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Tabuľka S Obsahom Tabuľka s obsahom VALLETTA- MAP..................................................9 Valletta zošnurovaná história...................................1 MDINA - MAP.......................................................11 Miniatúry .................................................................1 BUS - ROUTES......................................................13 Maltézski rytieri .......................................................2 Malta z Wikipédie...................................................16 Katedrála sv. Jána ....................................................2 Geografia............................................................16 Veľmajstrov palác a knieža-sprievodca ...................2 Politika a politické zriadenie Malty...................16 Maltézsky kríž .........................................................3 Hospodárstvo.....................................................16 Maltézski rytieri .......................................................3 Dejiny.................................................................17 Valletta - Pamiatky a múzeá.....................................3 Historické pamiatky ..........................................17 10 miest, ktoré by ste mali navštíviť: Malta Obyvateľstvo......................................................17 Etnický pôvod....................................................17 1. Svätyne Hagar Qim a Mnajdra.............................4 Maltský jazyk.....................................................18 2. Megalitický chrám Ggantija............................4 Viera...................................................................18 3. Valletta.............................................................4 Mestá..................................................................18 4. Jaskyňa Ghar Hassan.......................................5 Malta a Európska únia.......................................18 5. Mdina...............................................................5Valletta - From Wikipedia...........................................19 6. Archeologické múzeum vo Vallette.................5 Name.......................................................................19 7. Trh v Marsaxlokku...........................................5 Government............................................................19 8. Kostoly v Moste a Xewkiji...................................5 History....................................................................19 9. Malta Experience..................................................6 Geography...............................................................20 10. Hypogeum......................................................6 Architecture............................................................20 REPORTÁŽ..............................................................6 Churches............................................................20 Chránili civilizáciu celého ľudstva......................6 Palaces................................................................21 Nepokorený ostrov...............................................6 Museums............................................................22 Vplyv Angličanov................................................7 Theatres..............................................................23 Tajuplné megality................................................7 Gardens..............................................................24 Šľachetní rytieri...................................................8 Forts...................................................................24 Udržiavanie tradícií..............................................8 Other sites..........................................................25 Valletta zošnurovaná história Hoci ste pripravení na to, že Malta nie je žiadne rozsiahle súostrovie, cestopisné bedekre a mapy si žijú vlastným životom. A zatiahnu doň aj vás. Medzi štvorčekmi zemskej siete sú dostatočne ďaleko od seba mestá a dediny, západné aj východné pobrežie. Pravdaže, ak si neporovnáte jednotlivé minúty a sekundy zemskej šírky a dĺžky. To už sú potom iné vzdialenosti. Bedekre zase núkajú podrobne opísané množstvo pamiatok, ktoré sa ani pri bujnej fantázii nedajú stihnúť dôkladne prezrieť počas klasickej dovolenky. Skutočnosť je však trochu iná. Historických pamiatok je skutočne mnoho, jediné monumentálne sú snáď len kostoly. Paláce, múzeá, pešie zóny či centrá miest, o ktorých ste toľko čítali, sú často také nenápadne malé, že ich takmer miniete. A vzdialenosti sa na ostrove Malta scvrknú do dĺžky 27 a šírky 17 kilometrov. Autom ho môžete dôkladne prekrižovať niekoľkrát za deň. Všetka tá miniatúrnosť a natiesnenosť sa však nakopila v hlavnom meste Valletta. Miniatúry Valletta pripomína kyprý dekolt zviazaný v šnurovačke. Úzke