BRIDGING THE GAP Cooperation in the Mainport-Greenport Complex from an Industrial Ecology perspective 2 provincie Zuid- | Xplorelab Greenport complex’ verkenning ter boekwerk een eerder is onderzoeksverslag dit Naast en het glastuinbouwgebied Westland-Oostland. Complex Industrieel en Haven de tussen samenwerking langetermijn de schets Mainport-Greenport project Het een is Xplorelab innovatiewerkplaats vandeprovincieZuid-Holland. Het en gebied. energie- dit massa, in de informatiestromen op TransForum voornamelijk zich en richt Xplorelab en het van project Greenport Mainport- het van kader het in verricht is onderzoek Dit voeren binneneenbedrijfofoverheidsinstantie. in een groep van maximaal 5 personen een casestudy uit te om mogelijkheid de studenten geeft Groups Project en UniversiteitLeiden,dezogenaamdeProjectGroups. TU de aan master Ecology Industrial de binnen vak Dit onderzoeksverslag is het eindproduct van een verplicht ‘Zoektocht naar de agrobasis van het Mainport- geplubiceerd. provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 3 Contact 1. [email protected] 2. [email protected] 3. [email protected] 4. [email protected] 5. [email protected] perspective BRIDGING THE GAP BRIDGING Xplorelab Metropolitan agriculture June 2010 Authors: Evert Bouman 1 Maarten Feberwee 2 Marlies Meijer-Willems 3 Jim van Ruijven 4 Katinka Wijsman 5 Technology Delft University of Sciences Applied Faculty of Project groups, Industrial Ecology Supervision: Provincie Zuid-Holland, Xplorelab M.G.N. van Steekelenburg Ir. Cooperation in the Mainport-Greenport Complex from an Industrial Ecology from an Industrial Complex in the Mainport-Greenport Cooperation

4 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Photo: Excursion Xplorelab, 2009

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 5 stakeholders stakeholders are noticing several possibilities for synergy between the two areas. The stakeholders can contribute to an cooperative bridges, sharing information or developing knowledge and carry network, out by projects. demonstration building heat Residual network: CO2 and heat a of Development 2) between exchanged are) (and be can emissions CO2 and a for presented is design grand A Greenport. and Mainport heat and CO2 network that surrounds the Greenport and is fuelled by the Mainport. From an economic perspective it is favourable to develop some of development the parts in needed is coordination of but together, the networks these networks, preferably done by regional and national government(s). 3) Bio-based pharmaceuticals: the to opportunity produce exists bio-based products biopharmaceuticals. The in only feasible option for creating the Mainport, is complex Mainport-Greenport e.g. the in synergy bio-based a raw as Greenport the from streams waste biological using for crops Growing Mainport. the not in processes for materials is materials raw pharmaceutical of production specific the future. the in so become can but term, short the on feasible Scenario analysis supports the creation images of of alternative the future development of used been has and organizations of environment external the internal and to test the three cases in the context of global warming effects and energy politics. In general it seems there are many possibilities for synergy between Greenport. Mainport and It is concluded that Xplorelab can act as a platform that can facilitate at least one of the development cases described, of the an character of a information think tank provides a safe environment to network. Xplorelabs discuss innovative new, and out-of-the-box concepts and ideas. Due to the transdisciplinary working methodology of Xplorelab, mutual understanding and trust stakeholders, necessary for successful implementation of between projects, can be stimulated and built. Executive Summary Summary Executive English the Mainport and Greenport, we can conclude that fourteen conducted interviews from stakeholders in 1) Development of an information network: Based on complex. These case studies are: complex. products and processes within the Mainport Greenport from the conceptual ‘F-ladder’, a model for characterizing of possible interventions. These case studies were derived were studies case These interventions. possible of Three case studies have been investigated as examples from a social, technical and geographical perspective. from a social, technical and geographical weaknesses, opportunities and threats for cooperation and a SWOT analysis elaborates on the strengths, shows indirect linkages between Mainport and Greenport, Greenport, and Mainport between linkages indirect shows analysed. A stakeholder analysis was performed, that interaction in logistics, e.g. CO2 exchange, has been has been carried out. Furthermore the already existing production, and knowledge/information of both areas Firstly, an Firstly, analysis of the mass flows, energy usage and to a more sustainable way of production and logistics. can link Mainport and Greenport in order to contribute This report is investigating possible interventions that of resources (such as materials, heat, knowledge, etc.). logistics and organization, but also in terms of exchange Greenport itself can and should be intensified in terms of the Dutch economy, the interaction between Mainport and Mainport between interaction the economy, Dutch the Greenport are both tightly connected with other sectors of sectors other with connected tightly both are Greenport favourable economic position. Although Mainport and solutions for products and processes, to maintain their international level. Both clusters are looking for innovative for looking are clusters Both level. international Dutch economy, while also being of great influence on the the on influence great of being also while economy, Dutch Oostland are two of the most important sectors for the The Mainport Rotterdam and the Greenport Westland-

Photo: Excursion Xplorelab, 2009 6 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Photo: Excursion Xplorelab, 2009

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 7 langhebbenden langhebbenden mogelijkheden zien voor synergie tussen de twee gebieden. De belanghebbende partijen kunnen bijdragen aan een informatie netwerk, door het bouwen van bruggen, het delen van kennis of het ontwikkelen en van demonstratieprojecten. uitvoeren 2) Ontwikkeling van een warmte- en CO2-netwerk: rest- warmte en CO2-uitstoot kan worden (en wisseld wordt) tussen de Mainport en uitge- de Greenport. Een grand design wordt gepresenteerd voor een warmte en CO2- omringen en worden gevoed netwerk die de Greenport door de Mainport. Vanuit het economisch perspectief is maar ontwikkelen, te samen netwerken de om gunstig het daarvoor is coördinatie nodig, bij voorkeur gedaan door overheid. de regionale en nationale mogelijkheid de producten: farmaceutische Biologische 3) bestaat om biologische producten te produceren in Mainport, de bijv. biofarmaceutica. De enige optie voor het bio- van behulp met is gebied dit op synergie van creëren voor grondstof als Greenport de uit afvalstromen logische processen in de Mainport. Het telen van gewassen voor de specifieke productie van farmaceutische grondstoffen is niet haalbaar op de korte termijn, maar kan dat worden in de toekomst. Scenario-analyse is gebruikt om de drie zaken te testen in het kader van het broeikaseffect en energie politiek. In het algemeen lijkt het dat er veel mogelijkheden zijn voor synergie tussen Mainport en Greenport. fungeren kan Xplorelab dat geconcludeerd worden kan Er als een platform dat ten minste een van de beschreven gevallen kan faciliteren, de ontwikkeling van een - informa tienetwerk. Xplorelabs karakter van een denktank voor- ziet in een veilige omgeving waarin nieuwe, innovatieve en out-of-the-box concepten en ideeën kunnen worden besproken. Als gevolg van de transdisciplinaire werkme- vertrouwen en begrip wederzijds kan Xplorelab, van thode tussen de betrokkenen, noodzakelijk voor de succesvolle uitvoering van projecten, worden gestimuleerd en groot. ver-

- - - Executive Summary Summary Executive Dutch en Greenport, kunnen we concluderen dat de diverse be- veertien interviews van belanghebbenden in de Mainport 1) Ontwikkeling van een informatienetwerk: Gebaseerd op Gebaseerd informatienetwerk: een van Ontwikkeling 1) port complex. Deze case studies zijn: van producten en processen binnen het Mainport Green- conceptuele ‘F-ladder’, een model voor het karakteriseren het voor model een ‘F-ladder’, conceptuele gelijke interventies. Deze case studies zijn afgeleid van de van afgeleid zijn studies case Deze interventies. gelijke Drie case studies zijn bestudeerd als voorbeelden van mo- van voorbeelden als bestudeerd zijn studies case Drie sociale, technische en geografische perspectief. sociale, technische en geografische kansen en bedreigingen voor samenwerking vanuit het een SWOT-analyse een bouwt SWOT-analyse voort op de sterktes, zwaktes, tussen Mainport en Greenport laat zien, is uitgevoerd, en seerd. Een stakeholder analyse, die indirecte verbanden interactie in de logistiek, bijv. CO2 uitwisseling, geanaly beide gebieden uitgevoerd. Verder is de reeds bestaande reeds de is Verder uitgevoerd. gebieden beide gieverbruik en productie, en de kennis / informatie van Als eerste is een analyse van de massastromen, ener- te worden geïntensiveerd. Dit kan op het gebied van logis van gebied het op kan Dit geïntensiveerd. worden te en dient, de interactie tussen Mainport en Greenport zelf met andere sectoren van de Nederlandse economie, kan de Mainport en de Greenport beide nauw zijn verbonden een meer duurzame manier van productie en logistiek. hun gunstige economische positie te handhaven. Hoewel aan bijdragen kunnen koppelen Greenport en Mainport die innovatieve oplossingen voor producten en processen, om processen, en producten voor oplossingen innovatieve In dit rapport is onderzocht welke mogelijke interventies het internationale niveau. Beide clusters zijn op zoek naar zoek op zijn clusters Beide niveau. internationale het van middelen (zoals grondstoffen, warmte, kennis, etc.). landse economie, terwijl ze ook van grote invloed zijn op tiek en organisatie, maar ook in termen van uitwisseling land zijn twee van de belangrijkste sectoren voor de Neder de voor sectoren belangrijkste de van twee zijn land De Mainport Rotterdam en de Greenport - Westland-Oost

Photo: Excursion Xplorelab, 2009 8 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab

Chapter

Chapter 2CurrentsituationoftheMainport Chapter 1Introduction Preface Table ofcontents Executive SummaryDutch Executive SummaryEnglish 3CurrentsituationoftheGreenport 3.7 Discussion 3.6 Currentdevelopments 3.5 Information,knowledge & organisation32 3.4 Economy 3.3 Energy 3.2 Mass 3.1 Introduction 2.6 Discussion 2.5 MainportGovernanceStructure 2.4 Economy 2.3 Energy 2.2 Mass 2.1 Introduction Table ofcontents

34 33 32 31 27 27 26 24 23 23 22 20 19 18 14 11 8 6 4 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 9 83 86 87 87 89 90 90 92 92 93 94 98 99 99 100 101 101 104 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 recommendations 8.1 Introduction 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Medicine from biological origin from biological 8.2 Medicine risks Advantages and 8.3 manufacturing practice 8.4 Good 8.5 Galantamine 8.6 Dutch life science industry 8.6 Dutch life science 8.7 Biobased chemicals 8.8 Future prospects 8.9 Suggested actions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 New worlds 9.3 Energetic landscape 9.4 Oily pressure 9.5 To pump or to drown To 9.5 Conclusions Recommendations

pharmaceuticals 8 Bio-based Chapter

Chapter 9 Contextualising the cases Chapter 9 Contextualising

Conclusions and recommendations

Apendices A. Multi-level transition framework Appendix a Appendix B. Leading questio ns to conduct discourse analysis table Appendix C. Empty discourse interview Appendix D. Bio-based pharma interview Appendix E. Filled in network table

36 37 37 42 45 48 49 50 51 58 59

60 65 67 71 74 75 75 75 77 79 81 82 82 4.1 Introduction assessment 4.2 Stakeholder region analysis of the MP-GP 4.3 Swot of the F-ladder 4.4 Configuration 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Scenario building and analysis 5.2 Scenario building 5.3 Setting the stage: contextual 5.3 Setting the stage: influencing Mainport-Greenport scenario’s development 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Industrial clusters as social networks: 6.2 Industrial clusters as social networks: theory and methodology for creating an theory and methodology for creating an innovation network for the Mainport-Greenport area 6.3 Designing the transition arena for the 6.3 Designing the transition arena for complex MP-GP 6.4 Considering other players: discourse 6.4 Considering other players: discourse analysis of three involved parties 6.5 Conclusing remarks 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methodology 7.3 Current situation 7.4 Greenhouse technologies 7.5 Grand design 7.6 Environmental impacts 7.7 Economics 7.8 Implementation 7.9 Conclusion, discussion and Contextualising the Mainport-Greenport 5 Contextualising the

and Greenport Mainport the 4 Combining Chapter

Chapter complex

information 6 Creating a MP-GP network for Chapter 6 Creating a MP-GP

Chapter 7 Heat and CO2 network

10 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Photo: Sustainable development by Brundland Commision provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 11 on technological development alone to that awareness an in Rooted actors. societal of variety enlisting a technology not only creates economic development but simultaneously creates drawbacks (for example environmental problems), a call place for itself in the technology service of society to arose. This shift caused the emergence of a the different questions emphasis being in asked concerning innovations[1]: matters sustainable such as agenda setting, the a of involvement the knowledge[2], scientific of validity variety of actors, and the translation from sustainable development technological into problems development areas important become have versa vice and problems of debate. The relationship between technology and society should in practices sustainability promoting of context the therefore be described as a process of co-evolution. the Technology, state, market and society, and their developments, are not separate realms but co-evolve in a process guided by a common orientation (Grin, acknowledges This synergistic relationship 2006:59). that social, political, and cultural values affect science and technological innovation, and that these in turn affect society, politics and sustainable culture (Kemp, on 2000). This focus the in evident example for becomes focus.[3] innovations, which is essentially a normative Dealing with this aspect of co-evolution in of the sustainable practices has light lead to a change in how diverse actors deal with such developments because Over the last of an decades, for increased complexity. example, the power of central government to develop and implement policies in policymaking a diffuse increasingly to top-down leading decreased, manner has structures and processes. The current development in Western European nation states to is develop policies increasingly in interaction with a diversity of Preface sustainable practices have seen a shift from a focus Recent experiences in the development of certain policies – salient. sustainable development – for example by implementing by example for – development sustainable This has made the question how to actually realize This has made the question how to actually and technological development of the next decades. a broadly shared challenge for the social, economic longer primarily the ‘property’ of activists. It has become has It activists. of ‘property’ the primarily longer development has evolved into a concept that is no report “Our Common Future” in 1987, sustainable Since the Brundtland Commission produced its society. of level the at developed be to need strategies) which longterm solution strategies (i.e. sustainable with different perspectives, norms and values) for occur on different levels and involve different actors (because they are rooted in different societal domains, societal different in rooted are they (because problems of complex and unstructured nature societies are confronted with many persistent (Loorbach and Raak, 2005:2). Modern industrialized facing society and of dealing with these problems levels: the level of society itself, of the problems Society has become increasingly complex on three 12 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab for implementation. principles guiding important are evolution technological in perspective which social(economic, political,regulatory, cultural) and systemic a on put is emphasis which in illustrative of the new mode of governance is for etc.) sustainability NGOs businesses, (government, actors of different types of inclusion The ones). economical (including benefits social to attention paying while 2005:173), al., et (Gibbs whole a as system larger the by pollution and waste minimizing to facility or process particular a from waste same minimizing merely the from changes at focus The all time. conditions working create improve pollution, and jobs and waste reduce competitiveness, [4] Eco-industrial developments seek to increase business aims in a more concrete form: eco-industrial development. environmental and social economic, integrating initiative Recent years have seen the development of such a policy 2005:2). experimentation (such as Xplorelab) (Loorbach and Raak, and integration interaction, learning, to attention special giving by problems societal persistent the with dealing for modes of governance, however, creates new opportunities new of emergence The (ibid). skills workforce and policy economic measures such as competitiveness, technology mainstream more to marginal becomes often measures development friendly environmentally and sustainable to commitment the because 2005:172) al., et (Gibbs line in always not is ground the to on reality commitment the implementation, firms a measures Despite of lacking. sometimes implementation is 1992, in Summit Earth the since levels regional and local both on times many environmental factors are integrated – have been and social economic, which expressed in – measures policy friendly Although commitments to sustainable and environmentally “governance” (Loorbach,2010:161). term the with to referred often process a actions; societal Industrial Ecologyprinciplesasaguideline. with two the connecting on focusing especially areas, both for perspective long-term sustainable a offer that with come suggestions for tangible to and a non-tangible interventions as perspectives integrating and by actors of so variety do will Greenport It the Westland-Oostland. and Rotterdam Mainport the areas: ’ main industrial and agricultural production and strategies for sustainable innovations in two of the this report. It will focus on implementation opportunities This integrative form of governance is starting point for

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 13 1 Innovation is generally understood as the successful introduction introduction successful the as understood generally is Innovation 1 of a new thing or method contributing to a positive change and therefore to development. It is the embodiment, combination, or products, new valued relevant, original, in knowledge of synthesis Katz, 2003). services (Lueke and processes or 2 The postmodern notion multiplicity of of reality and truth the has highly influenced social the value construction attached to scientific insights. The objective and rational and nature of science characterised by analysis, systematics and accuracy is for a large part exchanged for the notion of science as being socially constructed, uncertain and subjective. Doubt is casted some for always is ‘theory that arguing positivism, scientific upon one, and for some purpose’ (Robert Cox). Because knowledge is dependent on values and ideas which are a reflection ofspecific a set of socialrelations, it (knowledge) is also variable if social relations transform. This suggests that all knowledge – at least knowledge of the social world – is a reflection of a specific This timeless. and objective not thereby place, and time context, view has influenced the way inwhich scientific views are being dealt with, for example in policy circles. 3 An example of this is also the new production of science of which a field like Industrial Ecology (IE) is part. Originateda in call for a more environmentally friendly way of dealing can and application of with context a in practiced being is IE industry, be characterised as interdisciplinary or even transdisciplinary (in therefore is and one) new a into merge disciplines existing which illustrative of the way realms co-evolve in order to come to new sustainable practices. as adopted been even has parks eco-industrial of creation The 4 (e.g. ) an official national policy in the Netherlands, Luecke, Richard and Katz, Ralph (2003). Loorbach, Derk (2010). “Transition Loorbach, Derk and Van Raak, Roel (2005). Kemp, R (2000). “Technology and Grin, John (2006). “Reflexive modernisation Gibbs, David; Deutz, Pauline; Proctor,

Harvard Business School Press. 183. Managing Creativity and Innovation. Boston, MA: Administration and Institutions, Vol 23, No 1, pp 161- in Governance; An International Journal of Policy, prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework” framework” governance complexity-based prescriptive, management for sustainable development: a

for the conference ‘Lof der Verwarring’, Rotterdam. for the conference ‘Lof der Verwarring’, framework based on complex systems thinking”. Paper thinking”. systems complex on based framework “Governance in Complexity: An Multi-level policy- June, . OECD Workshop on Innovation and Environment, 19 policies and suggestions for improvement”, Paper for environmental policy – innovation effects of past 81. Development, Edward Cheltenham Elgar, UK, pp. 57- Kemp (eds.) Reflexive Governancefor Sustainable as a governance issue” in Voß, Bauknecht and No. 2, pp 171-183. Regional Development?” 39, in Regional Studies, Vol. Journal sources Journal development: A Potential Paradigm for Local and Amy (2005). “Industrial Ecology and Eco-industrial References 14 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Illustration: Xplorelab, 2010

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 15

those. One of the super regions in which delta metropolitan agriculture is being the Rijnland practiced area of and which the Netherlands expanded part. is The also is ABC-Rijnland (, Brussels Cologne) and has a radius of 300 kilometres and includes The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg and parts of It . can be subdivided into 10 regions with a minerals minerals and gases, while the use of is fossil energy minimised, particularly various by flows the of processing competing and wastechanging the satisfy of to able be to order In and by-products (ibid). sustainable a on population urbanised the of demands basis, metropolitan agriculture thus makes use of new and intelligent connections, inherent to the network society, between producers, sectors, raw materials, energy flows and waste flows, between stakeholders and their value systems. is characterised Metropolitan by agriculture intensive interactions agriculture between and the urban the opposite of environment rural agriculture which (which is mostly just is commodity agriculture), but it consists of a forms extensive pallet also with agriculture, of of forms different included. Metropolitan agriculture can be (Delta) metropolises, found which have traditionally in offered advantages of location (in areas with ample in water, lowlands and with fertile productive highly soil) of development the offering for circumstances favourable agriculture and transportation of Delta the A products. metropolis can be considered as an urban region or conurbation with a global range of influence in close proximity of the delta of a river; it is an global area relationships where – finding expression in activities related to the harbour –dominate over local ones and both is It 2005:7). Susteren, (Van global is impact which sensitive to world developments and contributes to Introduction Chapter 1 and technology in order to close cycles of water, processing is combined with high levels of knowledge concerned. Production (of animals and/or plants) and a better working and living environment for the people in environmental pollution, greater economic return and return economic greater pollution, environmental in activities is concerned simultaneously with a reduction a with simultaneously concerned is activities cluster of agro-functions and related economic concentrations, called agro-parks (ibid). This spatial being sought in much more far-reaching spatial (glass horticulture and intensive livestock farming) is for the most highly productive forms of agriculture pressure of urbanization and globalization, the future areas as metropolises (Smeets, 2009:21). Under clearly evident at local levels, including around urban processing; while at the same time agriculture remains agriculture time same the at while processing; of raw materials, primary production and industrial in chains and networks involving the industrial supply production throughout the world is becoming an element an becoming is world the throughout production quite poignant as in modern agriculture. Agricultural globalisation and local identity and practice emerge In few social activities does the tension between which affects global agricultural and trade practices. The world is undergoing a process of rapid urbanisation, urbanisation, rapid of process a undergoing is world The

Illustration: Xplorelab, 2010 16 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab n ognzto, u as i trs f xhne of exchange of terms in also but logistics organization, of terms and in happen can This innovation. and competitiveness induce to strategy a as used be could and (Van 2009) intensified can Steekelenburg, be should and itself Greenport and tightly Mainport between both interaction are the economy, Dutch the of Greenport sectors other with connected and Mainport Although uncertainty but future, situation. current the characterises far proceed to how about and and near competitive the remain in to innovative clusters both for strategy suitable a be might processes and products innovative of Application sustainability. for calls of image, pressure their under with struggling are and area large a have clusters Both level. international the on influence great of most the of two important sectors for the Dutch economy, are while also being Greenport the and Mainport The between theMainportandGreenport Synergy Creating Future: Sustainable a Towards Rijn.[5] river the of metropolis delta the of region larger service the of and part are et Greenport and Mainport Both (Annevelink 2006:8). al, another supplying one to and geared are businesses distribution and trade and agribusiness, in which primary production, processing, horticulture intensive knowledge of area concentrated a – Westland-Oostland Greenport producing the and – place takes continents other to distribution where from and at aimed are continent European the to important streams logistical most the where – (MP) Rotterdam Mainport distributing the another: one of proximity close in located are which agriculture metropolitan in players Dutch main the of two of consists this It region. this production, on focus will sustainable report of terms in opportunities and challenges both offers metropolis delta this of area whole the Although Zuid-Holland. province the in region Mainport-Greenport the is regions these of One 2009). regions with a radius of 30 kilometres (Van Steekelenburg, 10 in diverted be can all which kilometres, 100 of radius r wrh usig osdrn ftr’ uncertainty. future’s considering pursuing worth recommendations studies case scenarios. are the the on if elaborating contextual chapters test the in to future made used be up will drawing These connection, by their and future also Greenport the and for Mainport the important of are which trends sketching combined with 05 chapter be in continue can then will We these 04. chapter and in how Mainport at look both and of Greenport situation current the consider first will we question, this answer to able be to order In logistics? and production of way to sustainable contribute more to order a in Greenport that and interventions Mainport of link examples be can what complex, MP-GP the for perspective development long-term a In follows: as formulated therefore is is report that this in question central research The of interventions. studies different possible case using three in done result will be and will methodologies This pursued. be could can be made to current practices and how implementation Greenport. The report will elaborate upon adjustments that nontangible) and Mainport both for perspective sustainable offera that and tangible (both interventions possible on focusing by Xplorelab, by this conducted research to larger contribute to aims report This world. the of rest the for example an as and Western in agriculture delta- of foundation a as complex, (MP-GP) Greenport Mainport- the on perspective long-term a develop to is Zuid- of Province objective The this. researching project the a started Holland, of development and research transdisciplinary and innovative agriculture, for site metropolitan a Xplorelab[7], delta sustainable[6] more of a context the in Greenport and Mainport the between synergy creating for possibilities the explore to order In etc.). knowledge, heat, materials, as (such resources

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 17

Annevelink, E., C.M.L. Hermans, A.A. van Bleumink and B. Roelofs P. (2006). Naar een Mainport Aanvraag (2009). Steekelenburg Van Smeets, P.J.A.M. (2009). Expeditie agroparken: agroparken: Expeditie (2009). P.J.A.M. Smeets, Web sources Web der Maas, S.M. Pegge, M.N.A. Ruijs, S.O. Tromp, M. van de Geijn, W. Favier, gedeelde agenda voor infrastructuur en agrologistiek Available University. Wageningen Greenports. rondom at: http://library.wur.nl/way/bestanden/clc/1821629.pdf Greenport. Innovatief at [email protected] Available Praktijkproject Transforum. 5 The whole area is including multiple rivers is and often cities, referred but to as Rijnland, of because of the the importance German industry focus for is the on the area. Rotterdam Here glass harbour however and horticulture Westland-Oostland the which are located around the river Rijn. 6 In terms of environment, economy and social acceptance 7 Commissioned an by TransForum, innovation program aiming to offer the Dutch agricultural sector and green areas a more sustainable perspective for the future. References sources Journal ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw Universiteit ontwikkeling. Wageningen en duurzame Arjen Susteren, (2005). Van Metropolitan Atlas. World 010 Publishers, Rotterdam indicate what lessons can be learned from the report. indicate what lessons can be learned our research question will be answered and which will be – and a conclusion with recommendations in which in recommendations with conclusion a and – be otherwise and what the consequences hereof would are still unclear or could be interpreted or executed with a discussion – in which we will state which points scenarios developed. The report will then be finalized The three case studies will then be evaluated using the using evaluated be then will studies case three The evaluated using the scenarios developed in chapter 09. chapter in developed scenarios the using evaluated transition is studied. The three case studies will then be then will studies case three The studied. is transition the Greenport and furthermore the support for such a will look at (theoretical) possibilities for biopharma in and Greenport. The final case study of chapter 08 of a heat and CO2-network that links the Mainport in chapter 07 presents the design and implementation the Mainport and the Greenport. The second case study case second The Greenport. the and Mainport the the transition to a more sustainable cooperation between cooperation sustainable more a to transition the establishing an informationnetwork in order to facilitate facilitate to order in informationnetwork an establishing elaborates elaborates on the importance of and possibilities for possible interventions. In chapter 06 the first case study study case first the 06 chapter In interventions. possible We We will then go more into-dept by exploring three 18 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Photo: Google earth, 2006

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 19

The Mainport Rotterdam is of the Europe. largest Its sea main competitors harbour and are Hamburg. Together, the these three harbours harbours of are good for over harbours in 60% the Hamburg-Le Havre of range[8]. Figure 2.2 the market shows the share main of European all harbours. that It can most be of noted them are Havre grouped range, which into also overlaps the with the Hamburg-Le Amsterdam- Bruxelles-Cologne delta region described in chapter 01. The main activities of the Mainport Rotterdam are related and port transit a is Rotterdam of harbour The transport. to the transit volumes do not generate much added value. Added value is approximately 19 Euro/ton. However, Compared to number. lowest the far by is this ports Dutch other makes what is volumes transit the of magnitude sheer the 2007:113). Langen, (de port profitable a Rotterdam Mainport Complex Industrial Harbour the within present industry The branch a producers, chemical bulk of mainly consists (HIC) that works traditionally with low added value margins. Mainport the of situation current the describes chapter This Rotterdam. The methodology that is applied focuses on

Mainport Current situation of the Current situation Chapter 2 Chapter 2

Figure 2.1: Overview of the Rotterdam Mainport

(Figure adapted from , 2010). Figure 2.1 shows an overview of the Mainport Rotterdam adds up to 10,556 ha with a total quay length of 89 km. for almost 40 km. The total surface area of the harbour area. It expands along the shore of the Waterweg Nieuwe the of shore the along expands It area. harbour and the industrial complex within the harbour The Mainport Rotterdam consists of the Rotterdam 2.1 Introduction

