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Gladstone Harbour As at 27 February 2012 Biosecurity Queensland Queensland Biosecurity Employment, Economic Development and Innovation and Innovation Development Economic Employment, Department of Department Fish Health Sampling Report Gladstone Harbour As at 27 February 2012 © State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2012. The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. Under this licence you are free, without having to seek permission from DEEDI, to use this publication in accordance with the licence terms. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation as the source of the publication. For more information on this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Fish Health Sampling Report Gladstone Harbour – 27 February 2012 2 Contents Background 4 Overview 4 Testing processes 5 Samples 5 Veterinary Diagnostic Assessment: Significant findings 6 Barramundi 7 Parasitic flatworm infection 7 Skin lesions and skin abnormalities 7 Sharks 8 Other fin fish species 8 Crustaceans 9 Residue testing 9 Organic chemicals: results and significant findings 10 Metals: results and significant findings 10 Testing reports 13 Attachment 1 – Veterinary Diagnostic Assessment 13 Attachment 2 – Residue Data Report 13 Fish Health Sampling Report Gladstone Harbour – 27 February 2012 3 Background There have been reports since August 2011 of wild barramundi in the Gladstone Harbour area showing clinical signs of opaque and reddened eyes, eroded/damaged fins, skin discolouration and skin ulcerations. Subsequently, skin discolouration and skin ulcerations were detected in a range of other wild fish species, including sharks. Fish health issues in the Gladstone area have been investigated through a multi-agency Queensland Government response including the Department of Environment and Resource Management (DERM), and Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation through Fisheries Queensland and Biosecurity Queensland. This report provides an update on all 80 submissions received to date including veterinary diagnostic assessment and chemical residue testing results. The results include tests on fish samples collected as part of ongoing monitoring detailed in Fisheries Queensland's Fish Health Survey report. Previously, Biosecurity Queensland reports have documented 51 of these submissions through the release of three Interim Veterinary Diagnostic Assessment reports and one Fish Health Sampling Report. This current report is a culmination of all previous testing information, however previous reports remain available at www.fisheries.qld.gov.au Overview Biosecurity Queensland, in collaboration with Fisheries Queensland, is investigating fish health issues reported in Gladstone Harbour. Biosecurity Queensland has conducted tests on a range of fish, molluscs and crustaceans provided by Fisheries Queensland and the Gladstone fishing industry, including submissions from individual fishers and seafood markets. Biosecurity Queensland laboratories have received 80 submissions for pathological assessment between 30 August 2011 and 20 February 2012. These samples have undergone a range of assessments and testing, which includes necropsy (external and internal evidence of disease); histopathology (microscopic examination of tissue); microbiology (presence of bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites); and residue analysis for metals and organic chemicals. Biosecurity Queensland’s role is to investigate the health of submitted specimens and identify any pathogens that are associated with signs of poor health. Some of Biosecurity Queensland’s pathology samples were used for chemical residue and contaminant analysis. DERM has assessed these tissue residue results for their potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Veterinary pathology assessment has not identified a singular causal agent that may be responsible for fish health issues in Gladstone Harbour. However, several significant conditions have been identified. A monogenean fluke from the Family Capsalidae affecting barramundi was identified as Neobenedenia spp. A different monogenean fluke from the Family Microbothriidae identified as Dermophthirius spp. was found on several sharks. In crustaceans, shell erosion has been identified and attributed to bacterial colonisation with Vibrio spp. Fish Health Sampling Report Gladstone Harbour – 27 February 2012 4 All of these organisms are naturally occurring, although the influence of environmental factors in the reported conditions has not been determined. Further research is being undertaken to understand the status of fish health over time and across locations, along with the relationships with potential causal agents. The only pathogen identified as a causal agent of lesions is the fungus that causes Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS), also known as red spot. EUS was identified in one barramundi caught at Port Alma, outside Gladstone Harbour. EUS has been excluded as the cause of lesions in all other specimens reported to date. EUS is endemic in Queensland waters. Testing processes The investigative process involves: 1. Initial assessment of all submissions at the laboratory including description of samples received, their condition and, where possible, visual signs of disease (necropsy). 