DOCSLIB.ORG

Low Delay Video Coding

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Low Delay Video Coding LOW DELAY VIDEO CODING THÈSE NO 3453 (2006) PRÉSENTÉE À LA FACULTÉ SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DE L'INGÉNIEUR Institut de traitement des signaux SECTION DE GÉNIE électrique ET électronique ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE POUR L'OBTENTION DU GRADE DE DOCTEUR ÈS SCIENCES PAR Graziano VAROTTO Laurea in ingegneria elettronica, Università di Pisa, Italie et de nationalité italienne acceptée sur proposition du jury: Prof. D. Mlynek, directeur de thèse Dr B. Hochet, rapporteur Prof. G. Iannaccone, rapporteur Prof. M. Kunt, rapporteur Lausanne, EPFL 2006 iii Aerodynamically, the bumble bee should not be able to fly, but the bumble bee does not know it so it goes on flying anyway. Mary Kay Ash Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge that persons that either directly either indirectly have supported me in these years of work. First of all I would like to thank Prof. Daniel Mlynek who gives me the opportunity to join the LTS3 laboratory, where I have spent these years learning the importance to work in a group and to be strong motivated to obtain the best results. I also thank Dr. Marco Mattavelli for his guidance and encouragement during this long period. I am grate to Professors Murat Kunt, Bertrand Hochet and Giuseppe Iannaccone who accepted to be members of the jury, for their suggestions and useful comments to improve the quality of this work. I would like to thank my colleagues Mauro Lattuada and Jean-Fran»coiseCsomo for the close collab- oration and for their help and suggestion during the di±cult development of this work. A great thank to Renzo Posega for his friendship during these years of sharing a considerable part of problems and solutions, and not least his help in reading and reviewing this work. A double thank to Massimo Ravasi for his frequent suggestions on C++ and further programming issues and to his wife Ester, who has accepted to correct my written English. A special thank to the old and present LTS3 collegues, friends and all Livetools sta® for the professional experience and pleasant moments we have shared. Finally, I would like to express my love and gratitude to Saviana for her everlasting support and encouragement. Lausanne 19th Jannuary 2006. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contents Acknowledgments v Contents vii List of Figures xi List of Tables xv Glossary xvii Abstract xxi Version Abr¶eg¶ee xxiii 1 Introduction 3 1.1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS . 4 1.2 WIRELESS DIGITAL TELEVISION PRODUCTION . 5 1.2.1 Studio Production . 7 1.3 GOAL OF THIS WORK . 8 1.4 MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS . 9 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THIS THESIS . 9 2 Video Coding Concepts 11 2.1 INTRODUCTION . 12 2.2 NATURAL VIDEO SEQUENCES . 13 2.3 VIDEO DATA SAMPLING . 13 2.3.1 Spatial Sampling . 14 2.3.2 Temporal Sampling . 14 2.3.3 Frames and Fields . 14 2.4 COLOR SPACES . 15 2.4.1 RGB . 16 2.4.2 YCbCr . 17 2.4.3 YCbCr Sampling Formats . 18 2.5 VIDEO FORMATS . 