Photo: Google earth, 2006 20 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab can only assume that this mass flow is somehow emitted somehow is flow mass this that one assume only can disappear, cannot mass Since Rotterdam. of Port the of balance the in disappears mass the of half Almost the Harbour Industrial Complex is 38 million tons per in year. be flow mass can residual of it amount total the outputs that observed the and inputs the balancing complete. not From is 2008, Rotterdam of Port the of annual report the from copied overview, This (HIC). complex shows 2.3 a flow scheme Figure of the ton. port and the million harbour industrial 403 to 2008 in up adds and ton, metric million 400 exceeds throughput total year,the Per huge. are Mainport the within flows mass The World. the in harbours largest the of one is harbour Rotterdam The 2.2.1 Massflowsthroughtheharbour 2.2 Mass sustainable projects. to regard with Mainport the in developments current the with concluded is chapter The Mainport. governance the of structure on focus we Then the described. for is economy Mainport the of importance the Subsequently, Mainport. the within consumption and production energy the on made is analysis short a Second discussed. are Mainport the through flows mass the First topics. several Figure 2.2:OverviewofmajorEuropeanports figure 2.3, from there is a large amount of concluded residual material that be can As system. Mainport the of out flowing mass of amount large the for responsible also is industry chemical The 2007:16). Rotterdam, of (Port year several companies with a capacity by of over 1 million produced metric tons per is that polystyrene, plastic the for monomer,block styrene building the the is area industrial the from product biggest The based. fossil are Mainport, the in produced products, bulk chemical the of all Almost 2.2.2 Emissionstotheenvironment oil distributioncanbefound(PortofRotterdam,2008). water,and heat, gases, various for pipelines of km 1,500 over Furthermore fats. and oils edible for refineries four terminals for oil and chemical products, four terminals and terminals, 19 independent andpetrochemical storage facilities oil and distribution crude six producers, 43chemical gas industrial three companies, refineries, oil five of consists Rotterdam Mainport the of park industrial The Table 2.1:Mass balancefortheportandHIC 6), andgoodsthataresea-seatranshipped(row7). and 5 (rows HIC the in processed are that goods 4), and 3 (rows hinterland the from) (and to directly transported are that goods rows), 2 (first harbour the through exports and imports between distinguishes Rotterdam of Port the table 2.1 (Port of Rotterdam, 2008:124) It can be seen that in again summarized are 2.3 figure in depicted numbers the clarity, Toenhance stocks. of form the in HIC the in accumulates or waste of form the in environment the to provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 21 Figure 2.3: Flow scheme depicting mass flows for the port and HIC Mainport of several pollutants is given in table 2.2. is given in table of several pollutants Mainport in the HIC, or is emitted as waste. The emission in the This amount, 38 million ton, therefore either accumulates is not in- or exported by the harbour industrial complex. 22 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab by a single company but part of a joint venture. The present several by power done producers. Most is power Mainport plants are the not in owned production energy total The 2.3.1 Energyproduction 2.3 Energy can differ substantially. emissions and flows material such,data As on 2.3. presented asfigure such schemes flow in up show not does weight this Mainport, the to transported or bought, not is air Since air. from comes CO2 of 72% the of weight can be 72% attributed to the over oxygen molecules and that thus holds CO2 a For NOx. and in CO2, transformed others, amongst are, coal and nitrogen oxygen, combustion, Through (20%). oxygen and (80%) requires coal, but also air, which mainly consists only of not plant nitrogen power E.ON the in coal of combustion the E.g. water. and air as such Mainport, the to transported (chemical) be to have not do many that resources of use make that processes note to like would we However, earlier. derived Mton 38 of figure the within is This year. The totals for these emissions add up to over 25 Mton per in given kton/year, otherdatainton/year (DCMR,2009:5) are CO2 for Data 2000-2007. of period the in region the for data Emission 2.2: Table total the of emissions intheRijnmondarea(DCMR,2009:5). 80% than more for account that branches are refining oil crude and utilities production, Electricity times lessthanthewasteincinerator AVR. five even and E.ON, of plant power fired coal the than ofRijnmond plant Energie emits per MW electricity almost 3.5 times less power fired gas The important. extremely is feedstock the that shows This MW. per emission CO2 in difference large a is there that Note producer (DCMR,2009;Melieste,2006) electricity per emissions dioxide TableCarbon 2.3 some electricityisalsoproducedonsite. because complete. is not This is emissions. table This CO2 and capacity their plants, differentpower several of given is overview an 2.3, table In 2006). (Melieste, demands energy rising the with cope to order in 3,500 MW another roughly of capacity extra total a with There are several plans for building more power plants production. Dutch total the of 14% is MW.This 3,000 roughly equals Mainport the of production electricity energy intensive products than fine chemicals are. The perspective; oil refineries and base chemicals are less energy/mass an from viewed When intensive. energy highly are industry chemical and refineries oil the that said be can it general, industry.In of use total the on estimate an make to possible however, is, It found. be not could HIC the ofthe in operated processes chemical use the energy on data quantitative Specific 2.3.2 Energyuse provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 23 harbour harbour industrial complex and clustering advantages. The transport and logistics cluster and the petrochemical and energy cluster are contributing for 92% to the added value of the region of Rotterdam. petrochemical The location and of energy the cluster within are an advantage, since this saves transport the and storage Mainport costs. It is of national importance and accounts for more than 20% of the total Dutch chemical sector (Ministry of 2009:21-37). Affairs, Economic The main conclusion from this section is that, other than in the Greenport where governance is highly dispersed big several by governed is Mainport the 03), Chapter (see players: the port industry authority, This and municipality. scale, large a on ideas innovative implementing that makes such as necessary for sustainable development, can be That is, only if these ideas are done supported rapidly. by the key players. 2.5 Mainport governance structure 2.5 Mainport governance Several key players are governing the Mainport. The port of Rotterdam itself is managed by the Port of Rotterdam changed that department municipal former a authority, port to a public corporation. However, Rotterdam remained the the only shareholder (until summer municipality of 2005, from 2006 the national government has a minority share). The management (executive board) is not longer controlled by the municipality board. Next to safe but and efficient management of by vessel a and cargo supervisory flows, the Port also of Rotterdam invests substantially in other port authority activities employed in the Mainport region. The rest of the Mainport of consists several large industrial players in the and petrochemical energy sector and Indirect governance numerous is also small performed by companies. regional national and government through means of (environmental) regulation and permits (de Langen, 2007: 119-123).

advantage, synergetic effects of the harbour and the mainly due to several advantages such as a scale range described in section 2.1. This market share is a market share of 35% in the Hamburg- Le Havre handles very large transit volumes. Rotterdam has also be seen from figure 2.3, the Mainport Rotterdam they contribute to international accessibility. As can important for the position as a trading nation, because The sea and airports of the Netherlands are very Netherlands (Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2009:27). 45% of the total jobs related to harbour activities in the in activities harbour to related jobs total the of 45% value and supply over 86,000 jobs. This is approximately approximately is This jobs. 86,000 over supply and value harbour area contribute over 11 billion Euros of added harbour area contribute over 11 Together, Together, the activities employed in the Rotterdam and maritime industry is located within de Mainport. services. A services. A large part of the chemical, metals energy, logistics, wholesale and financial andICT related a diverse supply of harbour related services; transport, services; related harbour of supply diverse a Rotterdam is described. The Mainport Rotterdam offers offers Rotterdam Mainport The described. is Rotterdam Chapter 07. Mainport the of importance economical the section this In used as a basis for the design of the heat network in 2.4 Economy emitted to the surface water through cooling. This is to quantify this, a large amount of (low quality) heat is obtained from surface water. Though we were not able not were we Though water. surface from obtained cooling. The cooling water for these processes is We We note here that many industrial processes require relation to the production is this approximately 16 %. energy consumption of 600 PJ (Bouma, 2004:3). In 758 PJ/year by 2020. Interpolation results in a present a in results Interpolation 2020. by PJ/year 758 PJ = 1015 J) and this number is expected to rise to Harbour Harbour Industrial Complex exceeded 477 PJ/year (1 very high net number. In 2002 the energy use of the magnitude magnitude of these processes, however, results in a 24 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab the carbondioxideemissiontradingscheme. in example for like emissions, polluting for pay to having selling waste streams to other companies, but also by not by well, as this from derived be could benefits Economic problem. a be not should that so present, is clustering on impact and use resources in a more efficient way.environmental the Expertise decrease so doing in and companies, fill in a niche of using a waste stream from already present to 2 Maasvlakte the on start to companies new inviting by least, reducing environmental impacts). This may be done congestion of the region and improving sustainability (or at enhancing market position in the container area, reducing of terms in made be However,can improvements several scale, clustering and to concentration of related various the advantages activities. several has Rotterdam large Mainport a constitutes also but environmental impact in terms of pollutant emissions. The economy, Dutch importance the major to of is it chapter, this in described As Europe. in harbor largest the is Rotterdam Mainport The 2.6 Discussion haven/havenkaarten/branches/index.jsp,accessed 16th March2010 haven/havenkaarten/branches/index.jsp,accessed http://www.portofrotterdam.com/nl/rotterdamse_ tcm26-19701.pdf, accessed 16thMarch2010 portofrotterdam.com/mmfiles/kerncijfers_industrie_ on Rotterdam’s oilandChemicalIndustry 09OI20 nr. publication Hague, the Rotterdam, Mainport langetermijnontwikkeling van de op visie Economische accessed March 16th2010 PORT%20presentatie%20english.ppt, http://www.co2storage.org/Reports/ENERGY%20 ppt presentationPortofRotterdam,availablevia accessed March19th2010 vergelijking inventarisatie_en_vergelijking_jaaremissies.pdf, en http://www.dcmr.nl/binaries/publicatie/2009/lucht/ Inventarisatie jaaremissies overdejaren2000-2008,availablevia (2009) DCMR workshop Tokyo IEA Transition, Industry and Port Energy Sustainable Web sources Volume 17,Ch.5pp109-137 TransportationEconomics, in the Research Performance, in authorities port Netherlands in: Devolution, Port Governance and Port of structures Governance Journal sources References Port ofRotterdam(2010), http://www. (2008), Rotterdam of Port Port ofRotterdam(2008),Jaarverslag2008 figures and Facts (2007), Rotterdam of Port (2009) Affairs Economic of Ministry Port, Energy Rotterdam (2006) R. Melieste, Rotterdam The (2004) J.W.J Bouma, (2007) L.M. Lugt, der van P.W. Langen, de provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 25 Zeeland Seaports (NL), Ghent (B) and Rotterdam (NL). (NL), Ghent (B) Zeeland Seaports Wilhelmshaven Wilhelmshaven (D), Dunkirk (B), Bremen (D), Zeebrugge (B), Antwerp Antwerp (B), Hamburg (D), Le Havre (F), Amsterdam (NL), 8 The main harbours in the Hamburg-Le Havre Range are 26 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Photo: Google earth, 2006 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 27 Figure 3.1: Glasshouse horticulture in Westland- Oostland (source: Westland-Oostland) Integrale visie Greenport (Zevenhuizen-Moerkapelle, (Zevenhuizen-Moerkapelle, Nieuwerkerk IJssel) en aan (Gemeente Westland, 2009: mainly de areas, urban by restricted is Greenport The 43). areas green designated and Hague the and Rotterdam such as Midden Delfland (the green heart) and water river . and the like the area’s 3.2.1 Logistics The glasshouse types: product horticulture three in divided roughly be can Oostland Greenport Westland- vegetables and fruits, in lesser (pot- extent, and and bedding plants) plants and flowers. These three 3.2 Mass To date, no extensive input- output analysis Greenport of has been carried the out. In annual reports of Flora Holland, HBAG (Hoofdbedrijfschap Agrarische Groothandel) and FrugiVenta, without the published, import are and plants export and vegetables of numbers making distinction of destination. Buck Consultants, in their report called Florein, made rough estimations about export streams in several chains. The amount unknown, is greenhouses from originating biomass, of due to decentralized treatment (Koekebakker, 2004).

Chapter 3 Chapter Current situation of Current situation the Greenport Nearly 30% of all employment in the Dutch horticultural Dutch the in employment all of 30% Nearly complex is concentrated in Westland-Oostland and thereby responsible for a production of €2.3 production area, surface glasshouse declining billion. Despite rates are increasing. In the province of Zuid-Holland dropped horticulture glasshouse to addressed area the Figure 2007. in ha 5,337 to 1995 in 6,056ha from down 3.1 shows an overview of the glasshouse horticulture in the Westland-Oostland area. Greenport Westland- Oostland includes Midden-Delfland, -, - the municipalities Voorburg, Westland, , production types (vegetables, fruit, plants and flowers) flowers) and plants fruit, (vegetables, types production and knowledge-exchange (production/supply). 3.1 Introduction Greenport Westland-Oostland is Greenports one in the of Netherlands. The main the activity in this five area is focused on glasshouse horticulture and is horticultural glasshouse contiguous largest world’s the cluster and thereby a site of national importance. The activities consisting out of trade, production, supply, distribution, services (export), processing of several Photo: Google earth, 2006 28 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab (source: IntegralevisieWestland-Oostland 2020) Figure 3.2:Maindistributioncentresandcurrentprojectsofimprovingroadinfrastructure r tasotd y od o uto. rm h auction, the From auction. to road by transported flowers are the harvest After transport. road by producers flower the to distributed there from and The sorted are bulbs sites. production the to close centre distribution of to a truck by Mainport go bulbs the the Then, Schiphol. through or Rotterdam Netherlands the enter and abroad grown time the of most are Bulbs bulbs. flower of production the with starts flowers of chain production The of improvingroadinfrastructure. given of the main distribution centres and current projects is overview an 3.2 figure In network. road problematic a on truck, by place takes product glasshouse of transport problems for the infrastructure in the Greenport. Almost all creates space available small This area. used densely a in chain distribution own their have all products of types gives an opportunity for future selection of specific sources This centre. collection central a to truck by transported is and waste as considered is material residual plant The Fruitport. the via country the leaves products Greenport’s the of much how on number exact an get to impossible was it Unfortunately Mainport. Rotterdam the in Fruitport the via place takes also distribution Furthermore, tunnel. channel the using trucks ferry,or and truck by UK the to travel Flowers 2006). partners, & Geijn (Vande Canada) and Japan US, (mainly Union European the of outside transport road countries to Schiphol Airport via plane by via leaves 4% and Europe within trade to wholesale go the flowers the of 96% trade. wholesale the to send being are they where facility) auction the to next located (often centre distribution a to transported are flowers the

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 29

flowers of transport the stimulate to initiative an is Greenrail and plants by train. Flowers and plants are transported with trucks to the train station, from where it can depart to a lot of European trouble destinations, without of having the road traffic congestion (Kennisalliantie.nl). These last two initiatives can be combined with Coolboxx Mainport the in logistics the for result better even an get to don’t products fresh The network. transport Greenport and in are they once again over and over repacked be to have the Coolboxx container. try to find their way from the auctionsto the distribution centres over a small amount of roads. When part of this can be done by ship, this would decrease the amount of trucks on the road. Goal of this project is not only making wants but sustainable, more products fresh of logistics the to do this in an economically feasible way and it tries (agrologistiek.eu). to markets the of accessibility the increase Figure 3.3: Surface and added value of major product categories (source: De kracht van het Westland) 3.2.2 Production While discussing the Greenport, it is useful to distinction make between a vegetables & fruit, plants (pot- and bedding plants) and flowers. The production figure and major of diagram circle the in listed are categories product 3.3.

problem on the Dutch highways. Every day, a lot of trucks of lot a day, Every highways. Dutch the on problem fresh product transport could partly solve the congestion conditioned transport by ship. Switching to this new kind of kind new this to Switching ship. by transport conditioned containerized, Fresh Corridor sees a large opportunity for Because transport of fresh products is more and more to other countries, like France, Belgium, Spain, etc. fresh products with river boats and short sea connections Fresh Corridor is an initiative to stimulate the transport of adapted for transporting a Coolboxx (Frugiventa, 2004). advantage is that trains, ships and trucks are easily sea ship, river transport, train and a truck. An important in the Fruitport. This container can be placed on a short container prevents several handling steps of the pallets a new technique, Coolboxx, is used. This refrigerated Transport Transport to these companies is mostly done via road. air transport refrigerated containers are used. Currently which sell at a fixed price to wholesale companies. in refrigerated trucks and refrigerated area’s in ships. For the seeds which takes place in, for example, Maasdijk greenhouse entrepreneurs have formed cooperations field. Fresh products are always transported on pallets, step involves cultivating young vegetable plants from nowadays, but auction, an to transported were vegetables this in developments different of overview an give to used plants in for example De Lier (Rijkzwaan.nl). The next fruits can be harvested. Until a couple of years ago, the and with less trucks on the road. Three examples will be itself. Seeds are produced for production of new vegetable vegetable new of production for produced are Seeds itself. plants are cultivated to adult plants and eventually their from the Greenport to the end user more sustainable The production chain of vegetables starts in the Greenport Greenport the in starts vegetables of chain production The to the horticultural entrepreneurs by road, where the transport the making in place taking are initiatives Several transported then are plants young These (Beekenkamp.nl). of plant material for harvesting of biological compounds. 30 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab ult wih s o dsrd o goig tomatoes, growing for desired not is which quality poor however,a water.water has surface This extract to choose entrepreneurs greenhouse some dry periods, during and reservoirs large in stored water use rain greenhouses Many regulated. be to has water sweet of availability and quality water The innovation. greenhouse in role active an playing is usage Water 3.2.4 Water collaboration unique a (Limbeek, 2009). showing is project this so, doing By year. per tons 170,000 about of emissions CO2 of reduction a into results exchange This year. per gas natural of meters cubic million 95 to up save can entrepreneurs greenhouse way this In network. distribution constructed newly a and pipeline existing an through CO2 provides OCAP atmosphere. the emitted into be otherwise would and the in Shell of production hydrogen the of product side a is CO2 network. OCAP the to Rotterdam of region the in RCI, work together to connect the horticultural industry the mainpillars in the initiative. Both parties, OCAP and integrates the ambition of the RCI and therefore is one of seamlessly OCAPproject 1990. The of level emission Mainport the Rotterdam in should be reduced by 50% compared emissions to the CO2 2025, in ambition: The change. climate mitigate to cooperate Deltalinqs and - Rijnmond Agency Milieubeheer Environmental - Centraal Rijnmond) (Dienst DCMR Rotterdam, Port Rotterdam, of municipality the which in program Rotterdam Climate Initiative (RCI). This is an ambitious the with contracted partnership a is OCAP Westland. the in greenhouses to CO2 pure delivers It VolkerWessels. company construction and BV Benelux Gas of Linde supplier gas between venture joint a Assimilation is Plants), for Carbondioxide (Organic OCAP 3.2.3 CO2supply msin t evrnet Te msin o nutrients, of emissions The environment: to Emissions 2009). (Huisman, Holland van Hoek in located recycling, Van like companies treatment waste gets by incinerated biomass all Almost plants. fermentation bio three agricultural by used companies. In the are Province of Zuid-Holland there plants are about bio-fermentation Netherlands, 180 the in that; Besides recovery. energy for companies regional by incinerated gets biomass the of most collection After material. residual biological 155,000 of tons estimated is etc.) plants (foliage products the from separated as biomass of amount total the Biomass: wastewater. for increased is capacity the this so through system, water brackish less carry gardeners The an to water. seepage for the transported specifically system drainage is existing on water water waste The industrial water. surface their discharge to anymore allowed not were Westland the in growers 300 improvement. Around quality water stimulate to agreement an and the Westland Water Improvement Foundation, signed However, on October 18th 2007, the municipality Westland cases. most in etc.) (ditches, water surface the to directly discharged is wastewater the Currently, produced. are wastewater of amounts large usually nurseries, Water:In 3.2.5 Residuals (Zuidholland.nl). stream waste small very a into results which pulp, salty of discharges no and needed is groundwater or surface no system, this using closed By investigated. are a system water for possibilities Polder” the Nova, Aqua-Terra Overbuurtse by out carried “Waterbalans Zuid-Holland, of Province the by project commissioned the rainwater In of amount the available reason, should be used in this its being full potential (Witberg, of For 2007). risk depleted. the faces which groundwater, extract choose to entrepreneurs greenhouse Other instance. for

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 31 gas condensers, heat storage and temperature integration integration temperature and storage heat condensers, gas have already achieved a high implementation addition, there are new opportunities for energy reduction rate. In in greenhouses, in particular (semi-) closed greenhouse onsite for interest growing a there’s that Besides systems. geothermal plants. Calculations by the WUR Greenhouse Institute, Technology, show that geothermal energy could be an interesting alternative. Tomato greenhouse entrepreneur R. van den Bosch, (Oostland), is the first entrepreneur who is making use of located in geothermal heat. The geothermal source delivers about 150 m3 of water per hour with a constant temperature of 2009)(Nlog.nl). over 60 °C (Wetzels, Recently, Recently, several experiments have been carried out to facilitate housing projects with heat surplus originating from greenhouses. The newly in constructed the dwellings, residential area be Hoogeland heated in by Naaldwijk, residual can of heat the from (semi-) the closed away cooling from greenhouse water the dwellings. Prominent, The heat 800m delivered houses to 1,200 will correspond m3 of natural to gas equivalents approximately per year (Energeia.nl). 400,000 Recent research by from originating biomass Cogen from energy Projects that shows and University Wageningen 3.3.2 Energy production Onsite energy production and by power gas-engines using is combined increasing of years. the The heat explosive last growth of couple CHP capacity in Westland led to overproduction of electricity the in 2007. The electricity supply in the Westland could grow no longer, and tended to become stuck in overcharge a permanent of state the of energy grid. management, Thanks defined to congestion as theor actions relieve congestion taken in a certain electricity to avoid grid, problems many were solved to decrease this overcharge.

usage of greenhouses, for example: movable screens, flue screens, movable example: for greenhouses, of usage of existing energy saving techniques exist to reduce energy reduce to exist techniques saving energy existing of lighting innovations in energy saving is expected. A number A expected. is saving energy in innovations lighting as an example in this context. Especially in heating and combination “housing and glasshouse horticulture” is used is horticulture” glasshouse and “housing combination streamlining them is the most important task. The Finding appropriate networks for heat supply and

sources and intelligent networks. energy use, introduction of alternative (renewable) energy (renewable) alternative of introduction use, energy A A lot of effort is put in addressing options for decreasing the glasshouse horticulture is consuming 140 PJ. using an estimated value 56 PJ of energy. In total greenhouses in the Westland-Oostland area are energy consumer and a producer of CO2. The 3.3.1 Energy consumption The glasshouse horticultural sector is still a major 3.3 Energy systems in contrast to a situation without recirculation. water is to be recirculated, thus reducing discharge from the substrate. Since 1996, the compulsory excess (Dueck, 2008)(Rijkswaterstaat, 2009). root crops grown in a medium (e.g. Rockwool) separated photosynthesis process in greenhouses: oxygen (O2) grown on substrate (substrate production). These are particulate dust. A favourable emission arises due to the Water Water Irrigation: The nutrients originate from crops Heat and Power plants: CO2, NOx, methane, ethene, is not reused (recirculation), but is immediately removed. Combined of use the to due arise emissions adverse Other excess water is removed through drainage. Excess water from the cultivation of land (land-based farming), where two processes: Water Drainage: The nutrients originate for example nitrogen and phosphorus are caused by 32 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab nweg isiuin sc a te U, the WUR, (PPO), TechnicalResearch the and Delft of University the as Agricultural Economic Institute (LEI), the Applied Plant such institutions Knowledge Greenports. other with competitiveness for essential is stakeholders and disciplines other with knowledge this of Exchange technologies concepts. logistics professional specific and to comes it when of knowledge level high a propagates cluster greenhouse The 3.5.1 Knowledge&education organisation 3.5 Information,knowledge& 70% orientatedonfloriculture)(Rabobank,2008). (approximately Greenport the in located companies 1,690 were There 2008 In plants. flowers, bedding million and pot- €1,756 - vegetables million €538 - economy) national the of (0.9% million €2,300 value: Production worldwide. export significant a with billion, through the Greenport. The product turnover is about 2.5 in cut flowers and pot plants in the Netherlands passes trade of 60% Westland-Oostland. Greenport through passes Netherlands the in food horticultural in trade of 80% importance: economic great of is sector this direct jobs and 36,500 are indirect jobs. Internationally, Holland are 65,000 jobs available, of which 28,500 are Zuid- of Province the in horticulture glasshouse the In importance. national and regional of are Greenports 3.4 Economy (Mul, province 2010). total the of demand gas the of to 13% up fulfil could biogas that showing in Zuid-Holland, plants bio-fermentation by production biogas for potentials the Westland investigated has services, engineering Municipality the and consultancy providing DHV, by 2020.nu). (Energiek out carried 2020, production energy biomass for target the meet can it Furthermore well. as option feasible a is greenhouses usr i te repr i akolde b higher by acknowledged is Greenport the in Nursery and a vitality, visualisedinfigure 3.4. technology/services of logistics, composition nursery, basic Greenport: the explains which greenhouse- building, the of levels four shows Zuid-Holland’ Province the of in Greenports the of ‘Strength study The 3.5.2 Organisationalstructure - Agro Adviesbureau: knowledgeabouthorticulture - Transforum: knowledgeaboutmetropolitanagriculture - Ecofys:knowledgeonseveralagriculturalareas systems forgreenhouses management water about Terraknowledge - Aqua Nova: purposes, e.g.ledlighting different for experiment several out carries Demokas: - mostly intheareaofenergy experiments, several out carries Centre: Improvement - - Frugiventa - InHollandHogeschoolDenHaag, Agriculture - GreenportBusinessSchool - TU Delft agricultural issueswithabroadscope on University leading Wageningen: of University WUR, - are institutions present tosupportinnovationsintheGreenport: knowledge several Netherlands the In 2008). (Rabobank, Zuid-Holland of province the in 25.7% average the with comparison in people, educated low of 30.8% of percentage, high relatively the is Greenport the a relatively is new feature with high greenhouses) incentive. A closed weak aspect of scale large to (development supplier energy an as appealing greenhouse The cells. application of nanotechnology for crop protection and fuel the space, of use multifunctional greenhouse, floating the Innovative applications of today and the near future include focuses on energy, water, spatial and environmental issues. There is plenty of innovation in progress. The government life-science cluster are high regarded. provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 33 3.6 Current developments Current 3.6 As pointed out by Vision 2020 Greenport Westland, the municipality puts the emphasis an greenhouse ongoing cluster, restructuring on of the glass strengthening the areas and improving the physical accessibility. Besides that, the living environment will be improved through a number of sustainable spatial developments: space for living, working and recreation. In the area of over 10,000 Westland houses will be developed. On the south side of Naaldwijk in the municipality making years, coming of the arise will area urban and centre Westland, a health use of the heat surplus from semi-closed greenhouses. Currently several developments and future trends visible: are increase transportation by innovate and enlarge added value turnover – going train from and vessel, 10 to 20 billion Euro- on fresh products, developments for new markets for fresh products & technology and an increase in sustainable production (lower food mileage / lower carbon footprints/ lower CO2 emissions by 48%) (Greenportsnederland.nl) (Gemeentewestland.nl). give shape to the To ambitions, currently several projects are carried concerning sustainable development in the Greenport: Westland-Oostland Greenport vision economical Spatial - - Heat distribution supplied housing projects by greenhouses to new Zuidplaspolder - Signature en development covenant AquaReUse Overbuurtse Polder - Masterplan - Rosenuresery project Schieland and Haaglanden - Waterkader - Feasibility study heat distribution Hoogeland - Sewer system Glasshouse horticulture - Electricity production in towards the grid Greenport and distribution - Innovative housing in Poelzone development area

