www.kalvikural.com

(i)

SOCIAL SCIENCE TERM I, II & III COMBINED 9 Based on the New Textbook for 2019

FREE EXERCISE & MAP DRAWING BOOK

SRI GANGA PUBLICATIONS (A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP) Corporate Office : Registered Office : No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, New No. 59, 4th Avenue, Salai Kumaran illam, Opp. to Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. School, Madurai Road, Ashok Nagar, Tirunelveli - 627001. - 600 083. Phone : 0462 - 233 8899 / 233 8484 Phone : 044 - 2474 4484 Mobile : 94431 58484 / 95978 39822 Mobile : 94421 58484 / 94425 58484 Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Website : www.suryapublications.in

Price : Rs. 225/- www.kalvikural.com

(ii)

Published By B. ARUMUGAM SRI GANGA PUBLICATIONS (A unit of Shyamala Group)

Authors

S. SUBRAMANIAN, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil., S. SURESH KUMAR, M.A., M.Ed., Pudukkottai. Erode.

BANK DETAILS

TIRUNELVELI ACCOUNT

Account Name : Surya Publications Account Name : Surya Publications Account Number : 446971431 Account Number : 510909010051752 Bank Name : Bank Name : City Union Bank IFSC Code : IDIB000T034 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230 Branch Name : Tirunelveli Junction Branch Name : Palayamkottai

CHENNAI ACCOUNT

Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication Account Number : 928507483 Account Number : 512020010022514 Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank IFSC Code : IDIB000A031 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230 Branch Name : Ashok Nagar Branch Name : Palayamkottai www.kalvikural.com

(iii)

PREFACE

SOCIAL SCIENCE text books have been prepared following the guidelines given in the NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAME WORK. The new text books provide ample opportunities for the children to learn the language and use it effectively and effortlessly. The marked changes in the new books aim at equipping the children with a gradual building of language competency.

In tune with the objectives as formulated in the new text books, GANGA PUBLICATION has come out with a new work book and guide to facilitate the children to learn at ease and score very good marks in their language papers. Every effort has been taken to make the exercises easy to attempt. With answers in a simple language, additional exercises have been given to hone the linguistic skills of the children.

Adequate explanations for all the exercises will enrich their knowledge.

One of the most salient features of the book on your hand is an ICT CORNER introduced in each unit for the first time. The answers provided in the work book will be certain to enhance digital literacy skills.

It is earnestly hoped that GANGA GUIDE will be of immense help fine-tuning your language skills and enable you to face the examination with confidence and competence.

Wish you the most successful, pleasant Academic year with GANGA GUIDE. -Publisher www.kalvikural.com

(iv)

9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

UNIT TOPIC PAGE NO.

HISTORY

1 Evolution of Humans and Society - 1 - 11 Prehistoric Period

2 Ancient Civilisations 12 - 24

3 Early Tamil Society and Culture 25 - 35

4 Intellectual Awakening and Socio- 36 - 46 Political Changes

5 The Classical World 47 - 57

6 The Middle Ages 58 - 69

7 State and Society in Medieval 70 - 84

CONTENTS 8 The Beginning of the Modern Age 85 - 100

9 The Age of Revolutions 101 - 116

10 Industrial Revolution 117 - 130

11 Colonialism in Asia and Africa 131 - 145 www.kalvikural.com

(v)

GEOGRAPHY

1 Lithosphere – I Endogenetic Processes 146 - 157

2 Lithosphere – II Exogenetic Processes 158 - 170

3 Atmosphere 171 - 186

4 Hydrosphere 187 - 198

5 Biosphere 199 - 209

6 Man and Environment 210 - 219

7 Mapping Skills 220 - 228

8 Disaster Management: Responding to 229 - 232 Disasters

CIVICS

1 Forms of Government and Democracy 233 - 241

2 Election, Political Parties and Pressure 242 - 249 Groups

3 Human Rights 250 - 261 CONTENTS

4 Forms of Government 262 - 266

5 Local Self Government 267 - 271

6 Road Safety 272 - 273 www.kalvikural.com

(vi)

ECONOMICS

1 Understanding Development: 274 - 281 Perspectives, Measurement and Sustainability

2 Employment in India and 282 - 288

3 Money and Credit 289 - 297

4 Agriculture in Tamil Nadu 298 - 301

5 Migration 302 - 306 CONTENTS

***** www.kalvikural.com 1 History . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORY 1 EVOLUTION OF HUMANS AND 1 SOCIETY - PREHISTORIC PERIOD

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. …………… is generally close to humans.

a) Gorilla b) Chimpanzee c) Orangutan d) Great Apes Ans: b) HISTORY 2. The period called …………… marks the beginning of agriculture and animal domestication. a) Palaeolithic b) Mesolithic c) Neolithic d) Megalithic Ans: c) 3. Direct ancestor of modern man was a) Homo habilis b) Homo erectus c) Homo sapiens d) Neanderthal man Ans: c) 4. …………… refers to the area covering Egypt, Israel-Palestine and Iraq. a) Great Rift Valley b) Fertile Crescent c) Solo river d) Neander Valley. Ans: b)

5. Sir Robert Bruce Foote, a geologist from England first discovered the …………… tools at near Chennai. a) Stone age b) Palaeolithic c) Mesolithic d) Neolithic Ans: b) 6. (i) The period before the introduction of writing is called pre-history. (ii) The pre-historic people developed language, made beautiful paintings and artefacts. (iii) The pre-historic societies are treated as literate. (iv) The pre-historic period is called ancient. a) (i) is correct b) (i) and (ii) are correct c) (i) and (iv) are correct d) (ii) and (iii) are correct Ans: b) 7. (i) The Neolithic people used polished stone axes called Celts. (ii) Evidence of Neolithic village is found at Payyampalli in . (iii) The cultural period that succeeded the Neolithic is called the Bronze Age. (iv) The period that witnessed domestication of animals and cultivation of crops is called Mesolithic. a) (i) is correct b) (i) and (ii) are correct c) (i) and (iv) are correct d) (ii) and (iii) are correct Ans: a) 8. Assertion (A) : Many of the Mesolithic sites are found nearby rivers and tanks. Reason (R) : Irrigation management developed during Mesolithic period. a) A is correct but R is incorrect b) A and R are correct and R explains A c) A and R both are incorrect d) A and R are correct but R doesn’t explain A Ans: d) www.kalvikural.com 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 1 ADDITIONAL 1 9. We live in the age of ……………. technology. a) Bio b) Research c) Scientific d) Information Ans: d) 10. Prehistoric people were the pioneers of ……………. knowledge. a) World b) Scientific c) Creative d) Medical Ans: c) 11. The Earth was formed approximately ……….….. billion years ago. a) 6.01 b) 5.50 c) 4.54 d) 10.01 Ans: c) 12. Palaeontology is the study of HISTORY a) Coins b) Fossils c) Inscriptions d) Handwriting Ans: b) 13. ……………. is considered the Father of History. a) Aristotle b) Herodotus c) Ptolemy d) Alexander Ans: b) 14. The Capitoline Museum in ……………. is perhaps the oldest surviving museum at present. a) Greece b) America c) England d) Italy Ans: d) 15. Modern humans called Homo sapiens first appeared in a) Africa b) Europe c) India d) China Ans: a) 16. The ……………. used by the Lower Palaeolithic people are known as Acheulian. a) Swords b) Knives c) Hammers d) Hand axes Ans: d) 17. The stone-made chisel with a sharp cutting edge is known as a) Burin b) Flake c) Bifaces d) Acheulian Ans: a) 18. Mesolithic period is known as the ……………. Age. a) Neolithic b) Middle Stone c) Old Stone d) Chalcolithic Ans: b) 19. Sir Robert Bruce Foote discovered the Palaeolithic tools at ……………. in Chennai. a) Adayar b) Pallavaram c) d) Ans: b) 20. ……………. are the tools used for scraping the surfaces. a) Scrapers b) Knives c) Plates d) Hand axes Ans: a) 21. Lunates are tools in the shape of a a) Triangle b) Square c) Crescent d) Diamond Ans: c) 22. The cultural period that succeeded the Neolithic is called the a) Iron Age b) Bronze Age c) Neolithic Age d) Chalcolithic Age Ans: a) 23. Assertion (A) : Neolithic culture is known as the New Stone Age. Reason (R) : The people used new techniques in grinding and polishing the tools. a) A and R are correct and R explains A b) A and R are correct but R doesn’t explain A c) A is correct but R is incorrect d) A and R both are incorrect Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 3 History . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

24. Assertion (A) : The cultural period that succeeded the Neolithic is called the Iron Age.

Reason (R) : The people of Neolithic period used iron technology. 1 a) A and R are correct and R explains A b) A and R are correct but R doesn’t explain A c) A is correct but R is incorrect d) A and R both are incorrect Ans: a) 25. Assertion (A) : Cattle lifting and expansion of territories started taking place in the Palaeolithic Age. Reason (R) : People of Palaeolithic Age were interested in warfare. a) A and R are correct and R explains A b) A and R are correct but R doesn’t explain A

c) A is correct but R is incorrect d) A and R both are incorrect Ans: d) HISTORY

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. Hand axes and cleavers are the important tool types of the ………….. culture. Ans: Lower Palaeolithic 2. The methods and techniques involved in the production of stone tools are called ………. Technology. Ans: Lithic 3. ………….. is known as the Middle Stone Age, as it is placed between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic. Ans: Mesolithic ADDITIONAL 4. The beginning of history writing can be traced to the ancient …...… Ans: Greeks 5. Charles Darwin published the book ………….. in 1871. Ans: The Descent of Man 6. Ashmolean Museum at ………….. University is the oldest university museum in the world. Ans: Oxford 7. The ………….. Is genetically the closer to humans. Ans: Chimpanzee 8. ………….. period does not have evidence of writing. Ans: Prehistoric 9. Microliths are stone artefacts of ………….. size. Ans: Small 10. The red sand dunes are called ………….. Ans: Teris 11. ‘Lith’ means ………….. Ans: Stone 12. Images on stone and bone called ………….. statues were produced in Europe and Asia. Ans: Venus 13. The hand axe assemblages found at Pallavaram are considered the ………….. Tool Industry. Ans: Madras Stone 14. Sir Robert Bruce Foote discovered the first Palaeolithic tools in India at ………….. Ans: Pallavaram, Chennai 15. Payyampalli, an Archaeological site is a village in ………….. district of Tamil Nadu. Ans: Vellore www.kalvikural.com 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 1

16. The ………….. River is one of the major cradles of human ancestors in the world.

1 Ans: Kosasthalaiyar 17. The Lower Palaeolithic tools are found in the ………….. and Dharmapuri districts in Tamilnadu. Ans: North Arcot 18. The process by which the pottery was polished with pebbles is known as Ans: Burnishing 19. ………….. is an important evidence found in the archaeological sites. Ans: Pottery

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT. HISTORY 1. a) The concept ‘survival of the fittest’ contributed to the scientific understanding of human origins. (T) b) The book ‘On the Origin of Species’ was published by Herbert Spencer. (F) c) Darwin’s theory of biological evolution connects with the process of natural selection. (T) d) Geology is the study of lithic technology. (F) Ans: (a) and (c) are the correct statements. 2. a) Among the great Apes Orang-utan is genetically the closes to humans. (F) b)  The ancestors to humans were called Hominins and their origins have been traced to Africa. (T) c) Flake is a small chip that has flaking on both sides. (F) d) Acheulian is the main block of stone from which small chips are flaked by using a hammer stone. (F) Ans: (b) is the correct statement ADDITIONAL 3. a) The history of humans is closely related to the history of the Earth. (T) b) BCE means Before Common Era. (T) c) Iron Age is the period when Iron was smelted to produce implements. (T) d) The book ‘The Descent of Man’ was published by C.J. Thomsen. (F) Ans: a), (b) and (c) are the correct statements 4. a) Neolithic Age is called the ‘’. (T) b) Red sand dunes are called Quartz. (F) c) During Ice Age, many parts of the world remained covered by ice sheets and snow. (T) d) Images on stone and bone are called Teris. (F) Ans: (a) and (c) are the correct statements 5. a) The Palaeolithic people hunted wild animals and gathered available fruits, roots, nuts and leaves. (T) b) They have the knowledge of iron and pottery making. (F) www.kalvikural.com 5 History . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

c) The people belonging to this period used basalt rocks for manufacturing artefacts. (T)

d) Palaeolithic tools are discovered at Pallavaram near Chennai. (T) 1 Ans: (a), (c) and (d) are the correct statements

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Palaeo anthropology - a) Teris 2. Hand axe tools - b) Venus 3. Images on stone and bones - c) Acheulian 4. Red sand dunes - d) Microliths 5. Stone artefacts of small size - e) The study of the human ancestors. HISTORY Ans: 1-e 2-c 3-b 4-a 5-d ADDITIONAL 6. Oldest museum - a) Modern human 7. The Descent of Man - b) Southern part of Kanniyakumari 8. Australopithecines - c) Mesopotamia 9. Homo sapiens - d) Charles Darwin 10. Lemuria - e) Africa Ans: 6-c 7-d 8-e 9-a 10-d 11. Homo Sapiens - a) Herodotus 12. Herbert Spencer - b) Tools 13. The History - c) Wise man 14. Menhirs - d) Burials 15. Lunates - e) Biological Evolution Ans: 11-c 12-e 13-a 14-d 15-b

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING BRIEFLY.

1. Discuss how the age of speculation made humans become conscious and Knowledgeable. • The Age of Speculation made humans become conscious and knowledgeable. • During that period, people became curious and began to think and ask questions about nature, organisms and the world around them. • They also developed their own understanding about various natural forces. 2. Write a note on the impact of pastoralism on the prehistoric people in TamilNadu. • The people in the Iron Age practiced agriculture, domesticated cattle and sheep. • Irrigation management developed in this period. • People settled on the river banks and cultivated millets and rice. www.kalvikural.com 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 1

3. List out the features of Megalithic Burial types.

1 • The people of Iron Age created burials with large stones for the dead people. • Within these burials, the skeletons or a few bones of the dead were placed along with grave goods. • The Megalithic burials are classified as dolmens, cists, menhirs, rock cut caves, urn burials and sarcophagus. • The burial types of kodakkal (umbrella stone), Toppikkal (hat stone) and Paththikal (hood stone) are found in Kerala. 4. Examine the tool making technical skills of lower Palaeolithic people. HISTORY • The lower Palaeolithic people were hunters and food gatherers. • They were intelligent enough to select naturally available stone block or pebbles to make their tools. • They made various tools such as hand axes and cleavers to meet their subsistence needs. • The tools have physical symmetry and convey the humans’ cognitive (perception) skill. ADDITIONAL 5. Define : Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology. • Archaeology is the study of human past through the analysis and interpretation of material remains. • Palaeoanthrpology is the study of the human ancestors and their evolution by the study of the fossil remains. 6. Define : Natural selection and Survival of the fittest. • Natural selection is the processes by which organisms are adapted to their environment would survive and produce more offspring. • Survival of the fittest means “survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations”. 7. Write about the Three Ages. The Three Age System are: i) Stone Age ii) Bronze Age and iii) Iron Age • Stone Age - The period when stone was mainly used for making implements. • Bronze Age - The period when bronze metallurgy developed • Iron Age - The period when iron was smelted to produce implements. 8. Write a note on Great Rift Valley. • The Great Rift Valley is a valley like formation that runs for about 6,400 km from the Northern part of Syria to Central Mozambique in East Africa. • Many prehistoric sites are found in the Great Rift Valley region. • This geographical feature is visible even from the space. www.kalvikural.com 7 History . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

9. Write about Acheulian and Bifaces.

Acheulian : They were first hand axes recognized at a place called St. Acheul in France 1 Hence, they are called Acheulian tools. Bifaces : They are the tools that have flaking on both sides (bi = two and face = side).

10. Write about the social life of the Upper Palaeolithic culture. • The humans of the time took cooked food and wore clothes. • Horns and ivory were used for making tools and art works. • Bone needles, fishhooks, harpoons and spears were also employed creatively. HISTORY • The dead were placed in the burials with folded hands placed over their chest. 11. People of Mesolithic period widely employed Microlithic technology. Justify. • Mesolithic people mainly used microlithic (small stone) tools for hunting. • They made tiny artefacts that were less than 5 cm in size. • They produced points, scrapers and arrow heads. • They also used geometric tools such as lunates, triangles and trapezes. 12. Write about the condition of Tamil Nadu during Iron Age. • Iron Age preceded the Sangam Age in Tamil Nadu. • During this period, many parts of Tamil Nadu were occupied by people. • The people of this age had knowledge of metallurgy and pottery making. • They used iron and bronze objects and gold ornaments. • They also used shell ornaments and beads made of carnelian and quartz.