19 2.6 QUALITY ASSESSMENT . 21 2.6.1 Subjective Quality Measurement . 21 vii viii CONTENTS 2.6.2 Objective Quality Measurement . 23 2.7 VIDEO COMPRESSION . 24 2.8 SPATIAL REDUNDANCY . 25 2.8.1 Predictive Coding . 26 2.8.2 Transform Coding . 27 2.8.3 Quantization . 30 2.8.4 Reordering . 32 2.9 TEMPORAL REDUNDANCY . 33 2.9.1 Di®erence Coding . 34 2.9.2 Block Based Motion Estimation and Compensation . 35 2.9.3 Bidirectional Motion Compensation . 36 2.9.4 Variable Block Size Motion Compensation . 37 2.9.5 Sub-pixel Motion Compensation . 38 2.10 ENTROPY CODER . 38 2.11 DPCM/DCT VIDEO CODEC MODEL . 40 2.12 TIME STAMPS . 42 2.13 RATE CONTROLLED ENCODER . 43 2.14 CONCLUSIONS . 45 3 State of The Art: MPEG-4 and H.264 47 3.1 INTRODUCTION . 48 3.2 ORGANIZATIONS AND STANDARDS . 48 3.2.1 ITU-T VCEG . 48 3.2.2 ISO MPEG . 49 3.2.3 JVT . 51 3.3 MPEG-4 OVERVIEW . 52 3.4 MPEG-4 VISUAL . 53 3.4.1 Main Features . 54 3.4.2 Tools, Pro¯les and Levels . 55 3.5 H.264/AVC . 55 3.5.1 Main Features . 57 3.5.2 Tools, Pro¯les and Levels . 60 3.6 CONCLUSIONS . 61 4 Coding/Decoding Delay in MPEG 63 4.1 INTRODUCTION . 64 4.2 MAIN CAUSES OF DELAY IN MPEG . 64 4.2.1 Data Format . 65 4.2.2 Frame and Field Encoding . 65 4.2.3 GOP Size and Structure . 66 4.2.4 Video Bu®er Veri¯er . 68 4.3 MPEG LOW DELAY SOLUTIONS . 69 4.3.1 VBV Bu®er Size . 70 4.3.2 I and P Only . 71 4.3.3 Slice Encoding . 72 4.3.4 VBV Bu®er Rate Control . 73 CONTENTS ix 4.3.5 NEL MPEG-2 Encoder . 74 4.3.6 IBM MPEG-2 Decoder . 78 4.4 CONCLUSIONS . 80 5 HERMES Codec 83 5.1 INTRODUCTION . 84 5.2 CODEC CORE . 84 5.2.1 Activity Function . 86 5.2.2 Median Adaptive Predictor . 86 5.2.3 Nonuniform Adaptive Quantizers . 88 5.2.4 Conditional Coding . 90 5.2.5 Entropy Coding . 91 5.2.6 Chrominance Scrambling . 93 5.2.7 Slice Coding . 95 5.3 RATE LIMITATIONS . 96 5.4 BUFFER and DELAY . 97 5.4.1 Bu®er Control Strategy . 98 5.4.2 Constant Quality Reference . 103 5.4.3 Vertical Blanking Discontinuity . 105 5.5 SYSTEM LAYER . 107 5.5.1 Synchronization . 107 5.5.2 Packetised Elementary Stream . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Improving Mobile IP Handover Latency on End-To-End TCP in UMTS/WCDMA Networks
    Improving Mobile IP Handover Latency on End-to-End TCP in UMTS/WCDMA Networks Chee Kong LAU A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering (Research) in Electrical Engineering School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications The University of New South Wales March, 2006 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. (Signed)_________________________________ i Dedication To: My girl-friend (Jeslyn) for her love and caring, my parents for their endurance, and to my friends and colleagues for their understanding; because while doing this thesis project I did not manage to accompany them. And Lord Buddha for His great wisdom and compassion, and showing me the actual path to liberation. For this, I take refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. ii Acknowledgement There are too many people for their dedications and contributions to make this thesis work a reality; without whom some of the contents of this thesis would not have been realised.