Figure 3.4: The Greenport building infrastructure (Ruijs, 2009: 19-23). employment & education, and spatial planning & columns: sustainable development, climate of innovation, the first three levels. The levels are supported by four companies inspire the decisions in the companies in for an efficient performance of the Greenport. information technology, water usage and sensoring. sciences, lifestyle and design. The activities of these water-, railroad-, areal transport) are the basis to several areas: energy, lighting, climate control, of the consumer are incentives, connected with life from harvest to sale. Multimodal networks (road-, and Greenport which is desirable to enhance further. The third level, technology and services addressed In the fourth level ‘vitality’, the needs and emotions The second level, logistics, include chain management This level also includes the connection between Mainport and an increasing energy production in the area. development, development, scale enlargement, spatial intensification quality quality products en processes, strong technology 34 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab International connectionsFragmentationandlackof Mainport Location relativeto market Proximity urbanlabour market area Proximity urban Companies Networking Great jobmotivation Low unemployment Strengths up, below: summed are weaknesses and strengths the conclude Toissues. problematic those with deal to carried are projects (pilot) several currently but problems, energy and water with dealing are entrepreneurs greenhouse Many institutes. research and knowledge with Along structuring and are value adding components of the processing whole. and energy insurance, and banking and vegetables. Supply companies in the bulbs area of transport trees, and logistics, flowers, of cultivation the process, primary the about just not is It approach. cluster on based concept a is Greenport vegetables. and flowers plants, regarding trade world of centres main the of one is Westland-Oostland Greenport The 3.7 Discussion space Image greenhousearea market Tightness onthelabour urban marketinfrastructure Congestion andoutdated horticulture) structure (strongfocuson Unilateral economic Limited expansion Low educationallevel Weaknesses Factsheet, 2009 ruimtebeleid voorGreenports, BuckConsultants,2004 index.php?id=34236, visited on12February2010 communications withM.A.Feberwee challenges.pdf, visitedon27March2010 nederland.nl/Documenten/Greenports%202020%20 greenportsnederland.nl/Content/www.greenports shtml?ch=GRE&id=55498, visitedon27March2010 http://www.gemeentewestland.nl/Smartsite. : eenwereldkans,2009 en fruithandel,2004 on 26January2010 in-de-praktijk/geslotenkas-prominent/nieuws/1550, visited January 26 2010 on visited php?DossierID=26&ID=39099, vegetables/vegetables.htm, visitedon12February2010 eu/?id=31&grp=2, visitedon26January2010 Web sources WUR, 2008 Zalm, T., Emissies uit WKK installaties in de glastuinbouw, Journal sources References u, . Koj vn e, . vn imsa naar biomassa van A., der, van Kooij, P., Mul, tuinbouw, de voor CO2 OCAP, J., Limbeek, en infra- een Naar Florein: E., Koekebakker, http://www.kennisalliantie.nl/ Kennisalliantie.nl, Personal 2010), 17th (March C., Huisman, Greenportsnederland.nl,http://www. Gemeentewestland.nl, Gemeente Westland, Duurzame greenports in de groenten- de voor impact Coolboxx, Frugiventa, http://www.energiek2020.nu/ Energiek2020.nu, http://www.energeia.nl/dossier. Energeia.nl, http://www.beekenkamp.nl/ http://www.agrologistiek. Beekenkamp.nl, Agrologistiek.eu, Dueck, T.A.,F.,Kempkes, C.J., Dijk, van der van provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 35 http://www.nlog.nl/resources/ Nlog.nl, Nlog.nl, Rabobank, Rabobank, De kracht van Rijkswaterstaat, het Westland Lozing nutriënten Rijkzwaan.nl, http://www.rijkzwaan.nl, visited on vanuit Ruijs, M.N.A., et al, Kracht van de greenports Van de Geijn & partners, infra- en ruimtebeleid Nederlandse de van Kenschets al. et W., Wetzels, Witman, Bouwstenen Zuid-holland.nl, Glastuinbouw- http://www.zuid-holland.nl/ biogas, kansen in Zuid-Holland, DHV, 2010 DHV, in Zuid-Holland, kansen biogas, visited on 27 february 2010 glastuinbouw/content_duurzaam_en_hoogwaardig.htm, 2008, 2008 Jubileumeditie 2009 glastuinbouw, 12 February 2010 Zuid-Holland, 2009 2006 voor Greenports: werkdocument, ECN, 2007 glastuinbouw, 2007 bedrijvenlandschap Zuidplaspolder, projecten/ overzicht_alle_themas/thema_programma_en_ February 2010 February Geothermie/Profiel2vdBosch%5B1%5D.pdf, visited on 27 on visited Geothermie/Profiel2vdBosch%5B1%5D.pdf, 36 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Illustration provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 37

Greenport stakeholders, including greenhouse companies companies greenhouse including stakeholders, Greenport stakeholders, external suppliers; their and Greenport the in including higher governments Stakeholder analysis can be used to generate knowledge research institutions. about the relevant actors behaviour, so intention, as interrelations, to understand agendas, and their interests the influence or resources theycould have brought bring- -or to (Brugha, bear 2000). on When the decision-making analysis is clear processes in done, what policy environment one it is operating. It also will be helps to assess the feasibility of future policy directions and to develop strategies for managing the stakeholders. According to Jepsen et al. (2009) there are several steps The firstin step the isstakeholder toanalysis. identify the session brainstorm a is this doing of way One stakeholders. clearly are project the of boundaries the If 1995). (Calvert, defined, the stakeholders will be easily defined (Reed, 2009). In this case the boundary is mainly geographical. in stakeholders of list a generated session brainstorm The both the Mainport and the Greenport, as well as external stakeholders like EU government and Universities. The next step is to characterize the stakeholders, achieved regarding rewards the them, from needed contributions the by them when joining the relation to project the project. When this information is gathered, and their power in a strategy can be developed to influence all the different stakeholders to head in the right direction to achieve the goals of the project. 4.2.1 Identification of stakeholders For the first stage of the stakeholder analysis brainstorm session is done to stakeholders. make The a stakeholders list the of of region all various are the placed remaining parts the for one and Mainport different the for one Greenport, in of separate lists, one stakeholders for which influence the both, but are not actually situated within the region. This list is used to create a Chapter 4 Chapter the Combining and Mainport Greenport

companies in the Mainport and their shareholders; into three main groups: Mainport stakeholders, including In the MP-GP complex, the stakeholders can be split in many different forms and does not have to be explicit. influence it (Savage, 1991). This influence can be executed be can influence This 1991). (Savage, it influence the actions of an organization and who have the ability to groups and other organizations who have an interest in the stakeholders. Stakeholders include those individuals, to find out the different viewpoints and connections of as well, a stakeholder analysis of the region is necessary densely populated region, with a lot of companies present present companies of lot a with region, populated densely for combining Mainport and Greenport. When a government is willing to make changes in a described. Section 4.3 continues analysis with the SWOT 4.2 Stakeholder assessment are identified, and connections between stakeholders are the stakeholder assessment, in which key stakeholders the outcomes of these analyses. Section 4.2 starts with SWOT SWOT analysis has been made. This chapter describes Greenport, a stakeholder assessment has been done and done been has assessment stakeholder a Greenport, development, by interactions of the Mainport and In order to evaluate possibilities for sustainable 4.1 Introduction Illustration 38 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Figure 4.1:Stakeholder mapofthe Mainportand theGreenport te saeodr, hs s ny agnly h cs. In case. the marginally only is through this connected stakeholders, other are they like looks it although and central can be seen, a these stakeholders are As not producers. directly have connected Greenport the and research Mainport the position, this two central of the groups 4.1 stakeholder figure of map stakeholder this In the map. stakeholder the from in connected actors be then The can matrix originate. can competition and at other cooperation which from while goal, same conflict, the have they of times one is relation their that so have can ambiguous relations. stakeholders Sometimes their goals because are conflicting situations, life real in make to difficult be can separation This cooperation. of the stakeholders are of conflict, are complementary or are between relationships the whether determine to is this for Keywords can be used to fill in the table. A popular method (Mainport, Greenport and external) are listed in this matrix. stakeholders the 2009). All (Reed, grid a creating so and table a of columns in and rows in the listed are stakeholders matrix this In matrix. actor-linkage an use can one stakeholders various the all between relations the map to order In relations. their and stakeholders the all of map

rdcr ae etoe, h onr o greenhouses of owners the mentioned, are Greenport producers when report, this in producers: Greenport - of Rotterdam,Factsandfigures,2007) (Port etc.). Electrabel, RWE, and (E.on, producers electricity etc.) Esso, Q8, etc.), (Shell, industry Nerefco, petrochemical Nobel, the Akzo (DSM, industry the chemical from companies are producers these of products. Examples consumer produce to materials raw using is producers Mainport the of role the producers: Mainport - in theMP-GP complex: different groups of stakeholders from the stakeholder map eleven the of roles The stakeholders. main companies both the are different for groups other the but defined, the research. The two main stakeholder groups are clearly main the of stakeholders on the future are also included in this part of visions region, the of development about future is project this Because project. the to relation in power their also and investigated is stakeholders the of positions the and roles the research, the of phase this In 4.2.2 Characterizationofstakeholders tkhles n ter oncin ae characterized. are connections their and stakeholders different the analysis, stakeholder the of stages next the

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 39

: Production : The Port of Rotterdam : To be able to invest in new accommodates growth in the harbour area and is therefore is and area harbour the in growth accommodates cooperating with the companies facilitates it and harbour the in infrastructure in the managing the harbour. It is companies with services like traffic management, area management and social (portofrotterdam.com). Deltalinqs is a cooperation of the environment management companies in the harbour and is acting as spokesperson for the logistic and industrial companies of the Rotterdam harbour area to the outside world (deltalinqs.nl). It also facilitates communication between companies in the area information, share to and synergy and trust more create to so that companies became aware cooperation (Boons, 2008: 46-47). of possibilities for MP producers-Investors technologies, investors are needed to lend money to the This relationship is companies. one of cooperation, which also can Companies contract. a signing through secured is lend money from investors through selling of corporate bonds, for which the investors receive interest (beleggen- in-aandelen.com). A power relation is created these through contracts, giving investors influence onmaking of producers. decision MP resources, raw receive to transport of producers-Distribution lot a need companies companies to get rid of products and by-products and to get rid waste flows. This transport of can take place by truck, train, different Some ship. by time the of most harbour the in but companies are needed for all those different modes of transport. These all have different contracts with the MP MP producers-Interest groups of Finance, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Water and Works Public Transport, of Ministry Finance, of Management (VW) and the Province - of Research centres: Zuid-Holland. to Wageningen be Delft, TU able the to example innovate, for by research done is and needed TNO. and University 4.2.3 Characterization of stakeholders connections between

Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM), Ministry the larger context of the region. EU, Ministry of Housing, - Higher governments: these stakeholders set the rules for rules the set stakeholders these governments: Higher - for production. products. They supply the resources that are necessary - Suppliers: suppliers of energy, resources and pre- their goods for these stakeholders. corporate clients. The production companies produce - Customers: these can be individual customers or of the municipalities mentioned above. account during the production process. They inhabit one producing companies and they have to be taken into - Inhabitants: they are the closest neighbours of the Lansingerland, Pijnacker-Nootdorp, Rotterdam. companies may function. Municipalities of Westland, because they set the rules in which the producing - Local governments: they are important stakeholders, distribution locations (Flora Holland, Harbor Rotterdam). transport, train transport, ship transport, plane transport, the transport to and from the producing companies. Truck Truck companies. producing the from and to transport the - Distribution companies: these companies take care of all of care take companies these companies: Distribution - investors. developments. Rabobank, Senter Novem and private - Investors: these companies are investing money for External: Milieudefensie, Greenpeace. External: Milieudefensie, Mainport: Havenbedrijf (Port of Rotterdam), Deltalinqs. Greenport(s) Nederland, Greenport Westland-Oostland. Greenport: Productschap Tuinbouw, LTO-Glaskracht, environment. communication in the sector or stand up for the environment. For example, they are structuring the sector in one or another way, or represent the external - Interest groups: these interest groups represent the potted plants, etc.). potted plants, lilies, chrysanthemum, etc.) and plants (tropical plants, cucumbers, cucumbers, courgettes, aubergines, etc.), flowers (roses, greenhouse products, like vegetables (peppers, tomatoes, tomatoes, (peppers, vegetables like products, greenhouse are meant. Their role in the system is the production of 40 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab opn) r usd o te ra a te spl their supply they (as area the of outside or company) supply theirproduct orwasteflowsasresource forthis they (as harbour the inside based be can suppliers The legal contracts. This relationship is based on cooperation. of basis the on happens This companies. production the producers-Suppliers MP together toachievethisgoal. working not are but goal same the having competition, are they while of one the is producers while other dependency), with interaction mutual of stronger, even (or cooperation of resource. one raw is a relationship as This most cases be another company which needs the product there is no contract. In the harbour area, customers will in which for goods, consumer be can these or companies), certain amount in a certain time (most of the time for other a supply to contract a is there which for chemicals, bulk be can products customers. These for products produces producers-Customers MP sterke een haven”, obr.rotterdam.nl) stad, sterke “Een companies) (uitvoeringsprogramma harbour the of one via education follow or the harbour of in or a job nuisance) find odour inhabitants by (when cooperation or noise of lot a making by inhabitants of lives the disturb companies (when conflict of be can companies producing the and inhabitants the between relation The governments. local the by secured MP producers-Inhabitants sterke stad,eenhaven”,viaobr.rotterdam.nl) legal licences for production (Uitvoeringsprogramma “Een plan of the local government and have environmental and development the follow to need also Companies civilians. to governments ensure the well-being of the environment, employees and local from rules of lot a follow to need through the providing of jobs. On the other hand, companies have companies in their region to ensure economic stability to want governments local hand, one the On ambiguous. governments producers-Local MP production companytosettlethepaymentsetc. Sples eie rsucs to resources deliver Suppliers : : The rights of the inhabitants are A rdcin company production A : Ti rlto is relation This : repr pouto cmais r rltvl small relatively are companies most Because production development. Greenport sustainable in invest to able be to needed are Investors : producers-Investors GP and theseorganizationsare ofcooperation. producers the between relations sector.The greenhouse organizations lobby for entrepreneurial organizations in the These (greenport-zh.nl). infrastructure and policy spatial for level provincial and national the at sector the for lobby that organizations are Westland-Oostland Greenport and Nederland Greenport(s) member. a be to contribution a pay to need companies production organization, this for Also (ltonoordglaskracht.nl). levels political all on sector Production contribution. LTO-Glaskracht (www.tuinbouw.nl). promotes the interests of the a paying by organization this of member are companies chain production an organization that unites all the levels of the greenhouse GP producers-Interest groups that havedoubtsbytheprocessesofcompany. research centres work for environmental protection groups, the when conflict of one be also can relationship the But looking for new knowledge about the corporate processes. are they when companies production with cooperation in work centres Research centres: producers-Research MP sustainable investments (ec.europa.eu/contracts). for subsidies provides conflict. also of European The one is (ec.europa. relation noise This eu/consumers-health) and biodiversity chemicals, water, atmosphere, soil, waste, subdivisions: several in applied are laws environmental These (ec.europa.eu/anti-thrust) laws) (anti-trust cartels of formation the or etc.) issues, safety the about applied, be produce, must that to system management allowed is company the emissions of region. amount (the environment the the about to be can applied laws These and governments local the by interpreted mostly are laws These present. companies the and area harbour the for apply that laws of lot a has Union European : governments MPThe producers-Higher product ofminingorharvesting). : Productschap Tuinbouw is provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 41 : Higher governments : the only direct relationship : Greenport producers are relying are producers Greenport : on contract prices. These products example supermarkets. Flower and plant go producers work directly to for with an auctioning system. The flowersand plants go to an auction where the products are sold companies, which to sell the distribution products again to the stores. These relations are based on competition, because the buyers want to have the products as cheap as possible, while the sellers want to have the highest price possible. producers-Suppliers GP on their suppliers for raw materials to be able to produce. Fertilizer, natural gas and water, material but machines are also things packaging necessary to be These relations are based on cooperation. produce. able to GP producers-Higher governments set supplied the are subsidies rules also But for performance. environmental local governments for example by on higher governments (agriholland.nl). There for are for example subsidies on sustainable the investments production of sustainable energy, environmental friendly investments and for promotion of agricultural business. conflict of sometimes ambiguous, thus is relationship This (subsidies). (legislation), but sometimes of cooperation GP producers-Research centres: Research centres are for mainly but producers, GP the for knowledge producing The groups. interest the by steered whole, a as sector the the from groups, interest the by paid are centres research contributions of the producers. This relationship is based on cooperation, because the same goal is namely the production strived of new for, knowledge. But when the research institutes are hired by environmental protection of conflict. groups, the relation can become one MP producers-GP producers this at producers Mainport the and Greenport the between moment is the OCAP-pipeline for This the supply of CO2. connection will be explained in more detail in one of the case studies later on in the report.

: In the Greenport : Local governments : The production companies : In the Greenport, inhabitants of companies that produce directly for customers based products. Vegetable producers work in large cooperations large in work producers Vegetable products. GP GP producers-Customers have different forms of supplying customers with their relationship is also of an ambiguous nature. producers depend on inhabitants as labour force), so this Greenport producers (and the other way around, Greenport around, way other the (and producers Greenport good functioning sector is for both stakeholders the same. the stakeholders both for is sector functioning good GP producers-Inhabitants inhabitants of the region depend on jobs provided by the relation is based on cooperation, because the goal of a inhabitants by legislation. But on the other hand, a lot of also make sure that the infrastructure is sufficient. This or too much noise. The local governments protect the stakeholders have different goals. Local governments sometimes have some inconvenience with too much light (wikis.irion.nl). This is a relation of conflict, because the live close to the production companies and therefore they light in the nights or too much noise from machines GP GP producers-Local governments of Greenport entrepreneurship, like too much artificial relation is based on cooperation. relation is based on are meant to protect the inhabitants from some features the products are transported in (floraholland.com). This set rules for producers to work with. A lot of these rules and auctioneer also provides boxes and cars where the customers. The Flora Holland distribution centre to a train station, harbour or airport, to be transported to of the auction. From there on, the products can go by truck truck by go can products the on, there From auction. the of are mainly transported by truck to the distribution location are mainly transported to the customers as fast as possible. The fresh products GP GP producers-Distribution companies get to need that products fresh with do to has mainly sector nl). This is a relation of cooperation. This is a relation nl). sector, distribution companies are very important. This mortgage mortgage companies, like banking institutions (rabobank. are not an option. Investors in this sector are mainly compared compared to Mainport companies, corporate obligations 42 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab y ouig n priua ise n ecuig non- excluding meaningless and bland of and production the topics, relevant issue particular a on focusing By be. to likely is is analysis the evaluated productive more be the defined, to is that area the carefully more The 2008). (Arslan, making decision strategic on influence greatest the ranked has factor which assess or to difficult is it measured and quantitatively be cannot factors the that fact the is methodology this to limitation large A enabling comparison of decision, these internal a and external to factors. relate they as threats) and external (opportunities and weaknesses) and (strengths internal into factors categorize to analysts allows SWOT planning. or technology,product, affectingnew factors a management (SWOT) methodology, systematic thinking is used to find all In the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats 4.3.1 IntroductiontoSWOT 4.3 SWOTanalysisoftheMP-GP region studies furtheroninthereport). case the in detailed further as (energy,materials, and knowledge resources of exchange the in as bonds well These stronger as sharing utility perspective. on based be can environmental interactions and economical social, a in development sustainable combined a to get to necessary are basis transport a on and basis material and cooperation will not be reached. More interactions on away far be can trust work, not does it If trust. building for and stakeholders to the step between interaction good more a to come be can it works, it if But 07. chapter in detail more in handled is relation OCAP the The Greenport. in companies production to Mainport companies from production CO2 waste OCAP-pipeline. brings the OCAP-pipeline of This means by made is connection small one Only limited. are producers Greenport the and It is clear that the direct connections between the Mainport the between stakeholders relations in needed Changes 4.2.4 h srnts wanse, potnte ad threats and opportunities weaknesses, region strengths, which for the indicate to used are Colours well. as summarized are system the outside from strengths and opportunities the and summarized are system the within from weaknesses and strengths the below, table the In 4.3.3 Analysis Figure 4.2:SystemboundariesoftheSWOTanalysis outside theorangebox. boundary,from system so the of outside the from system the on exposed are threats and Opportunities Greenport. the and Mainport the of feature combined the a or Greenport Mainport, the from so boundary, system from the features within specific 4.2. are in figure weaknesses and as Strengths defined are boundaries system The 4.3.2 Systemboundaries and the(critical)uncertainties. forces driving the as analysis and building scenario for used be can analysis SWOT the of outcomes The 1989). (Piercy,sources of number a from information and ideas to execute the analysis. This with will result in the generation of as well as teams executives. There is no planning barrier and no ‘experts’ with are needed well very works analysis SWOT communication, of ease and simplicity generalizations can be overcome. Because of its apparent provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 43

4.1: SWOT analysis Table of Mainport, Greenport and combination Furthermore many aspects, Mainport and which the Greenport together, are result identified. All of from these aspects need to be considered when the designing new systems within the MP-GP complex. It is important not only to know the strengths, but also the weaknesses; instable become might system the overlooked, are these if and collapse. The goal is to use the strengths to improve opportunities the manage and weaknesses, the solve and and threats from outside the system boundaries. All of these aspects can be used in the case studies later on in this report; the goal is to design system. a more A connected more stable connected to fluctuations system and becomes influences system. This includes more from outsidefluctuations in the the local and world economy, and influences like (European)chapter in detail more in legislation. and 4.1 table from seen be can As term long a have Greenport the and Mainport the both 6.4, But other. each with cooperation close includes which vision both in entrepreneurs the of part amongst level, lower a on superiority, of sense a dependency, about hesitation areas, and a lack of trust exist (e.g. greenhouse entrepreneurs the Greenport are identified, as can be seen in table 4.1. as can be seen in are identified, the Greenport combined SWOT. Many aspects unique to the Mainport or Mainport the to unique aspects Many SWOT. combined indicates indicates Mainport (MP) SWOT’s and orange indicates a are true. Green indicates Greenport (GP) SWOT’s, red 44 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab more. Unused land area in the Mainport can be used to used be can Mainport the in area even land Unused more. distance transport the shorten will area, harbour the inside greenhouses placing perspective, easy.that In more exchange heat make and movement transport of amount the reduce might this Furthermore likely. more other connections physical each establish to possibilities to the makes regions the both of proximity close The Mainport. the towards Greenport the in be will this of trust focus the although important, is trust mutual so will (or reduction; this for are Greenport the They on depended become) companies. based Mainport plans the reduction CO2 of the of part become) might (or is present in the Mainport. The CO2 supply to the Greenport observed intheGreenport,itcanbeassumedalsoto only is and dependency of fear Mainport the Although Greenport. the the between connection important and to increase this trust. The OCAP pipeline is an established place in put be can steps first the communication, timely and increased With Greenport. the to Mainport the from pipeline OCAP the though supply CO2 the of unreliability the is fear this of sources main the of One Greenport. the of dependency fear which is the present amongst entrepreneurs decrease from to built be must This success. for Trust between the entrepreneurs of the two regions 06. is vital chapter in case information developed the be in detail will more in This cooperation. increasing and the exploration and start-up phase of making connections de Overheid, Maatschappij en Bedrijfsleven) to coordinate NGO or a mix of both, for example KOMBi, Kenniswereld, (governmental, institution an have to important be will it regions, the between cooperation this reach Toregions. two the between cooperation for willingness the stimulate increased for connectivity between need the Mainport and the Greenport. This will therefore and cooperation, for get as much CO2 as they want). Both parties see the need that are connected to the OCAP network, but do not always

a hv pstv efcs o ihbtns lk a better a like inhabitants, for effects interventions positive infrastructural have can of kinds Other backyard. their through pipeline CO2 a example, For interventions. of nearby villages protesting against certain infrastructural inhabitants be can synergy this to threat A regions. the between synergy create to governments from higher and local support of lot a is there Furthermore, in 06. detail chapter more in explained be will knowledge as this available, locally get to important is it But scratch. from means that this knowledge does not need to be developed This Netherlands. the in available already is regions, and companies between synergy creating about knowledge of lot a of that is opportunity outside huge boundary.A system from the arise threats and opportunities Some study. case network CO2 and heat the in in detail studied more be will connection OCAP of The development further cooperation. for vital is trust mutual earlier; described As Mainport. the in companies multinational the by overwhelmed be can companies small these that is this, of side environment. Anegative the in changes quickly to respond to able be Mainport will they (multinational) companies; based to compared are small Greenport relatively the in companies Because Greenport. creating and Mainport in between connections and used cooperation the be can cooperation, achieve to on how knowledge, This present. also are scale) local a on knowledge and CO2 (heat, Greenport and Mainport the within companies different between connections Physical areas. housing to greenhouses from electricity and heat exchange that started are projects some Greenport the In materials. other or heat waste sharing in knowledge of Technical strengths can mainly be found in the availability greenhouses. of time depreciation the years, ten least of at period time a for available are be lands these must that it sure then but area), water the on placed be can greenhouses floating even maybe (or greenhouses built

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 45 : The non-edible horticulture, e.g. of mainly fossil fuels, but the increasing. demand for biomass is Fodder & Feed: feed and other bulk products products. These are used production. for, for instance Fabricated food Products (Fibre) or for consumption meat clothing to furniture. ranging from goods; Fresh products (Fish): fresh, long-preservable products and fish. such as vegetables Food (Meat): traditional and modern food including meat processing. production, Flowers & Fashion for (house) design and fashion. flowers and plants, agriculture, diversified Chemicals: Fine & Flavours Fun, with themes such as recreation, taste (spices and herbs) and contents with high added value. This also includes stimulants such as tobacco and alcohol containing drinks and drugs (pharmaceuticals). Facilities & : Value the ‘F-latter’ complements the whole by ‘Facilities’, as a kind of residual category. Examples include the upstream production: manufacturing breeding and for seed companies, and marketing IT, agricultural finance, pesticides, packaging, fertilizers, (artificial) Steekelenburg et al, 2009). planning (Van The case studies discussed in chapter 6 till 8 are derived from the ‘F-ladder’: INFORMATION, FOR NETWORK MP-GP A CREATING 06. refers to the category ‘Facilities’ 07. AND HEAT CO2 NETWORK, refers to the category ‘Fuel & Fire’ 08. BIOBASED PHARMACEUTICALS, refers to Flavours and Fine chemicals’ ‘Fun,

application of coarse chemistry. To date, this is consisting To application of coarse chemistry. Fuel & Fire: fuel and energy production, mostly by the ‘F-category’: The text below gives a short description of every of facilities needed. to lower ‘F’-categories’. Purple colours refer to the amount the to refer colours Purple ‘F’-categories’. lower to colours to the amount of biomass available for cascading refer to the amount of volume necessary and the green with flora and fauna. The orange colours schematically keep in mind, the competitiveness of agricultural products agricultural of competitiveness the mind, in keep to low volume products with high added value. One should One value. added high with products volume low to (and spatial use) with relatively low added (economic) value (economic) added low relatively with use) spatial (and production. Roughly, the ‘F-ladder’ runs from high volume high from runs ‘F-ladder’ the Roughly, production. conceptually illustrate the versatile application of agro- products. Often the English ‘Fladder’ (fig. 4.3) is used to 4.4 Configuration of the F-ladder many for material raw as serves agriculture from Biomass current situation of the Greenport in chapter 03 of this report. this of 03 chapter in Greenport the of situation current in the future. initiative and the Coolboxx as company, described in the are deliberated carefully to prevent undesirable situations costs can be low. Examples of this are the Fresh Corridor costs can be low. feasible anymore. It is of great importance that all options achieved by using the existing infrastructure, so investment so infrastructure, existing the using by achieved some options for decentralized energy production are not the region, by offering new distribution options. This can be can This options. distribution new offering by region, the developed, be will network heat a example, for If, choices. built and therefore infrastructural changes will be difficult. in business enter to companies new for arise Opportunities A threat coming from inside the system has to do with in these regions. Furthermore, the Greenport is densely living living and recreation are increasingly important factors synergy synergy is that not everything is possible, because road system with less congestion. A threat for MP-GP 46 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Figure 4.3:F-ladder:versatileapplicationofagricultural products provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 47 http://www.portofrotterdam.com/nl/over_het_ http://www.deltalinqs.nl/, accessed at 12-04- http://www.beleggen-in-aandelen.com/obligaties. http://www.obr.rotterdam.nl/Rotterdam/ http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consumers/ http://ec.europa.eu/policies/environment_ http://ec.europa.eu/contracts_grants/index_ http://www.ltonoordglaskracht.nl/Wie_zijn_ http://www.greenport-zh.nl/, accessed at 12-04- http://www.rabobank.nl/bedrijven/producten/ http://www.floraholland.com/NL/AANVOEREN/ http://wikis.irion.nl/milieuhulp/index.php/ http://www.agriholland.nl/subsidies/#tuinbouw, Web sources Web havenbedrijf/bedrijfsinformatie/missie_en_visie/index.jsp, at 13-01-2010 accessed 2010 html, accessed at 12-04-2010 Openbaar/Diensten/OBR/pdf/OBR-uitvoer-haven(totaal- at 12-04-2010 def).pdf, accessed at 12-04-2010 antitrust_nl.html, accessed accessed at 12-04-2010 consumers_health_nl.htm, nl.htm, accessed at 12-04-2010 wij.17515.0.html, accessed at 12-04-2010 2010 at 12-04-2010 financieren/met_garantstelling/, accessed LOGISTIEK/Pages/Logistiek.aspx, accessed at 16-01- 2010 Subthema:Landbouw_en_veeteelt:_wetten_regels_en_ beleid, accessed at 12-04-2010 accessed at 12-04-2010 G.T. Savage, T.W. Nix, C.J. Carlton, J. Whitehead, J. Carlton, C.J. Nix, T.W. Savage, G.T. Port of Rotterdam, Facts and A. H. M.S. Graves, Posthumus, Reed, N. Dandy, figures on N. Piercy, W. Giles, Making SWOT analysis work. analysis SWOT Making Giles, W. Piercy, N. R. Brugha, Z. Varvasovszky, Stakeholder analysis: Stakeholder Varvasovszky, Z. Brugha, R. Turner, J.R. In: stakeholders. Managing Calvert, S. Eskerod, Stakeholder analysis A.L. in Jepsen, P. F. F. Boons, Self-organization and sustainability: O. Arslan, I. Deha Er, SWOT analysis for safer

Executive, 1991 Volume 5, Issue 2, 61-75 Executive, 1991 Volume organizational stakeholders, Academy of Management 1933-1949 J.D. Blair, Strategies for assessing and managing Environmental Management, 2009 Volume 90, Issue 5, methods for natural resource management, Journal of Who’s in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis Rotterdam’s oil and chemical industry, January 2007 industry, oil and chemical Rotterdam’s K. Hubacek, J. Morris, C. Prell, C.H. Quinn, L.C. Stringer,

5/6, page 5-7 Marketing intelligence & planning 7, (1989) issue Volume

Issue 4, 335-343 27, Volume Issue 3, 239-246 214-222 McGraw-Hill (1995), 2009 Management, Project of Journal International world, a review, Health Policy and Planning, 2000 Volume 15, editor. The commercial project manager. Maidenhead: real the in guidelines current using in challenges projects:

organization and sustainability, Vol. 10, nr 2, 41-48(2008) Vol. organization and sustainability, The emergence of a regional industrial ecology. Self-

(2008) Journal sources hazardous materials, Volume 154, issues 1-3, 901-913 carriage of bulk liquid chemicals in tankers. Journal of References 48 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 49 Figure 5.1: Possible future scenarios Thus, in a situation in which a problem[10] has long-term resources while nature, complex a of is and characteristics are limited and interventions prevails regarding the costly, future conditions under which and the uncertainty suggested interventions must produce results, scenario analysis can be used. Since the 1970s, multiple-scenario analysis has been used to deal effectively with the many uncertainties that surround that factors external and internal many The organizations. the the future of environment the in changes of unexpected in result may (business) chapter This analyses. these in with dealt are organization is that devoted may to influencecontextual the scenario’s collaboration of the Mainport and the Greenport. After a description of the method used to develop scenarios of in dept into go will paragraph third the paragraph, next the contextual scenario’s developed for the MP-GP complex. Finally, there is ‘true ambiguity’, in which there is no basis basis no is there which in ambiguity’, ‘true is there Finally, to forecast the future. These scenarios are sketched in figure 5.1.