VI. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION

1. Hominid and Hominins: a) Who are Hominids? All the species of the modern and extinct great apes. b) Who was the earliest human ancestor to make tools in Africa? Homo habilies. c) How are the modern humans known? Homo sapiens. d) Name any one species of this tribe. Homo erectus or Neanderthalensis or Homo habilies. www.kalvikural.com 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 1

2. Earliest Lithic Assemblages of Human ancestors:

1 a) Where are Acheulian tools have been found in Karnataka and in Madhya Pradesh? Isampur, Karnataka and Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh. b) What is Burin? Burn is a stone-made chisel with a sharp cutting edge. c) What are Biface tools? The tools that have flaking on both sides are known as Biface tools. HISTORY d) Name a few stone tools used by the human ancestors. Hand axes, hammer stones, sharp edged flakes and scrapers. ADDITIONAL 3. Middle Palaeolithic Culture: a) Name the species that existed in this period. Homo erectus. b) Name the tool that was made much attractive. Hand axe. c) How were the people of Middle Palaeolithic period called? Neanderthals. d) Write a note on their burial method. • They were the first human ancestors to mourn death properly. • They buried the dead people systematically. 4. Neolithic culture in Tamil Nadu: a) Which period is known as Neolithic period? The period in which domestication of animals and cultivation of crops developed. b) What is the other name of Neolithic period? New Stone Age. c) What are called Celts? The polished stone axes used by the people are called Celts. d) Where do we find the evidence of Neolithic culture in Tamil Nadu. We find the evidences at Payyampalli in Vellore district and a few sites in Dharmapurai region. www.kalvikural.com 9 History . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL:

1. The developments in the fields of agriculture, pottery and metal tools are considered 1 a landmark in the life of Megalithic period – Substantiate. • The people in the Megalithic Age practiced agriculture and domesticated cattle and sheep. • From the stage of food gatherers, they became as food producers. They cultivated millets and rice were cultivated. • Potteries were used for cooking, storage and dining purpose. • The people used the black and red colours to make black ware and red ware pottery.

• When the people stored food grains in pots and vessels, they started to think further HISTORY inventions in their free time. • The Megalithic people were experts in iron technology. • They made iron tools and used for agriculture, hunting, gathering and in battles. • Bronze bowls, vessels, bronze mirrors and bells were also used by the people. • These developments changed the life style of the people. 2. The history of humans is closely related to the history of the Earth. Elucidate. • The Earth contains geological, archaeological and biological records of historical times in its upper layers. • They are all important for the reconstructing the history of the Earth and various living organisms including humans. • Archaeologists excavate the soil and rock layers on the Earth and extract evidences about human ancestors. • Through the evidences, the Historians attempt to understand the evolution of human history and developments in chronological order. • After the formation of Earth, the plants and animals came into being and thereby foundation was lad for the evolution of humans. • Humans are the only species on Earth concerned with understand as well as explaining the world and the universe. • Thus, the history of humans is closely related to the history of the Earth. ADDITIONAL 3. Write a paragraph on the burial methods followed in Tamil Nadu during Iron Age. The Iron Age people created burials with large stones for the dead people. Within these burials, the skeletons or a few bones of the dead persons were placed along with grave goods. A few burials methods are- • The Megalithic burials are classified as dolmens, cists, menhirs, rock cut caves, urn burials and sarcophagus. www.kalvikural.com 10 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 1

• The burial types of Koddkkal (umbrella stone), Toppikkal (hat stone) and Paththikal (hood

1 stone) are found in Kerala. • Dolmens, table-like stone structures were erected as funerary monuments. • Cists are stone enclosures buried under the earth. They were created by placing four stone slabs on the sides one on top of each other. • Urns are big pottery jars and were used to bury the dead. • Sarcophagi are burial receptacles made terracotta. They sometimes had multiple legs. • Menhirs are pillar like stones erected as part of the burials or memorials. 4. Why was the rise of scientific enquire into the origin of humans possible? HISTORY The rise of scientific enquire into the origin of humans was possible because of – • The interest in collection of archaeological remains and the opening of museums after the Renaissance movement • The Renaissance movement in Europe played an influential role in rational thinking. • Scientific enquiry was undertaken and scientific foundations were laid. • The development of ideas of stratigraphy and geology. • Darwin’s theory of biological evolution • The discovery of human and animal fossils, stone tools and artefacts of early civilizations and • The ability to decipher early scripts.

FUN WITH HISTORY

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. Mark the prehistoric sites on the world map.

England France Turkey Japan Pakistan Egypt China Mexico TamilNadu

Easter Island South Africa

www.kalvikural.com 11 History . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Organize an exhibition on the Pre-Historic sites of Tamil Nadu. 1 HISTORY

 www.kalvikural.com 12 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 2

2 HISTORY 2 ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1. The earliest signs to denote words through pictures - ……………

HISTORY a) Logographic b) Pictographic c) Ideographic d) Stratigraphic Ans: b) 2. The preservation process of dead body in ancient Egypt - …………… a) Sarcophagus b) Hyksos c) Mummification d) Ans: c) 3. The Sumerian system of writing - …………… a) Pictographic b) Hieroglyphic c) Sonogram d) Cuneiform Ans: d) 4. The Harappans did not have the knowledge of …………… a) Gold and Elephant b) Horse and Iron c) Sheep and Silver d) Ox and Platinum Ans: b) 5. The Bronze image suggestive of theuse of lost-wax process known to the Indus people - …………… a) Jar b) Priest king c) Dancing girl d) Bird Ans: c) 6. (i) The oldest civilisation in Mesopotamia belonged to the Akkadians. (F) (ii) The Chinese developed the Hieroglyphic system. (F) (iii) The Euphrates and Tigris drain into the Mannar Gulf. (F) (iv) Hammurabi, the king of Babylon was a great law maker. (T) a) (i) is correct b) (i) and (ii) are correct c) (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: d) 7. (i) Yangtze River is known as Sorrow of China. (F) (ii) Wu-Ti constructed the Great Wall of China. (F) (iii) Chinese invented gun powder. (T) (iv) According to traditions Mencius was the founder of Taoism. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (iii) is correct d) (iii) and (iv) are correct Ans: c) 8. What is the correct chronological order of four civilisations of Mesopotamia? a) Sumerians - Assyrians - Akkadians - Babylonians b) Babylonians - Sumerians - Assyrians - Akkadians c) Sumerians - Akkadians - Babylonians - Assyrians d) Babylonians - Assyrians - Akkadians – Sumerians Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 13 History . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

9. Assertion (A) : Assyrians of Mesopotamian civilisation were contemporaries of Indus civilisation.

Reason (R) : The Documents of an Assyrian ruler refer to the ships from Meluha. 2 a) A and R are correct and A explains R b) A and R are correct but A doesn’t explain R c) A is incorrect but R is correct d) Both A and R are incorrect Ans: a)

ADDITIONAL 10. Egypt lies in the …………… corner of the African continent. a) South-western b) North-eastern c) North-western d) South-eastern Ans: b) 11. The Egyptian kings were called as a) Tzar b) Kaiser c) Pharaoh d) Nawab Ans: c) HISTORY 12. …………… were pyramid shaped monuments found in ancient Mesopotamia. a) Ziggurats b) Temples c) Forts d) Towers Ans: a) 13. Shi Huangdi is considered to be the first emperor of a) Korea b) Russia c) Japan d) China Ans: d) 14. …………… was the main occupation of the Mesopotamians. a) Trade b) Fishing c) Agriculture d) Weaving Ans: c) 15. The city of Akkad later became the city of a) Alexandria b) Babylon c) Constantinople d) Rome Ans: b) 16. Sun Tzu, a …………… strategist wrote the work called Art of War. a) Revenue b) Administrative c) Military d) Political Ans: c) 17. The writing system of the …………… is known as Hieroglyphic. a) Harappans b) Egyptians c) Chinese d) Sumerians Ans: b) 18. Mesopotamia refers to the region of Iraq and …………… in West Asia. a) Turkey b) Arabia c) Palestine d) Kuwait Ans: d) 19. The Egyptians acquired the Lapis Lazuli, a precious stone of bluish colour from a) Afghanistan b) India c) China d) Rome Ans: a) 20. i) Harappans adopted a double cropping system. (T) ii) Harappans had the knowledge of horses. (F) iii) Harappans had close trade links with the Mesopotamians. (T) iv) Harappan civilization is also known as Sumerian civilization. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (i) and (ii) are correct c) (i) and (iii) are correct d) (ii) and (iii) are correct Ans: c) 21. Assertion (A) : The Indus Valley civilization is also known as the Harappan civilisation. Reason (R) : Harappa was the first site discovered. Moreover, area of the civilisation extended beyond the Indus river valley. a) A and R are correct and R explains A b) A and R are correct but R doesn’t explain A c) A is correct but R is incorrect d) A and R both are incorrect Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 14 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 2

22. Assertion (A) : The Indus people had a close relationship with nature.

2 Reason (R) : They worshiped papal trees. a) A and R are correct and R explains A b) A and R are correct but R doesn’t explain A c) A is correct but R is incorrect d) A and R both are incorrect Ans: b)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1...... is a massive lime stone image of a lion with a human head. Ans: Great Sphinx of Giza 2. The early form of writing of the Egyptians is known as ...... Ans: Hieroglyphic

HISTORY 3...... specifies the Laws related to various crimes in ancient Babylonia. Ans: Hammurabi’s Code 4...... was the master archive keeper of Chou state, according to traditions. Ans: Lao Tze 5. The ...... figurines and paintings on the pottery from the sites suggest the artistic skills of the Harappans. Ans: Terracotta ADDITIONAL 6. Egypt lies in the North-eastern corner of the ...... continent. Ans: African 7. The Hyksos were the rulers of the 15th dynasty of ...... Ans: Egypt 8. In Egypt, ...... were used as slaves. Ans: Captives 9. Mesopotamia refers to the region of ...... And Kuwait in West Asia. Ans: Iraq 10. The city of ...... later became the city of Babylon Ans: Akkad 11. The oldest civilization in Mesopotamia belonged to the ...... Ans: Sumerians 12...... was a popular ruler of the late or ne0-Assyrian empire. Ans: Ashurbanipal 13. ‘Canon on Medicine’ is considered China’s earliest written book on ...... Ans: Medicine 14. The Indus Valley Civilisation is also known as ...... Civilisation. Ans: Harappan 15. The mention of ‘Meluhha’ in the cuneiform inscriptions is considered to refer to the ...... Ans: Indus region III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT. 1. a) The Great Bath at Harappa is well built with several adjacent rooms. (F) b) The cuneiform inscriptions relate to the epic of Gilgamesh. (T) c) The terracotta figurines and dancing girl made of copper suggest the artistic skills of Egyptians. (F) d) The Mesopotamians devised a solar calendar system. (F) Ans: b) is the correct statements www.kalvikural.com 15 History . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. a) Amon was considered the king of in ancient Egypt. (T)

b) The fortified Harappan city had the temples. (F) 2 c) The great sphinx is a pyramid shaped monument found in ancient Mesopotamia. (F) d) The invention of the potter’s wheel is credited to the Egyptians. (F) Ans: a) is the correct statement ADDITIONAL 3. a) Harappans developed a system of proper weights and measures. (T) b) Harappans practiced agriculture. (T) HISTORY c) The city Harappa is located in India. (F) d) Happpan civilization stated to decline around 1900 CE. (F) Ans: a) and b) are the correct statements 4. a) The preserved dead bodies are called cadaver. (F) b) The Egyptians had the tradition of preserving the dead bodies. (T) c) The preservation process is called mummification. (T) d) The preserved body was stored in a stone coffin called urns. (F) Ans: b) and c) are the correct statements 5. a) The Sumerians are believed to have originated from Central Asia. (T) b) Nippur was one of the important cities of the Sumerians. (T) c) They developed the cuneiform writing system. (T) d) Their political domination came to an end by 2450 BCE. (T) Ans: All the statements are correct 6. a) The Emperor of China, Shi Huangdi of China had the title ‘God of ’. (F) b) He is considered to be the first Emperor of China. (T) c) He is credited with unifying China. (T) d) He constructed the Great Wall of China to protect the empire from the invaders. (T) Ans: b), c) and d) are the correct statements

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Pharaoh - a) A kind of grass 2. Papyrus - b) The oldest written story of Earth 3. Great Law maker - c) Mohenjo-Daro 4. Gilgamesh - d) Hammurabi 5. The Great Bath - e) The Egyptian king Ans: 1-e 2-a 3-d 4-b 5-c www.kalvikural.com 16 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 2 ADDITIONAL

2 6. The Terracotta Army - a) Papyrus plant 7. Cuneiform - b) Gift of Nile 8. Egypt - c) China 9. Paper - d) Yellow river 10. Huang He - e) Writing system of Sumerians Ans: 6-c 7-e 8-b 9-a 10-d 11. Ziggurats - a) High officials HISTORY 12. Mummy - b) Confucius 13. Viziers - c) Male image from Mohenjo-Daro 14. Kung, the master - d) Preserved dead body 15. Priest king - e) Temples of Sumerians Ans: 11-e 12-d 13-a 14-b 15-c

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING BRIEFLY.

1. The Egyptians excelled in art and architecture. Illustrate. • The Pyramids are massive monuments built by the Egyptians as tombs of mourning to the Pharaohs. • These monuments display the engineering, architectural and human resource management skills of the Egyptians. • The Great Sphinx of Giza is a massive limestone image of a lion with a human head. • Numerous sculptures, paintings and carvings attest to the artistic skills of Egyptians. 2. State the salient features of the Ziggurats. • Ziggurats were the temples of Sumerians situated at the centre of Sumerian cities. • They were pyramid shaped monuments found in ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). • They were constructed on a platform with staircases leading to the top. • Around this temple were ceremonial courtyards, shrines, burial chamber for the priests and priestesses along with workshop, granaries, storehouses and administrative buildings. 3. Hammurabi code is an important legal document. Explain. • Hammurabi was the greatest of the Babylonian rulers. His Code of Law is the first written code of laws in history. It is carved on a stone which portrays Hammurabi as receiving the code from the sun god – Shamash. • It has 282 provisions specifying cases related to family rights, trade, slavery, taxes and wages. • It was a compilation of old laws based on the retributive principles. • The ‘eye for eye’ and ‘tooth for tooth’ form of justice is used in Hammurabi Code. www.kalvikural.com 17 History . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 4. Write a note on the Great Wall of China. 2 • The Great Wall of China was constructed to protect the empire from the invading nomadic people. • Shi Huangdi, the first Emperor of Chin dynasty constructed the Great Wall. • It ran for over 20,000 km covering the hill and plains from the border of Korea in the East to the Ordos Desert in the West. 5. Write a note on the Religious condition of Egyptian civilization.

• Egyptians practiced polytheism. HISTORY • They worshipped many namely Amon, Re, Seth, Thoth, Horsus and Anubis. • Among them, Re (Sun god) was the predominant one. Later, the Sun god was called Amon. • Anubis is the God of Death related to embalming of the dead depicted with a jackal head. • Thoth was the God of Writing and Learning. It has the head of the bird – Ibis. 6. What were the contributions of the Egyptians to modern society? • Egyptians developed a solar colander system. • The pyramids and their designs show their mathematical and surveying skills. • Hieroglyphic writing system attests to their skills in handling symbols. • They introduced preservation of human body in the form of Mummies. • They applied innovation in the use of science and technology. 7. Write a note on the contributions of Mesopotamian civilisation. The contributions of the Mesopotamian civilisation were- • The invention of the potter’s wheel is credited to the Sumerians. • They developed the calendar system of 360 days and divided a circle into 360 units. • The cuneiform system of writing was their contribution. • The Hammurabi’s Law Code was another legacy of the Mesopotamians. 8. Write the causes for the decline of Indus culture. The Indus civilisation and its urban features started declining from about 1900 BCE. Many causes attributed to the collapse of the culture. Few of them are- • Change in climate, • Drying up or flooding of the river Indus, • Foreign invasion and • Migration of the people to the South and Eastern part of India. 9. What were the contributions of the Chinese Civilization to the modern world? Their contributions to the modern world are: Writing system was improved, Invention of paper, Opening of the Silk Road and Invention of gun powder. www.kalvikural.com 18 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 2

10. Name the important centers of Indus Valley Civilisation.

2 The important centers are – 1. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) 5. Lothal (Gujarat, India) 2. Mohenjo-Daro (Sindh, Pakistan) 6. Surkotada (Gujarat, India) 3. Kalibangan (Rajasthan, India) 7. Dholavira (Gujarat, India) 4. Banwali (Rajasthan, India)

11. Write a note on the extent of Indus Valley Civilisation. • The Indus Valley Civilisation covers an area of over 1.5 million square kilometers in India HISTORY and Pakistan. • Sutkagen-dor in the West on the Pakistan-Iran border, Shortugai (Afghanistan) in the North, Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh, India) in the East and Daimabad (Maharashtra in India) in the South are the boundaries of Indus Valley Civilisation.