2. Conducting tests to exclude a range of exotic and endemic diseases. This includes microscopic examination of tissues (histopathology) and testing for bacteria and other pathogens (microbiology). 3. Undertaking additional testing where appropriate, including sending samples to other laboratories for specific tests such as chemical residue analysis. 4. Conducting more detailed tests to provide a diagnosis for the identified fish health issue. Samples There have been 80 submissions (each consisting of one or more specimens) received by Biosecurity Queensland laboratories for pathological assessment between 30 August 2011 and 20 February 2012. Reports have been completed for 56 submissions, 13 are in progress (including eight submissions received on 31 January 2012) and 11 are being held for potential future testing as only frozen material was provided. Fish Health Sampling Report Gladstone Harbour – 27 February 2012 5 Table 1. Summary of samples tested Animal type Common Necropsy Microbiology Histopathology Chemical Held name residue frozen Crustacean Crab 9 8 8 0 7 Moreton Bay 1 0 0 0 3 bug Prawn 2 2 11 7 1 Crustacean Total 12 10 19 7 11 Shark Shark 3 19 19 0 4 Shark Total 3 19 19 0 4 Bony fish Barramundi 32 29 68 6 38 Black Jew 0 1 1 0 0 Bony bream 1 0 1 0 1 Flathead 0 0 0 0 2 Grinner 1 0 1 0 1 Mullet 2 3 2 4 2 River Jew 7 3 7 7 0 Scat 2 0 2 0 1 Spangled 1 1 1 0 1 emperor Spotted cod 1 1 1 0 1 Threadfin 2 0 2 0 2 Trevally 2 0 2 0 1 Whiting 1 1 6 4 1 Bony fish Total 52 39 94 21 51 Mollusc Scallop 0 0 7 36 0 Mollusc Total 0 0 7 36 0 Grand Total 67 68 139 64 66 For chemical residue testing, 64 individual specimens from a range of locations have been tested either as pooled tissue or as gill, muscle and liver tissue for metals and organic chemicals. Some additional samples will be held frozen, and testing of these samples will be assessed as part of broader investigations. Veterinary Diagnostic Assessment: Significant findings Investigations of submissions received up until 9 December 2011 found no evidence of sediment in gills and skin tissue samples generally. More recent pathology investigations have identified clumps of granular inorganic sediment in gill and skin tissue, sometimes associated with sloughed cells. The significance of this sediment is unknown. It has been observed in two barramundi, one black jewfish, one ghost grinner, seven river jewfish, one trevally, one bony bream, one dory/scat, two threadfin, two mullet and four mud crabs. Two of these submissions (jewfish and ghost grinner) were submitted in December 2011 from Port Curtis where they were collected as part of a fish kill investigation. Based on observations of jewfish and ghost grinner from the fish kill, the cause of death is most likely due to the fish being caught by fishers and subsequently discarded as by-catch. Fish Health Sampling Report Gladstone Harbour – 27 February 2012 6 Reports for individual submissions are provided in Attachment 1. Barramundi The majority of the barramundi submitted for laboratory tests showed eye lesions ranging in severity from inflammation to ruptured eyes. Parasitic flatworm infection Test results identified a parasitic flatworm (Neobenedenia spp.) as the most likely causative agent of the eye disease in the barramundi. Bacteria were excluded as the cause of the lesions. Flatworms can cause eye injuries by way of feeding and attachment over the surface of the cornea. In eyes that are cloudy, eroded, inflamed, swollen or where there is evidence of haemorrhage, vision is likely to be reduced. In severe cases where the eye has been ruptured, this will cause blindness. The parasite moves over the surface area of the eye and the skin of the entire fish. A number of barramundi showed hyperaemic (reddened) areas on the skin surface, which is consistent with skin damage caused by the parasite feeding on mucous on the skin surface. This has been the first report of a significant outbreak of Neobenedenia spp. in wild barramundi. There is insufficient evidence to determine the origin
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