Chapter 5 Chapter the Contextualising Mainport-Greenport complex

this type of future, a scenario analysis tool could be useful. be could tool analysis scenario a future, of type this of possible outcomes, but without discrete scenarios. For there is a ‘range’ of futures, which is a bounded range tools include decision analysis and game theory. Third, in which a few discrete outcomes define the future and tools are available). Second, there are ‘alternate’ futures, and unknowables (which are both often irreducible). for determining a strategy (for which traditional planning be calculated and often reduced); structural uncertainties enough’ future which is a single forecast precise enough account for different types of uncertainty: risks (which can (which risks uncertainty: of types different for account four levels of possible futures. First, there is a ‘clear- for planners of all kinds. In this process, planners have to When uncertainty is irreducible, one can distinguish Reducing uncertainty has therefore become a key concern key a become therefore has uncertainty Reducing systems and the greater awareness of this complexity.[9] society due to the increasing complexity of society and This uncertainty is becoming more manifest in today’s information necessary to make an informed judgement. uncertain. Uncertainty here means an absence of data or with one important difficulty: the future is inherently Planning with a view to prepare for the future comes 5.1 Introduction 50 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab cnro. h coc o te ye f cnro o be to scenario of (possible) type analysis. the for has one aims the on depends developed the descriptive of choice or The scenarios. (desirable) normative and scenarios; background specific or background general and qualitative scenarios; possible and probable scenarios; quantitative types: and forms different in exist Scenarios touchstone. a or booster discussion a reference, of frame a as serve may It problem. or issue specific a developments, to related possible around build contingencies and possible policy strategies and is usually is scenario A committed. are organization) an (of resources the future the into far how determining is horizon time the setting ‘test’ best for the best, is horizon vaguer. time specific No longer, the contents of the scenarios progressively become gets horizon time the futures When years). 10-15 (usually ahead desirable) (or possible identify and uncertainty correct and accurate assumptions. Its aims are to explore Providing reliable scenarios goes hand in hand with making combination of research (structure) and design (creativity). In the analysis, a scenario is a construct that results from a assured. not but probable are which futures possible of set a identify to tries it Second, future. the into evolve can present the how of description contextual and qualitative more a provides usually it First, ways. important two in analysis differs from most other approaches to forecasting The organization. the of decisions (strategic) the impact will which uncertainties, crucial highlight and reveal scenarios will the accurately, done is this If organizations. of environment external and internal the of development future the of images alternative of creation the supports but forecasts, obtaining for used not is analysis Scenario 5.2 Scenariobuildingandanalysis usefulness inthefuture,keepinguncertaintymind. made in the chapters on our case studies in terms of their These will be used in chapter 09 to assess the propositions

n itra cnitny iaiain n contrast, and imagination plausibility consistency; of care internal take into to scenarios and has the one develop which to in is stories, then step last The Figure 5.2:Scenariosaxes factors), ascanbeseeninfigure5.2. independent mutually be to have (they axes scenario the for together put be will uncertainty high and importance high both of uncertainty,those of degree and importance to their uncertainty. After two thefuture axes are created of degree to of according regard also and situation problem the of development with are these influential how to according beassessed the scenario should this forces In driving step. identified second the of basis the on scenarios of number limited a of development the is step third The developments. uncertain and predictable) more are (which trends between distinguish to important is It situation. problem the upon impact may that strategies policy and events developments, possible of exploration is made. Next is an analysis of the future, which means an its origins, its situation, boundaries, causalities and the actors involved problem the of idea clear quite a which in methods. The first step usually involves a problemseveral analysis to according done be can scenarios Developing provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 51 our case studies. By identifying some of these events and and events these of some identifying By studies. case our developments and elaborating upon the most important ones by developing four ideal types of the context in the the evaluate to able be will we scenarios, different of form case studies. made in the recommendations brainstorm a was scenarios these making for point Starting in which a combination of literature and common-sense was used as to explore major possible events developments, and policy strategies that may impact upon context the in which a connection Greenport between Mainport is and strived for. These according to their degree of were uncertainty and their degree then structured resulted in the scheme of figure 5.3. of importance, which As stated above, it is important to distinguish between

Figure 5.3: Degree of importance and uncertainty of possible events for the execution of the suggested interventions made in and developments can create (un)favourable conditions complex, certain future trends and less-predictable events events less-predictable and trends future certain complex, term sustainable development perspective for the MP-GP MP-GP the for perspective development sustainable term a contextual framework in which one operates. In the long the In operates. one which in framework contextual a into account for strategic decision making, as it provides dealing with uncertainty in such a way that it can be taken be can it that way a such in uncertainty with dealing development for tool effective an as analysis scenario identified have We scenario’s influencing Mainport-Greenport Mainport-Greenport influencing scenario’s assess strategic options for the organization in question. 5.3 Setting the stage: contextual used used to investigate its implications for stakeholders or to scenario scenario names. The developed scenario’s can then be comprehensibility comprehensibility for the target group; and appealing 52 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab n 10 m n 10 cud ed o tr sre more surges storm to lead could 2100) in cm 130 and 65 between at (estimated water sea of level rising The place. take to) some (have will adaptations and changes continue, major could activity economic therefore and level) sea above meters 7 is which ‘Maasvlakte’ the on located already are businesses (most area harbour the in located businesses most on impacts immediate no have will level sea the of rise the Although severe. is scenario this in area MP-GP the on warming global of impact The Energy PoliticsCompletelyRenewable) Warming; Global Impact (Huge Worlds New 5.3.1 Figure 5.4:Types ofscenarioswithnames the essenceoftheirpositionasshowninfigure5.4. cover that names with scenarios of types ideal four into results This based). (oil usual as business is or energy renewable on based completely either is politics energy global the and present; not or huge either is area MP-GP the on warming global of impact the extremes: on axes our base to decided we themes, politics.[11]these Within global warming on the MP-GP area and the global energy two of impact the with: scenarios identified our develop to uncertainties and terms umbrella into bullets these of development of our scenarios we chose to combine some the For importance. high of and uncertain highly both are that bullets the upon focus those scenarios: the of focus the not are and uncertain trends as defined are importance high of and predictable) more developments. Thus, the bullets that are are less uncertain but (which trends effect on the horticulture in the Greenport. Problems with Problems Greenport. the in horticulture the on effect an have also will warming global of impacts severe The area. Rijnmond the of position the secure to made be to decline of economic activity. In any case, investments have the large impact of global warming will not lead to a severe and mitigated be will problems or collection revenue and large problems and therefore decrease of business activity be defined by adaptation strategies. warming This may lead to global either When effectswill their huge, be will MP-GParea the on impacts harbours. sea and navigation inland both of future the for crucial is warming global by caused situations changing to adaptation and Mitigation navigation. inland the on dependent largely is goods of transhipment since harbours, sea the of competitiveness (Knowledge for Climate, 2010). This will also influence the spit modal the in cargo of share the changing thus rivers the over boat by transported cargo of decrease a to lead may this change, climate to due pressure under put will be both the and navigation, in inland defining the of largely competitiveness are reliability and costs Since 2010). (V&W, level water the maintaining and ecology horticulture, and agri- for water the use become to difficult therefore more will It inland, salination. further amplify rivers may the which of bottom the along sea the from salt of intrusion the shifts This situations. current to the rivers may decrease during the summer in comparison from water of discharge the change, climate to same due time, the At deeper. and often more dikes areas the flooding outside case, the currently is than future the in water higher to leading – inland the from water rain and melt off carry to have will rivers these since – rivers the these Moreover, now. is from water of discharge high with coincide could closures it than accessible less area will have to be closed more often, which makes the Rijnmond barrages water Therefore, (V&W,2010). situations dangerous to lead can they and quickly and frequently

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 53

of CO2 as the changing dynamic of the MP area might result in the departure of CO2 supplying businesses. 5.3.2 Energetic Landscape Renewable) Politics Completely Energy Warming; (No Impact on impacts severe no has Global warming global scenario, this In the MP-GP area in terms of sea level rise or temperature have changes major no because be either can This change. occurred or because mitigation and adaptation schemes have resulted into possibilities that provide activity to for continue in line with MPGP current trends. These will technology, of development the regulation, EU on depend Productivity predictable. fairly all are but etc. demographics 2009:41) (Lei, 3,5% about with increase will horticulture in while in the harbour container transhipment will increase to 17,6 million in 2020 (three times as much as in 1995). In this scenario energy politics will demand that have is met shifted by renewable to sources as a much as technologically possible. This will mean a huge change in the harbour area, since some of are its focused around prime fossil fuel energy. activities The landscape of the area will have changed as to facilitate the production of renewable energy through Also, some for of the old example businesses will have transformed . into newer ventures, while others are still at work (since fossil fuels also function as resource for than just goods as rather source for energy), either still production as fossil oil plants or as bio-based resource The shift to renewable energy will have changed plants. the way of production of greenhouses drastically. Since gas will no longer be used as primary source for heating, some of the greenhouses will have shifted to use geo-thermal heat, while others make use of the heat generated in the harbour area by applying a cascading system. Another option will be the use of aquifers for storage of redundant energy Using winter. the during use for summer the in heat

the Greenport area may have to find differenta source (lower costs, lower environmental impact etc). Furthermore, etc). impact environmental lower costs, (lower challenges but also opportunities in terms of sustainability of terms in opportunities also but challenges the production practice in the Greenport; offering huge in energy politics is likely to have huge impacts upon especially for the production of bio fuels. In short, a change a short, In fuels. bio of production the for especially the Greenport area may be administered to grow products products grow to administered be may area Greenport the be supplied through renewable sources. At the same time same the At sources. renewable through supplied be energy demand of greenhouses can be almost completely almost be can greenhouses of demand energy from wind turbines and bio-fuels from bio-digesters, the heat in the summer for use during the winter. Using energy Using winter. the during use for summer the in heat option will be the use of aquifers for storage of redundant harbour area by applying a cascading system. Another heat, while others make use of the heat generated in the of the greenhouses will have shifted to use geo-thermal no longer be used as primary source for heating, some of production of greenhouses drastically. Since gas will The shift to renewable energy will have changed the way production plants or as bio-based resource plants. than just as source for energy), either still as fossil oil fossil fuels also function as resource for goods rather into newer ventures, while others are still at work (since Also, some of the old businesses will have transformed renewable energy through for example wind turbines. area will have changed as to facilitate the production of focused around fossil fuel energy. The landscape of the in the harbour area, since some of its prime activities are technologically possible. This will mean a huge change appropriate appropriate measures to protect the land are taken. demand that is met by renewable sources as much as as pollution, destruction of property and crops) unless In this scenario energy politics will have shifted to a flooding to occur moreoften (leading to problems such before before (1998, 2004) and global warming may cause Also, Also, the has Westland been confronted with storm water ground ground water can lead to shortages and higher costs. 54 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab price. This will influence the amount of goods transported goods of amount the influence will price. This the of fluctuations huge with period time a after only but 2030, in USD 150-200 about to 2009:41) (LEI, 2020 in vat per 105 USD about to increased have will oil crude of price will The gas. and demand oil as such energy fuels fossil from our come of majority the that meaning Energy politics in this scenario will be ‘business as usual’, 1995). in as much as times (three 2020 in million 17.6 to increase will transhipment container harbour the in while in horticulture will increase with about 3.5% (Lei, 2009:41), demographics etc but are all fairly predictable. Productivity depend on EU regulation, the development of technology, will These trends. current MPGPwith line in continue for to activity provide that possibilities into resulted have schemes adaptation and mitigation because or occurred change. This can either be because no major changes have temperature or rise level sea of terms in area MP-GP the In this scenario, global warming has no severe impacts on Energy PoliticsBusinessasUsual) Warming; Global Impact (No pressures Oily 5.3.3 businesses. supplying CO2 of departure the in result might area MP the of dynamic changing the as CO2 of source a different find to have Furthermore, may area Greenport etc). the impact environmental (lower lower sustainability costs, challenges of terms huge in opportunities offering also but Greenport; the in practice energy in change a politics is likely to short, have huge impacts upon the production the In for fuels. bio especially of products production may grow area to Greenport administered the be time same the At sources. renewable through supplied be completely almost be can greenhouses of demand energy the bio-digesters, from bio-fuels and turbines wind from winter.energy the Using during use for for summer the in aquifers heat redundant of of storage use the be will option Another system. cascading a applying by area harbour the in generated

n teeoe cnmc ciiy ol cniu, some continue, could activity economic therefore and level) sea above meters 7 is which ‘Maasvlakte’ the on located already are businesses (most area harbour the in located businesses most on impacts immediate no have will level sea the of rise the Although severe. is scenario this in area MP-GP the on warming global of impact The Global Warming; EnergyPoliticsBusinessasUsual) Impact (Huge drown to or pump To 5.3.4 competitiveness. their worsen can and sector Greenport the and Mainport the both for insecurity to lead will this ‘business fashion, usual’ a as in executed be will politics energy if Thus, (ibid). competitiveness worsened to leading even ways, tonne) per numerous in production the affect can which Euros 2009), (LEI, 15-20 (about emission CO2 an pricing started thereby have sector, the for CO2 will for system trading government emission Dutch the 2013 climate. In and energy concerning policies on depending also however are The cultivation greenhouse in profitable. costs energy even and viable sector the making still thereby prices, consumer go increased will with hand production in of hand decrease and costs of increase The 2009). (LEI, onlya worldwide is producers of amount limited there while increase will international flowers the for because demand extent, as lesser decrease a to will but flowers well, of growing African The or European production. Greenport South the cheaper to of comparison in disadvantages competitive to due decrease will production vegetable especially cultivation; commitments. greenhouse impact will fuels fossil of price increased The legal of because 10%, to increased have will sector transport the the in fuels fuels, bio of fossil percentage from come will demand energy the of majority harbour.the the Although at arriving bulks the of composition the as well as area harbour the from and to

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 55

The severe impacts of global warming will also have an effect on the horticulture in the Greenport. Problems with ground water can lead to shortages and Also, the has Westland been confronted with storm water higher costs. before (1998, 2004) and global flooding to warming occur moreoften may (leading cause to problems such as pollution, destruction of property and crops) appropriate unless measures to protect the land are taken. usual’, as ‘business be will scenario this in politics Energy meaning that the majority of come our from fossil fuels energy such as oil demand and gas. The will price of crude oil will have increased to about USD 105 per vat in 2020 (LEI, 2009:41) to about 150-200 USD in 2030, but only after a time period with huge fluctuations of the This price. will influence the amount of goods transported to and from the harbour area as well as the composition of the bulks arriving at Although the the harbour. majority of the energy demand will come from percentage fossil of bio fuels, fuels in the the transport sector will have increased to 10%, because of legal The increased price of fossil fuels will impact greenhouse commitments. cultivation; especially vegetable production will decrease due to competitive disadvantages in comparison of to cheaper the South Greenport production. European or The African growing of well, flowers but will to a decrease lesser as extent, demand because for the flowers international will increase while therelimited amount of producers isworldwide only a (LEI, 2009). The increase of costs and decrease hand of in production hand with will increased go consumer prices, thereby still making the sector viable and even energy costs profitable.in greenhouse cultivation The are however also depending on policies concerning energy and In climate. 2013 the Dutch emission government trading system for will CO2 for the sector, have thereby started pricing an CO2 emission (about 15-20 Euros per tonne)

to be made to secure the position of the Rijnmond area. decline of economic activity. In any case, investments have investments case, any In activity. economic of decline the large impact of global warming will not lead to a severe a to lead not will warming global of impact large the and revenue collection or problems will be mitigated and large problems and therefore decrease of business activity business of decrease therefore and problems large be defined by adaptation strategies. This may lead to either to lead may This strategies. adaptation by defined be impacts on the area MP-GP will be huge, their will effects navigation and sea harbours. When global warming by global warming is crucial for the future of both inland Mitigation and adaptation to changing situations caused of goods is largely dependent on the inland navigation. competitiveness of the sea harbours, since transhipment (Knowledge for Climate, 2010). This will also influence the influence also will This 2010). Climate, for (Knowledge rivers thus changing the share of cargo in the modal spit lead to a decrease of cargo transported by boat over the be put under pressure due to climate change, this may competitiveness of the inland navigation, and both will Since costs and reliability are largely defining in the

ecology and maintaining the water level (V&W, 2010). more difficult to use the water for agri- and horticulture, which may amplify salinisation. It will therefore become the sea along the bottom of the rivers further inland, to current situations. This shifts the intrusion of salt from the rivers may decrease during the summer in comparison in summer the during decrease may rivers the time, due to climate change the discharge of water from outside the dikes more often and deeper. At the same in the future than is currently the case, flooding areas and rain water from the inland – leading to higher water the rivers – since these rivers will have to carry off melt closures could coincide with high discharge of water from area less accessible than it is now. Moreover, these have to be closed more often, which makes the Rijnmond Rijnmond the makes which often, more closed be to have situations situations (V&W,2010). Therefore, water barrages will frequently frequently and quickly and they can lead to dangerous and 130 cm in 2100) could lead to storm surges more The rising level of sea water (estimated at between 65 major major changes and adaptations will (have to) take place. 56 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab competitiveness. their worsen can and sector Greenport the and Mainport the both for insecurity to lead will this ‘business fashion, usual’ a as in executed be will politics energy if Thus, (ibid). competitiveness worsened to leading even ways, numerous in production the affect can which 2009), (LEI,

drechtsteden/ deltaprogramma/deelprogrammas/rijnmond_- at:http://www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/onderwerpen/water/ (2010). “Deltaprogramma”. Waterstaat en Accessed Verkeer van February Ministerie 20th V&W 2010, available nl/25222856-Projects.html knowledgeforclimate.climateresearchnetherlands.nl/ http:// at: available van 2010, 20th February regio”. Accessed effecten “De (2010). Climate for klimaatverandering op de binnenvaart via Knowledge de Rotterdamse Web sources Use and Develop to “How Scenarios” LongRangePlanning(20),pp105-114. (1987). S.P. Schnaars, 173. Technological161- pp (72), Change Social & Forecasting scenario analysisasastrategicmanagementtool”in Postma, T.J.B.M. De and F. Liebl, F (2009). (2005). “How en onzekerheden.Wageningen UniversityPress. to improve Instituut Economisch Landbouw Perspectieven 2020. naar Nederland in sector agrarische LEI System” inOliverWyman Journal(26),pp20-29. Financial Global Great the for the Scenarios “Past and Outlook (2009). Unwind, Turnbull A. and J. Hobart, How World: Runaway (1999) Anthony Globalization isReshapingOurLives.London:Profile. Giddens, New a Towards Society: Modernity. New Delhi:Sage Risk (1992). Ulrich Beck, Journal sources References provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 57

area. least national politics and therefore not only applicable to the MP-GP MP-GP the to applicable only not therefore and politics national least countries), while energy politics is always a matter of global or at will differ greatly in type and scope between different areas and warming we will only look at local impact (because these impacts scenarios. This is especially because in terms of impact of global to be separated enough for the purpose of developing our future highly uncertain and debated upon, we assume these developments these assume we upon, debated and uncertain highly other. However, since the However, causality or other. interdependence of the two is 11 11 We acknowledge that these two are somewhat related to each problematic. propositions which are uncertain and therefore perceived to be are strived for to be improved, but may also refer to situations or 10 The word problem can refer to problematic situations which will be produced. it is possible for societies to assess the level of risk that is being or risks. Since these are it the is product argued of human that activity, of modernization itself (such as pollution, crime); thus manufactured However, However, modern societies are exposed to risks that are the result have usually been perceived as produced by non-human forces. been subjected to a level of risk (such as natural disasters) these (Beck, 1992:21). Both authors argue that while humans have always have humans while that argue authors Both 1992:21). (Beck, and insecurities induced and introduced by modernization itself Ulrich Beck defines it as a systematic way of dealing with hazards generates the notion of risk”(Giddens, 1999:3), while sociologist increasingly preoccupied with the future (and also with safety), which safety), with also (and future the with preoccupied increasingly According to sociologist Anthony Giddens, a risk society is “a society society “a is society risk a Giddens, Anthony sociologist to According societies organise in response to risk, including environmental risks. “Risk Society”, which describes the manner in which modern 9 This becomes manifest in what some authors have called the 58 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Illustration: NISP, Industrial Symbiosis Program 2009 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 59

This increasing societal complexity is the result of trends such as internationalisation, informatisation, integration and individualisation, which have led to the emergence of the network-society (Castells, 1996) – which is a society where key social structures and activities are organized around electronically processed information networks. These persistent problems effects of (which modernisation) can only be are dealt with through the specific types of networkand decision-making processes adverse (Loorbach, 2010:161) that learning, give interaction, special integration attention (Loorbach and to and experimentation Van implemented Raak, solution 2005:2), will reflexively because leadin the every societal structures, thus changes to transforming the original problem itself (ibid).[12] Over power of the central government to last develop and implement decades, policies the in a top-down manner has decreased, leading to diffuse policymaking structures and processes in which interaction between all sorts of actors in networks upon often support and consensus societal (temporary) produce which policy decisions are based (Loorbach, 2010:161). problems persistent its society, of complexity the Combining and the diffuse character of governance has led of form integrative to an management”; “transition of the concept development. sustainable for approach an as governance Transition management aims at the development of portfolio of management a strategies to influence different types of developments and can be considered as a form of multi-level governance whereby state and non-state actors are brought together to co-produce and coordinate policies in an iterative different policy levels (Loorbach and and Van Raak, 2005:4). evolutionary manner Governance processes based on on transition management are designed to create space for short-term innovation and develop long-term to sustainability desired societal visions transitions linked (Loorbach, 2010:163). Chapter 6 Chapter a MP- Creating network for GP information

norms and values (Loorbach and Van Raak, 2005:2). and involve different actors with different perspectives, in different societal domains, occur on different levels unstructured and highly complex because they are rooted are they because complex highly and unstructured under the header of ‘sustainable development’, are mind. These persistent problems, which are thus targeted thus are which problems, persistent These mind. way of dealing with these problems (governance)) in (of society itself, of the problems facing society and the with on the very long term, while keeping the complexity target those persistent problems that can only be dealt governance approach is needed in order to effectively are targeted to become more sustainable – a specific industrial systems such as the Mainport and Greenport the larger societal system – which is the case when affect affect the enterprises involved, but have effects on the same. Especially when these benefits do not only on priorities, strategies and activities and implementing address challenges and opportunities by jointly agreeing accrued by targeted joint actions in which stakeholders the firms involved. However, some benefits can only be in past often accrued despite any planned efforts by from being located in close proximity to each have other, The positive effects of which enterprises can benefit 6.1 Introduction 60 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab The fourth paragraph will elaborate on how the creation of the ‘owning’ of network and its knowledge will be included in this section. discussion A complex. MP-GP the for valuable and innovative stay to order in interactive and in the second paragraph – the network ought to be flexible network. It is an initial design, because – as we will explain knowledge a for design initial an thus transition; the of up will come up with players that could collaborate in the start transition arena and a network for the creating MPGP case. in Here, we in-depth more go will paragraph third The a sharedvision. creating in opportunities and threats to leading involved, actors of perspectives various the in similarities as well as differences pinpoint can which analysis, discourse of practice the to attention special devote (spill-over also will It effect). organisation of level higher a to spread can transition the network, flexible a through information and knowledge sharing By practices. current than sustainable more are that future the for alternatives innovative offer management. Transition transition management is focused on those practices that to regard with created be can network social industrial an such how with continue will described as a specific type of social network, this section transition management. of Starting processes with a in section on used why methodologies industry can and be on In order to do so, the next paragraph is devoted to theories area. MP-GP the in processing and producing of way light of transition management towards a more sustainable can be build for the advancement of the MP-GP area in the is networks innovation of chapter kind what researching to devoted This policies. influence and reform (social) for agendas visions, shared en create which Bedrijfsleven), Maatschappij Overheid, de Kenniswereld (KOMBi, networks, innovation including business, government, science, and civil society broad include processes These

onais epcal i Csels ntok society’, ‘network Castell’s in firm especially transcend boundaries, can relationships interpersonal strong certain of networks social because is imply.This models thaneconomic firm) one (within interactions intrafirm to order less and firms) different between interactions (thus interactions interfirm to order more is there that argues A ‘social-network model’ was therefore put forward, which system. economic the within institutionalized is trust that than rather (ibid) schemes) penalty and incentive internal substitute for trust (which is evidenced by the existence of between a as act primarily organization individual the within actors contracts explicit and have implicit the sociologists that argued However, (520). system (i.e. the economic trust within that institutionalized means becomes non-opportunism) clustering), industrial the in be can case (which coordinated and internalized be to transactions allow that organizations of economy development the marketcontracting pure perspective, this From 2000:519). McCann, and (Gordon a in and rationality[13] opportunism bounded by caused problems cost transaction- to response rational a be to institutions and organizations hierarchical of development and existence the perceives which approach, neo-institutionalist the is approaches main the of One ways. different of number a in theorized been has clustering industrial of concept The .. Cutrn o idsr a a oil network social a as industry of Clustering 6.2.1 innovation networkfortheMP-GP an area creating for methodology and theory 6.2 Industrial Clusters as Social Networks: e netgtd n srtge fr eln wt those with dealing presented. will for strategies opportunities and and investigated be threats The government. and Netherlands Greenport(s) harbour, Rotterdam the area: dominant discourse the used the by some investigating of the and most by important actors Mainport in done the the is This in Greenport. actors main the of some by contravened or stimulated be can network knowledge the