VI. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION.

1. Early Civilizations: a) What is meant by civilization? Civilization means an advanced and organised way of life. b) Name the important early civilizations. The Egyptians, Mesopotamian, the Chinese and the Indus are the important early civilizations. c) What supported the livelihood of a large number of people? The surplus food production by the farmers supported the livelihood of a large number of people.

d) What happened when civilization began to take shape? Huge buildings were built, the art of writing developed and science and technology contributed to the betterment of the society. 2. Features of Egyptian civilisation: a) Who built the Pyramids and why? Egyptians built the Pyramids. It was built as tombs of mourning to the Pharaohs. b) Who were Pharaohs and Viziers? • Egyptian kings were called as Pharaohs. • Viziers were the high officials who administered territories under the direction of the Pharaohs. c) What is the Pyramid and why was it built? • It is a massive monument built as tombs of Pharaohs. • It was built to mourn the Pharaohs. www.kalvikural.com 19 History . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

d) What is the process of mummification?

• The preservation of dead bodies by using Natron salt, a combination of sodium 2 carbonate and sodium bicarbonate is called mummification. • After 40 days, when the salt observed all the moisture, the body was filled with saw dust wrapped with strips of linen cloth and covered with a fabric. ADDITIONAL 3. Mesopotamian civilization: a) What does the name Mesopotamia mean? In the Greek language, ‘Meso’ means ‘in between’ and ‘potamus’ means ‘rivers’. So, HISTORY Mesopotamia means ‘The land between the rivers’. b) Name the rivers that make Mesopotamia a fertile region Euphrates and Tigris. c) Name the southern part of Mesopotamia. Babylonia. d) Name the oldest civilization in Mesopotamia. The oldest civilization in Mesopotamia belonged to the Sumerians. 4. Harappan Culture: a) Mention the important occupation of the Harappans. Agriculture and pastoralism. b) What type of cropping system they followed? They followed double cropping system. c) Name the crops cultivated by them. They cultivated wheat, barley and various types of millets. d) What are Zebu? The Harappan cattle are called Zebu. It is a large breed often represented in their seals. 5. Chinese philosophers: a) Name the famous Chinese philosophers. Lao Tze, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti (Mot Zu) and Tao Chien. b) Name the official chronicle of the state. The Spring and Autumn Annals. c) Who said ‘Desire is the root cause of all evils’? Lao Tze. d) Name the Chinese philosopher who offered his counsel to the rulers. Mencius. www.kalvikural.com 20 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 2

6. Religious life of the Babylonians:

2 a) What type of followed by the Sumerians? Polytheistic. b) Name the city centre of Enlil’s . City of Nippur. c) What were the gods worshipped by the people? Enlil, Marduk, Ashur, Ishtar, Tiamat and . d) Which is the rich collection of myths and legends? HISTORY Epic of Gilgamesh. VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL.

1. Define the terms of Hieroglyphics and Cuneiform with their main features. Hieroglyphics: • Egyptians are well known for their writing system. • They used the leaves of a plant called ‘Papyrus’ for writing. • Their writing system is known as Hieroglyphic. • Hieroglyphic was used in the inscriptions, seals and other objects. • At present, this inscription is in the British Museum, . Cuneiform: • Cuneiform is the Sumerian writing system. • The shape of the letters is in the form wedge and hence, it is called Cuneiform. • In the later part of fourth millennium BCE, this writing system emerged in Sumeria. • It is one of the earliest scripts of the world. The Epic of Gilgamesh was written in this script. • They used this script for commercial transactions and writing letters and stories. 2. To What extent is the Chinese influence reflected in the fields of philosophy and literature. Chinese poets and philosophers contributed a lot to the development of Chinese Civilization. Lao Tze, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and Tao Chien were notable poets and philosophers of China.They tried to remove the social evils and disparities from the society. Philosophy: • Lao Tze ( 604-521 BCE) was the master archive keeper of Chou state. He was the founder of Taoism. He argued that desire is the root cause of all evils. • Confucius (551 50 497 BCE) was famous among the Chinese philosophers. He was a political reformer. He insisted on cultivation of one’s own personal life. He said, “ If personal life is cultivation, family life is regulated and once family life is regulated, national life is regulated”. www.kalvikural.com 21 History . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Mencius (372-289 BCE) was another well known Chinese Philosopher. He travelled

throughout China and offered his counsel to the rulers. 2 Literature: • A number of literary works were emerged in china. • Sun Tzu, a military strategist wrote the work called ‘Art of War’. • The ‘Spring and Autumn Annals, is the official chronicle of the state at that time. • The Yellow Emperor’s ‘Canon of Medicine’ is considered China’s earliest written book on medicine. It was codified during the time of Han dynasty.

3. Write about the hidden treasure of Indus civilization. HISTORY The Indus Valley civilisation flourish nearly 5,000 years back on the banks of River Indus, If has a lot of hidden treasures. A few are. • The people adopted a double cropping system. • The used painted pottery with different shapes such as storage jars, perforated jars, goblets, S-shaped jars. These types of vessels are familiar in modern days. • Like modern people, the Harappans used chert blades, copper objects, bone and ivory tools. • They had the knowledge of cotton and silk textiles. • Like modern days, a system of proper weight and measures was followed by the people. • The Indus people had a close relationship with nature. • They planned and built fortified cities with well planned streets, drainage and lighting provisions. We borrowed all these from Harappans. • They constructed bucca buildings with backed and unbacked bricks and stones. ADDITIONAL 4. Harappan town planning has the resemblance of modern town planning – discuss. Town planning is one the unique features of the Indus Valley Civilization. In most of the cities, we can observe excellent town planning, fortification, well planned streets and drainage system. • Town planning of Harappa has the resemblance of modern town planning • Towns were divided into two parts - Upper part (Citadel) and Lower part. • In the upper part, granaries and other important building were located. • In the Lower part, markets, playgrounds and houses were located. • The streets cut across one another dividing the city into large rectangular blocks. • Houses were built on both the side of the roads. • The people used baked and unbaked bricks and stone for construction. • A few houses had more than one floor. www.kalvikural.com 22 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 2

• In these houses, there were wells for a regular supply of water and drains connected to the

2 bigger drains in the streets. • The drainage system was one of the most important features. • The drains were interconnected and covered. Small drains led to bigger ones. • The drains also had inspection holes at regular intervals. 5. Write a note on ‘Hammurabi’s Law Code’. • Hammurabi was the sixth king of Babylon belonging to the first Amorite dynasty. • He is known for administration and his Code of Law.

HISTORY • It is an important legal document that specifies the laws related to various crimes. • It is carved on a stone which portrays Hammurabi as receiving the code from the Sun god, Shamash. • It has 282 provisions specifying cases related to family rights, trade, slavery, taxes and wages. • It was a compilation of old laws based on retributive principles. The ‘eye for eye’ and ‘tooth for tooth’ form of justice is used in the Hammurabi Code.

FUN WITH HISTORY

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. Mark the areas of Bronze Age Civilization on the world map.

Harappan Chinese civilization civilization

Egyptian civilization

Mesopotamian civilization

www.kalvikural.com 23 History . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Prepare a chart on the pyramids and the mummies.

1. Pyramids and the Mummies: 2 HISTORY www.kalvikural.com 24 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 2

3. Prepare the pictures of the seals and the pottery of Indus people. 2 HISTORY

 www.kalvikural.com 25 History . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORY EARLY TAMIL SOCIETY 3 3 AND CULTURE

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1. The name of the script used in the Sangam Age - ……………

a) English b) Devanagari c) Tamil – Brahmi d) Granta Ans: c) HISTORY 2. The Sri Lankan chronicle composed in the Pali language mentioning about merchants and horse traders from Tamil Nadu - …………… a) Deepa vamsa b) Arthasastra c) Mahavamsa d) Indica Ans: c) 3. The notable Chola king credited with bringing forest lands under the plough and developing irrigational facilities - …………… a) Karikalan b) Rajarajan – I c) Kulothungan d) Rajendran – I Ans: a) 4. Inscription that mentions the Cheras - …………… a) Pugalur b) Girnar c) Pulimankombai d) Madurai Ans: a) 5. The famous Venetian traveler who described Kayal as a great and noble city - …………… a) Vasco d agama b) Alberuni c) Marco Polo d) Megasthenes Ans: c) 6. i) Coins as a medium of exchange were introduced for the first time in the Sangam Age. (T) ii) Prakrit was the language used by the common people in Northern India during the Mauryan period. (F) iii) Vienna Papyrus, a Roman document mentions trade related to Muziri. (T) iv) The concept of Thinai is presented in the Tamil grammar work of Pathupattu. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (i) and (iii) is correct d) (iii) and (iv) is correct Ans: c) 7. i) Pathitrupathu speaks about the Pandya kings and their territory. (F) ii) The Akanaanuru describes the trading activities at Kaveri poompattinam. (F) iii) The Chola Emblem was the tiger and they issued square copper coins with images of a tiger. (T) iv) Neythal is a sandy desert region. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) and (iii) is correct c) (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) ADDITIONAL 9. Epigraphy is the study of a) Inscriptions b) Coins c) Weapons d) Temples Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 26 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 3

10. The Sangam Age has its roots in the …………… Age.

3 a) Palaeolithic b) Neolithic c) Iron d) Mesolithic Ans: c) 11. During Sangam period, the Pamban coast is famous for a) Architecture b) Pearl fishing c) Agriculture d) Trade Ans: b) 12. Kodumanal, an Archaeological site is located near …………… in Tamil Nadu. a) Chennai b) Vellore c) Pudukkottai d) Erode Ans: d) 13. …………… are the memorials erected for those who lost their lives in the battles and in cattle rides.

HISTORY a) Tombs b) Temples c) Hero stones d) Buildings Ans: c) 14. Arikkamedu, near …………… is a Sangam Age port. a) Puducherry b) Cochin c) Tuticorin d) Kanniyakumari Ans: a) 15. Ptolemy’s …………… is a gazetteer and atlas of Roman times. a) History b) Geography c) World Chart d) Gate way to world Ans: b) 16. i) Bullock carts and animals were used to transport goods by land. (T) ii) Salt merchants were called Yavanars. (F) iii) Barter was the primary mode of exchange. (T) iv) Soldiers travelled in groups with trading goods and commodities between regions. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) and (iii) is correct c) (i) and (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) 17. i) Agriculture was the one of the mains sources of subsistence. (T) ii) Millets were cultivated in dry lands. (T) iii) In the Sangam literature, there is no evidence about rice. (F) iv) People in the Palai region(desert) adopted shifting cultivation. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (i) and (ii) is correct c) (i) and (iii) is correct d) (ii) and (iv) is correct Ans: b) 18. i) Silappathikaaram describes the procedures for effecting hero stones. (F) ii) In Mullai landscape, the people followed the pastoral way of life. (T) iii) Epics or Kappiyams are long narrative poem of very high quality. (T) iv) The Pathinen Kilkanakku comprises of ten texts elaborating on ethics and morals. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) and (iii) is correct c) (i) and (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: b) 19. i) Barter was the primary mode of exchange practiced during the Sangam Age. (T) ii) Gold merchants were called Umanars. (F) iii) Bullock carts and animals were used to transport goods by land. (T) iv) Southwest Asia was known as Suvarna Bhumi in Tamil literature. (F) a) (i) and (ii) are correct b) (ii) and (iii) are correct c) (iii) and (iv) are correct d) (i) and (iii) is correct Ans: d) www.kalvikural.com 27 History . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS.

1. ………….. are documents scripted on stones, copper plates, coins and rings. 3 Ans: Inscriptions 2. ………….. refers to systematically digging a site to recover material evidence for exploring societies of the past. Ans: Archaeological excavation 3. ………….. is the classic work on economy and statecraft authorized by Kautilya during the Mauryan period. Ans: Arthasastra 4. ………….. is a poetic theme which means a class or category and refers to a habitant or eco-zone

with specific physiographical characteristics. Ans: Thinai HISTORY 5. ………….. referred to the Westerners including the Greeks, Romans and West Asian people. Ans: Yavanar ADDITIONAL 6. The development of script marked the beginning of the ………….. period. Ans: Historical period 7. Bullion means ………….. available in the form of ingots. Ans: Precious metal 8. Mahavamsa, the Sir Lankan Buddhist Chronicle composed in the ………….. language. Ans: Pali 9. Pliny, the Elder wrote the book ………….. Ans: Natural History 10. During the Sangam period, Tamilagam was divided into ………….. landscapes. Ans: Five 11. A planned town with brick architecture and a proper layout is called Ans: Urban centre 12. ………….. was a touchstone used to test the purity of gold. Ans: Perumpattankal 13. Ilango who composed the Silappathikaram was the brother of Ans: Chern Senguttuvan 14. Tholkappiyam, attributed to Tholkappiyar, is the earliest written work on Ans: Tamil grammar 15. The Cheras are referred to as ………….. in the Ashokan inscriptions. Ans: Keralaputras

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT.

1. a) Evidence of iron smelting has been found in Kodumanal and Guttur. (T) b) Periplus of Erythren Sea mentions about the pepper trade with India. (F) c) Punch marked coins are the earliest coins used in India mostly made of gold. (F) d) The Sangam Age has its roots in the Bronze Age. (F) Ans: a) is the correct statement www.kalvikural.com 28 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 3

2. a) The Cheras ruled over Kaveri delta and their capital was Uraiyur. (F)

3 b) The Maangulam Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions mention the King Karikalan. (F) c) The terms Vanika and Nigama appear in Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions were different types of merchants. (T) d) Salt merchants were called Vanika and they travelled in bullock carts along with their family. (F Ans: c) is the correct statement

ADDITIONAL 3. a) Textile production was also important occupation of Sangam people. (T)

HISTORY b) Evidence of spindle whorls and pieces of cloth have been found at Kodumanal. (T) c) Arthasasthra mentions the fine variety of textiles produced in the Tamil region. (F) d) Spindle whorls were used for making pottery from clay. (F) Ans: a) and b) are correct statements 4. a) Bullion means precious metals available in the form ingots. (T) b) Punch marked coins are mostly made of gold. (F) c) Mahavamsa, the Sri Lankan Buddhist chronicle was composed in Sanskrit. (F) d) Peutingerian table is an illustrated map of the Indian roads. (F) Ans: a) is the correct statement 5. a) During the Sangam Age, the Neythal landscape followed the pastoral way of life. (F) b) In the Sangam period, cattle were considered an important source of wealth. (T) c) Tholkappiyam describes the procedures for erecting hero stones. (T) d) Hero stones of the Sangam Age can be found at Porpanaikottai in Pudukkottai. (T) Ans: b), c) and d) are correct statements

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Epigraphy - a) A narrative text presenting the important historical events 2. Chronicle - b) A sangam age port 3. Pastoralism - c) An ornament made in precious stone. 4. Cameo - d) The study of inscriptions 5. Arikkamedu - e) Nomadic people earning livelihood by rearing cattle. Ans: 1-d 2-a 3-e 4-c 5-b

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING BRIEFLY.

