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Durham E-Theses Cultural Capital and Habitus in Golf Consumption: Embedded Mechanisms of Transference GLENN, JAMES,WILLIAM,EDWARDS How to cite: GLENN, JAMES,WILLIAM,EDWARDS (2020) Cultural Capital and Habitus in Golf Consumption: Embedded Mechanisms of Transference, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13804/ Use policy This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY) Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk James William Edwards Glenn Cultural Capital and Habitus in Golf Consumption: Embedded Mechanisms of Transference Abstract This study looks to advance our understanding of the increasingly nuanced cultural capital, subcultural capital, and habitus in consumer research by exploring how individuals transfer dispositions of habitus and embodied forms of capital across field boundaries. Using an ethnographic and autoethnographic approach, the research examines how mechanisms of transference, embedded in the habitus and homogeneity between valorizing field structures, permit individuals to utilize aggregated forms of cultural and subcultural capital sculpted by the field of golf. Through participant observation, interviews, journals, and over two years of exhaustive golf performance, both in the Northeast of England and further abroad, the research illustrates how narratives of soft skills and emotional capital shape the dispositions of individuals acquired, developed, and complemented by significant secondary socialization. This research contributes to the existing consumer research and consumer culture theory by extending understandings and conceptualisations of marketplace cultures, particularly subcultures of sport, and how cultural resources and distinctive practices previously thought to be context- dependent might be transferred. Further, the research engages with the middle-class habitus to portray these dispositions with characteristics other of the normative exclusionary and marginalizing. Emergent themes of communication, patience, discipline, asceticism, and critical practice indicate elements of ubiquity in soft skills and emotional capital, highlighted by a varied participant demographic recognizing the value of these themes in other fields. By exploring these narratives of cultural and subcultural capital acquisition, development, and transference in the context of golf, the research also contributes to the conceptualization of sports consumption and its relationship with cultural capital; illustrating sport as a context through which cultural and subcultural capital can be acquired, developed, and augmented rather than contexts in which more traditional forms of capital are simply displayed. 1 Cultural Capital and Habitus in Golf Consumption: Embedded Mechanisms of Transference A Study of Consumer Access to the Mechanisms of Transference for Habitus and Cultural Capital in the Field of Golf James William Edwards Glenn Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Durham University Business School 2020 2 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 15 1.1 Introduction to the Study 16 1.2 Thoughts on the Nature of Reality 16 1.3 Theoretical Motivations: Cultural Capital and Consumption 17 1.4 The Context of Sport (and Golf) 18 1.5 Research Aims and Methodological Approach 21 1.5.1 Introduction of Key Terms 21 1.5.2 Research Questions 21 1.6 Outline of the Thesis 22 1.7 Terminology in the Thesis 23 Chapter 2: Cultural Capital Literature Review 24 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2 Introducing Cultural Capital 25 2.2.1 Distinction in Students: Emerging Division in Education and Student Performance 26 2.2.2 Distinguishing Difference as Class 29 2.2.4 Constructing the Field 33 2.2.5 Defining Cultural Capital 35 2.2.6 Expanding Cultural Capital and The Omnivore Thesis 37 2.2.7 The “Middle-Class” Habitus 38 2.2.8 Placing the Middle-Class in the Research 40 2.3 Transference of Cultural Capital 41 2.4 Cultural Capital in the Consumer Research 42 2.4.1 Bringing Bourdieu into Consumer Research 43 2.4.2 Cultural Capital and Consumer Lifestyle Research 44 2.4.3 Cultural Capital and Subcultures 46 2.4.3.1 The Nature of Subculture 46 2.4.3.2 Subcultural Capital 47 2.4.3.3 Authenticity in Subcultural Capital: The Cognitive and Corporeal Axes 49 2.4.3.4 Field-Dependent Capital 50 2.5 Deterritorialised Cultural Capital 50 2.6 Conclusion 51 Chapter 3: Sports Consumption Literature Review 53 3.1 Introduction 54 3 3.2 Introducing Consumption 54 3.2.1 Evolution of Consumption 55 3.3 Sports Consumption 57 3.3.1 What is Sport? 