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 61 willingness to take certain kinds of risks. kinds take certain to willingness The social-network model is thus independent of spatial applications (although it is possible, a it necessary is condition), merely because not social essentially a form of networks durable social capital, created (and are maintained) through a combination of social history and ongoing collective action. In this sense, is their strength inherently problematic, accumulation depending of trust, upon circumstances monitoring a of others’ which behaviour, a prior source facilitate of leadership and/or a sense of common expectation of interest, significant as gains well (Olsen, 1965). as to the club Access will therefore depend on the past experience and routine interaction as well as on investments of effort in developing personal relations and McCann, trust 2000:520). This is expressed in the importance (Gordon and indirect, and direct both 1973), (Granovetter, ties’ ‘weak of and more pluralistic and of sets extensive more cultivate actors which in strategies open-ended networkbuilding links, particularly with betterconnected actors, which may prove to be more useful than committing to any ‘club’. The single networks are thus of dynamic and expanding character. 6.2.1.1 The issue of trust All relationships in an industrial social network depend to some extent on trust. At is first needed instance, about information the other alliances party – which in are both relationships building blocks and of networks. Eventually, the need for information substituted by a willingness to may trust. can Trust be defined be partially is and given a as take can one which life of areas mean to of type and amount what deciding in factor fundamental a information will be presented towards other parties. Trust derives from learned, usually interactive, (Tomkins, 2001:168). The process experiences of trust building itself depends upon information as well as the appropriateness being sustained, the intensity of the interactions and the causes differences in the types of relations that are shared beliefs vary between different networks, which groups, the strengths of the norms and the nature of the on the social and political context).[14] The size of these simply the outcome of economic decisions but depend institutions and sets of assumptions (they thus are not to the situation that they depend upon shared norms, of ‘embeddedness’ of the social network, which refers The strength of the relationships is described as the level

project or activity. project or activity. sufficient to ensure the implementation of a particular situations where neither price signals nor monitoring are is comprised of a set of transitive private relationships in These behavioural features imply that the social network mutually beneficial goals. 3) firms are willing to act as a group in support of common of support in group a as act to willing are firms 3) fear of reprisals 2) firms are willing to reorganise their relationships without relationships their reorganise to willing are firms 2) opportunism risky cooperative and jointventures without fear of 1) firms within the socialnetwork are willing to undertake features of this trust-based behaviour: features of this trust-based (ibid). Gordon and McCann (2000:520) identify three key contracting or hierarchically organised relationships from the behaviour associated with either pure market- relationships will mean that the actions of the firm will differ differ will firm the of actions the that mean will relationships different firms or organisations, the existence of these trust these of existence the organisations, or firms different individuals who have decision-making power in a group of group a in power decision-making have who individuals than a weakness. When there are relationships among relationships is viewed as being a potential strength rather rather strength potential a being as viewed is relationships on interpersonal trust, and the informality of these These interpersonal relationships depend crucially

may be stronger than their intrafirmcounterparts (ibid). with the result that many interfirm social interactions 62 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab is the level of a specific socio-technical domain and refers regimes of level The landscape. external an and regime dominant a niches, in innovations are there other: influencing each are which levels multiple in simultaneously analyzed and apparent become This transitions 2005:5). because Raak, is Van and (Loorbach actor one control and by command of terms in managed be to high too is transitions of complexity the as process multi-actor a definition by 2010:166). is transitions these (Loorbach, of management The innovation endogenous by sustainability) for or call external the as by (such society pressure in under changes put society are in regimes) and structures (called dominant (sub-)systems the societal when about in come change structural of processes are Transitions development. sustainable for approach governance new a is management Transition an create industrial socialnetworkforsustainability to how management: Transition 6.2.2 (185). settings interorganisational and goal) interpersonal common a both in applicable are trust of observations towards These (174). certain cooperation of (thus mastery and events for trust actions to collaborative willingness planning establishing goals: therefore two the information has of to sharing value The involved. of the parties something trust: deliver of must existence the relationship that more relationship upon the depends continue to willingness the However, trust. of growth the without develop not will A relationship (169). variables personal and cultural on dependent important aswell.Becauseofallthis,trustiscontextually are meaning repeated and continuity of expectation The variable. is it in information of role the which in process, (Tomkins, 2001:174). The building of trust is thus a dynamic each party varies according by to the stage of needed the relationship information and trust: interdependence, intensity, of state the trust experience, of stages on through built are relationships depends which information of 2010:168-9). It is thus focused on culture and its problem its and culture on focused thus is It 2010:168-9). (Loorbach, anticipation long-term and setting norm and goal strategic collective formulation, development, goal long-term vision discussions, of processes involves which management, strategic is first The management. This framework 2005). distinguishes between three types of transition Raak, Van and (Loorbach developed framework[15] was transition multi-level a prescriptive, too becoming or involved complexity the of without much too frameworks losing management practical into this of all translate to order In solutions. imagined and problems own place and role in the system and rephrasing perceived co- adapting the views of adaptation, the actors, making them negotiation, redefineor their changing thereby dispute, sometimes and of production, processes in results stakeholders between interaction and from, Participation adjustment. mutual partisan and coalitions advocacy of idea the upon builds therefore management Transition level. the system objectives at plans, adjustable and or blueprint flexible be should objectives specific of formulation the with odds at is system the of complexity the Because 2010:167). (Loorbach, scenarios of use the through developments future on reflection the and goals term long on based be should goals term short of setting the crucial; is thinking term long levels, different these of Because influential. mutually are levels the and dynamic are characteristics their that means which evolutionary, co- and adaptive (ibid). are trends levels and three These political values, social cultures, the of build environment and consisting economic development occur, change of landscape is the overall societal setting in the which of processes level The (ibid). practices organisational new and ideas new regulations, and rules new technologies, new including tested, and created are novelties which in level the are Niches (3). decision-making guiding and stability rules and informal technologies that pertain in the domain, giving it and formal practices, dominant institutions: to

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 63 iterative iterative character of the transition cycle as a whole. In the transition design of present a we will that paragraph, arena. This is a of perceptions various which within backgrounds, different small network of frontrunners the MP-GP problem with / challenge and possible directions for solutions can be deliberately confronted other and with subsequently integrated (Loorbach, 2010:173). each To be involved, the actors have of their the own transition perception issue in backgrounds and question perspective. These from people participate their specific on a personal basis and not as a representative of their institution or based on their organizational background, this condition is in line with the transdisciplinary method of the Xplorelab. Transdisciplinary collaboration makes sense if the problems exceed interdisciplinary the team: a sum of competency expertise is not enough, of an there is a multiplication of expertise needed. Xplorelab offers a safe to chemist a allows setting This place. take can processes arena where problems certain so way, certain a in these designer urban an be cross-disciplinary created. is knowledge transdisciplinary and solved be can they and 10-15), (max. actors many too be not should There are identified and selected based on their competences, interests, and backgrounds (ibid). These frontrunners are problems complex consider to ability the have to expected at a high level of abstraction; the ability to look beyond the limits of their own discipline and background; enjoy a certain level of authority within various networks; have the ability to establish and explain visions of sustainable development within their own networks; think and work together, and be open for innovation instead willing to of already having specific solutions in mind(173-4). 6.2.3. Discourse analysis: keep your friends close and your enemies closer In accomplishing cooperation between exchange MP of and information GP, and knowledge is crucial,

‘design’ the first component because of the dynamic and dynamic the of because component first the ‘design’ will elaborate on the first component, since one can only can one since component, first the on elaborate will As for the scope of this report, in the third paragraph we and coalitions. experiments and make adjustments in the vision, agenda vision, the in adjustments make and experiments 4. Monitor, evaluate, and learn lessons from the transition transition the from lessons learn and evaluate, Monitor, 4. mobilize the resulting transition networks; 3. Establish and carry out transition experiments and the necessary transition paths; 2. Develop future images, a transition agenda and derive derive and agenda transition a images, future Develop 2. transition arena; term sustainability vision and establish and organize the 1. Structure the problem in question, develop a long- four components: transfer of knowledge (Loorbach and Van Raak, 2005:7). Raak, Van and (Loorbach knowledge of transfer management cycle (Loorbach, 2010:172) consists of organization of sustainable innovation and the constant management approach. This socalled transition of these three levels should in practice result in the transition the implementing for basis a as model process are concrete and short-term oriented. The combination their accessory instruments are captured in a cyclical project-building and implementation take place. These The organisation of these management types and operational level in which processes of experimenting, and routines (169). The third level is that of the institutions, organizations and networks, infrastructure patterns and structures, such as rules and regulations, building in order to question and influence established of agenda-building, negotiation, networking and coalition coalition and networking negotiation, agenda-building, of in the mid-term (5- 15 years) (ibid). It involves processes processes involves It (ibid). years) 15 (5- mid-term the in looking at institutions and regimes and their transformation transformation their and regimes and institutions at looking management management is tactical, which focuses on structures by long term (30 years) (171). The second type of transition transition of type second The (171). years) (30 term long of activities is the whole system and the time scale is scope involves the societal system as a whole. The level The whole. a as system societal the involves scope 64 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab nepeain ad enns f oil hnmn are phenomena them. social of of meanings and interpretation Interpretations our of do phenomena independently social exist ofview’: not ‘point our defines it from escaped – be to not can and things affect all on view They our 2003:90). and (Fischer, social relationships to meaning physical social give that concepts and ideas of ensemble an thus 1995:264). is discourse A game’. the (Hajer,of realities’ rules the ‘defining in social important are discourses Therefore and given physical is meaning which to through and practices ‘a specific of set particular a into transformed as and reproduced produced, defined is that categorizations is and concepts ideas, of become ensemble discourse discourses A socialisation; of important. process the In productive. reduces also but repressive merely not power it makes because effective more resistance while simultaneously internalises consent. This it makes coercion, physical which or force naked through than rather inherited) are ideologies and customs norms, which (in socialisation of process the occurs shape to ability power the through of exercising The (Hannigan,2006:53). democratic wholly and symmetrical rarely are power relationships of corporations), multinational example (for others. of actions Although the it is not just a on weapon wielded by the ruling class bear to brought be may that procedures and techniques instruments, in manifested Itis businesses. and government firms, as such actors which are of importance for cooperation between different relations, social in embedded action human everyday of feature a as power and conceptualises Foucault power knowledge. between relationship the of understanding Foucauldian in expressed is This with. knowledge their share to (not) who the decide can and knowledge the manifest of owner or latent be can Both knowledge nature: ambiguous 2009:22). of however are (Smeets, information and knowledge productivity increased source of essential the is knowledge because especially

h dsore i patc. bet ad cin acquire actions and Objects practice. in decipher discourses the to means a and as (documents) language (interviews) written spoken analyzing to approaches of number a for term general a is (DA) analysis Discourse cooperation. into persuaded be might they which in ways to know the ‘language’ of these stakeholders: this indicates useful is it stakeholders, main the by acceptance thereby of a knowledge network) is dependent on its spill-over and since the successfulness of the transition arena (in the form of the same issue) (Marsh and Stoker, 2002:35). Especially differentnarrations by resisted be always will it dominate, may discourse one (while discourses various are there issue, same the on clear.Thus, become will cooperation for problems create thus and values) clashing or interpretations of (because disagree those actors which Also, on issues cooperation. successful for opportunities create thus and agree actors which on issues those us to main actors involved (=stakeholders). These can point out the of – chances) as what and problematic as interpreted define what is considered meaningful (for example what is MP-GP complex, it is the important to decipher the in discourses – which cooperation of centrality the of Because knowledge. of aspects important become other) the of one’sexpressed example image (for opinions that means which knowledge, interpretational or factual[16] on based be therefore can created storylines The unconsciously. also but manner, conscious a in happen can storylines these of creating The claims. knowledge and agendas storylines become deeply embedded in societal al,2005:379).These institutions, et (Gelcich alternatives defining and an action; mobilising action; validating and meaning creating through interpreted is world interrelated set of ‘storylines’, which have a triple mission: the discourse, a In 2002:26). Stoker, and (Marsh traditions or discourses crucial and can only be established and understood within

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 65 not only encompasses the logic of empirical falsification, it falsification, empirical of logic the encompasses only not operates it which in questions normative the includes also by looking at interconnections among the empirical data, normative assumptions that structure our understandings in involved judgements interpretive the world, social the of the data-collecting process, the particular circumstances (ibid). conclusions specific the and context, situational a of In deciphering these different some leading questions layers, as provided by Gee (1999). Gee we have used (1999:85-6) argues that one can distinguish six building tasks through which we use language to construct and/ or construe situations at a given certain time way: semiotic and (communicative systems, place systems in a of knowledge and ways of knowing); world building (what is taken as real/unreal and possible/impossible); activity identity situated socioculturally on); going is (what building relationships and identities (what building relationship and are relevant to the interaction with their attitudes, values, ways of feeling etc); nature and relevance political of social goods such as status and building (construct the power); and connection building All (past-present-future). these building blocks were translated questions (appendix by B) that Gee make apparent into the specific characteristics of a certain discourse. These questions were used in understanding the dominant discourses of be will which area; MP-GP the in actors main the of some chapter. the topic of the fourth paragraph of this 6.3 Designing the Arena Transition for the Complex MP-GP As argued above, understood as a industrial functioning network. Building cooperation network such for a innovative can practices can be be by applying accomplished principles from transition management. This paragraph is devoted to the step organization of of the the transition first management a transition cycle arena. This by arena consists creating of a number of

interpretations, opinion, and evaluation (ibid). The DA is typically a complex blend of factual statements, on circumstance (191). The structure of an argument premises in practical argumentation and their dependency their and argumentation practical in premises and motivational factor, recognizing the partiality of the the broader light of historical context, affective influences, affective context, historical of light broader the (181). In the DA, issues of fact and value are assessed in assessed are value and fact of issues DA, the In (181). designed to logically lead to conclusions; the ‘ought’ part) ‘ought’ the conclusions; to lead logically to designed and arguments (which are structured around premises through a plot and represents the ‘is’ part of the frame) distinction between narratives (which tie together a story a together tie (which narratives between distinction guidelines as provided by Fischer (2003). He makes a in the normative (viewpoints) (Fischer, 2003:viii). structure the process. In our research, we have used particular the way the empirical (practice) is embedded which guidelines are there non-existent, is DA a exercise understanding of the interactions that construct reality; in reality; construct that interactions the of understanding Although a clear-cut methodology through which to seeks to show that we need a much more refined 2001:193). (May, symbols its of terms in text the of ‘reading’ are uttered (Fischer 2003:47). A discourse approach circumstances. The task of the analyst becomes a from the institutional-discursive contexts in which they particular under audience an addressing actor conscious meanings, motives and actions take their meanings Qualitative content analysis views the author as a self- it and those who receive it and therefore discursive based on the interpretations of both those who speak of the world rather than merely reflecting it. It is always reproduced by text and talk. Language shapes our view and it focuses on the ways in which dominant ideas are In DA; language is viewed as a form of social practice order that its content is understood (May, 2001:191). to be situated within a theoretical frame of reference in (and spoken words) do not stand on their own, but need in a language (a wider web of meanings). Documents meaning meaning – – become only ‘real’ when they have a place 66 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab table above shows, the participants are diverse enough diverse are the participants the As shows, above table other. each to relation in complimentary were selected people the if and competencies their check to had wemerely participant; anetwork of profile general the fit would that people selected only had we interviews, the conducting before research desk thorough our to Due order.alphabetical in surname on E appendix in table the the interviews are aligned with each other and arranged in of results The conducted. have interviews 14 eventually advance, so interview, the in participate to available was everyone in Not conducted. listed table network the questions on based were which asked approximately we of minutes interview 20 an During telephone. by persons the all contacted we Steekelenburg van Marco Mainport a of approval from the and Greenport) the from ten perspective, persons (ten key-persons twenty of selection colleagues. After and organizations amongst or innovative sustainable ambitions and some authority within of possession in were interviewed be to persons the that certain Westland-Oostland’, be would we way this In ‘Greenport Triagilitas. by published booklet Network the from taken were others 2009, 18th September on held excursion Mainport-Greenport the of participants of list Steekelenburgs van the Marco by of delivered were Some contacts businesses. and society organisations, governmental diverse and knowledge from a stakeholders of guaranteed list approach & This Maatschappij Bedrijfsleven). Overheid, KOMBi (Kenniswereld, the using approach selected were interviewees Greenport. and These Mainport the both from selected have been innovation, sustainable endeavour to willingness the with persons’, ‘key Twenty start. of could interviewees selection the C), (appendix contacted data enter people could about we which in table a composing After Greenport area; people who can ‘think outside of the and/or box’. Mainport the in involved frontrunners innovative

ie upr ad omncto t oties A good A outsiders. to communication and support wide and Gemeente Westland are necessary to create enthusiasm, Milieufederatie like organisations issues, practical have the capacity to start Priva and up Prominent WUR, and demonstration knowledge develop projects. and Besides Many organisations have the ability to build bridges, share Greenport. and Mainport between facilitates synergy This future other. the each interviewees to 14 connected of already out are 10 least at of network and large stakeholders a in embedded are interviewees the All evolves. transition of process the might as handy which in come agencies and businesses other organizations, to connections of plenty have they Furthermore, innovation. sustainable to open very are flexible and a mindset have to seem interviewees All employment. and education of problems similar facing Greenport, and Mainport of position economic the mentioned participants the of Some development. and sharing knowledge and biorefinery navigation), transport inland and transport (conditioned and logistics energy, in (CO2, innovation streams materials), water, waste of exchange synergy; on focus mainly cooperation MP-GP the for suggested surprisingly solutions The development. sustainable for ambition not and willingness their practices, by selected were persons the sustainable because are in interviewees the involved All businesses. and institutions and legislation barriers and the gap between governmental political mindset, and behaviour in change consumption, were mentioned issues mainly focused on reduction of water, The material and energy with. employed are they mainly angle, influenced by their backgrounds and through organisation different a from sustainability perceived which enough interviewees All cooperation. and understanding similar enables being also while practices; and ideas innovative and new for space creates which each other off feed to ideas) competencies, background, (in

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 67 Figure 6.1: Excelleren! Greenport(s) Nederland vision Figure 6.1: Excelleren! Greenport(s) The report starts by emphasising its iterative character due to the ‘instability cluster of has become such an the important pier of the Dutch world’. The economy due horticulture to ‘passion, talent and economy’ and it is 6.4.1 Greenport(s) Nederland 6.4.1 Greenport(s) (fig. 2040” Visie Nederland Greenport(s) “Excelleren! their In the on vision a presents Network[17] Greenport(s) the 6.1) horticulture sector which is developed in cooperation with running athletes with report a in Presented itself. sector the all clear: is symbolism the cover, the on line finish a towards the be can one only but goal, same the towards run athletes The winner. Dutch Greenport industry must keep up with other international competitors in order stay in the game. 6.4 Considering other players: discourse parties involved three of analysis dominant the of some investigate will we paragraph this In discourses used by some of the most important actors in the area as to estimate if and how the creation of the knowledge network can be stimulated or contravened by some of the main actors in the MP-GP area. For these analyses we have used actor involved. desired future of the documents envisioning the

to cooperate and successful outcomes of the network. because this will increase the chances of willingness however that these guidelines must be somewhat flexible, somewhat be must guidelines these that however as to how to deal with these issues. It should be noted participants themselves come up with some guidelines to share knowledge. It is therefore important that the participants may grow over time, so might the willingness the might so time, over grow may participants and willing to cooperate Also, before. since trust among searched for people that have proved to be team players team be to proved have that people for searched In the case of the MP-GP network however, we have sensitive for an organization to be shared with others. Some information or knowledge can be considered too game’ with respect to sharing information and knowledge. and information sharing to respect with game’ establishing and maintaining the network is the ‘rules of the of ‘rules the is network the maintaining and establishing One important aspect that should be considered in communicate with a variety of actors in different settings. different in actors of variety a with communicate transition manager has a broad interest and is able to meetings and processes. It is important that the the spill in the network, initiating and coordinating appoint a transition manager; this person will become on sustainable synergetic interactions. It is important to cases in the Mainport-Greenport context, with a focus development of demonstration projects and business fresh ideas). The goal of the network could be the be broad enough for the participants to come up with above) and formulating an assignment (which should due to the necessity of trust building as mentioned start up face actual personal contact would be preferred space (which could be partially virtual, although in the process is to facilitate the cooperation by creating a work a creating by cooperation the facilitate to is process of the MP-GP transition arena. The next step in the This list of people would, in our view, be a good start

term an overarching organisation could be established. the mutual benefits are from both sides. On the longer of a platform of knowledge sharing; this makes clear what what clear makes this sharing; knowledge of platform a of starting point to induce cooperation would be the formation formation the be would cooperation induce to point starting 68 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab nweg t te mlmnain f nweg. These knowledge. of of implementation the development to the knowledge from shift a as well as innovation open to closed from shift a foresees It individuals’. and organisations firms, between connections the changes is defined as ‘cross-organisational innovation which hugely and and experience’. physicality The of vision cluster speaks terms of system in innovation, horticulture which consumers and the society the between relation the of in accomplishing the biggest challenge: the ‘strengthening aspects key are sustainability and innovation Knowledge, to multi-modal. will increase,whiletransportationshiftfromunimodal parks agro of number the that expected is It environment. example for living attractive an to contributions and production energy with flowers) ‘greens’(plants, and food of production the combining ‘multi-functional’ become have and a green environment’’; while horticulture companies will increase of the availability and affordability of healthy food be an increase of employment opportunities as well as an will ‘there normal’; is networks and chains in production steered ‘consumer that argued is It 2040. in like look will sector the what of picture a drawing by continues report the authenticity’, and sustainability health, convenience, to society as a whole. Stating that ‘generation Y will pursue sustainable. These are applied to the sector itself as well as strengthening, connecting, innovating, and becoming more earning, view: of points five from up drawn is report The excellence. of one the vision: which the in expresses favoured already is option vision the of title The engaged (inwhich with). are pro-actively or ‘excel’ opportunities and difficulties ‘consolidate’; profitable); sector is horticulture a that that for full meaning to be will squandered; Netherlands the like something “potverteren” is presented: (which are 2040 in Netherlands the in industry horticulture the for scenario’s Three well. as future the in important be will aspects these that stated

Figure 6.2:Port Vision Rotterdam2020 ‘large scale’. and ‘industry’ ‘efficiency’, are vision their from keywords the of some and Quality” for “Space is vision their of title of Rotterdam and the State are the only shareholders. The the from perspective although of the 2020 harbour government, business, since the from municipality in vision a Harbour fact Rotterdam in is the of vision future The 6.4.2 RotterdamHarbour an important challenge, but not so much as problematic. as much so not of but challenge, as important an viewed scarcity is labour The and water energy, improved. soil, resources, be can environment and energy labour, of cluster costs of internalisation the that of states example the it important’, is see international thinking ‘cyclical that Arguing innovation. to the like as would Greenport Greenport(s) vision, their In communication. consumer and logistics sustainability, in for changes space, of calls lack health, politics, by energy decentralisation, caused are innovations

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 69 a growing commitment to corporate social responsibility between connection harmonious a for opportunities ‘create to according area’, populated densely the and harbour the the vision. The vision continues by sketching six different types of quality harbours which the Rotterdam harbour can strive to be. These are: the ‘versatile harbour’; the ‘sustainable harbour’; the ‘knowledge harbour’; the ‘quick and safe harbour’; the ‘attractive harbour’; and the ‘clean harbour’. The emphasis of the types necessary of for developments the establishment of such an differ from ideal ‘more infrastructure’ type to ‘more ‘stimulating nature areas’ that to states vision The businesses’. of ‘clustering and facilitating of through sharing utilities and cooperation making use of each others’ between waste streams’ ought companies to be strived for while investing in knowledge development through facilitating cooperation between diverse actors.[18] Although the vision is thus quite elaborate, it is important to notice types are that all compartmental: the rather than presenting ideal one overall vision in which all the aspects are incorporated, it was chosen to present the ideal parts This separately. implies that combining the elements at is least too impossible difficult to or tackle in the near future (2020). The most important dilemma formulated for as the a near question: transportation ‘how future streams with can is an increase the in security and increase better of environmental quality be combined and how can both the harbour and the city develop without hampering each other?’ Although the interpretable vision in multiple ways, is there is quite an emphasis on open cooperation and (with other practices sustainable harbours, to transitions and etc.) organizations with environmental (combined heat and power, recycling, waste to energy). 6.4.3 Westland The municipality of Westland has vision on the developed development of the Greenport its area in light own

development of technology, creativity and regulation and regulation and creativity technology, of development and a growing demand to specialist knowledge’. Further area which both create ‘opportunities for a new dynamic the energy market – and the expansion of the industrial from new industrial developments – especially those on connections to the hinterland’ the harbour can profit upon as well. Due to the deep fairway and ‘excellent Nevertheless, the opportunities presented are elaborated are presented opportunities the Nevertheless, consequences for the Rotterdam region as a whole. wise the threats will be transformed into major negative the vision: something needs to happen because other are started with before the opportunities set the tone of opportunities (‘through quality’), but the fact that threats activities. These threats are counterbalanced by harbour activities and the risks involved in harbour opportunities; the lack of space; encumbrance from the spatial quality of the environment in the region. people living in the area without ample employment and the region; and contribute to an improvement of international competition; the many low educated strengthening the economical structure of the city with a list of threats that the harbour has to deal with: of the harbour and industrial complex; contribute to The elaboration of how to tackle these objectives starts 2020: amplifying the international competitiveness a threefold objective for the upcoming period until of Rotterdam as a whole, the municipality developed liveliness”). Because of its important role for the city arrangements (“knowledge development, culture and cargo and impressive technology”) and less tangible the city itself, in terms of tangible arrangements (“ships, emphasised emphasised to be important for both the harbour and of employment while being ‘dynamic’. This dynamic is increase increase of the economic value of the harbour in terms Their Their primary goal is defined as themaintenance and 70 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab ubr f emns f otclue a el developed well a a in horticulture: leader of market segments world of a number stay to – able argue it make –they that qualities specific some has Westland andknowledge’. practice ‘uniting in benefit Zuid-Holland) their shows (Kennisalliantie province the knowledge of the alliance in municipality the of participation problems. The municipality sustainability diverse unconventional the the tackle in to contribute solutions cellars, to willingness water its shows so-called greenhouses the floating and for opportunities more offering and stacking through Westland. land of use multiple Emphasising Greenport strengthen and to involved together get to agencies even work organizations governmental ‘Greenport-thought’ stakeholder other upon and the call and developing further in pioneering a have role should they argue They next years. the 15 in NGO’s and to industry appealing and trade more inhabitants, become to goals ‘ambitious’ their be mentioning to claims Westland of municipality The developed. be to is market this and if must environment a use, are for space) energy conditions and (water Sustainable producing emphasised. agricultural is from produce sources and resources quality high medicine, energy, producing and developing by market new whole a creating of sector. possibility innovative The in the and Mainport can lead to the creation knowledge of a whole new and and Westland infrastructure on process technology and the pharmaceuticals knowledge in of horticulture combination on the that suggesting while made, as is sector the harbour to importance Rotterdam of hub transportation the to connection the Quickly sector. horticulture the in functions of dependence and connectedness mutual the is area the of strength major of the horticulture industry in the area, it is argued that the emphasising the innovative and entrepreneurial character by Starting trends. and developments societal larger of

perceptions. It is important however, because these their citizens influence to it is harder Even citizens. stakeholders: of group important another of connection MP-GP the of development the concerning perceptions the into insight network. Another important the point to notice of here is that outcomes it is hard new to gain establishment create to the and ability of players and success main the these for of consequences organization the within developments to attention close pay should – manager in transition the especially sustainability – network The area. MP-GP of the pursuit the in cooperation towards – discourses and – attitudes their change slowly to not them for will actors, these with network cooperate and the communicate way the on depends much However, involved. players main these of any by threatened be not development of our suggested knowledge network should new forms of organization and sharing of knowledge. The for need the acknowledging future, the in business with focused on the need for a more sustainable way of are dealing vision, commonalities These future too. commonalities their have emphasise they to importance discourses of analysed Discourses= aspects different three Existing all Although + Success? Network 6.4.4 its greenandenvironmentallyfriendlycharacter. an emphasise to and order in image sectors the of levels; improvement government different of clustering and Two group. between cooperation here: project importance big of broad are things a develop to initiative and expertise their offer and stakeholders of number a with The municipality stresses the importance to work together practices. innovative new with combination its in be improved to amongst need aspects ingenuity these all However, high and entrepreneurs. and Rotterdam Mainport Schiphol, the Mainport to distances transport short system, distribution dense a network, knowledge