uličky s domami prilepenými jeden na druhom nielenže využívajú každý centimeter pôdy, ale mali aj svoju praktické stránku - daň z nehnuteľnosti sa na Malte platila podľa rozmerov čelnej fasády. A tak sú domy úzke a vysoké, v ich útrobách sa okrem izieb ukrývajú aj dvory. Námestíčka korunujú kostoly, často niekoľkoloďové. Pri počte údajných 360 kostolov, ktoré majú na ostrovoch byť, sa však názvom katedrála hrdia len niektoré. Aj korzo - Ulica republiky - nie je žiadnym širokým bulvárom - piatimi krokmi prebehnete z jednej strany na druhú. Aj tie najväčšie obchodné centrá tu dosahujú veľkosť našich väčších potravín. V ničom nezaostávajú ani Horné záhrady Barrakka, odkiaľ je nádherný výhľad na lodenice a Veľký záliv. Predstava, že sem chodia v letnej páľave "všetci" Valleťania oddychovať, hoci ich je len niečo okolo 10-tisíc, sa nedá domyslieť. Nás tam bolo počas sobotného dopoludnia asi 50 a mali sme pocit, že sa o seba potkýname. 1 S podvečerným slnkom však aj preplnená Valletta dostáva mäkšie kontúry. Ak by sa teda šnurovačka na noc povolila, určite by z nej uvoľnené mesto priam prekypelo ponad staré hradby - rovno do mora. Maltézski rytieri Malta poskytla rytierom Rádu sv. Jána Krstiteľa v Jeruzaleme - johanitom, útočisko, oni ju zasa ochránili pred Turkami a dali jej Vallettu. Johaniti mali až do roku 1523, pokým ich nevyhnal sultán Sulejman Nádherný, základňu na ostrove Rodos. Cisár Karol V. im ponúkol Maltu. Vtedajší veľmajster rádu nebol nadšený a rovnako ani miestna šľachta. Ostrov okrem toho, že bol vyprahnutý a neúrodný, bol aj zle chránený. Usadili sa na polostrove v dedine Birgu a začali s opevňovaním. Počas dvadsiatich rokov súperili s tureckými pirátmi o ovládnutie Stredomoria, ale v roku 1559 utrpeli porážku pri tuniskej Džerbe. Veľmajster Jean Parisot de la Valette vedel, že sa boju s Turkami nevyhne a rozhodol sa vybudovať na Birgu aj protiľahlom polostrove Sceberras obranné priekopy a hradby a neskôr pevnosti San Angelo a San Elmo. Prístav zabezpečili obrovskou reťazou, zásoby jedla a vody uložili do podzemných zásobární, ktorých kryty nájdete ešte dnes pri pevnosti, len sú zapečatené. V máji 1565 sa začalo veľké obliehanie sedemdesiatimi tisíckami Turkov a skončilo sa až v septembri, keď dorazili posily zo Sicílie. Rytieri sa dočkali uznania aj miestnej aristokracie, ktorá z vďaky financovala stavbu nového hlavného mesta Valletty nazvanej po hrdinskom veľmajstrovi. Katedrála sv. Jána Okrem pevností a hradieb johaniti ako svätí muži stavali najmä kostoly. Ako hlavný, kde sa všetci stretávali na bohoslužbách, si postavili Katedrálu sv. Jána Krstiteľa. Vchod do nej je cez jednu z bočných lodí z Ulice republiky. Už pri prvom pohľade je každému jasné - na výzdobe rytieri nešetrili. Pri druhom vám napadne, že tu by veru snahy o doplnenie hoci len malého erbu neuspeli. Jednoducho niet kde. Okrem toho, že hroty maltézskeho kríža symbolizujú osem cností, predstavujú aj osem jazykových skupín rádu sv. Jána. Tak je rozdelená aj katedrála. Hlavná loď je dlhá a v postranných lodiach sú kaplnky týchto skupín - nemecká, kastílsko-portugalská, aragónska, rytierov z Auvergne, provensálska, francúzska, talianska a Kaplnka rytierov anglických a bavorských. Celý chrám je vyzdobený ornamentmi, klenbu vymaľoval Mattia Preti, rovnako ako aj maľbu nad hlavným oltárom. Úplnou špecialitkou je však Katedrálne múzeum v postrannej lodi vedľa hlavného vchodu, kde je vystavený oltárny obraz Sťatie sv. Jána Krstiteľa od Caravaggia. Malo by ísť o jediný obraz, ktorý autor aj podpísal. Na opačnej strane je ďalšie jeho dielo - Sv. Hieronymus. V múzeu je prísne zakázané fotografovať, v sprievodcoch sa dokonca vyhrážajú zhabaním fotoaparátu. V katedrále fotiť môžete, ale bez blesku. Veľmajstrov palác a knieža-sprievodca Dnes je tento palác zo 16. storočia sídlom maltského parlamentu a rezidenciou prezidenta. Pre turistov je sprístupnená zbrojnica s množstvom brnení, zasadacia sieň s gobelínmi zo 17. storočia, sála vyslancov. Ak práve nemá prezident či premiér návštevu, dostanete sa aj do štátnych apartmánov. Osviežujúco však zapôsobí návšteva Casa Rocca Piccola, čo je palác zo 16. storočia a dnes je to rodinný dom markíza de Piro, ktorý časť z neho sprístupnil ako súkromné múzeum. Prehliadky sú so sprievodcom, ale ak pôjdete v skupine, je viac než pravdepodobné, že výklad dostanete priamo od markíza. Tento príjemný starší pán s vtipom a noblesou rozpráva o dejinách svojej rodiny a historických súvislostiach. Z miestností nesála zatuchlina múzeí - tu sa totiž po zatvorení múzea žije bežným životom. V knižnici už bol vyzdobený stromček, kde šľachtická rodina slávila Vianoce. A na krídle má markíz vystavené fotografie svojej najbližšej rodiny. Nielen elegantné dámy v kostýmoch a klobúkoch, ale aj fešné vnučky v bedrových rifliach a vnukov
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