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Contentious Ethics Creativity and Persuasion Among Environmental Organizers in South India

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Contentious Ethics Creativity and Persuasion Among Environmental Organizers in South India Contentious Ethics Creativity and Persuasion Among Environmental Organizers in South India by John Mathias A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Social Work and Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee Professor Webb Keane, Co-Chair Emeritus Professor David J. Tucker, Co-Chair Professor Lorraine M. Gutierrez Associate Professor Matthew S. Hull Professor Stuart Kirsch Associate Professor Karen M. Staller John Mathias [email protected] ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8372-0078 © John Mathias 2017 Dedication For Sharat and Zabna ii Acknowledgements One of the central arguments of this dissertation is that the path of a human life is drawn neither by social fate nor by force of will, but by a heterogeneous slew of pushes and pulls arising from the interaction of a self with its many others, human and otherwise. My path during the last decade of graduate study—through all its meanderings, its slow climbs, and its headlong sprints—is surely case in point. At every step, I have been guided, coaxed, and driven along by others, whether through advice or inspiration, encouragement or provocation, obstacles or opportunities, prayers or bets. In deference to convention, I limit the record here to just a few of those who have most directly impacted this manuscript. The Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship provided the bulk of the funding for this research. Funders at the University of Michigan include the Rackham Graduate School, the Anthropology Department, the School of Social Work, the International Institute, and the Center for International and Comparative Studies. The Center for Development Studies (CDS) in Ulloor provided research affiliation, use of their library, and occasional accommodation in their lovely guesthouse. The Center for Research, Education, and Social Transformation (CREST) provided institutional support for an early internship with the Malabar Coastal Institute for Training, Research, and Action (MCITRA) as well as ongoing guidance and feedback regarding this research. The American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS), the US Department of Education, and the Big Ten Academic Alliance (BTAA) financially and institutionally supported my training in Malayalam. I will always be grateful to Nisha iii Kommattam for introducing me to Malayalam, and V. K. Bindu, Syam, Prema, and Arun for the boundless optimism with which they pursued my further instruction. Those lessons opened the door to everything described here. I hope that the stories and ideas presented here will honor the friendships that made it possible. I am grateful to Sharath, Zabna, Yoshi, Bashirmaash, Subna, Surjith, Rajinesh, Anilettan, Pradeep, Rameshettan, Ayishabichechi, Sanoopettan, Sureshettan, Santosh, Jaisettan, Jayachechi, Pankajakshettan, Chandrashekarettan, Gopi, Robinettan, Shirleychechi, Unniyettan, Illias, Subid, Sanoop, Kusumam Teacher, Dr. Brahmaputhran, Dr. Narayanan, Vinithachechi, Yamini, Sureshettan, Sahadevettan, Ajayettan, Jayan, Sumesh, Baby John Saar, Vattoliacchan, Prajil, Ramseena, Ajilal and all of those activists of various stripes who honored me by their willingness to engage me as an interlocutor. I am also grateful to those opponents of the campaigns I studied, such as police and factory employees, who were willing to speak with me despite the risks it often entailed, particularly, Josettan, Naushadettan, Rajesh, and Davisettan. Finally, I wish to thank those who were neither activists nor their opponents, but who took enough interest in my research to share their opinions and allow me to accompany them during some small portion of their lives—Minichechi, Kenny, Radhakrishnettan, Muraliyettan, Fr. John, and Gokul are among these. During my approximately three years in Kerala, I was gifted with the hospitality, camaraderie, and conversation of far more people than I can mention here. I can only comfort myself by remembering that it is the return of friendship, not verbal declaration of thanks, that is considered the proper sign of gratitude in Kerala. Special thanks go to my research assistant in India, pseudonymously called Sunil here, who not only helped to collect much of what I analyze in this manuscript, but agreed from the very start to throw his own story into the pot. His contribution, as it turned out, became the salt in iv