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 71 to inform and convince society advantages of of creating the such a necessity complex. The and proposed network should therefore not Some citizens. with also but businesses, and government only communicate with of the people in the suggested mentioned network their have communicative already skills (and some connections have to important societal new a prevent and support create to these employ should organizations) and ‘deltaplan-disaster’ from happening. 6.5 Concluding remarks 6.5 Concluding Especially projects. innovative in factor key a is Cooperation when long-term goals as to promote sustainability pursued, are the inclusion of Establishing insights. multiple new fruitful actors provide may from perspectives different a flexible knowledge network with people different from organizations involved will help to establish a transition in the MP-GP complex towards more integrative practices. The network should focus evidence on based gathering knowledge and as sharing development, well using social, environmental as and economic shared value perspectives. A transition is a long-term results may not process be noticeable initially. and However, starting necessary a is network a implementing by process the up first step. This chapter that has provided could be approached as to abe the first list members of of people this flexible transition network. An informationcould network become the basis for the implementation of NISP (National Industrial Symbiosis Programme). NISP is an innovative business opportunity programme, that could offer the framework for exchanging residuals (e.g. bio- waste, industrial waste) in the MP-GP complex. NISP is a successful English program that could be introduced in the Netherlands (www.nisp.org.uk).

a MP-GP connection, special attention has to be given the big players are compatible with the idea of creating organizations. Thus, although the discourses of some of some of discourses although the Thus, organizations. of horror picture in peoples’ minds: the “Varkensflat”. if it is not communicated well to citizens and social due to this one catchword that instigates some kind suggested solution might be, it will not be implemented to current agricultural practices all were pushed aside This example shows that however sustainable a the environment; and its improvement in comparison transportation; the advantage of closed ecosystems for food security), the becoming unnecessary of animal minimalisation of the risk of contagious diseases (thus overshadowed. The spatial component (“ruimtewinst”), the arguments in favour of building the Deltapark were Although these concerns might have been legitimate, concerns for danger of a disaster concerning viruses etc. viruses concerning disaster a of danger for concerns animals; it would be administratively complex; there were there complex; administratively be would it animals; there was aversion to the image of a ‘warehouse’ for other negative reactions and concerns accumulated: building’ building’ (“varkensflat”) by one these of organizations, organizations. Being labelled as a ‘pig apartment area, partially under pressure of citizen and social prohibited agricultural practices in the harbour Nevertheless, the municipality of Rotterdam has

pointed to substantial social benefits (Smeets, 2009:27). (Smeets, benefits social substantial to pointed on the basis of the design worked out positively and the chemical industry in the port. A feasibility study and animal feed production, which were integrated with of animal proteins, glass horticulture, waste separation, for the regional clustering of production and processing was a theoretical design of an agropark which provided of the ‘Deltapark’ in the Rotterdam Harbour. This Deltapark Deltapark This Harbour. Rotterdam the in ‘Deltapark’ the of shows how citizen groups have blocked the development development the blocked have groups citizen how shows unhappy unhappy with the developing situation. Smeets (2009) are tomorrow’s voters and demonstrators when they feel feel they when demonstrators and voters tomorrow’s are 72 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab nentoa Junl f oiy Amnsrto and Administration Policy, An Institutions, Vol 23, No1,pp161-183. of Governance; Journal in International framework” governance based complexity- prescriptive, a development: sustainable for the for Paper thinking”. conference ‘LofderVerwarring’, Rotterdam. systems complex on based “Governance in Complexity: A Multi-level policy-framework Routledge, New York. the PolicyProcess.ClarendonPress,Oxford. and Modernization Ecological Discourse. Environmental 2040. DrukkerijWeemen. 1360- pp. 78, 1380. Sociology, of Journal American in ties” Social and/or Networks?” inUrbanStudiesVol Agglomeration 37,No3,pp513-532. Complexes, Clusters: Natural Resources,18:377-391. the case of marine property rights in Chile” in Society and Watson, E. (2005) “Using discourses for policy evaluation: York. New Routledge, Discourse Method. and Analysis. Theory Oxford University Press. Practices. Deliberative and Politics Discursive the of rise The network society. BlackwellPublishers,CambridgeMA. 1: Vol Culture. and society economy, Journal sources References Loorbach, Derk (2010). “Transition management “Transition (2010). Derk Loorbach, (2005). Roel Raak, Van and Derk Loorbach, of Hannigan, John (2006). Environmental Sociology. politics The (1995). Maarten Hajer, Visie Excelleren! (2008). Nederland Greenports weak of strength “The (1973). M. Granovetter, Gordon, Ian and Philip McCann (2000). “Industrial and M.J. Kaiser, G., Edward-Jones, Gelcich,S., to introduction An (1999). Paul James Gee, Policy. Public Reframing (2003). Frank Fischer, age: information The (1996). Manuel Castells, maart%202005%20incl.%20kaarten%20low%20res.pdf 05/079%20Eindversie%20Greenportvisie%2029%20 at http://www.gemeentewestland.nl/BIS/ available 2010, 20th February Accessed 2020. Westland 2010, 17th January available athttp://www.havenplan2020.nl/ Accessed kwaliteit. voor Ruimte Web sources 161- pp 191. 26, Society and Organizations Accounting, in networks” and alliances relationships, in information and duurzame ontwikkeling.Wageningen Universiteit. en landbouw metropolitane naar onderzoek ontwerpend Harvard UniversityPress Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: and process.OpenUniversityPress,Maidenhead. and MethodsinPoliticalScience.Palgrave,Macmillan. NISP www.nisp.org.uk, accessed April 23th Gemeenteraad/2005/26-04- Greenport Visie (2005). Westland Gemeente 2020. Havenplan (2004). Rotterdam Gemeente trust “Interdependencies, (2001). Cyril Tomkins, agroparken: Expeditie (2009). P.J.A.M. Smeets, Collective of Action: Logic The (1965). M. Olsen, May, Tim (2001). Social Research. Issues, methods Theory (2002). Gary Stoker, and David Marsh, provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 73 of industrial ecology should be stimulated 18 In fact, the report states that research and initiatives in the area economy and society. sustainable greenhouse sector which contribute firmly to the Dutch the to firmly contribute which sector greenhouse sustainable government which work from an interest strategy for a healthy and 17 This network is a cooperation between various businesses and 2003:13) always theory laden and thus rest on interpretations (Fischer, 16 However, facts do not ‘speak for themselves’: social facts are for each of the levels of management. including specified goals, activities, instrumentsand competencies 15 Appendix A shows the whole Multi-level transition framework are crucial for cooperation. actors must me similar or at least compatible in those aspects that 14 This means that the discourses adhered to by the different rational instead of fully rational. rational instead of fully is always limited and that action can therefore only be bounded but that their rationale is limited due to the fact that knowledge 13 Bounded rationality means that actors act in a rational way and of the interpretations of and values attached to these. of and values and of the interpretations and leaves room for the changing character of the problems involved problems the of character changing the for room leaves and experimentation experimentation prevents the actors from becoming short-sighted itself. The iterative character which is expressed in learning and way is static rather than dynamic, this can create problems in 12 If a strategy for dealing with a persistent problem in a sustainable sustainable a in problem persistent a with dealing for strategy a If 12 74 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Photo: Excursion to OCAP Site, Botlek 2009 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 75 development development of heat and CO2 network. In section 7.6 the the of development the concerning impacts environmental economy Then, discussed. is design grand the in networks is shortly evaluated in section 7.7. The implementation of the design is described in section 7.8. implementation for Furthermore, a time frame of 30 years is described. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are given in the last section 7.9. place. in already networks heat local of examples are There heat geothermal Bleiswijk, in ha 7.2 of nursery tomato a At pumped is 65oC of Water greenhouses. the heat to used is from a The depth of 1750 m and fed to a heat exchanger. water will be pumped back at a temperature of 30oC (vd Bosch, 2009:2). 7.2 Methodology This case study is performed by a desk study on existing literature. Furthermore, an organized explorative between Xplorelab, meeting Grontmij, and was OCAP order in to assess possibilities for future the development of heat cooperation and CO2- networks. A life cycle environmental on the assess to order in adopted is perspective impact of the development of networks. 7.3 Current situation Several heat networks are already in place. Furthermore, the OCAP pipeline provides greenhouse entrepreneurs the in facility production hydrogen Shell the from CO2 with the for Carbondioxide Organic for stands OCAP Mainport. currently supplies pipeline OCAP The Plants. of Assimilation dioxide carbon The CO2. with Greenport the of 30% about in Shell of facility production hydrogen the from originates the Botlek and is transported through a former crude oil Maatschappij) Pijpleiding (Nederlandse NPM the pipeline, pipeline. Figure 7.1 depicts the pipeline as well It also shows the connected as greenhouse areas by OCAP. the 2009). (OCAP, potential connection a with areas remaining

network 2 Chapter 7 Chapter CO Heat and

Also, several local heat networks have been developed. towards the Greenport by means of the OCAP pipeline. (further) the for presented is design grand a 7.5, section in cascading. At present, CO2 is already being distributed Then, discussed. be will greenhouses within technologies of using waste streams for new purposes, is known as Next, several options of implementing heat and CO2 in the Mainport, towards the Greenport. This process, of heat and CO2 network is described in section 7.3. transport excess heat and CO2, that are waste streams methodology used for this The case current study. status and CO2 network from the Mainport is proposed to In the first section, a brief description is given on the In order to avoid CO2 emissions and heat loss, a heat

heating as well as a resource for enhanced plant growth. of the Greenport, CO2 is a by-product of greenhouse and Greenport have a large CO2-emission. In the case presented in the first part of this report, both Mainport CO2 network for the Mainport and Greenport. As was and benefits of the implementation of a heat and This chapter evaluates the costs, environmental impacts 7.1 Introduction 76 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Hague (Bosma,2008:10).InVierpolders thereareplans The and , Rotterdam, of cities the in place in already are areas residential for networks heating Also Figure 7.1:OCAP pipelinewith connectedgreenhouse areas (Melieste, 2006) provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 77 Some disadvantages of the open greenhouse system: greenhouse the open of disadvantages Some in opened are windows the when lost are CO2 and Heat - favor of the inside climate; in this way natural gas is used very Lessinefficiently. than 10% of the CO2 is absorbed greenhouse. within the open by the plants - Biological pesticides (like bumblebees and lady bugs) are opened. when the windows can flee - Crop diseases can infiltrate the greenhouse through the open windows. To neutralize these disadvantages, a new greenhouse principle is designed, the closed in the following section. which is described greenhouse system, 7.4.2 Closed greenhouse system: the greenhouse without natural gas A recent innovation within the Greenport is the greenhouse closed principle. This greenhouse all closed are windows The surroundings. the from closed is completely humidity temperature, the this, of because and round year Some and CO2-concentration can be controlled carefully. key points of the closed Orchids, 2010): greenhouse are better a (Amoremio enables which system, energy and climate Inside - control of humidity, temperature and CO2-concentration; pesticide and energy lower production, higher enables this use collector solar a as operate to starts greenhouse Closed - in which heat is stored in summer and cold is stored in winter - Closed windows reduce water demand, as condensed water is recycled - Especially suitable for crops that need a stable climate and profit from higher CO2-concentrations - In closed greenhouse more than 50% of the fed CO2 is taken up by the plants (Heuvelink, 2009), while in open greenhouses this number is lower than 10% due to open windows - 50% of evaporated water from the plants can be

entrepreneurs. The same holds, however, for power plants. power for however, holds, same The entrepreneurs. is sold to the grid, which is profitable for the greenhouse nor CO2 are necessary. This is because the electricity that the CHP plant is in operation when neither heat, even with this new technology. It can even be the case problem of a mismatch between heat and CO2 exists, electricity and CO2 are produced simultaneously. But, the But, simultaneously. produced are CO2 and electricity combined heat and power plant (CHP). In this heat, way, In the current situation, natural gas is burned in a

is burned to produce heat. temperature in the greenhouse gets too low, natural gas emitted to the atmosphere. In winter times, when the gas cannot be used in the greenhouse, and is therefore supply of CO2, but the produced heat of burning natural of natural gas. During summer, the greenhouse needs a lot of The CO2 source to of grow. this CO2 is the burning of the plants. When sunlight is abundant, plants need a the plants have a lot of sunlight and heat, for the growth operation of the greenhouse, especially in summer when operation of the greenhouse, especially CO2 is lost to the atmosphere. This CO2 is crucial in the greenhouse. But, when opening the windows a lot of when the inside temperature gets too high to cool the In an open greenhouse system the windows are opened system 7.4.1 Open greenhouse closed greenhouse system. closed greenhouse designs will fit. The open greenhouse system and the to sketch sort of a framework in which the greenhouse In this section, two greenhouse technologies are described are technologies greenhouse two section, this In independently. (OCAP) network CO2- a and heat-networks technologies 7.4 Greenhouse situation is that different companies are already developing already are companies different that is situation main conclusion that can be drawn with regard to the current current the to regard with drawn be can that conclusion main network (Multi Energie Concept – Vierpolders, 2009). The 2009). Vierpolders, – Concept Energie (Multi network to apply 85°C geothermal heat to connect to the heat 78 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab air out of the greenhouse. The now cold water is stored in cold the get to heat that uses and well hot the from water is operated in the other direction. The heat pump gets hot process this greenhouse, the in heat for need a is there winter,when In well. hot the in store to pump heat a with cold heat the capture and the greenhouse the cool to used is well from water cold summer, In storage. heat for one and storage cold for one other, each to close wells by aquifer underground underground two are There exchanger. an heat a of means in stored is heat excess cooling, needs greenhouse closed the If the temperatures. through transported being windows into the greenhouse, thereby preventing too high is heat greenhouse, and outside heating normal a In for the nutrients. other and CO2 electricity, cooling, mechanisms from needs closed it season. is environment, winter greenhouse the and Since summer the for greenhouse closed depicted the of is principle the below (Innogrow, 2010) 7.2 Figure In recycle a through again used Figure 7.2:Closedgreenhouseprinciplewithheatandcoldstorage(summerwinter)

qie i nee i te iiiy f h genos. For greenhouse. the of vicinity the in needed is aquifer supplied from an external source. Furthermore, a suitable is heat when summer during needed is capacity cooling that is system closed the of disadvantage The dioxide. be to option connected to the the Mainport for have the supply of technologies heat and carbon greenhouse Both heat of design in network used type Greenhouse 7.4.3 hn H fr lcrct ad O (norw 2010). (Innogrow, CO2 and sources other electricity find for to CHP better be than will it gas, natural independent of completely be To greenhouse. the for in CO2 use and power heat, generate to power and heat greenhouses that are already in production, use the combined for system back-up necessary.still Currently,is closed heat the of production a stored, heat enough not is there if However, be gas. natural of to independent completely way this in stored be can heat enough winter, in temperature the and summer in sunlight of amount the on Depending summer. next the in use for well cold the provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 79

Figure 7.3: Local nodes in developing a heat network geographically geographically concentrated, the Greenport Westland- Oostland consists entrepreneurs. of Trying to implement multitude a many a between top-down cooperation and design coordination requires different province the independent municipalities, entrepreneurs, stakeholders; of etc. Not only is this very complicated vulnerable and and resilient expensive, less is a top-down designed network to unexpected events. Several parts of the network must the with cope to order in independently operate to able be for instance technical or institutional break downs. If, for instance, Zoetermeer decides to step out of the project for some reason, this should not harm the other regions. It is therefore, that we propose the bottom-up approach. As depicted in figure 7.3 local nodes can be developed within the municipalities of The green Hague, the with Westland, indicated are Delft nodes These Zoetermeer. and and black circles and triangles in Figure 7.3 and can be operated independently on geothermal heat and excess heat of the CHP units of the greenhouse entrepreneurs (potential heat suppliers are The shown in purple circles). straight line indicates the heat network already local present the all connects that conceptual a line dotted the and different many fact in exemplary, only is figure This nodes. heat networks are already being developed, as was also described in section 7.3.

networks, which can then be connected to a main grid. second option comprises the development of several local several of development the comprises option second greenhouses and residential areas can be connected. The connected. be can areas residential and greenhouses the construction of a central backbone, a main grid, to which to grid, main a backbone, central a of construction the ways: top-down and bottom-up. The first option comprises option first The bottom-up. and top-down ways: The development of a heat network can be done in two In this case, we take the bottom-up approach. Though production facility of Abengoa in Rotterdam. starting up the cooperation with the new bio-ethanol OCAP, OCAP, plans to extend its CO2 sources soon by region wide heat network does not exist. Furthermore, supplies 30% of the Greenport with CO2, whereas a the heat network. The OCAP pipeline network presently of the CO2 network is ahead of the implementation of and implementation. This is because the implementation implementation the because is This implementation. and network is the most viable option in terms of economics indicated that the independent design of heat and CO2 upon the interview with OCAP and Grontmij, which (www.prominent-tomatoes.nl). based was design this for made choice The presented. is to heat houses, but also to heat the open greenhouse network CO2 and heat a for design grand a section this In from the semi closed greenhouse, which can be used 7.5 Grand design 5.9 ha is open greenhouse. Heat is stored underground Naaldwijk, where 3.4 ha is semi closed greenhouse and combination is used at the greenhouses of Prominent in as combining closed and open system together. This of the heat network. In effect, this has the same result described above where CHPs are still used, in our design our in used, still are CHPs where above described a greenhouse principle in between the two principles therefore propose the use of semi-open greenhouses, even removing, CHPs results in a decline in income. We We income. in decline a in results CHPs removing, even by the CHP units, to the grid. Reducing the use of , or earn money in selling excess electricity, that is produced produced is that electricity, excess selling in money earn both technologies it holds that greenhouse entrepreneurs entrepreneurs greenhouse that holds it technologies both 80 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Figure 7.4:Detailed designofaregional heatnetwork(Pictureadapted fromWikipedia, 2010) be constructed in the upcoming years. The trace for the for trace The years. upcoming the in constructed be to is which , and Delft between A4 the with part of this design is that the part of the pipeline is aligned grid. essential network An heat the of backbone main the shows line red The exist. already line this in connections supply other processes and eventually the Greenport. Part of the to here used be can industry from heat Excess harbour. the of backbone main the line, supply proposed network already present. The orange dotted line shows the main the grid of the heat network. The for green line indicates the heat design detailed more a shows 7.4 Figure obtain CO2, necessary to enhance, via the OCAP pipeline. decrease gas use and avoid CO2 emissions. Growers can to order in units CHP replace can Mainport the from heat the connected, When together. nodes these all connects that grid main a for made be can preparation Meanwhile,

ladne. hs on i idctd ih ubr 3. number with indicated is point to next This lies Vlaardingen. which pipeline, gas NPM current theconnection the with toalign is possibility Another is efficient. time same the at crossing network heat a building a of line CO2 new possible a for crossing Waterwegmade Nieuwe the new a when Especially heat. excess of lot a with location a is This Maasvlakte. the in plant power E.ON the indicates 2 number the 7.4, figure of left the At Rotterdam. and Zoetermeer between railway the and and Zoetermeer and Vlaardingen Hague The between the A12 Westerlee, between A20 the as such roads, the follows grid the nature, surrounding and areas residential in figure 7.4. Furthermore, in order to reduce impacts on the building this road. This part is indicated with the number 1 road, so that it is easy and cheap to place a pipeline while the of construction for up opened already then is pipeline

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 81 be drawn that the presence of steel is vital for the CO2- emission. In the above used research, almost 12 tons of steel was used per km op pipeline. Taking into account that the production of steel from virgin materials 5.3 emits tons CO2 / ton steel (Johnson, 2008:181), it surprising is not that steel production alone contributes a of construction of emission total more the to CO2 tons 60 than pipeline. For application to the heat pipeline, we consider the numbers published by Oliver-Sola more relevant. OCAP currently supplies 1,300 ha of greenhouses with carbon dioxide, thereby saving 170 kton CO2 emission per year (OCAP, 2009). This leaves theoretical a market maximum with a of approximately carbon dioxide delivery (the total greenhouse area of the 3,000 ha for Greenport is approximately 4,300 ha). The actual market greenhouses crops of type and amount the on depend will produce. In general, pot and plant CO2 nurseries than nurseries that use grow vegetables. Nevertheless, less the reduction potential is in the order hundreds of magnitude of of kilotons.Compared to impact of construction of the heat network of the 450 ton/km, environmental the when Even higher. magnitude of orders several is this grid is several hundred km long, the CO2 emitted during construction will be saved within one operating year. Also, the energy needed to through the pump heat the network heated is not water pump a energy should limiting be in factor. the The order of 5 MW, in to order handle large volumes of water needed to supply the Greenport with sufficient energy (Claverton, 2010). We assume this energy is supplied by electricity. Taking CO2-emission a for electricity of 6.7 kton/(MW.year), was computed for as a coal fired power plant in chapter 02, the CO2 emission for pumping lies year. Also, around the compression 33.5 of the kton/ CO2 is not a limiting The factor. OCAP pipelines run at 2009). 20 (OCAP, bar. In industry, this is a moderate pressure. Compressors,

is fit to transport oil. Nevertheless, the conclusion can diameter, diameter, composed of only HDPE and insulator and 2010:418). This pipeline is, however, twice as small in is approximately 9 tons CO2-eq/km (Pootakham, related to the construction of a kilometre of pipeline Others report, however, that the CO2-emission the construction of a pipeline will be 450 tons CO2-eq/km. tons 450 be will pipeline a of construction the 2009:1920). Consequently, 2009:1920). the Consequently, environmental impact of approximately 90 tons CO2-equivalent (Oliver-Sola, urethane foam (for insulation), for district heating is composed of steel, high density polyethylene and poly- the construction a main grid of a 200 meter pipeline, Research indicates that the environmental impact of

and operational phase. should exceed the net emissions during construction impact, it is clear that the avoidance of CO2-emissions In order for the design to have a smaller environmental CHP units of greenhouses. CHP - Environmental benefits by avoiding CO2-emission of - Environmental impact during operation - Environmental impact during the construction phase - Environmental impact considered. These are: considered. In the case of the heat network, three main factors are and provide for instance insight in orders of magnitude. The results obtained are therefore of explorative nature to perform a full Life Cycle Assessment on this design. scientific literature. It is beyond the scope of this report data presented here are obtained and adapted from CO2, as a measure of environmental impact. Most of the main grid of pipelines for distributing heat and dioxide, related to the production and implementation transportation of heat. We will focus on the emitted carbon carbon emitted the on focus will We heat. of transportation related to the implementation of a pipeline suited for the This section deals with the environmental impact 7.6 Environmental impacts Environmental 7.6 82 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab - Development oflocalheatnetworknodes design canbe dividedintothreephases: The and distribution. heat and status CO2 is regarding current developments design the account the into of taking implementation described, the section, this In 7.8 Implementation costs ofthebranches. total costs add up to itself, €164 million. This figure excludes harbour the the in line) dotted (orange backbone the including the cross of the Nieuwe Waterweg, but excluding main grid of approximately 60 km as presented in figure 7.4 a For 2005:1-2). (Bosma, million €14 approximately cost would 7.4, figure in 2 number Waterweg, Nieuwe the of Dutch application ranges from 2-3 million €/km. A crossing pipelines in the United Stated and Turkey. An estimate for small relative for however are numbers These costs. the for sufficient capacity. Thebiggerthediameter, the bigger needed diameter pipeline the to related mainly are costs ofpipeline $/km These 2.1million Essandoh-Yeddu,2009:1610). 2008:742; (Kalinci, and reports Literature 0.6 between network. figures heat the of development the of costs the for made is estimate an section, this In 7.7 Economics reduction. gas greenhouse on effect positive a have will networks these of implementation Thus, pipeline. OCAP the extending and network heat a building by emissions CO2 extra balance to sufficient is network CO2 current the of reduction the even that conclude can of We kilotons. hundreds several be to above estimated was which reduction, total than lower magnitude of orders some still is This kton. 6-13 between lies compression of emission CO2 kton/(MW.year)the 6.7 of emission CO2 a using by Again, electricity. by supplied 2006). is energy (Cameron, this OCAP, For throughput total on and depending pressure kW, 900-1,900 final of use energy an have this, for required throughputs large the handle can that

eial we tasotn lre uniis f CO2. of quantities large transporting when not desirable is likely, most which subside; to ability the to has soil necessary Peat is pipelines. these for suitable specialist is soil the if soil determine a from advice Furthermore, expert network. heat regional a creating of goal larger the with coincide not do decisions local that ensure to Greenport, and Mainport municipalities, the be between contact can some have route to though best wise be the would It that chosen. so situation, local the on knowledge have municipalities The 7.3. figure in seen be could as Rotterdam, and Delft Haag, Den of municipality the in example for governments, local some by made is step first a networks, heat local the of development the In 7.8.1 Developmentoflocalheatnetworknodes For the Greenport it is important to have enough CO2 to be 7.8.3 Independent CO2-networkdevelopment energy. of use efficient more in innovation this stimulate knowledge a become to programme subsidy it’s use should country) producing to innovation stimulates (that even not government Dutch do The changed. municipalities something that notice the of inhabitants the trustworthy, is so heat of supply that assured be to has it and regional local governments. At this moment in the development the and companies Greenport and Mainport being case this in development, the from most profit that main stakeholders from come to should this for Money and suppliers. other each to nodes local the of coupling the steer company,to independent an or Greenport) and either from government, the main stakeholder, champion suppliers a have of heat to important heat is regional it (Mainport network, a of implementation the of phase this In 7.8.2 Connectingheatnetworknodes Idpnet O-ewr dvlpet aall to parallel phases describedabove development CO2-network Independent - - Connectingheatnetworknodes

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 83 Though the topic of this case is the development of a heat a of development the is case this of topic the Though and CO2 network in order to use energy more efficient and decrease greenhouse gases, one could ask whether or not this is the best solution. Development especially for the development of large a infrastructural brand investments new Implementation of need such a network heat leads to what is called to network be a technological lock-in. Once it made. is there, it has to be used however, is, such as network A costs. the justify to order in inflexible. It is therefore possible to think in terms of other think can One all. at pipelines involve not do that solutions, of the use of bio-digesters that are fuelled by greenhouse waste in order to produce already in biogas place. This for has, however, the its limitations. biomass from The CHP produced be can that biogas of amount units total in the province Zuid-Holland is estimated as 270 million m3. This is approximately 15% of the total gas use of the agricultural sector. However, biomass from outside Zuid- Holland could be added in order to increase production flexible more is system this designed, well If 2009). (DHV, to either changes in operation of greenhouses, such as shifting the type of production. Furthermore, network this does not heat include the application of geothermal heat, that is being developed potential for in geothermal heat the is large Greenport. in the The Greenport. Figure 7.5 shows that energy levels for the Greenport are between 100-500 MJ/m2 (Bosma, 2008).