    [Show full text]
  • OEM Cobranet Module Design Guide
    CDK-8 OEM CobraNet Module Design Guide Date 8/29/2008 Revision 1.1 © Attero Tech, LLC 1315 Directors Row, Suite 107, Ft Wayne, IN 46808 Phone 260-496-9668 • Fax 260-496-9879 620-00001-01 CDK-8 Design Guide Contents 1 – Overview .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 1.1 – Notes on Modules .................................................................................................................................................... 2 2 – Digital Audio Interface Connectivity...........................................................................................................................................................................3 2.1 – Pin Descriptions ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 - Audio clocks ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 – Digital audio..................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.3 – Serial bridge ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.4 – Control............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Public Address System Network Design Considerations
    AtlasIED APPLICATION NOTE Public Address System Network Design Considerations Background AtlasIED provides network based Public Address Systems (PAS) that are deployed on a wide variety of networks at end user facilities worldwide. As such, a primary factor, directly impacting the reliability of the PAS, is a properly configured, reliable, well-performing network on which the PAS resides/functions. AtlasIED relies solely upon the end user’s network owner/manager for the design, provision, configuration and maintenance of the network, in a manner that enables proper PAS functionability/functionality. Should the network on which the PAS resides be improperly designed, configured, maintained, malfunctions or undergoes changes or modifications, impacts to the reliability, functionality or stability of the PAS can be expected, resulting in system anomalies that are outside the control of AtlasIED. In such instances, AtlasIED can be a resource to, and support the end user’s network owner/manager in diagnosing the problems and restoring the PAS to a fully functioning and reliable state. However, for network related issues, AtlasIED would look to the end user to recover the costs associated with such activities. While AtlasIED should not be expected to actually design a facility’s network, nor make formal recommendations on specific network equipment to use, this application note provides factors to consider – best practices – when designing a network for public address equipment, along with some wisdom and possible pitfalls that have been gleaned from past experiences in deploying large scale systems. This application note is divided into the following sections: n Local Network – The network that typically hosts one announcement controller and its peripherals.
    [Show full text]
  • Aperformance Analysis for Umts Packet Switched
    International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN), Vol.2, No.1, M arch 2010 A PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR UMTS PACKET SWITCHED NETWORK BASED ON MULTIVARIATE KPIS Ye Ouyang and M. Hosein Fallah, Ph.D., P.E. Howe School of Technology Management Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA 07030 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Mobile data services are penetrating mobile markets rapidly. The mobile industry relies heavily on data service to replace the traditional voice services with the evolution of the wireless technology and market. A reliable packet service network is critical to the mobile operators to maintain their core competence in data service market. Furthermore, mobile operators need to develop effective operational models to manage the varying mix of voice, data and video traffic on a single network. Application of statistical models could prove to be an effective approach. This paper first introduces the architecture of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) packet switched (PS) network and then applies multivariate statistical analysis to Key Performance Indicators (KPI) monitored from network entities in UMTS PS network to guide the long term capacity planning for the network. The approach proposed in this paper could be helpful to mobile operators in operating and maintaining their 3G packet switched networks for the long run. KEYWORDS UMTS; Packet Switch; Multidimensional Scaling; Network Operations, Correspondence Analysis; GGSN; SGSN; Correlation Analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION Packet switched domain of 3G UMTS network serves all data related services for the mobile subscribers. Nowadays people have a certain expectation for their experience of mobile data services that the mobile wireless environment has not fully met since the speed at which they can access their packet switching services has been limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Action-Sound Latency: Are Our Tools Fast Enough?
    Action-Sound Latency: Are Our Tools Fast Enough? Andrew P. McPherson Robert H. Jack Giulio Moro Centre for Digital Music Centre for Digital Music Centre for Digital Music School of EECS School of EECS School of EECS Queen Mary U. of London Queen Mary U. of London Queen Mary U. of London [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT accepted guidelines for latency and jitter (variation in la- The importance of low and consistent latency in interactive tency). music systems is well-established. So how do commonly- Where previous papers have focused on latency in a sin- used tools for creating digital musical instruments and other gle component (e.g. audio throughput latency [21, 20] and tangible interfaces perform in terms of latency from user ac- roundtrip network latency [17]), this paper measures the tion to sound output? This paper examines several common latency of complete platforms commonly employed to cre- configurations where a microcontroller (e.g. Arduino) or ate digital musical instruments. Within these platforms we wireless device communicates with computer-based sound test the most reductive possible setup: producing an audio generator (e.g. Max/MSP, Pd). We find that, perhaps \click" in response to a change on a single digital or ana- surprisingly, almost none of the tested configurations meet log pin. This provides a minimum latency measurement for generally-accepted guidelines for latency and jitter. To ad- any tool created on that platform; naturally, the designer's dress this limitation, the paper presents a new embedded application may introduce additional latency through filter platform, Bela, which is capable of complex audio and sen- group delay, block-based processing or other buffering.
