Optimierung Der Vorbereitung Und Auswertung Von Interferometrischen Infrarot-Beobachtungen Zirkumstellarer Scheiben

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Optimierung Der Vorbereitung Und Auswertung Von Interferometrischen Infrarot-Beobachtungen Zirkumstellarer Scheiben Optimierung der Vorbereitung und Auswertung von interferometrischen Infrarot-Beobachtungen zirkumstellarer Scheiben Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Christian-Albrechts-Universit¨at zu Kiel vorgelegt von Julia Kobus Kiel, 2021 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sebastian Wolf Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wimmer-Schweingruber Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 13. April 2021 Zusammenfassung Protoplanetare Scheiben aus Gas und Staub sind die Geburtsst¨atten von Planeten. Die Untersuchung ihrer Eigenschaften und damit der Anfangs- und Randbedingungen fur¨ die Entstehung von Planeten ist unerl¨asslich, um Planetenentstehungsmodelle zu verbessern. Hierfur¨ sind Interferometer wie das VLTI oder ALMA besonders gut geeignet. Mit Aufl¨osungsverm¨ogen von wenigen Millibogensekunden erlauben sie es, die innerste Region nahegelegener protoplanetarer Scheiben mit einer Ausdehnung vergleichbar zur Gr¨oße unseres Sonnensystems r¨aumlich aufzul¨osen. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Studien zu interferometrischen Beobachtungen proto- planetarer Scheiben durchgefuhrt.¨ Ausgangspunkt fur¨ die erste Studie ist die Idee, dass komplement¨are Beobachtungen mit dem VLTI-Instrument MATISSE und ALMA die Untersuchung der Verteilung des Staubes in der innersten Region protoplanetarer Scheiben erm¨oglichen sollten, da beide fur¨ Staub mit unterschiedlichen Temperaturen in unterschiedlichen Schichten der Scheibe sensitiv sind. Das Ziel der ersten Studie ist es, diesbezuglich¨ das Potential der Kombination von Beobachtungen mit MATISSE und ALMA zu beurteilen. Mithilfe von Strahlungstransportsimulationen wird der Einfluss dreier Parameter, die die Struktur der Scheibe charakterisieren, auf die mit MATISSE und ALMA beobachtbaren Gr¨oßen ermittelt. Anschließend werden die zur Einschr¨ankung der Parameter ben¨otigten Messgenauigkeiten bestimmt. Der Vergleich mit den Spezifikationen beider Instrumente zeigt, dass sich mit ALMA die radiale Struktur der Scheibe einschr¨anken l¨asst. MATISSE ist sensitiv fur¨ die vertikale Scheibenstruktur, allerdings stellt die Einschr¨ankung der Skalenh¨ohe und Aufweitung der Scheibe hohe Anforderungen an die Beobachtungen. Durch die Kombination von MATISSE- und ALMA-Beobachtungen lassen sich jedoch Mehrdeutigkeiten aufl¨osen und die radiale und vertikale Scheibenstruktur signifikant besser einschr¨anken. Ausgangspunkt fur¨ die zweite Studie sind Multi-Epochen-Beobachtungen, die durch wiederholte Beobachtungen mit dem VLTI in einem Zeitraum von fast zwei Jahrzehnten entstanden sind und die es erm¨oglichen, zeitliche Variationen der Hel- ligkeitsverteilungen protoplanetarer Scheiben zu untersuchen. Variabilit¨at ist eine typische Eigenschaft von Vorhauptreihensternen und wird durch unterschiedliche Mechanismen verursacht. R¨aumlich aufgel¨oste Beobachtungen erm¨oglichen es, insbe- sondere solche Variationen zu untersuchen, die durch die Bewegung von Strukturen in der Helligkeitsverteilung entstehen und Ruckschl¨ usse¨ uber¨ die Struktur als auch die Dynamik der Scheibe zulassen. In der zweiten Studie wird untersucht, ob die vorlie- genden Daten Hinweise auf zeitliche Variationen enthalten. Anzeichen fur¨ Variabilit¨at werden in PIONIER- und AMBER-Beobachtungen von sieben Vorhauptreihensternen gefunden. Die Variationen werden quantifiziert und anhand ihres Erscheinungsbildes klassifiziert, wodurch ihre physikalischen Ursachen eingegrenzt werden k¨onnen. Abstract Protoplanetary disks of gas and dust are the birthplaces of planets. Studying their properties and hence the initial and boundary conditions for planet formation is mandatory to improve planet formation models. Interferometers such as the VLTI or ALMA are particularly well suited for this purpose. With a spatial resolution of a few milliarcseconds, they allow to resolve the innermost region of nearby protoplanetary disks with an extent comparable to the size of our solar system. In the present thesis, two studies on interferometric observations of protoplanetary disks are performed. The basis for the first study is the idea that complementary observations with the VLTI instrument MATISSE and ALMA should provide the opportunity to study the dust distribution in the innermost region of protoplanetary disks, as both are sensitive to dust with different temperatures in different layers of the disk. The goal of the first study is to evaluate the potential of combining obser- vations with MATISSE and ALMA to study the structure of the innermost region of protoplanetary disks. For this purpose, the impact of three parameters, which characterize the structure of the disk, on the interferometric quantities observable with