and is therefore not carried away by the wind easily. to suffocation. CO2 is about 1.5 times denser than air work) can cause respiratory problems and can even lead even can and problems respiratory cause can work) instance in the case of a pipeline burst due to construction to due burst pipeline a of case the in instance very dangerous substance, local high concentrations (for concentrations high local substance, dangerous very but also as a way of mitigating risks. Though CO2 is not a not is CO2 Though risks. mitigating of way a as also but coordinate as such, not only to reduce economic costs, regional government to monitor these developments and developments these monitor to government regional for the inhabitants. We believe there lies a role for the lines at the same time would decrease the impacts especially in residential areas, the construction of both plant would be economically beneficial. Furthermore, with the construction of a heat line from the E.ON power E.ON the from line heat a of construction the with Waterweg. Combining the construction of such a crossing a such of construction the Combining Waterweg. The shortest route to the Westland is to cross the Nieuwe the cross to is Westland the to route shortest The supply of CO2 from the Maasvlakte/Europoort Rotterdam. Maasvlakte/Europoort the from CO2 of supply coordination and cooperation. A good example is the new new the is example good A cooperation. and coordination this does not mean that there can be at least some heat and CO2 network are treated separately. However, heat and CO2 However, network are treated separately. therefore, that in this chapter, the developments of a is perceived to be impossible by various actors. It is with the Greenport municipalities and the Mainport. recommendations network CO2 and heat integrated an of development The of the CO2-network should be done in cooperation 7.9 Conclusion, discussion and do not have a need for carbon dioxide. The development The dioxide. carbon for need a have not do needs to be present in the Greenport, because citizens Rotterdam as a new CO2 source. The CO2-network only only CO2-network The source. CO2 new a as Rotterdam with the connection of the Abengoa plant in Europoort Already, extending the CO2 network from OCAP is planned planned is OCAP from network CO2 the extending Already, the CO2-network could be developed at the same time. a lot of inconvenience for traffic, so itwould be nice if For the implementation of the heat network there will be is present, there will be less need for burning fossil fuels. fuels. fossil burning for need less be will there present, is able to continue business, because when a heat network network heat a when because business, continue to able 84 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Figure 7.5:Geothermalpotential oftheMP-GP region(source:Bosma, 2008) provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 85 DHV (2009) van Biomassa naar Biogas, kansen Heuvelink, E., Marcelis, L. (2009) CO2, Innogrow (2010) www.innogrow.nl, last visited Melieste R. (2006) Rotterdam Energy Port, Multi Energie Concept – Vierpolders, Prominent-tomatoes, http://www.prominent- Wikipedia (2010) http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ much-energy-topump-seawater-to-the-middle-of-the- sahara-or-gobi-desert-for-desalination-in-the-seawater- greenhouse-answernot-a-lot.html last visited March 21st 2010 en ingenieursbureau., DHV advies in Zuid-Holland, province Zuid-Holland obtained via ppt-presentation, temperatuur en energiebesparing, presentation available via: http://www.hortimax.nl/uploads/editor/file/Groeibijeen komsten/WES_CO2-temperatuurenergiezuinigtelen_ accessed March 21st 2010 12feb2009.pdf, last March 21st 2010 available via: powerpoint presentation, http://www.co2storage.org/Reports/ENERGY%20 PORT%20presentatie%20english.ppt, February 13th 2010 last visited kosteneffectiviteit en milieu- naar Haalbaarheidsonderzoek van een Fase 2b, Juni 2009 temperatuursopslag in Vierpolders, energieweb met OCAP (2009) http://www.ocap.nl/Factsheet_UK.pdf, geothermie last en visited February 13th 2010 hoge tomatoes.nl/index.asp?taalID=2&onderdeelID=17, last 21st 2010 April visited Bestand:2010-NL-P08-Zuid-Holland-positiekaart- 2010 gemnamen.jpg, accessed March 10th Claverton (2010) http://www.claverton-energy. Cameron (2006) http://www.c-a-m.com/content/ (2006) Cameron Amoremio Orchids (2010) http://www.amoremio- (2010) Orchids Amoremio Bosma, A. (2005) Gespreksnotitie technisch Bosma, A. (2008) Duurzame Warmte Oliver-Sola, J. et al. (2009) Environmental Pootakham, A. Kumar, T. (2010) A comparison Johnson, J. et al. (2008) The energy benefit of optimum of Determination (2008) al. et Y. Kalinci, Essandoh-Yeddu, J., Gülen, G. (2009) Economic Economic (2009) G. Gülen, J., Essandoh-Yeddu,

com/pipe-headloss-power-calculator-calculate-how-

visited March 21st 2010 products/product_detail.cfm?pid=3066&bunit=CC, last accessed March 21st 2010 resources/Geothermie/Profiel2vdBosch%5B1%5D.pdf, February 09th 2005 Afvalconferentie vd Bosch (2009) http://www.nlog.nl/ 21st 2010. orchids.eu/milieu.php, last visited March eindperspectief warmtebedrijf, Province Zuid-Holland, Zuid-Holland, Province Zuid-Holland, presentation Web sources Web

neighbourhoods, Energy Policy 37 pp. 4711-4719 neighbourhoods, Energy Policy 37 pp. technology 101 pp. 414-421 impacts of the infrastructure for district heating in urban Bioresource of pipeline versus truck transport of bio-oil, 742-755 modelling and applications, Energy and Buildings 40 pp evaluation of geothermal district heating systems: Energy Policy 36 pp. 181-192 stainless steel recycling, pipe diameter along with energetic and exergetic 1610 the Texas Gulf coast region, Energy Procedia 1 pp 1603- pp 1 Procedia Energy region, coast Gulf Texas the Journal sources Journal for enhanced oil recovery and geologic sequestration in modelling modelling of carbon dioxide integrated pipeline network References 86 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Photo: Processing of biobased pharmaceuticals provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 87

chemicals chemicals via biorefinery is described; the Mainport, with processes. these for suitable highly is infrastructure, its all This case-study was performed by literature research (desktop) and an open questionnaire to five were returned. of which Science companies 18 Dutch Life More than a quarter of all the registered medicines used in the world today plants (Raskin et al, 2002: contain 522). Over 100 of such active ingredients derived More use. chronic for prescribed regularly are compounds from than 250 drugs are considered as basic and essential by the World Health Organization, of those 250 drugs, 11% are exclusively of plant origin and a significant number are synthetic drugs obtained from Furthermore natural it is estimated precursors. that 60% of clinical anti-tumour under and or market the on already drugs anti-infectious cannot these of majority vast The origin. natural of are trial from obtained still are and economically synthesized be yet these with Even 603). 2001: (Rates, plants cultivated or wild impressive numbers, the total percentage of fossil 2010). based (Koops, 90% than more be to estimated is medicines drugs new of source a as plants higher of use potential The 500,000 - 250,000 estimated the Of explored. poorly still is been has percentage small a only world, the in species plant percentage smaller a even and phytochemically investigated 8.2 Medicines from Biological Origin 8.2 Medicines Plants and their products have been used for centuries to prevent and cure diseases. From 60,000 BC 19th plants century, were humans’ main to source of drugs. the The first evidence of plants used to fight fever has been found in the Neanderthal The society. first known text on medicinal plants dates back 4,500 years to the Chinese dynasties (Liénard, 2007: 115). These and many more examples show the strong relation humans medicinal have plants, with whether or not scientifically proven. Chapter 8 Chapter Bio-based pharmaceuticals

costs. In paragraph 8.2 production of bulk and fine a competitive advantage through reducing transportation might be facilitated in the nearby Mainport, thereby creating thereby Mainport, nearby the in facilitated be might present. Subsequent steps of processing, packaging etc., packaging processing, of steps Subsequent present. knowledge regarding horticulture which is currently Greenport, because of the extensive production capacity of production might bring great opportunities for the through the use of plants, will be studied. This new method new This studied. be will plants, of use the through case-study, case-study, production of ‘biotechnological’ medicines ‘biotechnological’ ‘biotechnological’ medicines (Extra, 2009: 22). In this of the large pharmaceutical companies are now pursuing methods of pharmaceuticals are in development; many rapidly declining (Munos, 2009: 959). New production the number of new registered medicines each year is ever increasing budget for research and development, medicines as the pharmaceutical industry. Even with an invests as much in research and development of new on the market, seem to have passed. No other industry The old ways of searching for the next blockbuster to put struggling to safeguard their future in a sustainable way. will be studied. The ‘traditional’ pharmaceutical industry is industry pharmaceutical ‘traditional’ The studied. be will production of bio-based pharmaceuticals in the Greenport Greenport the in pharmaceuticals bio-based of production In this case study the (theoretical) possibilities regarding 8.1 Introduction of the case-study 8.1 Introduction 88 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab rai ceity ol a e cmais n h world the in companies few a only chemistry, organic acids. These products are difficult amino- to produce of polypeptides; via traditional chains long are on based molecules proteins complicated therapeutic these of Most diseases. specific against immunity improve thereby antibodies and produce to (vaccine) agent the of the presence by provoked is system immune The organism. the dead or inactivated organisms or an agent that resembles toxins, as bacteria and such viruses. A objects vaccine is foreign usually a small neutralize amount of and to system identify immune the by used are antibodies Natural production. of kind this for candidates as considered be will value high with proteins Only (ibid). (intermediates) aprotinin and trypsin and products) (active and collagen and thrombin long as is products includes products It such continuously. growing of active list the The as itself. or product intermediates pharmaceuticals of as synthesis used the in be can proteins Therapeutic et al,2004:711). (Horn vaccines and antibodies proteins, therapeutic are industry pharmaceutical bio-based a for interest most of are which compounds of 580). types 2005: The al, et (Ma cells mammalian transformed or microbes recombinant using synthesized traditionally are that products proteins; therapeutic specific produce that plants generate to used been has biotechnology that recently only is it However, 8.2.1 TherapeuticProteins 263). 2001: (Onaga, 40,000 or 30,000 in one as low as is products natural for rate the while compounds, synthetic health beneficial for 10,000 in one is hit successful a of effect.chance The a have to assumed are which in plants compounds occurring naturally are Phytochemicals studied for medical use in more detail (Rates, 2001: 603). pharmacological their been have species 5,000 only for estimated is It properties. studied properly been has

rm ai rsac twrs omril exploitation commercial towards research basic from shifting now is Attention 115). 2007: (Liénard, literature in described are plants in yield improve protein recombinant the to strategies Several feasibility. economic on impact significant a has yield product as improvement, yield been has factors driving important most the of One 8.2.3 Production 711). 2004: al, et (Horn proteins the of yield higher a in of the gene carrying the protein information, thus resulting expression high a means content protein fruit Increased preferred. be would content protein increased with plant tomato recombinant a content; protein have fruit low relatively naturally Tomatoes proteins. the of denaturation prevents this cooking; without Tomatoesconsumable are vaccines; if produced in consumable plants like tomatoes. edible as produced be can vaccines that is view Afuture 8.2.2 EdibleVaccines f ilgcl cie opud i mlclr farming. molecular is compounds active biological of produce to sources recombinant using for term different species under investigation (Warzecha et al 2003: 755). A plantderived of carriers pharmaceutical proteins, tomato plants are also possible one of the are species plant all plants potato theory and In 74). 2006: Spök, and 153 2008: al, et rice (Basaran tobacco, corn, transgenic are proteins these of production the for sources recombinant which phase, commercial requires large the scale production. The most commonly used approaching now are proteins pharmaceutical plant-derived these of first The field. growing a is methods production alternative into these research why is This 152). 2004: al, et (Fisher but microbial safety and lines, on scalability cost, of terms cell in disadvantages have based systems mammalian mostly and is fermentation production protein commercial Mainstream 2006). al, et (Picherau manner this in commercially peptides produce to equipped are

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 89

711): with production than costs production lower Significantly - or bioreactors. fermentation animals, transgenic planting, for exist already expertise and infrastructure The - plant material. and processing of harvesting - Plants contain no known human pathogens (such prions, as virions etc.) that product. could - Higher plants contaminate usually synthesize the the proteins final with the correct folding. This prevents processing steps to re-introduce the correct some folding of the chemical proteins. Besides this, higher plants usually have other features already in place. biologically activating - Plant cells can direct proteins environments to stability (storage increasing in the there is more roots temperature control and no of UV radiation). plants where Several risks and hazards genetically modified are plants to produce biologically involved active when using proteins (Spök, 2006: 74). - The genetically modified cropsare must would compounds active biologically the be dealtas manner same with in proteins the as level lower be handled. The a same hazard, the at potential to maybe do harm, crops, the to applies definitely is hazard This plant. the to) bound (or in stored still crops. the handling or processing workers for probable more Several protective and preventative measures can implemented to be reduce this risk. leakfree 100% However, not most are mechanisms of confinement molecular the and therefore not ready - The genetic modification has an increased likelihood for of commercial production. unintended negative health It is and environmental effect. maybe modifications, several include plants these that likely for pest control or for unambiguous visual identification to prevent unintended use (e.g. consumption). Discussion is still ongoing on the potential endogenous unknown so-far and new for of- levels increased the formation -and toxins, allergens or antinutrients and their associated

The advantages of using plants include (Horn et al, 2004: are described. use of plants for the production of pharmaceutical products pharmaceutical of production the for plants of use In literature several advantages and risks regarding the commercial and moral dilemmas (EMBO, 2005: 593). Advantages and Risks 8.3 one of the few practical solutions to overcome these (ibid). used currently are which fungi, and bacteria animals, scalability of production in transgenic plants could offer for the production of proteins with regards to transgenic cost to meet the demands of developing countries. The benefit economic highest the have to plants for expected is It be made in sufficient quantities and at a low enough is produced in genetically modified yeast; this cannot required. Currently the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine but there will be many cases in which large quantities are production is not necessary for all pharmaceutical proteins, pharmaceutical all for necessary not is production for the hepatitis B virus vaccine. This level of large scale potato plants to meet South East Asia’s annual demand used routinely by the horticultural and food industries. space would be sufficient to grow enough transgenic plants; immense greenhouse facilities are already It has been estimated that 100 hectares of greenhouse be possible to grow a large number of pharmaceutical Vaccine 8.2.4 Hepatitis B could take place. Even under containment, it would many areas in the world where large-scale production or cross-pollination with other crops, there are still if growing sites are strictly isolated to avoid mixing opportunities opportunities for virtually unlimited production and even potential for scalability. Growing plants in fields provides little doubt that transgenic plants offer an unparalleled that use bacteria or yeast (EMBO, 2005: 593). There is could could challenge established production technologies and molecular farming is reaching the stage at which it 90 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab n euvln atoiis eoe ln derived plant GMP before must also be applied technology. mainstream to authorities a downstream become processing can pharmaceuticals stages EMAE that FDA, equivalent by issues addressed are and and covered These be stored. to how be need and can much seeds how long what, for solution logical guidelines most regarding the provide would bank seed A environments. contained of types other or of glasshouses Some in control. plants growing by of addressed be can limitations level these equivalent an establish ability to the limits conditions weather and soil growth, in of terrestrial plants, natural variations and inconsistencies closed, case the In in systems. controlled and technologies monitored precisely fermentation and culture cell by produced biopharmaceuticals for adapted later and originally was GMP synthesis chemical by manufactured drugs for developed pharmaceutical of concept The 580). 2005: al, et (Ma basis consistent a on use intended its for appropriate quality a to pharmaceutical manufactured is a product that ensures that assurance quality of component a is (GMP) Practice Manufacturing Good 8.4 GoodManufacturingPractice draft in Drug issued produced and 2002). FDA, and 2006 (EMEA, crops modified genetically pharmaceuticals already Food regarding have US documents (FDA) the and Administration (EMEA) product. medicinal medicinal Products of Evaluation the of for the Agency production European regulate The that of authorities aspect same quality the be authorities. will This the by regulated and thoroughly more research field, it is health. the likelyfrom coming knowledge thatin growth continuous environmental thesea With hazards will and be investigated animal human, for risk

8.5 Galantamine f aatmn (al Itrainl hra lr; 2007). alert; Pharma International (Daily galantamine of companies can file for approvalNew forpatent. under productionlonger no is anditself Bulletin; galantamine marketing 2006); Daily Drug News (FDA patent by protected is formulation release extended an only Currently; 2141). 2004: (Butler, produced synthetically was it moment that at Razandyne; name the under later and Reminyl name the under registered and 2002 in Johnson and Johnson by market the in introduced was Galantamine 10). 2004: Turner, and 784 2003: (Turner, constantly improved are species more for as harvest topic, are identified this and on harvesting quickly techniques progressing is Research 1999:425). al, et (Küenburg reported was galantamine of chemical synthesis for large a scale 1999 (commercial) in production and made been has progress last much the decades In difficult. been long has synthesis traditional via production compound, As complicated a is (www.alzheim.org). galantamine galantamine of Currently production the species. for UK daffodilthe in quantities large in grown now are daffodils certain from especially species, more many from isolated be can it that know is it Nowadays 147). 2004: al, et to (Heinrich pain nerve foreheads ease their on it rubbing by locals by snowdrop a 1950s, Bulgarian pharmacologistnoticedtheuseofcommon the In age. old against remedy a as Bulgaria in and Alps Caucasian the in snowdrops of bulbs the in found originally Galantamine; medicine anti-Alzheimer’s the is examples successful and known, best the of One standards to other identical biopharmaceutical production systems. have will steps processing downstream these that assumed be can It proteins. derived plant producing extraction, Harvesting, isolation and purification are steps that are involved when production. pharmaceutical of provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 91

- Holland Biodiversity has created a (growing) library of pharmaceutical, chemical, the by used be to extracts plant cosmetic, agro and the nutrition website of industry. Holland Biodiversity; According it intermediate functions to as and an coordinator between purchasers (www.hollandbiodiversity.com). producers and Several initiatives hollandbiodiversity.com) are in (Spijker, the already started making, to investigate or this 2009 large and have rich potentially array and of initiatives cultivated www. have plants. Unfortunately contradicting these views of the future.

Figure 8.1: Overview of Life Science related companies in the Netherlands [www.lifescienceshealth.com] Figure 8.1: Overview of Life Science related companies in the Netherlands might have enormous added value for the tomato growers. tomato the for value added enormous have might potentially be the source of a new block buster drug and drug buster block new a of source the be potentially are sent to a waste disposal facility. This material can of their fruit bearing time, the plants are discarded and instance when the tomato plants have reached the end material is discarded as waste (Huisman, 2010). For Westland-Oostland Westland-Oostland 155.000 tons of biological residual much smaller. In the current situation in the Greenport Soortenregister); Soortenregister); the amount of cultivated plants is plants and fungi can be found in the wild (Nederlands In the Netherlands more than 10,000 species of 8.5.1 Dutch Developments 8.5.1 92 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab h qetonie ter epne ae rae with treated are returned D. responses appendix as added is questionnaire the confidentiality; companies their Five questionnaire, the approached. been have activities related protein other or associated limited production vaccine with companies, a Dutch the In 18 from essential. study, is questionnaire support industry Netherlands, science the life Dutch in off take can pharmaceuticals bio-based regarding project any Before 8.6.1 Questionnaire B.V. in Amsterdam[23]. Pickcell and Leiden[22], in B.V. Biocult Wageningen[21], in International Research Plant are; companies such of in the Randstad area of the Netherlands. Some examples Figure 8.1, depicted below, gives an overview of the cities research[20]. University related Science Life with cities the around observed be can clusters companies; related Science Life of location the of overview good a gives It Industry. Science Life the within businesses on focused mainly is it industries; different connecting in is website this effective how unclear is It here. found be can events, Much database. and the partnerships, news, subsidies, regarding information in registered are 500 than more and Industry Science Life the to related are Netherland the in companies 250 over Health[19] & Sciences Life of website the www.lifescienceshealth.com; to According 8.6 DutchLifeScienceIndustry needs. it legitimacy necessary the project the give will finding a commercial purpose for biological residual waste search for new medicines might be considered in the future; The insecticides. or cosmetics bioplastic, on be will focus their and high too considered are research this starting haystack. for a involved in risks needle financial a The for searching like is drug buster block next the for searching consider they but 2009), (Spijker, start will Zuid-Holland - In 2010 the program “Inhoudsstoffen” by the Province of ewe uieste ad omril companies. projects”. subsidy commercial academic slow “prevent and would This universities between about stereotyping and urged made a was ‘very comment unDutch’ critical collaboration One industry. and research to initiate or function as a platform or coordinator between The University safe[24]. of Wageningen are was mentioned medicines several times the as long as problems no expected grow.One would acceptance then possible are Most verydiverse. expected a low were acceptance to start with; if no other the public options by crops modified) (genetically from medicines of acceptance the regarding opinions The fuel. and food between balance proper a near future. One comment was made regarding maintaining the in viable more as seen are cosmetics, and bioplastics Other more commonly accepted applications, like biofuels, the of very important. spread is considered crop of modified genetically for Prevention scale large production. on used medicine already are algae and fungi bacteria, and modified Genetically plants problems. real with no acknowledge expect vaccines producing companies of prospects Most the alternative. efficient of producingvaccinesfromvirusesandbacteriaisavery method proven the Furthermore, developed. yet not has vaccines produced plant why issue main the as Europe in crops modified genetically growing on legislation strict medicines. produced the identified group, progressive the traditional company,from One the over plants from medicines with problems more see not did group other medicines the While overcome. to big too be would origin plant new from of long registration purification, and times the with development problems groups; that expected two group under classified conservative and the progressive group. The conservative are responses Greenport intheirfieldofwork,othersdonotseeit. Their to very conservative; some see enormous potential for the The opinions of the companies range from very progressive

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 93

Figure 8.2: Processes needed for plants medicines from

8.8 Future Prospects One of the risks of low value focusing goods is on the necessity of bioplastics large quantities or for profitability. other Bioplastics for instance, have potentialnumerous for applications and will require bulk production. The high value of Dutch soil limits the economic viability of these kinds of voluminous activities drastically. This is especially a problem in a densely populated area as the MP-GP region. If the production of products these is developed kinds as of an additional activity, it could make biological residual waste becomes profitable.a raw material and can be sold Theto a bioplastics waste company. DSM Delft (DSM, 2009) is already examining the possibilities of bio-plastics from agricultural Furthermore waste. a newly universities, founded Dutch research consortium institutions started of a program and that focuses on industry the development new of has bio-based production concepts (www.b-basic.nl).

future, but the need for chemicals will never disappear. and with that, their methods of production in the (nearby) the in production of methods their that, with and pharmaceutical industry will change (part of) their R&D, from fossil to plants. It is safe to assume that the only the origin of the chemicals and solvents changes companies; medicines are synthetically produced, research and development (R&D) of pharmaceutical changes, or minor changes, in the current practices of This method of production of chemicals assumes no biorefinery 25. used for the production of bulk and fine chemicals via farming – by algae. It can be assumed they will be found for the direct production of medicines – molecular algae in the same category as plants; no literature was for production of chemicals. Van den Broek considers their crops, and can then be processed in the bio-refinery bio-refinery the in processed be then can and crops, their can be grown (cultivated) for molecular farming, or for This method is based on the cascading principle; plants thickness of the arrows indicates the expected volumes. thickness of the arrows indicates the are based on the report of van den Broek [2009]. The bio-technology. bio-technology. The processes depicted in figure 8.2 between ‘traditional’ chemical technology and ‘new’ of medicines or their intermediates. A distinction is made is distinction A intermediates. their or medicines of processes of how plants can be used for the production example. Van den Broek [2009] described the different production of bio-ethanol is probably the best known of bulk chemicals from plants are already existent; the [Dornburg et al, 2008: 2261]. Methods for the production the for Methods 2261]. 2008: al, et [Dornburg solvents and polymers – have a market share of 10% estimated that in 2020 all bio-based chemicals – including including – chemicals bio-based all 2020 in that estimated nowadays nowadays mostly produced from petrochemicals. It is chemicals chemicals are derived from bulk chemicals, which are as the building blocks for medicines – from plants. Fine production production of fine chemicals – which can be considered A realistic alternative, or maybe an intermediary step, is the is step, intermediary an maybe or alternative, realistic A 8.7 Biobased Chemicals Biobased 8.7 94 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab ewr cs-td dsrbd n hpe 6 A future can knowledge A where network a 6. be could chapter development in described case-study information network the can and synergy, case-study this between even found be maybe and opportunities, Some industry, but also creates opportunities for new businesses. rapidly in the Netherlands. This will to ensure the future of this farming molecular production from of – bio-based chemicals Sciences (bulk and Life raw) regarding – is growing related knowledge the Universities; Science near located are businesses Life most 8.7 paragraph in shown As 2010). van, (Steekelenburg market food the of end high the to sold are and anti-oxidants of concentrations high for the food greenhouse industry. These seedlings contain, aimed for Some example, specifically seedlings, growing are observed. entrepreneurs be can developments other area, pharmaceutical the besides areas, other In haystack. a in needle a for searching like is process and medicine feasible economically an finding however, greenhouse both integrating production. medicine and ownership described, earlier As company a of think One lacking. can is crops ‘experimental’ more to switch to not needed, but an incentive for greenhouse entrepreneurs For certain types of medicine, however, large quantities are farming. molecular on expertise of development for basis plants in greenhouses is present. This knowledge can be a Netherlands. Within the the Netherlands a lot of knowledge in about cultivating production crop of and a reduction methods implies production a this business, activity; in change additional radical an not is molecular farming But increases project. a such pharmaceuticals, of viability market, economic the the of of end issue high the Serving same well. as case the the this in applies clear; in volumes large not farming also molecular are for Netherlands prospects future The

a good starting point to increase support for a changed a for support increase to point starting good provide a may 2010) Steekelenburg, (Van seedlings the The greenhouse entrepreneurs who are already cultivating upthe speed will it first research and development of bio-based pharmaceuticals. but scale, commercial on cooperation future for basis the be could horticultural This spinoffs industry. the of of expertise the combination with a Universities from centre; institute educational research a an like or development joint a likely success is of change industry greatest The pharmaceutical region. MP-GP bio-based the in a of success Their the industry. for vital is strategy chemical business their change to and willingness suppliers pharmaceutical future the the as of considered are they well; as considered be to need entrepreneurs greenhouse The industry. pharmaceutical ‘traditional’ the prevent is by innovative to dominance Universities, It and from new spinoffs ideas. like include new businesses, to create important and extremely knowledge chemical share together envisioned the be to can – and bringing network or – platform entrepreneurs A industry. and greenhouse material, from the chemicals plant of towards production (residual) research or funding defined. farming include be molecular may can action action outcome further This the investigation Regarding this investigated. of be to need chemicals – bio-based and farming molecular including – options All Universities. the and Life businesses, Science ‘new’ the industry, future pharmaceutical within ‘traditional’ the pharmaceuticals the thoroughly bio-based a investigate regarding to visions important is It 8.9 Suggested Actions a b md it a i-ae pamcuia future. pharmaceutical bio-based a into made be can steps giant manner this In Industry. Science Life Dutch be shared about cultivating plants in greenhouses with the