    [Show full text]
  • Input Formats & Codecs
    Input Formats & Codecs Pivotshare offers upload support to over 99.9% of codecs and container formats. Please note that video container formats are independent codec support. Input Video Container Formats (Independent of codec) 3GP/3GP2 ASF (Windows Media) AVI DNxHD (SMPTE VC-3) DV video Flash Video Matroska MOV (Quicktime) MP4 MPEG-2 TS, MPEG-2 PS, MPEG-1 Ogg PCM VOB (Video Object) WebM Many more... Unsupported Video Codecs Apple Intermediate ProRes 4444 (ProRes 422 Supported) HDV 720p60 Go2Meeting3 (G2M3) Go2Meeting4 (G2M4) ER AAC LD (Error Resiliant, Low-Delay variant of AAC) REDCODE Supported Video Codecs 3ivx 4X Movie Alaris VideoGramPiX Alparysoft lossless codec American Laser Games MM Video AMV Video Apple QuickDraw ASUS V1 ASUS V2 ATI VCR-2 ATI VCR1 Auravision AURA Auravision Aura 2 Autodesk Animator Flic video Autodesk RLE Avid Meridien Uncompressed AVImszh AVIzlib AVS (Audio Video Standard) video Beam Software VB Bethesda VID video Bink video Blackmagic 10-bit Broadway MPEG Capture Codec Brooktree 411 codec Brute Force & Ignorance CamStudio Camtasia Screen Codec Canopus HQ Codec Canopus Lossless Codec CD Graphics video Chinese AVS video (AVS1-P2, JiZhun profile) Cinepak Cirrus Logic AccuPak Creative Labs Video Blaster Webcam Creative YUV (CYUV) Delphine Software International CIN video Deluxe Paint Animation DivX ;-) (MPEG-4) DNxHD (VC3) DV (Digital Video) Feeble Files/ScummVM DXA FFmpeg video codec #1 Flash Screen Video Flash Video (FLV) / Sorenson Spark / Sorenson H.263 Forward Uncompressed Video Codec fox motion video FRAPS:
    [Show full text]
  • 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Implementation Challenges and Operational Issues with Iot Devices
    Review 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Implementation Challenges and Operational Issues with IoT Devices Murtaza Ahmed Siddiqi 1, Heejung Yu 2,* and Jingon Joung 3 1 Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea 2 Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea 3 School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-44-860-1352 Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 29 August 2019; Published: 2 September 2019 Abstract: To meet the diverse industrial and market demands, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has classified the fifth-generation (5G) into ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). Researchers conducted studies to achieve the implementation of the mentioned distributions efficiently, within the available spectrum. This paper aims to highlight the importance of URLLC in accordance with the approaching era of technology and industry requirements. While highlighting a few implementation issues of URLLC, concerns for the Internet of things (IoT) devices that depend on the low latency and reliable communications of URLLC are also addressed. In this paper, the recent progress of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization and the implementation of URLLC are included. Finally, the research areas that are open for further investigation in URLLC implementation are highlighted, and efficient implementation of URLLC is discussed. Keywords: 5G; URLLC; 3GPP; 5G NR; LTE; IoT 1. Introduction With the everyday increase in data traffic requirements ranging from mission-critical to massive machine connectivity, the anticipation of the fifth-generation (5G) is growing at an exponential rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Scape D10.1 Keeps V1.0