1. Archaeological sites provide evidence of past history – Discuss. • Archaeology is the scientific study of all the remains of the past that are discovered through digging or excavations conducted at various historical sites. • Archaeological sites provide ample evidences to know the history of past. www.kalvikural.com 29 History . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Archaeological sources include monuments, coins ornaments, shells of pottery, sculpture,

weapons, tools, bones, vessels, etc, used by people in the past. 3 2. How important are coins as a source of evidence for the study of Sangam Age? • Coins as a medium of exchange were introduced for the first time in the Sangam Age. • The coins of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas and Romans were important source of evidence. • The coins give information on the social and economic conditions of Sangam period. • They also tell us the extent of the kingdom, its relation with neighboring and foreign kingdoms. • Roman coins discovered in Coimbatore region, Karur and Madurai shows that our ancestors HISTORY traded with the people of Rome. 3. Agriculture was one of the main sources of subsistence in Sangam Age. Give reasons. • The economy of Sangam Age was mixed as elaborated in the Thinai concept. Agriculture was one of the main occupations of the people. • The people also involved in other occupations like fishing, pottery making, jewellery making iron manufacturing, trade, etc. But, agriculture was the main source of subsistence in Sangam Age. • Both wet and dry land farming were practiced. In the river valleys and tank-irrigated areas, paddy was cultivated. • People in the forest adopted Punam of shifting cultivation. 4. Overseas interactions brought glory to ancient Tamilagam. Give examples in support. • Tamilagam had connections with countries overseas both in the east and west. • Roman ships used monsoon winds to cross the Western Sea or the Arabian Sea to connect Tamilagam. • Spices including pepper, ivory and precious stones were exported from Tamilagam. • Metal including gold, silver and copper were imported for other countries. • Roman coins discovered in Coimbatore region, Karur and Madurai shows the existence of brisk traded with Rome. ADDITIONAL 5. What are the sources useful to reconstruct the history of ancient Tamils? The sources for reconstructing the history of the ancient Tamils are- • Classical Tamil literature • Epigraphy (inscriptions) • Archaeological excavations and materials culture • Non-Tamil and Foreign literatures. www.kalvikural.com 30 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 3

6. Name the texts of Elluthogai.

3 The texts of Pathinen Melkanakku include Pathupaattu and Ettuthogai. These are the oldest among the classical Tamil texts. The Ettuthogai or the Eight Anthologies are – 1) Nattrinai 2) Kurunthogai 3) Paripaadal 4) Pathittrupathu 5) Aingurunuru 6) Kalithogai 7) Akanaanuru 8) Puranaanuru 7. Name the legislation passed to preserve the archaeological remains in India. • The Indian Treasure Trove Act (1878), • The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (1972) and

HISTORY • The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958) are the legislation passed by the Central Government to preserve the archaeological remains in India. 8. Write a note on Ptolemy’s Geography. • Ptolemy wrote the book Geography. It is a gazetteer and atlas of Roman times. • It provides geographical details of the Roman Empire in the second century CE. • Kaveripoompattinam, Korkai, Kanniyakumari and Muciri are some of the places mentioned in his Geography. 9. What are the five landscapes of ancient Tamilagam? Tamilagam was divided into five landscapes. They are- • Kurunji refers to the hilly and mountainous region. • Mullai is forested and pastoral region. • Marutham is the fertile river valley. • Neythal is coastal region and • Paalai is sandy desert region. 10. What is an urban centre? • A planned town with brick architecture and a proper layout is known as urban centre. • Urban centres have a larger population involved in non-agrarian, commercial and political occupations. • Various industrial activities are seen in these towns.

VI. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION.

1. Hero Stones: a) What was the common practice in a pastoral society? Raiding cattle owned by adjoining tribes and clans was common practice in a pastoral society. b) Who plundered the cattle wealth of enemies? Tibal chieftains. www.kalvikural.com 31 History . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

c) How were the dead warriors remembered?

The dead warriors were remembered as Martyrs. 3 d) Which Tamil text describes the procedures for effecting here stones? Tholkappiyam. 2. Non-Tamil sources (Foreign Accounts): a) What does the presence of the non-Tamil sources reveal? Non-Tamil literary sources offer information on early Tamil society. b)  Name the classic work of the Mauryan period that makes a mention that the HISTORY pearl and shells came from Pandya country. Arthasastra. c) What is a chronicle? It is a narrative text presenting the important historical events in chronological order. d) Who speaks about the pepper trade between Roman Empire and India? Pliny speaks about the pepper trade between Roman Empire and India. 3. Industries and Crafts of the Sangam Age: a) What were the important aspects of urbanization? Emergence of cities, development of industries, economic life of the people, literature, Systematic administration, etc are the important aspects of urbanization. b) What is the Tamil name for a potter? Kalamceyko. c) What were the different types of pottery used by the people? Black ware, russet coated painted ware, black and red ware were types of pottery. d) Identify the Iron implements required for agriculture and warfare. Swords, daggers and spears were required for agriculture and warfare. ADDITIONAL 4. Archaeology: a) What is Archaeology? Archaeology is the study of the past by interpretation of the material cultural remains. b) What are Archeological sites? The old inhabitation sites where the systematic excavation conducted to unearth the remains of past is called Archeological sites. c) What do the sites provide? The sites provide evidences to know how the people lived in the past. www.kalvikural.com 32 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 3

d) Where is Arikkamedu?

3 Arikkamedu is near Puducherry. 5. Trade during Sangam Age: a) Mention the different types of traders. Gold merchants, Cloth merchants and salt merchants. b) What are the terms used to denote water crafts and sea-going vessels? Kalam, Pahri, Odam, Toni, Teppam and Navai. c) What were the goods exported from Tamil Nadu? HISTORY Pepper, ivory and precious stones. d) What were the goods imported from foreign countries? Metal including gold, silver and copper and precious stones.

VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL:

1. To what extent do you think the political powers of Tamilagam influenced Sangam age polity? Among the political powers of the Sangam Age, the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas occupied pre-eminent positions. They were known as Muvendhar. The Cheras: • The Cheras ruled Kerala and the Western part of Tamil Nadu. • Vanchi was the capital of the Cheras while Musiri and Thondi were their port towns. • Pathiruppathu speaks about the Chera kings and their conquests. The Cholas: • The Cholas ruled over the Kaveri delta and Northern parts of Tamil Nadu. • Their capital was Uraiyur and their port town was Kaveripoompattinam. • Karikalan is notable among the Chola Kings. • The administration of the Cholas reached its zenith in the later Chola period. • During this period, literature, art and architecture flourished. The Pandyas: • The Pandyas ruled the southern part of Tamil Nadu. • Madurai was their capital. They were the patrons of Tamil scholars. • They patronized Tamil Sangams in which Tamil poets and poetess assembled and composed poems and literary texts. Velirs: • Apart from the Vendars, there were Velirs who occupied territories on the margins of the muvendhar. www.kalvikural.com 33 History . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• The velirs were seven in number. They were Pari, Kari, Ori, Nalli, Pegan, Ai and Athiyaman.

• These chieftains had alliance with one or other of the muvendhar and helped them in their 3 battles against the other Vendhars. 2. Indicate how the industries and crafts of the Sangam Age contribute to their economy. In the Sangam Age, there were professional groups that produced various commodities. The system of production of commodities is called industry. Apart of agriculture, they also practiced Iron manufacturing, Jewellery making, textile production, etc. Iron Industry: HISTORY Iron manufacturing was an important artisanal activity. Iron smelting was undertaken in traditional furnaces. Iron implements were required for agriculture and warfare. Jewellery making: Sangam Age people adorned themselves with a variety of ornaments. The rich people wore jewels made of gold, precious stones and copper. They wore ornaments made of clay, terracotta, iron and glass beads. Gold coins from Rome were used to make jewellery. Textile production: Textile production was another important occupation. Tamil literatures refer to cloth ‘Kalingam’ and other fine varieties of textiles. Periplus mention the fine variety of textiles produced in the Tamil region. Trade: • Foreign traders especially the Greeks, Romans and West Asians popularly known as Yavanars had a brisk trade with Tamil people. The Roman coins excavated at Coimbatore, Madurai and Karur proves it. • From the above, we can understand that the industries and crafts of the Sangam Age contributed to the economy of Tamil people. ADDITIONAL 3. Write a note on Hero stones. • Hero stones are memorials erected for those who lost their lives in the battles and in cattle raids. As cattle were considered an important source of wealth, raiding cattle owned by adjoining tribes and clans was common practice in the pastoral society. • During the Sangam Age, tribal chieftains plundered the cattle wealth of enemies whose warriors fought to protect their cattle. Many warriors died in such battles. They were remembered as martyrs. • Memorial stones were erected in their honour. Sangam literature gives a lot of information about these battles and hero stones. In due of the time, hero stones became an object of worship. www.kalvikural.com 34 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 3

• Hero stones of the post-Sangam Age and the Pallava period were erected in large numbers

3 in pastoral regions. These here stones have inscriptions and the miages of warriors and names of heroes. 4. What are the Non-Tamil sources that help us to know Tamil society? Explain. Tamil literary sources are very helpful to known about Sangam polity and society. Equally, the Non-Tamil literary sources also offer information on early Tamil society. The important non-Tamil sources are- Arthasastra: It was written by Chanakya during the Mauryan period. It referes to Pandya HISTORY Kavatak. It means the pearl and shells from the Pandya country. From this book, we can get the information of Sangam age. Mahavamsa: Mahavamsa is the Sri Lankan Buddhist chronicle. It gives information about the merchants and horse trades of Tamil Nadu and South India. Periplus of Erythrean Sea: Periplus of Erytheran sea is an ancient Greek text whose author is not known. It makes references to the Sangam age, mentions the port of Musiri, Thondi, Korkai and Kumari as well as the Cheras and the Pandyas. Pliny’s Natural History: Pliny the Elder was a Roman who wrote the book ‘Natural History’. He speaks about the pepper trade with India. He also states that it took 40 days from Rome to reach India for trade. Further, he mentioned about the Pandyas of Madurai. Ptolemy’s Geography: Ptolemy’s Geography is a gazetteer and atlas of Roman times. He mentioned about the places such as Kaveripoompattinam, Korkai, Kanniyakumari and Musiri in his book ‘Geography’. Peutingerian Table: Peutingerian table is an illustrated map of the Roman roads. It shows the areas of ancient Tamilagam and the port Musiri. Vienna Papyrus: Vienna papyrus is a Greek document of second century CE. It contains i) a written agreement between trades, ii) name of the ships and iii) list of articles of export such as pepper and ivory that were shipped from India to the Roman Empire. www.kalvikural.com 35 History . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

FUN WITH HISTORY 3

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. Mark on the map of South India, the ancient Tamilagam and the territories of Tamil Kingdoms.

Chera Kingdom HISTORY

+ + Chola Kingdom ++++ ...... Pandya Kingdom

Arabian Sea + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ Musiri + + + + + + + ++ + + + Kaveri Poompattinam Vanchi +..+ + Uraiyur ...... + Poombuhar ...... Madurai Thondi ....

Korkai

2. Visit a museum and collect information about inscriptions, coins and instruments used by the ancient people. (Self Activity) 3. Visit the early historic sites of Arikkamedu, Kaveripoompattinam, Keezhadi, etc., (Self Activity) 4. Conduct a study on materials excavated from prehistoric sites and on Tamil-Brahmi script. (Self Activity)

 www.kalvikural.com 36 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 4

4 HISTORY INTELLECTUAL AWAKENING AND 4 SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGES

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1. Identify the founder of a new sect who exemplified simplicity and self-denial.

HISTORY a) Buddha b) Lao-tze c) Confucius d) Zoroster Ans: a) 2. The Magadha king influenced by the teaching of . a) Dhananandha b) Chandragupta c) Bimbisara d) Shishunga Ans: c) 3. The Northern India extended from the Kabul Valley in the North to the Godavari in the South witnessed the rise of sixteen states. a) Mahajanapadas b) Gana-sanghas c) Dravia d) Dakshinapatha Ans: a) 4. Tri-ratnas are the three principles taught by …………… a) Buddha b) Mahavira c) Lao-tze d) Confucius Ans: b) 5. The account which throws light on Mauryan polity and society is …………… a) Marco Polo b) Fahien c) Megasthanes d) Seleucus Ans: c) 6. i) Under the Magadha king, the Mahamatriyas functioned as secretaries to the ministers. ii) Accounts of Megasthanes titiled Indica is a useful record about Mauryan polity and society. iii) Nanda’s attempt to build an imperial structure was cut short by Ashoka who found the Mauryan Kingdom. iv) According to tradition towards the end of the life Chandragupta become an ardent follower of . a) (i) is correct. b) (ii) is correct c) (i) and (ii) is correct d) (iii) and (iv) is correct Ans: b)

ADDITIONAL 7. Confucius said that wisdom grows from the …………… a) King b) Mother c) Family d) Friends Ans: c)

8. The book Tao Teh Ching is a guide to the conduct of life was written by …………… a) Confucius b) Lao Tse c) Zoroaster d) Buddha Ans: b)

9. The statue of at Saravanabelgola in Karnataka is known as …………… a) Gomateswara b) Rishabha c) Parshvanath d) Siddhartha Ans: a)

10. The holy book of Zoroastrians is …………… a) Quran b) Zend Avesta c) Main Kampf d) Mahavamsam Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 37 History . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

11. …………… was also known as ‘Sakya Muni’.

a) Mahavira b) Ashoka c) Kanishka d) Buddha. Ans: d) 4 12. Mahajanapadas were …………… in number. a) Ten b) Sixteen c) Sixty d) Fifteen Ans: b) 13. Our national emblem with four lions is a replica of the Ashoka Pillar of …………… a) Saranath b) New Delhi c) Red fort d) Bodh Gaya Ans: a) 14. …………… was the greatest monastery built by the rulers of Magadha Empire. a) Kanchi b) Taxila c) Nalanda d) Kasi Ans: c) 15. Towards the end of his life, Chandragupta became an ardent follower of …………… HISTORY a) Hinduism b) c) Buddhism d) Sikhism Ans: b)

16. i) Nalanda was a great monastery built by the Gupta rulers. (F) ii) Nalanda became the most renowned seat of learning in course of time. (T) iii) No fee was collected from the students. (T) iv) The place Nalanda is situated in Nepal. (F) a) (i) is correct. b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iii) is correct d) (iii) and (iv) is correct Ans: c)

17. i) Ajatashatru murdered his father Bimbisara and ascended the throne. (T) ii) The capital city of Magadha was Rajagriha. (T) iii) He built another fort at Varanasi on the Ganges. (F) iv) Ajastashatru died in 500 BCE. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (iii) is correct d) (i) and (ii) is correct Ans: d)

18. i) The Pallava king Mahendravaramn was a Jain. (T) ii) Due to the influence of Appar, he was converted to Jainism. (T) iii) In Jaina Kanchi, we can find many Jain temples. (T) iv) The ceiling of Kanchi Vaikuntha perumal temple is painted with the life story of Mahavira. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (iii) is correct d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are the correct statements Ans: d)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. ………….. is a collection of sacred literature of different epochs, containing , confessions and myths. Ans: Zend Avesta 2. In the Gangetic plan, ………….. agriculture required the use of bullock. Ans: Iron plough 3. Jains believe that ………….. came in a long line of and he was the twenty fourth and the last. Ans: Mahavira www.kalvikural.com 38 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 4

4. The place where Buddha attained enlightenment has been built into the Mahabodhi temple that

4 still exists in ………….. Ans: Bodh Gaya (Bihar) 5. The rock edicts form the reliable source to know about the Mauryan empire in particular the Dharmic rule of ………….. Ans: Ashoka ADDITIONAL 6. Ashoka became an ardent Buddhist after meeting the Buddhist monk ………….. Ans: Upagupta 7. The foreign account of Megasthenes is known as ………….. Ans: Indica HISTORY 8. Mahavira is popularly known as Jaina which means ………….. Ans: Conqueror 9. The Parses are the people who came to India from ………….. Ans: Persia 10. In the sixth century BCE, ………….. great thinkers were born in China. Ans: Two 11. Zoroastrianism took its origin in ………….. Ans: Perisa 12. In Zoroastrianism, ………….. was worshipped as a symbol of the . Ans: Fire 13. The statue of Bahubali (Gomateswara) is an example of ………….. architecture. Ans: Jain 14. In Zoroastrianism, ………….. was considered as the highest form of worship. Ans: Fire worship 15. Confucius was born in the Shantung province of ………….. in 551 BCE. Ans: China

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT. 1. a) The introduction of Bronze tools made easy the removal of dense forest cover from the banks of the Ganges. (F) b) Ajivikas had a small presence in Western India. (F) c) The clusters where particular clansmen were dominant came to be known were pre- Mauryan States. (F) d) Of the kingdoms mentioned in the literature of the period Kashi, Kosala and Magadha are considered to be powerful. (T) Ans: d) is the correct statement 2. a) Ajatashatru was the first important king of Magadha. (F) b) Bimbisara succeeded in establishing a comprehensive structure of administration. (T) c) The Mauryas were the first of non-Kshatriya dynasties to rule in Northern India. (F) d) Nanda’s attempt to build an imperial structure was cut short by Ashoka. (F) Ans: b) is the correct statement www.kalvikural.com 39 History . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL

3. a) Mahavira and Buddha lived a life of luxury. (F) 4 b) Ashoka and Bindusara were the contemporary rulers of Mahavira and Buddha. (F) c) Rishabha was the first in a long line of Tirthankaras. (T) d) Mahavira died at in 527 BCE at the age of seventy two. (T) Ans: c) and d) are the correct statements 4. a) Mahavira was born at Kundagrama near Vaishali. (T) b) His mother was , a Lichchavi princess. (T)

c) He was married to a princess named Yashodhara. (F) HISTORY d) The couple had a son called Rahul. (F) Ans: a) and b) are the correct statements 5. a) Buddha’s closest disciple was Dhana Nanda. (F) b) The Buddhist monks are known as Bikshus. (T) c) Buddhist lost its royal patronage during the reign of Guptas. (T) d) Buddhist split into two such as and Svetambaras. (F) Ans: b) and c) are the correct statements IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Eight fold path - a) Tallest Jaina statue 2. Bahabali - b) A code of political morality 3. The Spring and Autumn Annals - c) Sacred literature of laws and myths 4. Zend Avesta - d) First 5. Rishabha - e) Path to attain the purest state of mind Ans: 1-e 2-a 3-b 4-c 5-d ADDITIONAL 6. Alexander - a) Chanakya 7. Megasthenes - b) Buddhist monk 8. Upagupta - c) Greek Emperor 9. Vishnugupta - d) Son of Ashoka 10. Mahendra - e) Selucus’s envoy Ans: 6-c 7-e 8-b 9-a 10-d 11. Gramani - a) Sacrifice 12. Rajagriha - b) King or Emperor 13. Palaliputra - c) Capital of Mauryas 14. Smarat - d) Capital of Magadha 15. Asvamedha - e) Village headman Ans: 11-e 12-d 13-c 14-b 15-a www.kalvikural.com 40 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 4

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING BRIEFLY.

