estimate SE Intercept (Pred:High, Flo) 3.99 0.23 BS 0.29 0.13 Tro (Det:Plant) 0.22 0.23 Tro (Det:Microbial) 0.77 0.25 Tro (Pred:Low) 0.64 0.33 TroAd (Other) 0.25 0.22 BS × Tro (Det:Plant) –0.19 0.13 BS × Tro (Det:Microbial) 0.24 0.27 BS × Tro (Pred:Low) 0.14 0.21 BS × TroAd (Other) –0.31 0.13