the soup. I am grateful for his willingness to include me in his story, in which I hope to have some part for many years to come. Many thanks to Sajimon as well, who assisted with data collection and transcription. I have had the advantage of excellent mentorship and support from my dissertation co- chairs Webb Keane (Anthropology) and David Tucker (Social Work), both of whom believed in me with such conviction that, given their superior expertise, I could not help but believe in myself. Dissertation committee members Matthew Hull, Stuart Kirsch, Karen Staller, and Lorraine Gutiérrez have all provided invaluable feedback on this manuscript, engaging my more venturesome ideas with both enthusiasm and a critical eye. I am also grateful to Judith Irvine, Tom Fricke, Lawrence Root, John Tropman, Michael Spencer, Lee Schlesinger, Fred Vandenberghe, and David Akin for providing guidance and feedback. This research has benefited greatly from the guidance and mentorship of J. Devika at CDS, whose investment of time and sage advice in my formation as a scholar can never fully be repaid. Conversations with Shaji Varkey (University of Kerala), D. D. Nampoothiri (CREST), Vinod Krishnan (CREST), and Nizar Ahmed all improved my understanding of Malayali culture and politics and helped to shape the analyses presented here. I was fortunate to participate in a PhD seminar with the International Society for Third Sector Research just as I was completing my fieldwork, where I benefited from the feedback of Wendy Earles and Anna Domaradzka, among others. Later, as I was completing the manuscript, a seminar in the philosophy of social sciences organized by the Critical Realism Network helped me to develop some of my core arguments. My intellectual exploits over the last few years have largely been undertaken in the company of Charles Zuckerman, whose mark on this manuscript lies deeper, I am sure, than I can fully perceive. I have also greatly benefitted from dialogue and exchange with Meghanne v Barker, Duff Morton, Jeff Albanese, Dan Birchok, Jane Lynch, Ujin Kim, Mythri Prasad, Ellen Ambrosone, Amy Krings, Peter Railton, James Meador, Robin Zheng, Victor Kumar, Dylan Nelson, Michael Prentice, and Tam Perry. The Linguistic Anthropology Laboratory, the Evidence of Ethics in Action Interdisciplinary Workgroup, and the Global Social Work discussion group have provided forums for critical discussion and feedback on portions of this manuscript. This work would never have come to fruition without the patient support of friends and family members. I wish to thank my parents—Mark Mathias, Barbara Mathias, and Sathya Reddy—for encouraging me even as I pursued a path unfamiliar to them. This manuscript has been greatly improved by the literary opinions of my brother Joseph Mathias and the organizing assistance of my brother Chetthan Reddy. I found respite in the company of my siblings Mary Lapp, Graham Lapp, Anne Fleming, Steven Fleming, and Swathi Reddy. The friendship of Deena Thomas, Biju Edamana, Dhanya Edamana, Nirmal Joy, Jinu Abraham, Lori Roddy, Laura Eidietis, Andrew Gilroy, Jen D’Souza, Arun D’Souza, and Maryanne Evans helped to keep me chugging along. Dieter Bouma made sandwiches for me during the final push. I wish to thank Geethanjali Mathias, who first accompanied me in fieldwork when she was only six months old. Her baby smiles did more for my rapport in Kerala than all of those years of preliminary fieldwork. But above all, I am grateful to Deepti Reddy, who patiently sacrificed for a decade so that this manuscript could reach this point. When things were going well, she reminded me to rejoice; when things were tough, she was my confidant and counselor. She accompanied me on visits to Kerala; she proofread countless drafts; she learned Malayalam and helped teach it to Geethanjali. Looking back on the path I have come, I see that the best part was that I traveled it all with her. vi Table of Contents Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... ix Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Changing Oneself, Changing Others ....................................................................... 1 1.1 Ordinary Anxieties ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Practices of Freedom Among Other Forces .......................................................................... 5 1.3 Ethics and Politics in Kerala's People's Struggles ............................................................... 12 1.4 Locating People's Struggles in Kerala Political Culture ..................................................... 15 1.5 Kēraḷīyam Magazine
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