4 1. Write about Hinayana and Mahayana. During the reign of Kanishka, Buddhism was split into two as – i) Hinayana and ii) Mahayana • The Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle) was the original preached by Buddha. The followers of this form regarded Buddha as their and did not worship Buddha as God. They denied ideal worship. • In Mahayana (Greater Vehicle), Budhha was worshipped as God. The followers made images, offered prayers and recited humns. Later, they wrote their religious books in HISTORY Sanskrit. 2. Elaborate the term “Tri Ratnas”. The teachings of Mahavira are known as ‘Tri Ratnas’. The three principles of Jainism are as follows-

• Right faith  Right knowledge  Right action 3. What do you known of Ajatasatru? • Ajatashatru, the son of Bimbisara is said to have murdered his father and came to power. • He ascended the throne of Magadha in 493 BCE and followed the policy of conquest. • His capital city was Rajagriha provided protection to the kingdom from external threats. 4. What does the Edict of Kalinga convey? • Kalinga was under the rule of the Nanda Empire until the empire’s fall in 321 BCE. • Ashoka conquered the Kalinga eight years after his coronation. • A large number of soldiers were killed and equal numbers of people were deported. • This war and slaughter affected Ashoka so much and decided to give up war. • The War converted Ashoka to Buddhism and prompted to devote the rest of his life to ahimsa (non-violence) and to -vijaya (victory through dharma). 5. Highlight the steps taken by Ashoka to spread Buddhism. • Ashoka built a large number of monasteries all over the empire and spent large sums money in endowing them. • He spread the doctrines of Buddha by engraving them on rocks, pillars and on the walls of the caves throughout the empire. • Ashoka appointed officers called Dharma Mahamatras, Yuktas and Rajjukas to spread Buddhism. • He organised the Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra to settle the internal issues among the monks. • Ashoka sent missionaries to preach Buddhism in the East Asian countries. He sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sangamitra to Sri Lanka. www.kalvikural.com 41 History . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL

6. Write a note on Alexander’s invasion on North-western India. 4 • Alexander was a notable ruler Greece. He entered the Indian provinces in 326 BCE. • His campaign in northern India lasted for two years. • The king of Jhelum region, Porus fought him heroically in the battle of the Hydaspes (Jhelum). • Though Porus last the battle, he was restored to the throne. But he was assassinated by one of the Generals of Alexander. • Alexander had left his governor in India. After his sudden death, his great empire cut into pieces. HISTORY 7. Write a few lines about the administration of Bimbisara, the Magadha ruler. • Bimbisara succeeded in establishing a comprehensive structure of administration. • Village was the basic unit of his administrative system. Apart from villages (gramas), There were fileds and pastures as well as wasteland and the forests (aranya, khetra and vana). • Each village was brought under the gramani 9headman) who was responsible for collecting taxes and remitting them to the state treasury, • Officers were appointed to measure the cultivable land area and assess the value of crop to fix the taxes. Thus a peasant economy came into being at Magadha. 8. The invention of smelting of iron transformed both production and warfare – Justify. • Copper and its alloy, bronze were employed in production before Iron. They were expensive and the edges became blunt quickly. • Iron ore, in contrast, was available in abundance compared to copper or bronze. • Iron axe enable cultivators to clear the jungles and the iron plough was used to break the hardest soil. Likewise, weapons made out of iron were useful to kill animals and enemies in the battle field. • Thus, the invention of smelting of iron transformed both production and warfare. 9. What were the causes for the decline of Buddhism? • In the beginning, the principles of Buddhism were preached in people language (Pali). So, the religion was popular. Later days, the texts were written in Sanskrit. It was very difficult to the common people to understand. • Image worship in Mahayana made no difference between Hinduism and Buddhism. • Buddhist lost its royal patronage during the reign of Guptas. • Further, the invasions of Huns and Turks almost wiped out Buddhism. 10. What are the two branches of Jainism? After the death of Mahavira, Jainism split into two branches namely – i) Digambaras (sky clad) and ii) Svetambaras (white clad) • The Digambaras were the orthodox followers of Mahavira. They rejected clothes altogether. • The Svetambaras wore a white dress from head to toe. www.kalvikural.com 42 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 4

VI. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION.

4 1. Zoroastrianism: a) Who was the founder? Zoroaster of Perisa. b) Name the god worshipped by the Parsis? Ahura Maza ( of Light). c) What did Zoroaster teach? Zoroaster taught that the great object of religion, state of society is the cultivation of HISTORY morality. d) What was the highest form of worship? Fire. 2. Gautama Buddha: a) What was the original name of Buddha? Siddartha. b) Name the birth place of Buddha. Lumbini garden near Kapilavastu. c) Where did he get enlightenment? Bodh Gaya (Bihar). d) Mention the place of his sermon. He gave his first sermon at Saranath. ADDITIONAL 3. Taosim: a) Who was the founder of Taoism? Lao-Tse was the founder of Taoism. b) How many years was he older than Confucius? He was 53 years older than Confucius. c) Name his book. Tao Teh Ching. d) Mention any one of his teachings. The cause of human unhappiness in the world is human selfishness. 4. Zoroastrianism: a) What is ? Ahura Mazda is the Lord of Light. www.kalvikural.com 43 History . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

b) What were discarded in Zoroastrianism?

Sacrifice and image worship were discarded in Zoroastrianism. 4 c) What was made an essential part of religion? Charity was made an essential part of religion. d) Where do the Parsis worship? Parsis worship in Fire temples. 5. Mahavira: a) When did Mahavira born? HISTORY Mahavira was in 599 BCE. b) Where did he born? He was born in Gundagrama near Vaishali. c) Who was his mother? His mother was Trishala, a Lichchavi princess d) Name the princess whom did he marry? He made the princess named Yashoda. 6. Nalanda: a) What were served as the centres of learning in the ancient period? Monasteries and temples served as the centres of learning. b) Who built a great monastery in Nalanda? The rulers of Magadha empire built a great monastery in Nalanda. c) Name the subjects that were offered in the educational centres. Vedic literature, logic, grammar, medicine, philosophy and astronomy were the subject taught in the educational centres. d) Name the university that became the most renowned seat of learning. Nalanda University became the most renowned seat of learning.

VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL.

1. Discuss the five cardinal principles of Confucius. Confucius was born in 551 BCE. He studied history, poetry, philosophy and music. He wrote five books which gave moral information to the Chinese. His five Cardinal principles are- i) Humaneness ii) Righteousness iii) Propriety iv) Wisdom and v) Trustworthiness. • Confucius said that wisdom grows from the family. The foundation of society is the disciplined individual in an orderly family. • According to him, superior man is not merely intelligent or scholarly but his character should be exemplary. www.kalvikural.com 44 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 4

• He pointed that the Superior man possesses three virtues such as intelligence, courage and

4 good will. • The philosophy of Confucius gave the Chinese people awareness about their political rights. • He also clearly list the duties of the government towards the people and also stated that the government should work with an ideal. • He advised that the ruler must appoint persons of character in the government to govern the people impartially. 2. Compare and contrast the principles of Jainism and Buddhism. Common features: HISTORY • Jainism and Buddhism exemplified simplicity and self-denial. • Both the religion opposed the domination of , costly and elaborate rituals and sacrifices. • Both the religion emphasized Ahimsa or non-violence. • Both the religion advised the people to do good deeds and lead a moral and disciplined life. • Both the leaders spread their principles only through the common language of the people – Pali. Contrast: • Before Mahavira, there were twenty Tirthankaras. They spread their own principles among the people. No one was there before .Buddha. He attained enlightenment and spread his ideas. • Jainism insisted three principles to attain nirvana. But, Buddha gave Eight Fold Path to attain the purest state of mind. • Later days, Buddha was worshipped as god. In Jainism, Mahavira was not worshipped as god. ADDITIONAL 3. What are the teachings of Buddha? Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. Then, he went to Varanasi and gave his first sermon at Saranath. His teachings are - Four Great Truths: • There is suffering and sorrow in this world. • The cause of human suffering is desire and craving. • This pain or sorrow can be removed by overcoming desire • This is to be achieved by leading a disciplined life by following ‘Noble Eight-fold Path. The Noble Eight-fold Path: Buddha preached a new path to attain the purest state of mind. They are-

• Right views  Right livelihood www.kalvikural.com 45 History . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Right aspirations  Right effort

• Right speech  Right mindfulness and 4

• Right action  Right contemplation or meditation 4. Write a paragraph on central and provincial administration of Mauryas’. Chandragupta was the founder of Mauryan Empire. Ashoka was the notable ruler of Mauryan dynasty. Mauryan rulers were known for their administration. Central Administration: • The Mauryans had evolved a very efficient system of governance. The king was the head

of administration and assisted by a Council of Minister. HISTORY • There were Mahamatriyas who functioned as secretaries to the minister. • The empire was divided into four provinces and was administered by the Governors. Princes or the members from the royal family were appointed as the Governors. Provincial Administration: • The provincial administration was under a nagaraka. Six committees with five members each carried on their duties under him. • The committees looked after the foreigners, registered the birth and death of the citizens, regulated trade and commerce, supervised different manufactures and collected the taxes. 5. Write a note on military, revenue and judicial administration of Mauryas’. The Mauryans had evolved a very efficient system of governance. King was the head of administration. King was assisted by a council of ministers. Military Administration: • Like provincial administration, the military department was also managed by a board of 30 members. • The board was split into six committees with five members in each of them. • Each committee was responsible for the maintenance of infantry, cavalry, chariots, elephants division and navy. Revenue Administration: • The government controlled agriculture, mining, industry and trade. There was brisk existed between Mauryan empire and Iran, Mesopotamia, Northern China, Assam and Madurai. • Trade contributed to urbanization in a big way. Judicial Administration: • In order to keep a vigil over the entire administration, including the conduct of officers, a well knit spy system followed. • Justice was administered through well established courts in all major towns. • Punishment for crimes was severe. www.kalvikural.com 46 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 4

4 FUN WITH HISTORY

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. Prepare a case study of Ashoka’s Edict. • Ashoka issued edicts which were carved out in the rocks and pillars. • There are 33 edicts including 14 major rock edicts, 7 pillars edicts and 2 Kalinga edicts. • He also issued a number or Minor rock edicts and Minor pillar instructions.

HISTORY • They are the reliable sources to know about the Mauryan Empire in particular the Dharmic rule of Ashoka. • One of his Kalinga Edicts gives information about the horror of the Kalinga War. (Self Activity) 2. Enact a drama about the life and teachings of Buddha. (Self Activity)

ASSIGNMENT WITH TEACHER’S GUIDANCE:

1. List out the countries where Buddhism exists in the world and mark on the world map.

Japan Nepal China Burma Thailand

Srilanka Malaysia

2. Prepare a clay model of Sanchi Stupa and Dharmachakra. (Self Activity)

 www.kalvikural.com 47 History . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORY 5 5 THE CLASSICAL WORLD

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1. …………… is the Greek city-state which resisted the Persians to the end.

a) Acropolis b) Sparta c) Athens d) Rome Ans: c) HISTORY 2. The other name for Greeks was …………… a) Hellenists b) Hellenes c) Phoenicians d) Spartans Ans: a) 3. The founder of Han dynasty was …………… a) Wu Ti b) Hung Chao c) Liu Pang d) Mangu Khan Ans: c) 4. …………… was the Roman Governor responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus. a) Innocent I b) Hildebrand c) Leo I d) Pontius Pilate Ans: d) 5. The Peloponnesian War was fought between …………… and …………… a) Greeks and Persians b) Plebeians and Patricians c) Spartans and Athenians d) Greeks and Romans Ans: c) ADDITIONAL 6. Acropolis is a fortified city of ancient Greeks found on a hill in …………… a) Athens b) Sparta c) Olampus d) Italy Ans: a) 7. In Athens, the pressure from below resulted in the replacement of oligarchy and tyranny by …………… a) Monarchy b) Democracy c) Republic d) Aristocracy Ans: b) 9. Only in ……………, democracy survived for about 200 years. a) France b) Greece c) Athens d) Turkey Ans: c) 10. During the reign of ……………, Athens and Sparta were continuously at war with each other. a) Socrates b) Pericles c) King Darius d) Plato Ans: b) 11. The Roman Republic was governed by the …………… a) Patricians b) Plebeians c) Hannibal d) Governors Ans: a) 12. The major source of revenue to the Roman state was …………… a) Spice trade b) Silk trade c) Sandal trade d) Slave trade Ans: d) 13. The period starting from …………… (27 BC) is known as Principate. a) Hannibal b) King Darius c) Augustus d) Trajan Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 48 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 5

14. Marcus Aurelius was the first Roman emperor sent an embassy to …………… and

5 established contact with an Asian power. a) India b) China c) Japan d) Korea Ans: b) 15. Buddhism came to China from India during the reign of …………… dynasty. a) Han b) Chin c) Qin d) Ming Ans: a)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. Greeks defeated the Persians at ………….. Ans: Marathan 2. ………….. stood in favour of poor peasants in Roman republic. Ans: Gracchus brothers HISTORY 3. Buddhism came to China from India during the reign of ………….. dynasty. Ans: Han 4. The most magnificent building in Europe was ...... Ans: St. Sophia Cathedral 5...... and ...... were Magistrates in Rome. Ans: Consuls and Senators ADDITIONAL 6. The land mass of Europe and Asia is known as ...... Ans: Euraisa 7. The world ...... literally means ‘rule of the people’. Ans: Democracy 8. The Historians call the period from 461 to 429 B.C as the Age of ………….. Ans: Pericles 9. Under Alexander-the Great, the Greeks were able to establish a kingdom in ………….. Ans: Macedonia 10. Alexander, the Great died in the year ...... Ans: 323 B.C 11. According to Roman tradition, Romans established a ...... after overthrowing Etruscans. Ans: Republic 12. Julius Caesar crossed the Italian border with his force and took power in ………….. Ans: 49 BC (BCE) 13. The period starting from ………….. (27 BC) is known as Principate Ans: Augustus 14. Wang Cheng popularly known as Shih Huang Ti means ………….. Ans: The first emperor 15. Han dynasty founded by ………….. flourished for 400 years. Ans: Liu Pang

