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Maine State Legislature MAINE STATE LEGISLATURE The following document is provided by the LAW AND LEGISLATIVE DIGITAL LIBRARY at the Maine State Law and Legislative Reference Library http://legislature.maine.gov/lawlib Reproduced from scanned originals with text recognition applied (searchable text may contain some errors and/or omissions) DOCUMENTS PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATURE, OF THE STATE OF MAINE, DURING ITS SESSION A. D. 1838. [Title page supplied by Maine State Law and Legislative Reference Library; no title page in original volume] SECOND REPORT ON THE GEOLOG-Y OF THE STATE OF lv.[AINE. BY CHARLES T. JACKSON, M. D., Member of the Geological Soc. of France; of the Imperial Mineralogical Society, St. Petersburg; of the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., and Cor. Memb. Acad. Nat. Sciences ofPhila.; Lyceum Nat. Hist., N. Y.; Albany Inst; Nat. Hist. Soc., Montreal; Prov. Frank. Soc.; Prov. Nat. Hist. Society; Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences; Hon. Memb. Maine Inst. Nat. Sciences; GEOLOGIST TO THE STATE OF MAINE. AUGUSTA: LUTHER SEVERANCE, PltINTER. 1838. RESOLVES AUTHORIZING FURTHER APPROPRIATIO:-rs FOR CONTINUING THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE. RESOLVED, That the Governor. with the advice of Coundl, is hereliy antliorize,l to em­ ploy some suitalile person or persons to eontiune the Geological Survey ot' the State, ut a salary not exceeding One Thousand Dollars. RESOLVED, That the snm of Three Thousand Dollars be appropriated from the Treasury of the State, subject to the dirertion of the Governor allll Council, allll to be expellcle<l in continuing said Geological Survey. RESOLVED, That in adclition to the snits of specimens ordered by a former Resolve, snits shall be collected ror the following institutions, viz: one snit for the l\laine Institute of Natural Sciences, one snit for tlie i'\Iaine \Vesleyan Seminary, one suit for the '\Vestbrnok Seminary, one suit for the l'arsonsliP.ld Seminary, one snit for the Eastport Atllemenm, one suit for tile Bangor Mecltanic8 AssociJ.tion, one snit lo tlie Teucllers' Se:ninary at Gorham, and one suit for tile l\Iuiue ClrnritaiJle i\focllauic Association. RESOLVED, That it Rhall be the duty of the Governor and Conncil to hy hefol'e the Le­ gislature, at its :111nual sessions, a detailed account ot' tlie progress of the Survey, together with the e:qienditmes in prosecuting the same. IN CouNCIL, March 30, 1837. CHARLES T. J.\.CKSON, l\I. D., of Boston, Mass., is, by the Governor, with the ad­ vice and consent of Council, appointed "to continue tile Geological Suivey of the State," agreeably to the provisions of Resolves of the Legislature, passecl .!Uarch 30, A. D. 1E<37, entitled "Resolve::; authorizing further appropriations for continuing the Geological Survey of the State." Attest: A. R. NICHOLS, Secretary of State. To the Senate and l:touse of Represe11tatives I herewith lay before yon the Second Annual Report on the (lcology of tl.c State <>f l\faine, liy CHARLES T. JAcu.suN, i'.I. 1)., Geological Snrveyur of tile State, u1iuur tile Re­ solve of March 30, 1837. EDWARD KENT. COUNCIL CHA~rnEn, { February 22, 1838. .S INTRODUCTION. Few subjects have 7 for many years, more strongly excited public attention, than the Science of Geology; and we may justly attribute this general interest to the improved condition of the science, and its numerous applications to useful purposes. Formerly, rude conjectures, imaginary hypotheses, and vague theories, which naturally arose from an imperfect knowledge of the subject, owing to the imperfections of the collateral branch­ es of Natural History, caused many intelligent persons to con­ sider the whole science as uncertain aud chimerical. This state of things has, however, been succeeded by more sound and perfect knowledge, and no longer is Geology reproached with being merely visionary and speculative. It has now assumed the rank of an accurate and certain science, adapted to the physical and intellectual wants of an enlightened community-revealing to us the situations in which are found our valuable metallic ores, quarries of building mate­ rials, beds of limestone, and a thousand other articles of daily use. It traces out the precise situation in which we may ex­ pect to find fossil coal, and gives us a knowledge of the means of making rational explorations for that valuable combustible. Soils being mainly composed of the detritus of rocks, and those materials having been spread out on the surface of the globe, in conformity to regular geological laws, a just knowledge of their mineral components, and their order of distribution, serves to direct the farmer in the selection of his farm, and the cultivation of the earth. It would be easy to trace out