    Identification and selection of large‐scale migration tools and services Authors Rui Castro, Luís Faria (KEEP Solutions), Christoph Becker, Markus Hamm (Vienna University of Technology) June 2011 This work was partially supported by the SCAPE Project. The SCAPE project is co-funded by the European Union under FP7 ICT-2009.4.1 (Grant Agreement number 270137). This work is licensed under a CC-BY-SA International License Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of this document 1 2 Related work 2 2.1 Preservation action tools 3 2.1.1 PLANETS 3 2.1.2 RODA 5 2.1.3 CRiB 6 2.2 Software quality models 6 2.2.1 ISO standard 25010 7 2.2.2 Decision criteria in digital preservation 7 3 Criteria for evaluating action tools 9 3.1 Functional suitability 10 3.2 Performance efficiency 11 3.3 Compatibility 11 3.4 Usability 11 3.5 Reliability 12 3.6 Security 12 3.7 Maintainability 13 3.8 Portability 13 4 Methodology 14 4.1 Analysis of requirements 14 4.2 Definition of the evaluation framework 14 4.3 Identification, evaluation and selection of action tools 14 5 Analysis of requirements 15 5.1 Requirements for the SCAPE platform 16 5.2 Requirements of the testbed scenarios 16 5.2.1 Scenario 1: Normalize document formats contained in the web archive 16 5.2.2 Scenario 2: Deep characterisation of huge media files 17 v 5.2.3 Scenario 3: Migrate digitised TIFFs to JPEG2000 17 5.2.4 Scenario 4: Migrate archive to new archiving system? 17 5.2.5 Scenario 5: RAW to NEXUS migration 18 6 Evaluation framework 18 6.1 Suitability for testbeds 19 6.2 Suitability for platform 19 6.3 Technical instalability 20 6.4 Legal constrains 20 6.5 Summary 20 7 Results 21 7.1 Identification of candidate tools 21 7.2 Evaluation and selection of tools 22 8 Conclusions 24 9 References 25 10 Appendix 28 10.1 List of identified action tools 28 vi 1 Introduction A preservation action is a concrete action, usually implemented by a software tool, that is performed on digital content in order to achieve some preservation goal.
    [Show full text]
  • Encoding, Fast and Slow: Low-Latency Video Processing Using Thousands of Tiny Threads Sadjad Fouladi, Riad S
    Encoding, Fast and Slow: Low-Latency Video Processing Using Thousands of Tiny Threads Sadjad Fouladi, Riad S. Wahby, and Brennan Shacklett, Stanford University; Karthikeyan Vasuki Balasubramaniam, University of California, San Diego; William Zeng, Stanford University; Rahul Bhalerao, University of California, San Diego; Anirudh Sivaraman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; George Porter, University of California, San Diego; Keith Winstein, Stanford University https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi17/technical-sessions/presentation/fouladi This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI ’17). March 27–29, 2017 • Boston, MA, USA ISBN 978-1-931971-37-9 Open access to the Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation is sponsored by USENIX. Encoding, Fast and Slow: Low-Latency Video Processing Using Thousands of Tiny Threads Sadjad Fouladi , Riad S. Wahby , Brennan Shacklett , Karthikeyan Vasuki Balasubramaniam , William Zeng , Rahul Bhalerao , Anirudh Sivaraman , George Porter , Keith Winstein Stanford University , University of California San Diego , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Abstract sion relies on temporal correlations among nearby frames. Splitting the video across independent threads prevents We describe ExCamera, a system that can edit, transform, exploiting correlations that cross the split, harming com- and encode a video, including 4K and VR material, with pression efficiency. As a result, video-processing systems low latency. The system makes two major contributions. generally use only coarse-grained parallelism—e.g., one First, we designed a framework to run general-purpose thread per video, or per multi-second chunk of a video— parallel computations on a commercial “cloud function” frustrating efforts to process any particular video quickly.