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT. 1. (i) First Persian attack on Greece failed. (T) (ii) The downfall of Roman Empire is attributed to Julius Caesar. (F) (iii) The Barbarians who invaded Rome were considered to be culturally advanced. (F) (iv) Buddhism weakened the Roman Empire. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 49 History . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. (i) Euclid developed a model for the motion of planets and stars. (F)

(ii) Romans established a republic after overthrowing Etruscans. (T) 5 (iii) Acropolis became a famous slave market. (F) (iv) Rome and Carthage united to drive out the Greeks. (T) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iv) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) 3. (i) Silk road was closed during the Han dynasty. (F) (ii) Peasant uprisings posed threats to Athenian democracy. (F)

(iii) Virgil’s Aeneid glorified Roman imperialism. (T) HISTORY (iv) Spartacus killed Julius Caesar. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iv) are correct d) (iii) is correct Ans: d) 4. (i) Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius was a tyrant. (T) (ii) Romulus Aurelius was the most admired ruler in Roman History. (F) (iii) Fabius was a famous Carthaginian General. (F) (iv) Tacitus is respected more than Livy as a historian. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: a) 5. (i) Buddhism went to China from Japan. (F) (ii) After crucifixion of Jesus, St Thomas spread the Christian doctrine. (F) (iii) St Sophia Cathedral was the most magnificent building in Europe. (T) (iv) Trajan was one of the worst dictators Rome had. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) ADDITIONAL 6. (i) Virgil’s Aeneid gloried Greek imperialism. (F) (ii) The Roman law attained its highest stage of development during Julius Caesar. (F) (iii) Pliny, the Elder completed a voluminous encyclopaedia of science called ‘Natural History’. (T) (iv) Livy was an outstanding physician than a historian. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) 7. (i) In the beginning, Rome was a society of agriculturists. (T) (ii) Roman people were divided into three classes such as patricians, plebeians and slaves. (F) (iii) The Roman Republic was governed by the Plebeians. (F) (iv) Wars of conquest helped the Plebeians to expand their landholdings. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 50 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 5

8. (i) Acropolis is the worshiping place of the Romans. (F)

5 (ii) The Olympic festival of sports and games was celebrated by the Romans. (F) (iii) King Darius was the head of great Roman Empire. (F) (iv) In 490 B.C, the Greeks or Hellenes defeated the Persian army at Marathon. (T) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: d) 9. (i) The war between Athens and Sparta is known as Crusades. (F) (ii) Herodotus and his successor Thucydides lived in the Age of Pericles. (T)

HISTORY (iii) The greatest philosopher of the Age of Pericles was Aristotle. (F) (iv) Plato was a student of Socrates. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: b) 10. (i) The Byzantine Emperors ruled their empire from Vatican city. (F) (ii) Their language was Latin. (F) (iii) St. Sophia Cathedral was the legacy of the Byzantine Empire. (F) (iv) The empire finally fell into the hands of Ottoman Turks in 1453 A.D. (T) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: a)

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING 1. Acropolis - a) Consul 2. Plato - b) Athens 3. Marius - c) Philosopher 4. Zeus - d) Materialist 5. Epicurus - e) A fortified city Ans: 1-e 2-c 3-a 4-b 5-d ADDITIONAL 6. Pontius Pilate - a) Imperator 7. St. Paul - b) Roman Governor 8. Trajan - c) Rich landlords 9. Augustus - d) Disciple of Jesus 10. Patricians - e) Roman Emperor Ans: 6-b, 7-d, 8-e, 9-a, 10-c

11. Crusades - a) Fortified city in Athens 12. Plebeians - b) Holy wars 13. Island of Delos - c) Temple at Athens 14. Olympian Zeus - d) Common citizens 15. Acropolis - e) Slave market Ans: 11-b 12-d 13-e 14-c 15-a www.kalvikural.com 51 History . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING BRIEFLY.

1. Attempt an account of slavery in Rome. 5 • Prisoners of war were enslaved in Rome. Thus, Rome produced a new labour force for the rich. • Big landholders bought slaves cheaply and used them in their estates. • Slave labour led to the impoverishment of free labour. • Many poor peasants had to abandon their children who also ended up in the slave markets. 2. Highlight the main contribution of Constantine.

• One of the Roman Emperors, Constantine himself became the Christian. HISTORY • He made Christianity as the official region of the Roman Empire. 3. What do you know of the Carthaginian leader Hannibal? • Hannibal was the General of Carthage, a province in North Africa. He waged three wars with Rome which are known as Punic Wars. • In the First Punic War, he defeated the Roman army which was led by Fabius and made a great part of Italy a desert. • In the Second Punic War, Fabius confronted Hannibal and defeated him in the battle of Zama. Pursued (chased) by the Roman army, Hannibal ended his life by poisoning himself. • In the third Punic War, Carthaginians were defeated by the Romans. After the victory, Rome emerged as an unrivalled power in the Western world. 4. What were the reasons for the prosperity of Han Empire? • Han Empire reopened the Silk Road for trade and exported a lot of goods especially silk as far as the Roman Empire. • They introduced new techniques like the methods of harnessing horses, use of saddle and stirrup that attracted the Europeans to their empire. • Innovative techniques such as building bridges and mountain roads and seafaring (maritime) made the Hun Empire prosperous. 5. Write about St. Sophia Cathedral. • St. Sophia Cathedral was built in the mid of sixth century A.D (CE). • It was the most magnificent building in Europe at that time. • It was known for its innovative architectural techniques. • This cathedral was turned into a mosque by the Ottoman Turks when they captured Constantinople. ADDITIONAL 6. What is Classical world and Classical Age? • Greece, Rome and China represented the Classical world which ended with the fall of Western Roman Empire. www.kalvikural.com 52 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 5

• Classical Age refers to the inter-locking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome,

5 known as Graeco-Roman World. 7. Why was Socrates punished? • The Athenian government after Pericles did not like Socrates’ way of finding truth. • In a trial, Socrates was accused of refusing to accept the gods recognized by the State and corrupting youth. • The jury found Socrates guilty and sentenced him to die by drinking hemlock (a poison) 8. Write a note on Roman Republic.

HISTORY • According to Roman tradition, Romans established a republic after overthrowing Etruscans in 509 B.C. • The Roman Public was governed by the Patricians. • Two consuls were elected by those with voting rights. These Consuls in turn appointed the Senators. • Senators and Consuls protected the interest of Patricians. • Wars of conquest also helped the Patricians to expand their landholdings. 9. Write a few lines about the successors of Augustus. • After the death of Augustus in 14 A.D, Rome had few enlightened and capable rulers. • Among them, the notable rulers were Trajan (98 – 117), Antoninus Pius (138 – 161) and Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180). • Marcus Aurelius stands apart from all others. As a philosopher, he authored many books. He was the first Roman Emperor to send an embassy to China and established contact with an Asian power. 10. Why was Jesus crucified? • Jesus was against the rich and the hypocrites and condemned certain observances and ceremonials. • This was not liked by the priests who turned against Jesus and handed him over to the Roman Governor Pontius Pilate. • Looked upon as a political rebel by the Roman authorities, Jesus was tried and crucified.

VI. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION:

1. Emergence of Rome as an empire a) Who were the Gracchus brothers? Tiberius Gracchus and Garius do Gracchus. b) What role did they play? They favoured the poor peasants. www.kalvikural.com 53 History . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

c) What was the outcome of their martyrdom?.

The outcome was the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. 5 d) Who was the first Roman Emperor? Augustus. 2. Han Dynasty: a) Who was the founder of Han Empire ? Liu Pang. b) What was the capital of Han Empire? HISTORY Chang-an.

c) Where did they have their new capital? Luoyang. d) Who was the powerful ruler of the Han dynasty? Wu - Ti. ADDITIONAL 3. Han dynasty: a) With whom the Han Empire rivalled? Han Empire rivalled that of Rome in size and wealth. b) During whose period did Buddhism enter into china? During the reign of Han dynasty. c) Who were not controlled by the Han emperors? Big landlords. d) When was political instability witnessed in China? The period after Han dynasty. 4. Society under Principate: a) Who brought glory to the empire? The most distinguished writers of the Augustan Age. b) Who wrote the book ‘Natural History’? Pliny, the Elder. c) Name the book that glorified Roman imperialism. Virgil’s book Aeneid. d) During which period did the Roman law attain its highest stage of development? During the period of Principate. www.kalvikural.com 54 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 5

5. Development of Science and Mathematics:

5 a) Who formulated the basic theorems of geometry? Euclid. b) Who calculated the diameter of the Earth? Eratosphenes. c) Who was the founder of Trigonometry? Hipparchus. d) What was developed by Ptolemy? HISTORY A model of motion of the planets and stars.

VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL.

1. Discuss the rise and growth of Athens, pointing out its glorious legacy. • Pericles was a great leader of Athens who held power for thirty years (461 – 429 BC). During his period, Athens and Sparta were fighting with each other. • Athens, despite hostility and disturbance from Sparta, became a noble city with magnificent buildings. • There were great artists and thinkers. Therefore, the historians call this period as the Age of Pericles. • Herodotus, the historian and his successor, Thucydides lived during this period. The thinkers of the Pericles era sought to find a new objective basis for arriving at truth. • Socrates, the great philosopher discussed the difficult problems with his friends so that truth might emerge out of the discussions. • Plato was his illustrious disciple. He argued that truth must depend on a realm outside human experience, accessible only to philosophic elite. • Aristotle, studied under Plato, laid stress on the empirical knowledge of the existing physical and social world. • Democritus and Epicurus developed a materialist view of the world. 2. Write about India’s position during classical position. • The Kushan period corresponded with the last days of the Roman Republic. • The Kushan Empire is said to have sent an embassy to Augusus Caesar who succeeded Julius. • The corresponding period 4th and 5th century A.D. in South India characterized as Kalabhra period. • Teak wood, Pepper, Pearls, ivory, Brocades and Precious stones were exported from Malabar coast. • The goods were sent to Babylonia, Egypt, Greece and Rome. • Trade with Rome flourished during this period. www.kalvikural.com 55 History . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Eighteen major works of Sangam Age such as Ettuthogai and Pathu pattu compiled during

the first three centuries of common Era. 5 ADDITIONAL 1. Explain the rise of Christianity. • After a brief period of glory in the days of David and Solomon, the Jewish people had a great fall and experienced extreme hardship. • They hoped that a Messiah would arrive to restore their pristine glory. • Initially, they had much hope on Jesus. Jesus was against the rich and the hypocrites and HISTORY condemned certain ceremonials. • This was not liked by the priests who turned against Jesus and handed him over to Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor. • After the trial, he was crucified. After crucifixion of Jesus, St. Paul started spreading the Christian doctrine. • Romans took a lot of measures to check the spread of Christianity in their empire. Yet, the Roman Empire did not succeed in suppressing Christianity • One of the Roman Emperors, Constantine himself became the Christian. He made Christianity as the official region of the Roman Empire. • Due to the efforts of St. Paul and the Roman Emperor Constantine, Christianity gradually spread in Europe. 2. Highlight the contributions of Rome to World Civilization. • The Byzantine emperors who ruled from the city of Constantinople for about 1,000 years called themselves of Romans. • The splendour of Constantinople with its luxurious royal places, its libraries and fascinating St. Sophia Cathedral are the legacies they have left behind. • The Roman Republic led to our current legislative structures and modern democracy. It is one of the greatest Roman contributions to the modern world. • The Roman legal system is still the basis for most European legal systems and laws • One of the most well-known contribution of the Romans to our society is the aqueduct. • The aqueduct led to the creation of public toilets, baths, a sewage system and the supply of fresh drinking water to the people. • The Roman government recognised that a large group of poor, unoccupied people was a threat to their power. They developed mass entertainment as a means of keeping their citizens busy. So, they constructed the Colosseum.. • Based on this, theatres, cinemas, music concerts and mass-spectator sporting events introduced in the modern world. www.kalvikural.com 56 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 5

5 FUN WITH HISTORY

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. In an outline map of Europe, the students are to sketch the extent of Western and Eastern Roman Empire. HISTORY www.kalvikural.com 57 History . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Students are to be guided by teachers to Google the architectural splendors of classical civilizations of Greece, Rome and China. 5 HISTORY

Temple of Athena Temple of Parthenon

Colosseum,Rome Sistine chapel, Vatican

Great Wall of China Buddhist temple in China

 www.kalvikural.com 58 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 6

6 HISTORY 6 THE MIDDLE AGES

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. …………… was the old religion of Japan.

HISTORY a) Shinto b) Confucianism c) Taoism d) Ans: a) 2. …………… means great name-lord. a) Daimyo b) Shogun c) Fujiwara d) Tokugawa Ans: a) 3. The Arab General who conquered Spain was …………… a) Tariq b) Alaric c) Saladin d) Mohammad the Conqueror Ans: a) 4. Harun-al-Rashid was the able emperor of …………… a) Abbasid dynasty b) Umayyad dynasty c) Sassanid dynasty d) Mongol dynasty Ans: a) 5. Feudalism centred around …………… a) vassalage b) slavery c) serfdom d) land Ans: a) ADDITIONAL 7. Seljuq Turks were a tribe of Tartars from …………… a) China b) Japan c) Russia d) Central Asia Ans: d) 8. Two capital cities Boyang and Chang-on were built by the rulers of …………… dynasty. a) Sung b) Yuan c) Tang d) Ming Ans: c) 9. Iron and steel industries became highly organised during the reign of …………… Dynasty. a) Sung b) Yuan c) Tang d) Ming Ans: a) 10. The Mongols established their rule in the name of …………… dynasty in China. a) Sung b) Yuan c) Tang d) Ming Ans: b) 11. Mangu Khan became Great Khan in 1252 and appointed …………… the Governor of China. a) Chengiz Khan b) Great Khan c) Kublai Khan d) Manchu Khan Ans: c) 12. Mongol court in …………… impressed the foreign traveler Marco Polo. a) Beijing b) Canton c) Tokyo d) Hongkong Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 59 History . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

13. Ancestors of the Japanese came from Korea and some from ……………

a) China b) India c) Russia d) Malaysia Ans: d) 6 14. The first great family that controlled Japan was the …………… a) Soga family b) Fujiwara family c) Shogunate family d) Samurai family Ans: a) 15. The Arab students went to ……………, a great university for specialized medicine. a) Nalanda b) Takshashila c) Ujjain d) Kanchi Ans: b)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. ………….. were the original inhabitants of Japan. Ans: Ainus HISTORY 2. ………….. was the original name of Japan. Ans: Yamato 3. ………….. was the original name of Medina. Ans: Madinat-un-Nabi 4. ………….. were the barbarians posing a threat to the Chinese in the north. Ans: The Mongols 5. ………….. established Ottoman supremacy in the Balkans. Ans: Mohammad II ADDITIONAL 1. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in ………….. Ans: 1453 AD 2. The ………….. Empire was replaced by the Ming Empire in China. Ans: Mongol 3. In Japan, the Kamakura Shogunate was succeeded by the ………….. Shogunate. Ans: Ashikaga 4. Islam advocated simplicity and ………….. Ans: Equality 5. The flight of Mohammad from Mecca to the city of Yethrib in ………….. is called Hijirat in Arabic. Ans: 622 A.D 6. The people of Yethrib renamed the city as Madinat-un-Nabi. It is now known as ………….. Ans: Meidna 7. ………….. were the religious and temporal leaders of Islam Empire. Ans: Caliphs 8. The Abbasid rulers of Turkey assumed the ‘Commander of the …... Ans: Faithful 9. The Crusades, the struggle between Christians and Muslims started in the year ………….. Ans: 1095 A.D 10. The Abbasid dynasty was at the height of the glory during the reign of ………….. Ans: Harun-al-Rashid 11. Constantinople was captured by ………….., ruler of Ottoman Turk in 1453 A.D. Ans: Mohammad II 12. ………….. books on medicine and other subjects were translated into Arabic. Ans: Sanskrit 13. The architecture developed by Arabs is known as ………….. Ans: Saracenic www.kalvikural.com 60 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 6

14. Kyoto remained the capital of Japan for than thousand years until it was replaced by …………..

6 Ans: Tokyo 15. The power of the Ottoman Empire formally ended with the ………. Ans: First World War 16. The ………….. were fought between the European Christians and Turkish Muslims. Ans: Crusades

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT.