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 95

Basaran, P., Rodríguez-Cerezo, E. Basaran, (2008) P., “Plant Broek van den, B., Bos, H. (December 2009) Product Natural of Role “The (2004) M.S., Butler, Hermann, B.G., Dornburg, Patel, V., M.K. (2008) European Medicines Agency (EMEA), EMEA European Molecular Biology Organization Extra (December 2009) “Big Pharma in P., Christou, S., Schillberg, E., Stoger, R., Fisher, (2002) (FDA), US Administration Drugs and Food Heinrich, M., Teoh, H.L., (2004) “Galantamine References Journal sources Critical in challenges” and opportunities farming: molecular 28: 153-172 Biotechnology, Reviews in from Industrie” Farmaceutische de en Economy “Biobased Research, report no. 1096 WUR Food and Biobased Chemistry in Drug Discovery” Products, 67: 2141-2153 in Journal of Natural “Scenario Projections for Future Market Biobased Bulk Potentials Chemicals” in of Environmental Science & 42: 2261-2267 Technology, guideline on the quality of biological active plants, higher in expression substances transgene stable by produced Doc. Ref. EMEA/CHMP/BWP/48316/2006 (EMBO), (2005) “Molecular and farming for vaccines” new 6 The drugs European Pharma-Planta Union Framework problemen: patenten gaan aflopen en droogt de ‘pipeline’ Consortium Afscheid Auto van 75: op Arts de 22- – & blockbusters” in 6: 31 593-599 R.M., (2004) “Plant-based production of Twymand, biopharmaceuticals” in Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7: 152-158 Guidance for Industry, Drugs, Biologics, Devices Derived and from Medical Bioengineered Plants for Use September Issued Guidance, Draft Animals, in and Humans 2002 bio-based pharmaceutical industry will continue. pharmaceutical industry bio-based decrease decrease in the (near) future, as developments in the between between the food and pharmaceutical industry will only business business strategy. It can be expected that the gap 96 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab h Fed f rai Poes eeomn Published Development Process Organic of Field the Biotechnology 25:74-82 in TRENDS in tightrope” a walking still regulators GMO in Toxicon 39:603-613 twenty-first the century” in TRENDS inBiotechnology, 20:522-531 in health human and “Plants (2002) B. D.A., Moreno Ripoll, C., Yakoby, A., Brinker, N., Borisjuk, A., Poulev, N., (EMBO) reports2:263-265 Organization Biology Molecular European in pharmacy” Drug Discovery 8:959-968 – Reviews Nature in innovation” pharmaceutical Science 10:580-585 Plant in TRENDS in forward” road the - derived pharmaceuticals ”Plant (2005) ,R.M. Twyman R., Mahoney, R., annual review13:115-147 (2007) “Pharming and transgenic plants” in Biotechnology & Research Process Development 3:425-431 Organic in Conversion” Chiral Crystallisation-Induced and Coupling Oxidative Phenolic Scale Large Using (-)-Galanthamine Drug anti-Alzheimer the for Process Scale Pilot a of “Development (1999) U., Cell Reports22:711-720 Plant in products” and systems farming: molecular “Plant Journal ofEthnopharmacology92:147-162 in knowledge” Caucasian local from disease Alheimer’s from snowdrop- the development of a modern drug against Turner, K., (2003) “A Review of U.S. Patents in Patents U.S. of Review “A (2003) K., Turner, – rise the on farming “Molecular (2006) Spök, A. Rates, S.M.K., (2001) “Plants as source of drugs” N., O’Neal, J.M., Cornwell, T., Pastor, I., Fridlender, Ilic, S., Komarnytsky, D.M., Ribnicky, I., Raskin, nature’s on in “Cashing (2001) L., Onaga, of years 60 from “Lessons (2009) B. Munos, Fisher, P., Sparrow, R., Chikwamba, J.K. Ma, V.,Gomord, C., Sourouille, D., L., Liénard, Faye, Jordis J., Fröhlich, L., Czollner, B., Küenburg, (2004) J.A. Howard, S.L., Woodard, M.E., Horn, March 13th2010 2010 2010 TherapeuticPeptides.pdf) visitedonNovember15th2009 Bionest in EBR, (http://www.bionest.com/publications/ Spotlight” the under Peptides “Therapeutic nederlandsesoorten.nl, visitedonDecember12th2009 com, visitedonDecember12th2009 sueId=9413) (www.fdanews.com/newsletter/article?articleId=88421&is vol. 2no.391;websiteaccessedFebruary11th 2010 2009 (Oktober 2009), www.dsm.com, visited on December 12th 48&issueId=10657) (www.fdanews.com/newsletter/article?articleId=978 2010 11th February accessed website 171; No. 4, vol. 2007), Web sources transgenic plants” inJournalofPlantPhysiology755-764 in production vaccine and antibody of risks Process Research &Development8:10-17 Organic 2003”, October and Published August Development between Process Organic of Field the & Development7:784-793 Research Process between Organic in 2003” July to April w.iececselhcm wbie accessed website www.lifescienceshealth.com; 7th February accessed website www.b-basic.nl; 7th February accessed www.alzeim.org;website 2006) www. (January C., Allary, C., soortenregister; Pichereau, Nederlands www.hollandbiodiverisity. Biodiversity, Holland 2006), 18th (July Bulletin Daily Drug News FDA DSM - Strategische visie DSM in Delft: dat werkt! 30th (August alert Pharma International Daily and “Benefits (2003) H.S. Mason. Warzecha,H., in Patents U.S. of Review “A (2004) K., Turner, provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 97 19 Life Sciences & Health is a combined initiative It Netherlands. the in sciences life health-related the for in active parties and by all is driven by the sector and empowered by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. 20 Most obvious are the cities Amsterdam, and Wageningen. Nijmegen, Leiden, Delft , Groningen, 21 Plant Research International applied research for agriculture specializes and horticulture, and for in rural and strategic environmental and development. (Spinoff University of www.pri.wur.nl) Wageningen; 22 Biocult B.V. provides (www.biocult.com) monoclonal antibodies. contract manufacturing services for 23 Pickcell B.V. offers original equipment research offer also They services. antibody-developing and products manufacturing (OEM) services in plant genetics (www. health. plant of optimization the and fertility, soil agrosystems, and reproduction, crop physiology, pickcell-b2b.com) organisms modified genetically regarding discussion the Although 24 - including plants - does not have high priority in the political arena, many people and organizations development. are strongly opposed to this 25 Future developments may change and algae might become a direct source of medicines. Spijker, Spijker, H., Provincie Zuid-Holland, (November Van Steekelenburg, M.G.N., Provincie Zuid- Koops, A., (March 26th 2010), Wageningen Huisman, C., (March 17th 2010), Personal

Willems and J.P.M. van Ruijven J.P.M. Willems and van Ruijven J.P.M. Feberwee Meijer- M.E.A. with communications Personal 2009) 24th Holland, (April 14th 2010) Personal communication with University, Personal communications with M.A. M.A. Feberwee communications with Personal contact Personal 98 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 99 testing; or the design of multifunctional use of space in the the in space of use multifunctional of design the or testing; interested be might people more that means this Greenport) in joining the network (thus expanding and creating more knowledge) and more money might be invested in practices of the the network due to its practical applicability. although these changes in context may provide However, the network with new and growing functions, it might also be a threat to it, because its participants might have their companies respective their in (namely elsewhere priorities trying to cope with the changing prevent context). this To from happening, the network must invest in its existence by area. the in inducing stakeholders all commitment to importance its of communicating the participants and by 9.2.3 Bio-based pharma The totally renewable energy production the can result only of be increased knowledge sustainable and investment (renewable) in techniques and processes. 9.2.2 Heat and CO2 network 9.2.2 Heat and CO2 This scenario is beneficial for the case of the heat and CO2 network, because of the huge shift in focus towards processes the of nature the to Due technologies. renewable operated in the Mainport, heat cascading will still be an option and stimulated due to the large biomass from effects supply energy renewable of to shift global A warming. will still result in CO2 emissions that and can fed to be greenhouses in captured the Greenport. However, the competition create can technologies renewable of amount to these (heat and CO2) sources. Furthermore, if energy is produced via other ways, CO2 and production a will competition drop for CO2 can occur. If warming due effects to the global harbor area is closed the more often, security of supply worsening of will the attractiveness of the region to new decrease. and This causes established a businesses and this means pressure. under put be will that Greenport the to CO2 and supply heat of

Chapter 9 Chapter Contextualising the cases

and closed energy loops which need development and agenda inducing the establishment of energy cascading the probability that energy efficiency will be high on the as the shift in the Harbour from oil refinery to bio-refinery; tested in which the network could play a crucial role (such role crucial a play could network the which in tested Apart from new practices that must be developed and the need for practices dealing with the changing conditions. changing the with dealing practices for need the huge shift in focus towards renewable technologies and ‘new worlds’ scenario, opportunities scenario, may occur due to the ‘new worlds’ the network case within each of the scenario’s. Within the Within scenario’s. the of each within case network the However, there However, are different threats and opportunities for be adapted to changing conditions and (societal) demand. (societal) and conditions changing to adapted be composition and the short-term goals of the network may of the scenario’s drawn up above. This is because the of flexible nature, it should in theory be applicable to any Because the network to be created is suggested to be 9.2.1 Information network the three cases are described per scenario. 9.2 New Worlds place these in a practical context. In the following sections, following the In context. practical a in these place 05 with the case studies in the former chapters in order to order in chapters former the in studies case the with 05 This chapter combines the scenarios developed in chapter in developed scenarios the combines chapter This 9.1 Introduction 100 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab nry ore i sil curn i ti seai, the scenario, this in occurring still is sources energy renewable completely to shift the because Furthermore, network. the by of promotion as even well or as communication good network the of use the for ideas new to of cooperation. This can be counteracted by staying open necessity the misses that understanding an to lead might threat common a of lack the because challenged become therefore network. might existence their the of urgency within the However, role their from ‘distracted’ not are participants the area, the upon impacting not is change climate Because network. information the to beneficial be If the ‘energetic landscape’ scenario would play 9.3.1 Informationnetwork out, this could 9.3 Energeticlandscape be made. are management water the to changes no if rebuilt not will greenhouses the destruction massive such severe cause after that expected be can It Greenport. the in destruction could flooding dikes; or barrages water through mitigated be to have will level sea rising the to due flooding of risks the Furthermore summer. in spells dry during needed be will winter of water (rain) excess necessary. is Besides that, some sort of management water storage is necessary; the water strict a with farming sustainable to shift A farming. horticultural for changes radical some implies this summer; the in water fresh of The high impact of global warming will likely result in a lack pharmaceuticals or the production of biomass for chemicals. will have an effect on the production of dedicated plants for will put Greenport production under serious pressure. This CO2 network case, the reduced security of supply of CO2 and heat the in described biomass. As from originating – production of pharmaceuticals – or chemicals for that matter radical change. This createsanidealenvironmentforthe a for basis the provide will industries other to effect over initial spill the the but investments, been and research such have for reason may supply energy of Security

pharmaceuticals or the production of biomass for chemicals. will have an effect on the production of dedicated plants for will put Greenport production under serious pressure. This CO2 network case, the reduced security of supply of CO2 and heat the in described biomass. As from originating – production of pharmaceuticals – or chemicals for that matter the for environment ideal an creates This change. radical a for basis the provide will industries other to effect over initial spill the the but investments, been and research such have for reason may supply energy of processes. Security and techniques (renewable) sustainable in only be the result of increased knowledge and investment be expected. The totally renewable energy production can one, previous the except less to problems with flooding and identical water shortage can almost is scenario This 9.3.3 Bio-basedPharma production will drop and a competition for CO2 can occur. CO2 ways, sources. other via produced CO2) is energy if and Furthermore, (heat these to can competition technologies create Greenport. renewable of the amount in the greenhouses However, to fed be from can and that captured supply emissions CO2 in energy result still renewable will biomass to shift A warming. an option and stimulated due to the large effects of global MP,the in be operated still processes will cascading heat case of a heat and CO2 network. Due to the nature of the the for beneficial be will technologies renewable towards focus in shift huge the scenario, Worlds New the in As 9.3.2 HeatandCO2network possibilities of multimodal transport); biorefinery; and offering biorefinery; material andenergyefficiency. transport); (by multimodal transport of and possibilities logistics of improvement (Coolboxx); transport conditioned include developing, could These in practices. role and technologies new important expanding and testing an play may network

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 101 cost of bio-based chemicals These and/or are pharmaceuticals. very chemical) (or pharmaceutical bio-based a of development unfavorable circumstances for industry. Some opportunities can be the found here as well; with increasing costs of heating, the heat need for is ‘cheap’ pressing and human nature. This reducing financial incentive might be expenses enough is encouragement part for the Greenport of and the Mainport for realizing a heat network; reduced costs on the one hand and increased profits – by selling heat – on other. the The absence of global warming effect does have positive sides for the Greenport; less and problems water with shortage flooding can the continued production be of energy expected. from fossil sources Furthermore, will ensure the delivery of CO2 to the Greenport. 9.5 To pump or to drown 9.5 To 9.5.1 Information network This scenario will opportunities to develop new again sustainability practices renewable and on be not provide will emphasis the Although the knowledge. network with energy sources and practices at first, other sustainability issues may be addressed through the network instead. Especially since this scenario anticipates huge impacts of global warming, the network may function as important new coordinating and developing area, MP-GP the in axis impacts. these with cope to how on practices and knowledge should financiers) (and participants network the However, innovative stay to it for order in network the to committed be and contribute to the area. If its members and financiers decide to invest (time/knowledge/money) elsewhere (for bound is network the organizations), own their in example good by prevented be may this However, abrogated. be to practices and flexibility before, since of the accumulation trust and longer organization existence may of contribute to the legitimise its network existence. as an

the greenhouses enormously, and in turn increase the but the high oil prices will increase the cost of heating renewable energy politics. to biomass sources for chemicals and pharmaceuticals, this scenario than in the scenarios containing complete shift to incentive an be may oil of price high expected The lower costs for emission rights. Costs will be higher in 9.4.3 Bio-based Pharma in the Greenport with CO2 from the Mainport, results in replacing CO2 from the combined heat and power plants of the carbon trading scheme for the MP-GP sector. By A A small incentive can be created by the implementation incentive for development of the heat and CO2 network. all. the away takes effects warming global of absence the with sources might become an extra focus of the network after network the of focus extra an become might sources CO2 network. The conservative energy policy combined through small pilot projects concerning renewable energy and heat a of creation the for beneficial not is scenario This will eventually increase, and the development of knowledge of development the and increase, eventually will 9.4.2 Heat and CO2 network However, even in a ‘business as usual’ scenario, oil prices oil scenario, usual’ as ‘business a in even However, development of new products such as biopharmaceuticals. as such products new of development may gain in the short term. It could for example include the the include example for could It term. short the in gain may innovations in which both Mainport and Greenport parties MP-GP MP-GP area. The focus could shift more to logistics and to the establishment of a sustainable connection of the energy politics alone, so the network could still contribute However, However, sustainability is more than a difference in new cases with new energy sources, at least initially. be less opportunity for the network to come up and test the energy politics will be business as usual, there will the existence of the network to be developed. Because Again, this scenario offers opportunities and threats to 9.4.1 Information network Information 9.4.1 9.4 Oily pressure 9.4 102 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab due to the rising sea level will have to be mitigate through flooding of risks the Furthermore summer. in spells dry during needed be will winter of water (rain) excess the necessary; is storage water of sort necessary. some that, is Besides management water strict a with farming sustainable to shift A farming. horticultural for changes radical some implies this summer; the in water fresh of The high impact of global warming will likely result in a lack the other. –on heat by selling – profits increased and hand one the on costs reducing network; heat a realizing for Mainport the and of Greenport the for part encouragement is enough expenses be might incentive financial reducing This nature. human and pressing ‘cheap’ is for need heat the heating, of costs increasing with well; as here found the be can opportunities Some industry. for circumstances unfavorable development of a bio-based pharmaceutical (or chemical) very pharmaceuticals. are and/or These chemicals biobased of cost the increase turn in and enormously, heating greenhouses of the cost the increase will prices oil high the but pharmaceuticals, and chemicals for sources biomass to The expected high price of oil may be an incentive to shift scenario but it includes the high impacts of global warming. pressures’ ‘oily the to identical is in It complex. MP-GP the industry chemical or pharmaceutical bio-based a of development the for scenario favorable least the is This 9.5.3 Bio-basedpharma politics. energy renewable complete containing scenarios the in than scenario this in higher be will Costs 9.4.2. section in described was as network, the of development the on though a carbon trading scheme can have positive effects however, hold back by the business is, as This usual network. energy CO2 policy, and heat a of implementation the A large impact of global warming results in an incentive for 9.5.2 HeatandCO2network

uh asv dsrcin h genoss il o be rebuilt ifnochangestothewatermanagementaremade. not will greenhouses the destruction massive such severe cause after that expected be can It Greenport. the in destruction could flooding dikes; or barrages water provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 103 104 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab mr ssanbe a o pouto ad logistics? and production of way to contribute sustainable to more order a in the Greenport link the that and interventions Mainport of examples be can What interaction, which induces more competitiveness create and to innovation. have sector two these so, do to able be Tocompetitive. stay to trying as time same the at issues sectors of the Dutch economy need to tackle sustainability important two These (Rotterdam). complex industrial with an area harbour an and agricultural (Westland-Oostland) an cluster include Zuid-Holland of province the in for possibilities good region metropolitan delta This and products. of transportation soil fertile like metropolitan agriculture, for advantages offer is, region Greenport goods and limited space. Delta metropolises, as and wasteflows,becauseoflimitedaccessibilitythese the Mainport- flows energy materials, raw sectors, producers, between connections intelligent of use make to needs agriculture Metropolitan reasons. logistic and economic for evident makes the clustering of agricultural production in agroparks the same time it remains clearly present at local levels. at This while production, of networks and chains international of part production agricultural makes urbanization Rapid Conclusions recommendations Conclusions and

- The information network will be beneficial to the to beneficial be will connection of the Mainportand network information The - all explainedin moredetailinchapter02. train, airplane and ship truck, transport) and Greenrail connects (train transport), that system (container Coolboxx the use of Fresh Corridor (river and short sea connections), are niche this in Greenport the and Mainport the between interactions more for Options point. this at Greenport the with interaction an create to start transport, good a be to would it related so are area harbour the of activities Main opportunities. transport diverse of Development - term, butcanbecomesointhefuture. short the on feasible not of is materials raw pharmaceutical production specific the for crops Growing Mainport. the in processes for materials raw as Greenport the from streams waste biological using is complex MP-GP the in synergy bio-based a creating production. for option feasible only The materials raw bio-based of Development - done byregionalandlocalgovernment(s). is Coordination Waterweg. preferably networks, these of development the in needed Nieuwe the crossing like together,networks the of parts some develop to good is it networks is impossible, but from an economic perspective some stakeholders, the combined development of to According network. these CO2 and heat two a of Development - to meetings discuss increasingre-use,orsharingutilities. organising by between example contacts for can initiate stakeholders, platform The benefits. mutual the are what show could development knowledge mutual and cooperation induce to sharing platform knowledge of a Starting stakeholders. other existing to already connections from Greenport the and Mainport the between bridges build to able are stakeholders these of some and innovation sustainable towards minded open are stakeholders of lot a 06, chapter in interviews the to - Creation of a knowledge and innovation network. these interventionsare: report, According this in performed studies case the to According provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 105 the-box the-box concepts and ideas. Due to the transdisciplinary working methodology of Xplorelab, mutual understanding successful for necessary stakeholders, between trust and implementation of projects, can be stimulated and built. - Coordination of the development networks of should heat and be CO2 done government. by regional and - Stimulate national the use of raw agricultural materials waste streams and as farming stimulate (production of specific plants for research pharmaceutical on resources). molecular Greenhouse to willing be to need entrepreneurs they since respect, this in are stakeholders important switch production to crops for pharmaceutical resources. in congestion decrease that transport of forms Stimulate - at sustainable more are and Greenport and Mainport both the same time.

safe environment to discuss new, innovative and out-of- such meetings. The character of a think tank provides a symbiosis. Xplorelab is a platform that can easily facilitate easily can that platform a is Xplorelab symbiosis. developments. For instance in the field of agro-industrial but also to initiate idea generation sessions for new projects and business cases in the MP-GP context, list presented in chapter 06, to develop demonstration be established, with board members possibly from the all stakeholders, an overarching organisation should stakeholders. On the longer term, in cooperation with to outsiders, but also to facilitate the contacts between to create enthusiasm, wide support and communication independent (Milieufederatie) organisations are needed governmental (province and municipalities) and this case study will be completely feasible. - For creation of a knowledge and innovation network, two scenario’s two with scenario’s energy politics completely renewable, recommendations can be abstracted: industry in the Mainport will not be feasible. In the other Recommendations From the conclusions of the last paragraph, some as resources for the chemical and pharmaceutical the bio-based pharmaceutical production in the Greenport Greenport the in production pharmaceutical bio-based the - In the scenario’s with energy politics business as usual, be likely to happen although costs are much higher. be likely to happen as usual with a carbon trading scheme, this case study will study case this scheme, trading carbon a with usual as be most feasible, but also under energy politics business scenario’s scenario’s with completely renewable energy politics will - For the heat and CO2 network development, the in terms of its focus. in terms of network to be flexible, both in terms of its participants as scenario’s scenario’s however does emphasise the need for the and should therefore be established. The difference in for establishing connections between the two areas ways. ways. The network therefore provides a good practice Greenport Greenport area in all scenario’s, all be it in different 106 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Taken fromLoorbachandVan Raak,2005 Framework Appendix A. Multi-leveltransition Appendices provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 107 11) what relationships and identities (roles, positions), with with positions), (roles, identities and relationships what 11) knowledge cultural and social, personal, concomitant their seem values, and (affect), feelings (cognition), beliefs and to the situation? to be relevant 12) How are these relationships and identities stabilized in the situation? or transformed what relationships, and activities, identities, of terms In 13) discourses are relevant (and irrelevant) in the situation? relevant (and irrelevant) and in what How are they made ways? Political building 14) what social goods (e.g. status, gender, race, and power, class, or more aspects narrowly defined social of this in irrelevant) (and relevant are identities) and networks situation? How are they made relevant (and irrelevant), and in what ways? 15) How are these social goods connected to the cultural models and discourses operative in the situation? Connection building 16) what sort of connections – looking backward and/or forward – are made within and across large stretches of the interaction? utterances and 17) What sorts of connections are made to previous or future interactions, to other people, ideas, texts, things, current situation? institutions, and discourses outside the help 17 and 16 in sort the both of connections do How 18) (together with situated meanings and cultural models) to constitute “coherence”- and what sort of “coherence”- in the situation?

Socio-culturally-situated identity and relationship building for reasons”) compose of these sub-activities and activities? and sub-activities these of compose reasons”) for 10) What actions (down to the level of things like “requests like things of level the to (down actions What 10) activities)? 9) What sub-activities compose of this activity (or these going on in the situation? 8) what is the larger or main activity (or set of activities) Activity building or transformed in the act? produced in this situation and how are they being stabilized being they are how and situation this in produced 7) What institutions and/or discourses are being (re) meanings to each other? to be at play in connecting and integrating these situated 6) What cultural models and networks of models seem institutions relevant in this situation? attached to places, times, bodies, objects, artefacts, and 5) What situated meanings and values seem to be and phrases that seem important in the situation? and phrases that seem important in the 4) what are the situated meanings of some of the words World building World and in what ways? the situation? How are they made relevant (and irrelevant) (and relevant made they are How situation? the 3) What social languages are relevant (and irrelevant) in made relevant (and irrelevant) and in what ways? made relevant (and relevant (and irrelevant) in the situation? How are they 2) What systems of knowledge and ways of knowing are and in what ways? situation? How are they made relevant (and irrelevant) 1) what sign systems are relevant (and irrelevant) in the Semiotic building Semiotic from Gee (1999:93): from Gee These questions to ask about building tasks are taken analysis discourse a conduct Appendix B. Leading questions to questions Leading B. Appendix 108 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab table Appendix C.Emptydiscourseinterview provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 109

Als er vragen zijn overslaan. die uiteraard deze niet u op kunt de zijn, toepassing activiteiten van binnen bedrijf uw 1. Zou u kort kunnen beschrijven wat heeft? activiteiten uw bedrijf voor 2. Op welke antilichamen o.i.d. die uw wijze bedrijf produceert/ontwikkeld worden op dit moment vervaardigd? de enzymen/vaccins/ 3. Zou productie uit planten een alternatief kunnen zijn, termijn? eventueel op lange 4. Heeft u dit al eens overwogen, zo ja, wat wel of niet hiermee door te gaan? beweegredenen om waren uw geïnteresseerd u bent overwogen, heeft niet nog dit u Als 5. in het onderwerp? om u te verdiepen in sector (tuinders) Nederlandse de voor toekomst u Ziet 6. enzymen/vaccins/ voor (grond)stoffen van produceren het industrie? antilichamen voor de (bio)pharmaceutische 7. Wat zijn de problemen die u verwacht bij vaccins/antilichamen enzymen/ voor industrie? de (bio)pharmaceutische 8. Verwacht u dat een genetisch toekomst hebben bij gemodificeerde het produceren van planten enzymen/ vaccins/antilichamen? 9. Wat verwacht u van de publieke acceptatie van vervaardigen van enzymen/vaccins/antilichamen op deze het wijze? toepassing de voor mogelijkheden andere/betere u Ziet 10. van bio-grondstoffen? (bijvoorbeeld in energieproductie, cosmetica, plastics) 11. Wie zou Is bio-based er pharma behoefte kennisinstituut?\ moeten aan initiëren. een of commentaar? 12. Heeft u opmerkingen, aanvullingen voortrekker, coördinator,

Marlies Meijer-Willems Vriendelijke groeten, kind regards, Vriendelijke als er nog vragen zijn kunt u gerust contact opnemen. anoniem verwerken. Alvast bedankt voor uw medewerking, uw voor bedankt Alvast verwerken. anoniem rapport, maar als u er prijs op stelt zal ik uw antwoorden antwoorden zullen worden verwerkt in een openbaar vragen, zou u willen meewerken aan deze enquête? Uw heb gevonden. Onder aan deze email staan een aantal BioPartner Network Life Sciences Sector Report 2005 de beschrijving van uw bedrijf uitgegaan die ik via het eiwitten produceren/ontwikkelen. Daarbij ben ik van is voornamelijk gericht op bedrijven die biologisch actieve biologisch die bedrijven op gericht voornamelijk is hebben met farmacie en biotechnologie. Mijn onderzoek van bedrijven die op de een of andere manier te maken onderwerp te beschrijven ben ik op zoek naar de mening hebben voor het Westland. Om zo eerlijk mogelijk het maar zou een hoge toegevoegde waarde kunnen belichten is biopharma, dit is een heel breed onderwerp, Holland aan het uitwerken zijn. Het onderwerp wat ik ga zijn. Dit een onderwerp dat wij voor de provincie Zuid- Rotterdam en de greenport Westland-Oostland mogelijk doe, onderzoeken wij de kansen die tussen de Mainport tweedejaars project, wat ik met vier andere studenten (binnen bedrijven of regio’s) duurzamer worden. Voor een Voor worden. duurzamer regio’s) of bedrijven (binnen waar de kansen liggen. Het voornaamste is dat processen processen dat is voornaamste Het liggen. kansen de waar inzoomen maar uitzoomen op een probleem en kijken een probleem wordt gekeken, dit houdt eigenlijk in, niet van de opleiding is dat er met een ‘systeemblik’ naar problemen bekijken. Een van de belangrijkste onderdelen belangrijkste de van Een bekijken. problemen opgeleid en dat wij dus uit verschillende invalshoeken technisch, als milieukundig als sociaal economisch worden economisch sociaal als milieukundig als technisch, Industrial Ecology. De opleiding zorgt ervoor dat wij zowel wij dat ervoor zorgt opleiding De Ecology. Industrial student aan de TU Delft, ik volg de masteropleiding Mijn naam is Marlies Meijer-Willems en ik ben een deeltijd deeltijd een ben ik en Meijer-Willems Marlies is naam Mijn Beste meneer/mevrouw, Appendix D: Bio-based pharma interview pharma Bio-based D: Appendix 110 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Appendix E.Filledinnetworktable

provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 111

Network booklet ‘Greenport Westland-Oostland’, published by Triagilitas. Eventually 14 interviews have been conducted. Triagilitas. published by Network booklet ‘Greenport Westland-Oostland’, Marco van Steekelenburgs list of participants of the Mainport-Greenport excursion held on September 18th 2009, others were taken from the diverse list of stakeholders from knowledge and governmental organisations, society and businesses. Some of the contacts were delivered by delivered were contacts the of Some businesses. and society organisations, governmental and knowledge from stakeholders of list diverse interviewees were selected using the KOMBi approach (Kenniswereld, Overheid, Maatschappij & This Bedrijfsleven). approach guaranteed a Twenty ‘key persons’, with the willingness to endeavour sustainable innovation, have been selected from both the Mainport and Greenport. These Greenport. and Mainport the both from selected been have innovation, sustainable endeavour to willingness the with persons’, ‘key Twenty 112 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 113 114 provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab Den Haag,2010 Jan vanderZande, HavenbedrijfRotterdam Marga Vintges, GemeenteWestland Ellen Verkoelen, Milieufederatie Nico Tillie, GemeenteRotterdam Frans van Tielrooij, Platform Agrologistiek Willem Stevense, Tebodin Meiny Prins,Priva Marco vanNoord,Prominent Harm Maters, AVAG Chris Jordan,Deltalinqs Mary Dotsch,KMR Jan WillemDonkers,WUR Gerard Bovense,PvdA Lansingerland Martin Borsje,DSM Andries Koops,WUR Hans Spijker, PZH Carolien Huisman,PZH Gijsbert Korevaar, TU Delft Marco vanSteekelenburg,Xplorelab Met dankaan: Jim vanRuijven, TU Delft Marlies Meijer-Willems, TU Delft Katinka Wijsman, TU Delft Maarten Feberwee, TU Delft Evert Bouman, TU Delft Tekst: Maarten Feberwee, TU Delft Samenstelling: (Industrial Ecology) Delft TU met Xplorelab, samenwerking in van Zuid-Holland, uitgave provincie een is onderzoeksverslag Dit Colofon provincie Zuid-Holland | Xplorelab 115