    [Show full text]
  • Audio Networking Special 2017
    NETWORKING SPECIAL GEAR Products Spotlight: Riedel MediorNet MultiViewer Audio networking equipment – what’s new. Extending the capabilities of hardware through the use of software apps has been an ongoing Lawo launches mc²96 Console theme at Riedel, starting with the company’s app-driven SmartPanel, introduced two years ago. ‘A fundamental benefit of a decentralized signal network is the ability to put signal inputs and outputs where they are needed rather than at a large, monolithic router that requires additional cabling,’ said Dr. Lars Lawo has launched its Höhmann, Product new flagship audio mixing Manager at Riedel console, the fully IP-based Communications. ‘These mc²96 Grand Production benefits apply to the Console at NAB 2017. MediorNet MultiViewer as The new console has been specifically designed to provide well, since the MultiViewer optimal performance in IP video production environments hardware can be placed anywhere while leveraging the network for sources. In addition, integrating the MultiViewer into the through native support for all relevant standards — SMPTE 2110, MediorNet ecosystem removes an extra layer of gear and complexity.’ AES67, RAVENNA and DANTE. The Lawo mc²96 console, available Each single MediorNet MultiViewer engine can access any MediorNet input signal and process up to 18 signals. These in frame sizes with 24 to 200 faders with the same quality Lawo’s signals can be placed flexibly onto four physical screens or routed to any destination within the MediorNet system and output mc²90 series was known for, is designed as Lawo’s most visual at alternative locations. The MultiViewer device provides local signal inputs and outputs to offer further connectivity options, broadcast console ever.
    [Show full text]
  • 15. Voice Over IP: Speech Transmission Over Packet Networks Voicej
    307 15. Voice over IP: Speech Transmission over Packet Networks VoiceJ. Skoglund, E. Kozica, over J. Linden, R. Hagen, W. B. Kleijn IP 15.2.3 Typical Network Characteristics ...... 312 Part C The emergence of packet networks for both data 15.2.4 Quality-of-Service Techniques ....... 313 and voice traffic has introduced new challenges for speech transmission designs that differ signif- 15.3 Outline of a VoIP System........................ 313 icantly from those encountered and handled in 15.3.1 Echo Cancelation.......................... 314 15 traditional circuit-switched telephone networks, 15.3.2 Speech Codec............................... 315 such as the public switched telephone network 15.3.3 Jitter Buffer ................................. 315 (PSTN). In this chapter, we present the many as- 15.3.4 Packet Loss Recovery .................... 316 pects that affect speech quality in a voice over IP 15.3.5 Joint Design of Jitter Buffer and Packet Loss Concealment ........ 316 (VoIP) conversation. We also present design tech- 15.3.6 Auxiliary Speech niques for coding systems that aim to overcome Processing Components ................ 316 the deficiencies of the packet channel. By properly 15.3.7 Measuring the Quality utilizing speech codecs tailored for packet net- ofaVoIPSystem........................... 317 works, VoIP can in fact produce a quality higher than that possible with PSTN. 15.4 Robust Encoding .................................. 317 15.4.1 Forward Error Correction ............... 317 15.4.2 Multiple Description Coding........... 320 15.1 Voice Communication............................ 307 15.1.1 Limitations of PSTN....................... 307 15.5 Packet Loss Concealment ....................... 326 15.1.2 The Promise of VoIP ...................... 308 15.5.1 Nonparametric Concealment.......... 326 15.5.2 Parametric Concealment ..............
    [Show full text]
  • University of Alaska Imaging Standards
    University of Alaska Imaging Tutorial and Standard 2/16/2005 8:37 AM 2/11/05 Document History Draft 1: December 2004 Introductory sections and initial draft of film imaging section. Draft 2: January 2004 Revisions based upon December 21, 2004 Committee meeting, and first draft of digital imaging section. Draft 3: January 2004 Revisions in response to the Committee review of Draft 2 on January 21, 2004. Table of Contents 1 Introduction....................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose ..................................................................................................1 1.2 Organization ...........................................................................................1 2 Common Topics.............................................................................................2 2.1 General Terminology ..............................................................................2 2.1.1 Imaging............................................................................................2 2.1.2 Records Management .....................................................................2 2.2 When to Image .......................................................................................6 2.2.1 Imaging at Beginning of Life Cycle ..................................................6 2.2.2 Microfilming When Records Become Inactive .................................7 2.2.3 Imaging at the End of the Life Cycle................................................7 2.3 Choosing
    [Show full text]