1. (i) Chengiz Khan was an intolerant person in religion. (F) (ii) Mongols destroyed the city of Jerusalem. (F)

HISTORY (iii) Crusades weakened the Ottoman Empire. (F) (iv) Pope Gregory succeeded in making King Henry IV to abdicate the throne by means of Interdict. (T) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: d) 2. (i) Mangu Khan was the Governor of China. (F) (ii) Mongol court in China impressed Marco Polo. (T) (iii) The leader of Red Turbans was Hung Chao. (F) (iv) Mongols established their rule in China in the name of Yuan dynasty. (T) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (ii) and (iv) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) 3. (i) Boyang and Changon were built during Sung dynasty. (F) (ii) Peasant uprisings led to the collapse of Tang dynasty. (T) (iii) Seljuq Turks were a tribe of Tartars. (F) (iv) Mongols established their rule in China in the name of Yuan dynasty. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: b) 4. Assertion (A) : Buddhism went to China from India. Reason (R) : The earliest Indian inhabitants in China were the followers of Buddhism. a) A is correct; R is wrong b) Both A & R are wrong c) Both A & R are correct d) A is wrong R is irrelevant to A Ans: a) 5. Assertion (A) : The fall of Jerusalem into the hands of Seljuk Turks led to the Crusades. Reason (R) : European Christian pilgrims were denied access to Jerusalem. a) A is correct; R is not the correct explanation of A b) A and R are correct c) A and R are wrong d) A is correct, R is the correct explanation of A Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 61 History . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 1. i) The feudal system centred around vassalage. (T) 6 ii) Equality was adopted in Feudalism. (F) iii) At the bottom of feudalism, there were barons. (F) iv) The merchants and artisans formed guilds and groups. (T) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (i) and (iv) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) 2. i) Bagdhdad was the capital of Umayyads. (F) ii) Umayyads developed a new style of architecture known as Saracenic architecture. (T) iii) Umayyads were overthrown by Seljuk Turks. (F) HISTORY iv) Baghdad, a city known as the ‘City of Arabian Nights’. (T)

a) (i) is correct b) (ii) and (iv) are correct c) (i) and (iv) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: b) 3. i) Buddhism came to Japan through Korea. (T) ii) Nippon was the original name of Japan. (F) iii) It was through India, the Chinese civilization reached Yamato (Japan). (F) iv) The original religion of Japan was Taoism. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (i) and (iv) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: a) 4. i) The Middle Age is classified into Early Middle Age and Later Middle Age. (F) ii) China was reunited in 589 A.D by the Sui dynasty. (T) iii) Seljuq Turks established a powerful empire in Africa. (F) iv) Similarly, Ottoman Turks established an independent empire in Japan. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) is correct c) (i) and (iv) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: b) 5. Assertion (A) : In Japan, the first shogunate is called as Kamakura shogunate. Reason (R) : Yoritomo, the first Shogun established his military capital at Kamakura. a) A is correct; R is wrong b) Both A & R are wrong c) Both A & R are correct d) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A Ans: d) 6. Assertion (A) : The Arabs easily overran many regions including Egypt.. Reason (R) : Egyptians suffered a lot under the Roman Empire and so they opted for Arabs. a) A is correct; R is wrong b) Both A & R are wrong c) Both A & R are correct d) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A Ans: d) www.kalvikural.com 62 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 6

7. Assertion (A) : The conflict between Christians and Muslims resultant to Crusades.

6 Reason (R) : The Christian pilgrims to the holy city of Jerusalem were put to a lot hardships by the Turks. a) A is correct; R is wrong b) Both A & R are wrong c) Both A & R are correct d) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A Ans: d)

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Red Turbans - a) Kamakura HISTORY 2. Seljuk Turks - b) Mohammad II 3. First Shogunate - c) City of Arabian Nights 4. Baghdad - d) Chu Yuan Chang 5. Capture of Constantinople - e) Central Asia Ans: 1-d 2-e 3-a 4-c 5-b

ADDITIONAL 6. Daikyos - a) Medina 7. Samuar - b) Jerusalem 8. Madinat-un-Nabi - c) Great names - 9. Takshashila - d) Warriors 10. Holy city - e) University Ans: 6-c 7-d 8-a 9-e 10-b

11. Shinto - a) Commercial centre 12. Buddhism - b) Holy city 13. Jerusalem - c) Original name of Japan 14. Venice - d) Original religion of Japan 15. Yamota - e) Religion from India Ans: 11-d 12-3 13-b 14-a 15-c

V.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING BRIEFLY.

1. The Great Wall of China. • The Chinese built the defensive walls to protect themselves from enemies from the north. • During Chin (Qin) Dynasty, the separate walls were connected. • The connected wall stretched from East to West for about 5000 km. • The wall was further extended and strengthened by succeeding dynasties. • Now, it is 6,700 km in length and considered as one of the Wonders of the World. 2. Impact of Crusades. • Crusades put an end to the Feudal system. • Increasing demand for products of the East led to expansion of trade. www.kalvikural.com 63 History . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Important commercial centers in the Mediterranean region such as Venice, Genoa and Pisa

emerged. 6 • The elimination of powerful nobles strengthened the monarchy in France and England. • Pope and their Papacy lost their power and prestige. 3. How was Feudalism organized in the Middle Ages? • It is a form government involving lords and vassals. • The king was at the head of the feudal regime. After to him, there were the nobles. • The nobles in turn had vassals known as lesser nobles called viscounts or barons.

• Last in this order were the knights whose fiefs (piece of land) could not be divided. HISTORY • The villeins or serfs were at the bottom of the Feudal system. 4. Write about the two instruments used by Medieval Pope to assert his authority. The two instruments used by Medieval Pope to assert their authority were Excommunication and Interdict. Excommunication: • It means depriving a person of all privileges of a Christian. • He was denied the right to sacraments in church. • His or her body could not be buried in the consecrated ground. Interdict: • It was a way to deny benefits of religion to a ruler’s subject, intended to kindle their resentment against him. • For example, By means of interdict, Pope Gregory VII succeeded in making the Emperor Henry IV to abdicate the throne. ADDITIONAL 1. Industries flourished in China during Sung Dynasty. Prove the statement. • The quantity of iron produced in 1078 AD exceeded 114,000 tons in China. England produced only 68,000 tons even in 1788 AD. • The Chinese excelled in ceramics and porcelain making. This technique was not known to Europeans for another 700 years. • Gun powder was in use by 1044. • China processed printed books half a millennium before Europe. 2. What is Hijrat? • Prophet Mohammad spread his principles in his birth place Mecca. People were not ready to accept his teaching. • There was a threatening to his life in Mecca. • So, Prophet Mohammad along with his followers moved to the city of Yethrib. www.kalvikural.com 64 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 6

• The flight of Mohammad from Mecca in 622 AD to Yethrib ( Later called as Medina) is called

6 as Hijrat in Arabic.

3. Write a note on the birth of Sunni and Shia sects. • The quarrel for the leadership of Arabia led to the division of Islam. • The two sects formed out of the division were the Sunnis and Shias. • The Sunni Muslims maintained that the head of the Islam state and successor to the prophet should be selected. • The followers of Shia sect opposed elevation to any highest political and religious officer

HISTORY other than those related to the Prophet by blood of by marriage.

4. Write about Baghdad city. • Baghdad city is known as the ‘City of Arabian Nights’. • It was a vast city of palaces, public offices, school, colleges and great shops. • It was adorned with parks and gardens. • The merchants carried on a vast trade with the East and West. • Students, Learned men and artists from all over the world visited Baghdad. 5. What is Excommunication and Interdict? • It means depriving a person of all the privileges of a Christian. He was denied the right to sacraments in Church. His or her body could not be buried in the consecrated ground. • Interdict was to deny benefits of religion to a ruler’s subject, intended to kindle their resentment against him. 6. Give examples for the usage of Interdict by the Popes. • In the conflict between German Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, Pope by means of Interdict succeeded in making the emperor to abdicate the throne. • By means of Interdict, Pope Innocent III forced King John to recognize England and Ireland as fiefs of the Papacy. 7. Contribution of Arabs to Science and Technology. • The Arabs introduced Algebra in the Mathematical field. • Al Zahrawi is described as the Father of Surgery and Modern surgical & introduced a number of medical instruments. • They accurately determined the length of the solar year. • The Tables of Toledo, used by astronomers to predict the movements of the sun, moon and planets across the sky were their contribution. • They developed a clear glass used in drinking vessels, and lenses used for magnification and the improvement of vision. www.kalvikural.com 65 History . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

VI. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION:

1. Shogunate in Japan : 6

a) Name the two Daimyo families that fought for power in Japan. Tara family and Minamota family. b) Who emerged successful in the fight? Yoritomo. c) What was the title given by the Emperor to the victorious?

Sei-i-tai-Shogun. HISTORY d) Where was the capital of the first Shogunate established? Kamakura. 2. Rule of Abbasids :

a) Who were Abbasids? The followers of Abbas, uncle of Prophet Mohammad were called as Abbasids. b) What was the title assumed by Abbasid Caliph? The Commander of the Faithful c) Where did they have their new capital? Baghdad in Iraq. d) In whose period was the Abbasid Empire at the height of its glory? Harun-al-Rashid. ADDITIONAL 1. Sui dynasty in China:

a) Why did Sui dynasty collapse? Sui dynasty collapsed due to financial burden. b) Name the dynasty that followed Sui dynasty. T’ang dynasty. c) Who organised rebellion to make Yang You, the Emperor of China? Li Yuan. d) What was the end of Yang You? Yang You was killed by Li Yuan, his Chancellor. 2. Sung dynasty in China:

a) What was the death knell to the Tang Empire? Rebellion of hard pressed peasants. www.kalvikural.com 66 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 6

b) Into how many states was the empire split?

6 Five states. c) Name the industries that flourished during Sung dynasty. Iron and steel industries. d) Who replaced the Sung dynasty? The Mongols replaced the Sung dynasty and started their rule in the name of Yuan dynasty. 3. Japan:

a) What was the original name of Japan? HISTORY Yamota. b) How are the original inhabitants known as? Ainus. c) Name the original religion of Japan. Shinto. d) What was it? It was a mixture of nature and ancestor worship. 4. Islam: a) Who was the founder of Islam? Prophet Mohammad. b) What did Islam advocate? Simplicity and equality. c) Who were the founders of Islamic empire? Abu Bakr and Omar. d) What are the two sects of Islam? Sunni and Shia.

VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL. 1. Write about Crusades and its impact. The Seljuk Turks captured the holy city Jerusalem in 11th century A.D. Immediately, the Pope and Church called upon all the Christians of Europe to the rescue of Jerusalem. The struggle between the Christians and Muslims beginning in 1095 which continued for 200 years is called Crusades or Holy wars. • It put an end to the feudal system. • The increasing demand for products of the East led to the expansion of trade. • Venice, Genoa and Pisa emerged as important commercial centres in the Mediterranean region. • The elimination of powerful nobles strengthened the monarchy in France and England. • Pope and papacy lost their power and prestige. www.kalvikural.com 67 History . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Who were the Mongols? How did they rule China?

• Mongols were nomads. They came into Europe from the steppes of Asiatic Russia. 6 • They were herdsmen and also experts in warfare. • They produced a remarkable chief, Chengiz Khan, a great military genius. • The Mongols established their rule in the name of Yuan dynasty in china. • They ruled China from 1279 to 1368 A.D • The Mongol presence played major role in spreading Chinese technological advances to the less developed societies in the West. • The Mongol court in Beijing impressed a number of foreigners including Marco Polo. HISTORY • There were revolts of religious sects and secret societies. • Finally, the leader of ‘Red Turbans’ Chu Yuan Chang took the Mongol capital Beijing and proclaimed himself emperor in 1369. ADDITIONAL 1. Write a note on Middle Age. The period between the end of the Roman Empire in 476 AD and the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 AD is known as Middle Age. The Middle Age has been further divided into Early, Central or high and Later. i) Early Middle Age: In the early Middle Age, Christianity followed by Islam began to establish themselves as dominant of Europe. ii) Central or high Middle Age: • The Central or high Middle Age witnessed rapid development. • It marked by territorial expansion demographic and urban growth and the restructuring of secular and ecclesiastical institutions. iii) Later Middle Age: • The later Middle Age was replaced by the feudal system. • This was followed by a period of decline and decay. 2. Write a paragraph on Feudalism. • In the later Middle Age, There was not strong central government to protect the people. • Out of this chaos and disorder evolved the feudal system. • The king, supposed to represent God on Earth, was at the head of the feudal regime. • Immediately after him, there were nobles known as dukes, counts and earls. • The nobles in term had vassals of their own. They divided their land (fief) and distributed to lesser nobles called viscounts or barons. • Last in this order were the knights whose fief (land) cannot be divided. • At the bottom were the villeins are serfs. www.kalvikural.com 68 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 6

• There was not idea of equality or freedom. The peasants suffered a lot.

6 • In course of time, merchants and artisans became wealthy enough to defy even the nobles and the kings. • This development led to the end of feudal systems. 3. Discuss the emergence of Japan under the Shogunate. • The landholders and also military men of Japan Called Daimyos became powerful in Japan. • Towards the end of 12th century A.D, two chief families of Daimyos fought with one another. • Yoritomo emerged successful and in 1192 A.D, the emperor gave the title of Sei-i-tai- shogun. HISTORY • Thus, Yoritomo established capital at Kamakura and started the Kamakurai Shogunate rule in Japan. • The government was a feudal military government administered by samurai or warriors. • The Mongols were successfully repulsed by the Japanese under Shogunate. • Their rule lasted up to 1338 A.D. After that, Ashikaga Shogunate came to power. • They ruled Japan for nearly 235 years. This period is known for conflict and war. • Slowly, Japan disintegrated into small units. • By the end of 16th century, the whole Japan was once again united.

FUN WITH HISTORY

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. In an outline map of Europe, the students are to sketch the extent of Ottoman Empire at the height of its glory. www.kalvikural.com 69 History . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Students are to be guided by teachers to look through Google the architectural splendors of Saracenic architecture. 6 HISTORY

Supreme Court, Kuala Lumper Royal Pavilion, England

Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul Dome of Rock, Jerusalem

Albert Hall, Meseum, Jaipur, India. Sultan Mosque, Singapore.

 www.kalvikural.com 70 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 7

7 HISTORY STATE AND SOCIETY IN 7 MEDIEVAL INDIA

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. …………… was the second stronghold of Ala-ud-din Khalji’s expanding Kingdom.