57 3.3.2 The Nature and Value of Sport 58 3.3.2.1 The Sports Product 59 3.3.3 Sports Consumption 60 3.3.3.1 Conceptualising Sport Consumption 61 3.3.4 Forms of Sport Consumption and Consumers 62 3.3.4.1 Spectators and Spectating 62 3.3.4.2 Participation and Participants 62 3.3.4.3 The Consumer-Producer Nexus 63 3.4 Issues in Sport Consumption 65 3.4.1 Consumer Motivations for Sports Consumption 67 3.4.2 Gender in Sports Consumption 68 3.5 Identity and Cultural Capital in Sport Consumption 72 3.5.1 Identity in Sports Consumption 72 3.6 Fans and Fandom 74 3.6.1 Sports Fans and Cultural Capital 75 3.7 Sports Consumption in Traditional Cultural Capital Contexts 77 3.7.1 Outcomes of Sport Consumption in Education 77 3.7.2 Cultural Capital and Predicting Sports Consumption 79 3.8 Sports Consumption and Golf 80 3.8.1 The Context of the Sport of Golf 80 3.8.2 Golf in the Sports Consumption Literature 81 3.8.3 Golf and Hegemonic Masculinity 83 3.8.4 Golf and Elitism 84 3.8.5 Golf Consumption as Subculture 85 3.9 The Field of Golf 86 3.9.1 Boundaries of the Field 86 3.9.2 Structure of the Field 87 3.10 Homology and Capital Transference 88 3.11 Conclusion 89 Chapter 4: Methodology 92 4 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Ontological and Epistemological Individuality 93 4.3 Ethnographic Approach 95 4.3.1 Introduction to Ethnography 95 4.3.2 Origins of Ethnography 96 4.3.3 Ethnography in Consumer Research 97 4.3.4 Value, Validity, and Criticisms of the Native Participant Researcher 99 4.4 Research Questions 100 4.5 Methods in the Study 101 4.5.1 Complete Participation 101 4.5.2 Autoethnography and Subjective Personal Introspection 104 4.5.3 Interviews 105 4.5.4 Reflexive Journals and Diaries 107 4.6 Phases of Fieldwork 108 4.6.1 Getting In (Access) 108 4.6.2 Getting On 110 4.7 Data Analysis 112 4.7.1 Transcription and Readings 112 4.7.2 Thematic Analysis and Coding 113 4.8 Ethical Considerations 114 4.9 Methodological Limitations 114 4.10 Conclusion 115 Chapter 5: Data Set 116 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Semi-Private Clubs 117 5.2.1 Club A 117 5.2.1.1 The Club Summary 117 5.2.1.2 Club A Participants 119 5.2.1.3 Club A Participants Summary Table 1 120 5.2.2 Club B 120 5.2.2.1 The Club Summary 120 5.2.2.2 Club B Participants 121 5.2.2.3 Club B Participants Summary Table 2 122 5.3 The University Clubs 123 5 5.3.1 The Clubs Summary 123 5.3.2 University Participants 124 5.3.2.1 University Clubs Participant Summary Table 3 124 5.3.3 Participant Recruitment 126 5.4 My Golf Experiences 127 5.4.1 Social Golf 127 5.4.2 Tournament Golf 127 5.5 Conclusion and Structure of Findings 128 Chapter 6: Translating the Habitus and Forms of Cultural Capital in the Field of Golf 129 6.1 Introduction 130 6.2 Habitus of Golf 131 6.2.1 The Nature of Golf Habitus 131 6.2.2 Introduction to Etiquette 132 6.2.3 Cognitive and Corporeal Dispositions 133 6.2.3.1 Cognitive Elements of Habitus 134 6.2.3.2 Blending Elements of Habitus 136 6.2.3.3 Corporeal Elements of Habitus 138 6.2.4 Summary of Golf Etiquette 141 6.2.4.1 Tee Box and Fairway 141 6.2.4.2 The Green 142 6.3 Cultural and Subcultural Capital in Golf 142 6.3.1 Embodied Subcultural Capital 143 6.3.1.1 Taste in Golf 144 6.3.2 Playing Skills in Golf 149 6.3.2.1 The Golf Swing 149 6.3.2.2 The Function of the Swing 151 6.3.2.3 Putting 152 6.3.2.4 Knowledge and Course Management 153 6.3.3 Other Forms of Cultural Capital in Golf 156 6.3.3.1 Objectified Cultural Capital 156 6.3.3.2 Institutionalised Subcultural Capital 157 6.4 Conclusion 161 Chapter 7: Communication in Golf 163 7.1 Introduction 164 7.2 Communication in Golf 164 6 7.2.1 Setting the Stage 164 7.2.2 Verbal and Cultural Discourse 165 7.3 Transference into Other Fields 170 7.3.1 Extraction 170 7.3.1.1 The Universal Language 172 7.3.2 Application 174 7.3.3 Fields and Exhaustion 177 7.4 Conclusion 178 Chapter 8: Discipline, Patience, and Asceticism 181 8.1 Introduction 182 8.2 Patience in Golf 184 8.2.1. Patience, Needed 184 8.2.2 Patience, Learned 188 8.2.3 Circumventing Patience? The Natural or the Neophyte 189 8.3 Discipline in Golf 192 8.3.1 Emotional and Physical Control 192 8.4 If You Don’t Win, You Learn—Asceticism in Golf 195 8.4.1 Sacrifice in Golf Consumption 201 8.5 Patience and Discipline in other Fields 203 8.5.1 Patience in Education—Teachers 205 8.5.2 Discipline in Education—Students 207 8.5.3 Patience in Non-Educational Fields 212 8.5.4 Emotional Discipline in Other Fields 214 8.6 Linking Patience, Discipline, and Asceticism to the Middle-Class 219 8.7 Conclusion 220 Chapter 9: Critical Interactions and Readings in Golf 221 9.1 Introduction 222 9.2 Critical Interactions and Readings in Golf: Setting a Critical Stage 222 9.3 Strike vs Score 226 9.3.1 Playing Golf, or Hitting the Ball? 228 9.4 To the Player, The Brand? All the Gear and No Idea 230 9.5 Golf, Critically Demographic 233 9.5.1 Gendered Practices

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