MATISSE and ALMA is determined using radiative transfer simulations. Subse- quently, the measurement accuracies which are required to constrain the parameters are derived. The comparison to the specifications of both instruments shows that the radial structure of the disk can be constrained with ALMA in realistic observing times, while constraining the vertical disk structure with MATISSE is challenging. However, by combining MATISSE and ALMA observations, it is possible to resolve ambiguities and to significantly improve constraints on both the radial and vertical disk structure. The basis for the second study are multi-epoch observations obtained by repeated observations with the VLTI over a period of almost two decades, which allow to study temporal variations in the brightness distributions of protoplanetary disks. Variability, a typical property of pre-main sequence stars, is caused by different mechanisms. Spatially resolved observations provide the opportunity to study in particular those variations that result from the motion of structures in the brightness distribution and allow conclusions about the structure as well as the dynamics of the protoplanetary disk. The goal of the second study is to investigate whether the existing multi-epoch observations provide evidence for the variability of the brightness distributions of the innermost few astronomical units of protoplanetary disks. Indications of variability are found in PIONIER and AMBER observations of seven pre-main sequence stars. These variations are quantified and classified to constrain their potential physical origins. Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung -2 Abstract -1 1 Einleitung2 2 Grundlagen5 2.1 Zirkumstellare Scheiben.........................6 2.1.1 Die Entstehung protoplanetarer Scheiben...........6 2.1.2 Scheibenstruktur.........................8 2.1.3 Staub...............................9 2.1.4 Die Aufl¨osung protoplanetarer Scheiben............ 10 2.2 Strahlungstransport........................... 12 2.2.1 Strahlungsquellen........................ 12 2.2.2 Strahlungstransportgleichung.................. 14 2.2.3 Monte-Carlo-Strahlungstransport mit Mol3D......... 15 2.3 Interferometrie.............................. 19 2.3.1 Interferenz am Doppelspalt................... 20 2.3.2 Das Aufl¨osungsverm¨ogen eines Interferometers........ 21 2.3.3 Die Messgr¨oßen: Visibilit¨at und Phase............. 22 2.3.4 Wahl der Raumfrequenzen.................... 23 2.3.5 Messung der von der Atmosph¨are beeinflussten Phasen.... 24 2.3.6 VLTI und ALMA........................ 25 2.3.7 Aufbereitung der AMBER-Rohdaten.............. 27 2.3.8 Simulation interferometrischer Beobachtungen......... 28 2.3.9 Visibilit¨aten und Phasen einfacher Intensit¨atsverteilung... 31 3 Das Potential kombinierter MATISSE- und ALMA-Beobachtungen 35 3.1 Einleitung................................. 36 3.2 Vorgehensweise.............................. 37 3.2.1 Modell.............................. 38 3.2.2 Strahlungstransportsimulationen................ 41 3.2.3 Simulation interferometrischer Beobachtungen......... 43 3.3 Ergebnisse................................ 44 3.3.1 Einfluss der Scheibenparameter auf synthetische MATISSE- Beobachtungen.......................... 44 3.3.2 Einfluss der Scheibenparameter auf synthetische ALMA-Beob- achtungen............................. 46 3.3.3 Anforderungen an Beobachtungen zur Einschr¨ankung der Schei- benparameter........................... 47 3.3.4 Das Potential kombinierter MATISSE- und ALMA-Beobach- tungen.............................. 53 3.4 Einfluss von Staubkornwachstum und Sedimentation......... 56 3.4.1 Erweitertes Scheibenmodell................... 56 3.4.2 Einfluss großer Staubk¨orner auf mit MATISSE gemessene Vi- sibilit¨aten............................. 58 3.4.3 Einfluss großer Staubk¨orner auf synthetische ALMA-Beobach- tungen............................... 59 3.5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick..................... 61 4 Variabilit¨atder Helligkeitsverteilung protoplanetarer Scheiben 65 4.1 Einleitung................................. 66 4.2 Beobachtungen und Datenreduktion.................. 68 4.2.1 Auswahl der Vorhauptreihensterne............... 69 4.2.2 Ubersicht¨ der vorliegenden Beobachtungen........... 72 4.2.3 Aufbereitung der Rohdaten................... 72 4.3 Vorgehensweise.............................. 73 4.3.1 Vergleich von Multi-Epochen-Beobachtungen: Ans¨atze.... 74 4.3.2 Erstellung synthetischer Beobachtungen............ 75 4.4 Ergebnisse................................ 78 4.4.1 Direkter Vergleich........................ 78 4.4.2 Visueller Ansatz......................... 84 4.4.3 Vergleich angepasster Modelle.................. 88 4.4.4 Vergleich unter Einbeziehung abweichender Basislinien.... 92 4.5 Diskussion................................. 100 4.5.1 Fruhere¨ Variabilit¨atsstudien................... 100 4.5.2 Nicht erkannte Variationen..................
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