many other good results, which are attainahle by this science, but so general has now become a knowledge of the subject, that it will be unnecessary for me to enter into minute details. To the quarryman, architect, engineer:, metallurgist, manu­ facturer, merchant and agriculturalist, this science is of vast and almost incalculable utility, and serves not only to direct many Vl INTRODUCTION. of their operations, and to furnish them with the articles of their several professions and trades, while it prevents their beir.g im­ posed upon by artful impostors or ignorant pretenders. Enormous sums of money have been ,vasted, in every section of our country, in digging for treasures-mines of gold, silver or coal, in situations where a geologist would have in a moment decided such substances could not be found ! Pyrites has been and now is frequently mistaken for silver or gold, black tour­ maline for coal, or an indication of that combustible, while to the geologist it is a most certain proof that no coal will ever be found in its vicinity ! Ores of brass and pewter are talked about as if any such ores really existed! Iron ores are warranted to contain from 80 to 90 per cent of that metal, v,hile the geolo­ gist and chemist know, that no such ores can possibly exist. Yet companies are organized, and such pretensions are palmed off upon the community. Some farmers run out the soil, instead of enriching it-curs~ ing the earth with barrenness, instead of rendering it fertile­ and then emigrate to some new district, to render that barren also! Are these things as they ought to be ? Shall we not attempt to do something to relieve the present state of this most important of arts ? vVhen we feel that we are in error, if we are wise we shall endeavor to correct ourselves, and eagerly embrace any plan that promises us sure relief. Science, embracing the great principles of all arts, combining the experience of all ages, in­ defatigable in its researches, strict and philosophical in its rea­ soning, tenders to us its aid, and furnishes us with the princi­ ples and the means for our improvement. "\Vith such know­ ledge, nature opens to us her illuminated page, and invites us to read her great and eternal laws, and by following her man­ dates, the elements become subservient to our will. Look back into the history of the arts and sciences but half a century, and contemplate their present state, and you will be astonished at the results already attained. The history of the past presa­ ges the future, and as much greater will be the improYements, as our means of knmvledge are advanced. Problems, obscure and INTRODUCTION, LI incapable of being solved by our ancestors, are now easily ex­ plained. Knowledge, which formerly gave to the person who possessed it, the proud rank of a philosopher, is now the com­ mon property of school-boys. Chemical experiments, that vvould a century since have been considered magic, and brought the operator to the stake for witchcraft, are now mere juvenile recreations, and boarding-scool girls are familiar with the laws of chemical affinity. The course of science is onward, and who will now dare to limit the future ? Knowledge is power, subduing all things to our will, provided we understand the laws of nature, and are obedient to their precepts. Collect facts, for they are the links of the chain of reason, by which \Ye may mount to the causes of things. A single fact, taken by itself, appears to an unphi­ Josophical mind extremely insignificant, and he who makes such a discovery, is instantly assailed with questions as to its uses. What is it good for ? \Yhat can be done with it ? &c. &c. A philosopher, at Amalfi, in Italy, long before our nation had existence, was intent upon the examination of a curious property exhibited by a piece of iron ore. It attracted parti­ cles of the same kind of substance, and iron filings. In one of his experiments, he suspended the piece of iron ore by a thread, and found that it pointed towards the North star, and when turned in another direction, and set free, it instantly returned to its North and South position. 'I'his wns a curious property, and I doubt not, if the experimenter had mentioned it, that he would have been asked, of what use is it ? \Vhat can you <lo with it ? and perhaps how much money can be made by it ? To all these questions he would reply, I cannot tell to what uses it may be put, but I do believe that every law of nature is useful, and this, among others, will be applied to some use­ ful purpose. Impressed with such an opinion, he ,,Tote to the Academicians of Florence, and forthwith the curiosity of those philosophers was aroused, and they too tried experiments with the iron ore, and presently discovered, that its magnetic prop­ erties were transferable to hardened steel.
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