HISTORY a) Dauladabad b) Delhi c) Madurai d) Bidar Ans: a) 2. The Deccan Sultanates were conquered by …………… a) Ala-ud-din Khilji b) Ala-ud-din Bahman- c) Aurangzeb d) Malik Kafur Ans: c) 3. The establishment of …………… empire changed the administrative and institutional structures of South India. a) Bahmani b) Vijayanagar c) Mughal d) Nayak Ans: b) 4. Krishnadeva Raya was a contemporary of …………… a) Babur b) Humayun c) Akbar d) Shershah Ans: a)

ADDITIONAL 5. The Portuguese arrived on the West coast of India in …………… a) 1498 A.D b) 1526 A.D c) 1757 A.D d) 1857 A.D Ans: a)

6. Muslim rule was established in Delhi by …………… a) Muhammad Gazni b) Alauddin Khalji c) Babur d) Muhammad Ghori Ans: d)

7. The territorial expansion of the Chola empire began under …………… a) Vijayalaya b) c) Rajendra d) Ans: b) 8. The …………… empire was established in 1336 on the southern bank of Tungabhdra. a) Mughal b) Chola c) Maratha d) Vijayanagar Ans: d)

9. The first …………… rulers are referred to as the ‘Great Mughals’. a) Four b) Five c) Six d) Seven Ans: c)

10. In the North, the new religion Sikhism was founded by …………… a) Guru Govind Singh b) Guru Nanak c) Guru Arjun Dev d) Guru Ram Das Ans: b)

11. Parsi merchants were the richest and most prominent traders in the port of …………… a) Surat b) Kolkatta c) Chennai d) Cochin Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 71 History . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

12. Christianity took roots in India when the …………… arrived in Kerala.

a) Portuguese b) French c) British d) Dutch Ans: a) 7

13. The Paris who fled Persia to escape persecution settled in …………… India a) Kerala b) Gujarat c) Bengal d) Delhi Ans: b) 14. In South India, the pace of urbanization increased during the period of …………… kingdom.. a) Vijayanagar b) Chera k c) Pandiya d) Bahmani Ans: a) 15. Cholas had created a network of canals for irrigation connected the tributaries of

a) Ganga b) Krishna c) Vaigai d) Kaveri Ans: d) HISTORY 16. ……………is the most distinctive aspect of Indian society. a) Religion b) Music c) Caste d) Games Ans: c) 17. Akbar employed Hindu administrators like …………… in key position of authority. a) Shivaji b) Sambaji c) Todar Mal d) Babur Ans: c) 18. The Mughal Empire was founded by …………… in 1526 A.D a) Akbar b) Babur c) Humayun d) Aurangzeb Ans: b) 19. Ramayana was formally presented (Arangetram) in the temple at …………… a) Srirangam b) Chidambaram c) Rameshwaram d) Madurai Ans: a)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. ………….. were Europeans who arrived on the west coast of India. Ans: Portuguese 2. The combined forces of the five Deccan Sultanates defeated Vijayanagar army in 1565 A.D. (C.E.) at the battle of ………….. Ans: Talikota 3. Vijayanagara evolved as a ………….. Ans: Militaristic state 4. The tempo of urbanization increased during ………….. period. Ans: Vijayanagar 5. ………….. was the enterprising period in the history of Tamil Nadu. Ans: The Chola period ADDITIONAL 6. Kakatiyas in South India ruled from ………….. (Telangana) Ans: Warangal 7. The Portuguese built their first fort at ………….. in 1503 A.D. Ans: Cochin 8. The military officers of Vijayanagar rulers were known as ………….. who were appointed as chiefs various localities in Tamil Nadu. Ans: Nayakas 9. Sikhism grew in strength in spite of severe repression by ………….. Ans: Aurangzeb 10. Sekkilar’s Periyapuranam was presented (Arangetram) at the temple in ………….. Ans: Chidambaram 11. Tansen, a famous Hindustani musician was patronized by ………….. Ans: Akbar www.kalvikural.com 72 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 7

12. Venkatamakhi, son of ………….. codified the ragas of Carnatic music lived during the period of

7 Vijayanagar. Ans: Govindha Dikshidar 13. The most important dye crop that was grown in India is ………….. Ans: Indigo 14. Maritime trade across the ………….. extended from China in the East to Africa in the West. Ans: Indian Ocean 15. The biggest network of canals in the 14th century was created by ………….. in Delhi area. Ans: Firuz Shah Tughluq 16. The Zoroastrians migrated to India from ………….. Ans: Persia

HISTORY 17. lost their ground in most parts of India due to emergence of ………….. Ans: Bhakti movement 18. The Portuguese were able to conquer many ports from East Africa up to Malacca because of their ………….. Ans: Naval supremacy. 19. The Marathas under the leadership of ………….. seriously undermined the authority of the Mugahls in Western India. Ans: Shivaji 20. The biggest network of canals in India was built by ………….. in 14th century. Ans: Firuzshah Tughluq

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT. 1. i) The establishment of the Vijayanagar Kingdom witnessed the most momentous development in the history of South India. (T) ii) The Saluva dynasty ruled for a longer period. (F) iii) The rulers of Vijayanagara had smooth relations with the Bahmani Sultanate. (F) iv) Rajput kingdoms attracted migrants from Persia and Arabia. (F) Ans: (i) is the correct statement 2. i) The Nayak Kingdom came up in Senji. (T) ii) The appointment of Telugu Nayaks resulted in the migration of Telugu-speaking people from Madurai. (F) iii) Mughal Empire started declining from the time of Jahangir. (F) iv) The Europeans came to India in search of slaves. (F) Ans. (i) is the correct statement 3. i) Mythical genealogies were collected by Col. Mackenzie. (T) ii) Indigo was the most important beverage crop in India. (F) iii) Mahmud Gawan was the minister in Alauddin Khalji’s kingdom. (F) iv) The Portuguese built their first fort in Goa. (F) Ans: (i) is the correct statement 4. Assertion (A) : India was an integral part of maritime trade, extending from china in the East to Africa in the West. Reasons (R) : Geographical location of India in the middle of Indian Ocean. www.kalvikural.com 73 History . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

a) i) A is correct; R explains about A b) ii) A is wrong; R is correct

c) iii) A and R are wrong d) iv) A is correct; R does not explains about A 7 Ans: a) 5. i) Gold images of great beauty and artistry were made by Cholas. ii) The best example for Chola architecture is Siva as Nataraja performing the cosmic dance. a) (i) is correct (ii) is wrong b) Both (i) and (ii) is correct c) Both (i) and (ii) are wrong d) (i) is wrong, (ii) is correct Ans: d) ADDITIONAL HISTORY 6. i) The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur in 1556 A.D. (F) ii) Akbar consolidated the Mughal Empire. (T) iii) Aurgangzeb was the last ruler of Mughal dynasty. (F) iv) The rule of Mughal dynasty lasted up to 1947. (F) Ans: (ii) is the correct statement 7. i) The impact of Muslim rule was felt during the regin of Alauddin Khalji. (T) ii) Alauddin Khalji captured Delhi and renamed it as Daulatabad. (F) iii) Ibrahim Lodi was the commander of Alauddin Khalji’s army. (F) iv) He conquered the whole India and brought under the control of Alauddin Khalji, (F) Ans: (i) is the correct statement

8. i) In the South, a new religion, Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak. (F) ii) Sikhism grew in strength in spite of several repressions by Akbar. (F) iii) Foreign religions came to India when Jews and Zoroastrians migrated to India. (T) iv) The Parsis settled in Bengal and Jews in Chennai. (F) Ans: (iii) is the correct statement 9 i) The monumental architecture of the Cholas is visible in their paintings. (F) ii) Bronze images were sculpted on the temple walls and pillars. (F) iii) Bronze images of great beauty and artistry were made by the ‘lost wax’ process. (T) iv) Kailasanathar temple at is the best example of Chola temple architecture. (F) Ans: (iii) is the correct statement 10. Assertion (A) : Portuguese were the first to enter India and built forts at Cochin and Goa. Reasons (R) : Their naval supremacy helped them to conquer many ports in India. a) i) A is correct; R explains about A b) ii) A is wrong; R is correct c) iii) A and R are wrong d) iv) A is correct; R does not explains about A. Ans: a) 11. Assertion (A) : There was a great demand for Indian textiles in the European markets. Reason (R) : This led to a significant expansion of textile production in India. www.kalvikural.com 74 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 7

a) i) A is correct; R explains about A b) ii) A is wrong; R is correct

7 c) iii) A and R are wrong d) iv) A is correct; R does not explains about A. Ans: d) 12. Assertion (A) : Indigo was the most important food crop that was grown in India. Reason (R) : Dye wood and resins like lac were exported from India to Europe. a) i) A is correct; R explains about A b) ii) A is wrong; R is correct c) iii) A and R are wrong d) iv) A is correct; R does not explains about A. Ans: c) 13. Assertion (A) : Telugu literature flourished under the Nayaka rulers. HISTORY Reason (R) : Nayaka rulers patronized the scholars and gave royal patronage. a) i) A is correct; R explains about A b) ii) A is wrong; R is correct c) iii) A and R are wrong d) iv) A is correct; R does not explains about A. Ans: a) 14. Assertion (A) : Major pilgrimage centres like Varanasi grew into cities in the medieval period. Reason (R) : Because, the regular inflow of pilgrims provided a market that attracted manufacturing and trade. a) i) A is correct; R explains about A b) ii) A is wrong; R is correct c) iii) A and R are wrong d) iv) A is correct; R does not explains about A. Ans: a) IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Portuguese - a) Bengal 2. Tansen - b) Kottam 3. Sericulture - c) Court of Akbar 4. Angkorwat - d) Goa 5. District - e) Cambodia Ans: 1-d 2-c 3-a 4-e 5-b ADDITIONAL 6. Rajaraja - a) Ruler of Vijayanagar kingdom 7. Jatavarman - b) Ruler of Pandya kingdom 8. Jahangir - c) Ruler of Bahmani kingdom 9. Krishnadeva Raya - d) Ruler of Chola kingdom 10. Alauddin Bahman Shah - e) Ruler of Mughal empire Ans: 6-d 7-b 8-e 9-a 10-c

11. Malik Kafur - a) Founder of Muslim rule 12. Alauddin Bahman Shah - b) Founder of Mughal rule 13. St. Francis Xavier - c) Commander of Aladuddin Khilji 14. Muhammad Ghori - d) Founder of Bahmani kingdom 15. Babur - e) Jesuit missionary Ans: 11-c 12-d 13-e 14-a 15-b www.kalvikural.com 75 History . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

16. The Dutch Company - a) Madras

17. The British Company - b) Cochin 7 18. The French Company - c) Pulicat 19. The Danes Company - d) Pondichery 20. The Portuguese Company - e) Tarangampadi Ans: 16-c 17-a 18-d 19-e 20-b

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING BRIEFLY.

1. Write about the military expeditions of Malik Kafur. • Malik Kafur was the commander and slave of Alauddin Khalji. HISTORY • In the first decade of the 1300s A.D, Malik Kafur was sent on military expedition to South. • He captured Devagiri from the Yadavas at the end of 13th century. 2. Who founded the Vijayanagar kingdom? Mention the dynasties that ruled over the kingdom. • The Vijayanagar kingdom was established by the two brothers, Harihara and Bukka. • The three dynasties such as Sangama dynasty, Saluva dynasty and Tuluva dynasty ruled over the kingdom. 3. Mention the two natural advantages that India had in cotton weaving. • Cotton grew in almost all parts of India. So, the basic raw material was easily available. • The technology of producing a permanent colour on cotton using vegetable dyes was known form the early times in India. 4. What were the factors which facilitated urbanization? • The cities and towns fulfilled diverse and overlapping roles in the economy. • The large cities were centres of manufacturing and marketing, banking and financial services. • The extensive network of roads connected the urban centres with other parts of the country, • They also served as political and administrative centres. 5. What is sericulture? • Sericulture is a process by which silk is produced by breeding the mulberry silkworm. • It was introduced in the 14th and 15th centuries. • By the 17th century, Bengal became one of the largest silk-producing region in the world. ADDITIONAL 6. What are the three different periods of Indian history? • The period of Indian history is broadly divided into i) ancient/classical ii) medieval and iii) modern period. • The term ancient /classical is used to describe the period up to the Gupta Empire. www.kalvikural.com 76 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 7

• The medieval period extends from 7th century A.D to the beginning of Mughal rule in the

7 16th century. • The period from the 16th to 18th century is referred as the early modern period. 7. Write a note on Bahmani Kingdom? • Alauddin Bahman shah founded the Bahmani sultanate in 1347 A.D. • Bidar was the capital of Bahmani kingdom. • The Bahmani kingdom survived for nearly one and half century mainly due to the able administration of Mahmud Gawan, a great statesman and loyal minister. • After his death, many viceroys declared their independence. HISTORY • By the end of 15th century, Bahmani kingdom disappeared. 8. What were the five kingdoms emerged after the fall of Bahmani kingdom? • Five sultanates emerged in Deccan after the end of Bahmani kingdom. • The five kingdoms were Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmednagar, Berar and Bidar. • Among them, Bijapur and Golkonda were the largest. 9. Aurangzeb was mainly responsible for the downfall of Mughal Empire. Justify. • Aurangzeb’s reversal to orthodox Islamic principles of governance alienated the Rajput rulers and the subjects. • The over-extended empire began to collapse under its own weight by the beginning of the eighteenth century. 10. Name the literary works of Chola period. • Kamban wrote Ramayana in Tamil which was formally presented in the temple at Srirangam. • Sekkilar’s Periyapuram was presented at the temple in Chidambaram. • Kalingattup parnai and Muvarnula were written during the period of Cholas. • The great religio-philosophical treaties like Sankara bhasyam and sribhashyam were produced in this period. 11. Write about the special features of Vijayanagar architecture. • New temples were constructed by the Vijayanagar rulers in South India. • Besides this, new structures like pavilions and halls with many pillars were added. • The intricately carved lofty towers or at entrance to temples were added during this period. • The walls of the temples were embellished with paintings. 12. What were the crops cultivated in early modern period? • A variety of food grains like wheat, rice and millets were grown apart from lentils and oilseeds. • Many other commercial crops such as sugarcane, cotton and indigo were cultivated. • Other than the general food crops, South India had a regional specialization in pepper, cinnamon, spices and coconut. www.kalvikural.com 77 History . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

VI. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION.

1. The arrival of the Europeans : 7 a) Who controlled the spice trade from India? Muslims. b) What enabled the Portuguese to have control over maritime trade over the entire region. Naval superiority. c) How were the trading activities of the Europeans carried on in India? HISTORY Through the respective East India companies, Europeans carried on the trade in India. d)  Mention the enclaves of the Dutch, the English, the French and the Danes in India. i) Dutch - Policat (Later Nagapatnam) ii) British - Madras (Chennai) iii) French - Pondicherry (Puducherry) iv) Danes - Tarangampadi (Tranquebar) ADDITIONAL 2. Society, Religion and culture: a) Which is the most distinctive aspect of Indian Society? Caste. b) What is a guild? Association of merchants and traders. c) Mention some Saivite movements. Saivasinddhanta, Virasaivas and Varkaisampradaya. d) Name the court musician of Akbar. Tansen. 3. Agriculture: a) How many crops were grown in different seasons? Two different crops were grown. b) Why did the Indians practise that system? To protect the productivity of the soil. c) Name the crops that were introduced in India with the coming of Europeans? Maize and tobacco were introduced. d) What are the foods crops that were cultivated in India? Wheat, rice and millets apart from lentils and oilseeds. www.kalvikural.com 78 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 7

4. Christianity in India:

7 a) Who was St. Thomas? One of the disciples of Jesus. b) When did Christianity take its roots in India? With the arrival of Portuguese in Kerala. c) Name one of the best known head of the Jesuit missionaries. St. Francis Xavier. d) Who was Robert de Nobili? HISTORY One of the famous Jesuits and a scholar who was based in Madurai. 5. Vijayanagar kingdom: a) Who were the founder of Vijayanagar kingdom? Harihara and Bukka, the two brothers. b) Name the three dynasties that ruled Vijayanagar Kingdom. Sangama dynasty, Saluva dynasty and Tuluva dynasty c) Who was the greatest ruler of Vijayanagar Kingdom? Krishnadeva Raya. d) Name the capital of Vijayanagar rulers. Vijayanagara (City of Victory). 6. Administration of Cholas: a) What was the basic unit of local administration? Village (ur). b) How was district called? Kottam. c) What were known as Brahmadeya? Tax free villages granted to . d) What were known as Nagaram? Marketing centres and towns were known as Nagaram. 7. South India after the Cholas: a) Who was the notable ruler of Pandya kingdom? Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan. b) Which region was ruled by the Hoysala rulers? Present day state of Karnataka. c) What was the capital of Hoysalas? Initially, Belur was the capital. Later, it was shifted to Halebidu. www.kalvikural.com 79 History . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

d) Who were Kakatiyas?

They were the rulers of Warangal (Telangana State) 7

VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL.

1. Discuss the political changes during 1526-1707 A.D (C.E). • Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipet in 1526 and founded the Mughal Empire. • Mughal Empire put an end to Delhi Sultanate which was established in 1206 by Qutb-al-din Aibak. • The first six Mughal rulers ( Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shajahan and Aurangzeb) are referred as the ‘Gret Mughals’. HISTORY • Aurangazeb was the last of the Great Mughals. • Akbar consolidated the Mughal Empire through conquests and matrimonial alliance with Rajputs. • During Akbar’s period, the empire extended the entire India except Tamil Nadu. • During the period of Aurangzeb, a new power centre rose in Maharashtra. • The Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji undermined the authority of the Mughals in Western India. • The Mughal Empire though began to disintegrate after Aurangzeb, continued till 1857 A.D. • The coming of British and their colonial policy, marked the end of Mughals rule in India. 2. Explain the commercial developments in Medieval India. • During the 15th century, the Europeans were pre-occupied with trying to find a direct sea route to India. • This is mainly because the spice trade from India was controlled by the Muslims up to Alexandria. • The Europeans wanted direct control over the spice trade and obtain spices at more favourable prices. • In this effort, Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese sailor landed on the Kerala coast and built forts at Cochin and Goa. • The other European nations followed the Portuguese such as the Dutch, English and French, etc. • The commercial activities of the latter were carried on through the respective East India Companies. • During that period (17th Century), they were able to trade in the Mughal Empire but could not have their own territorial base in the empire. • In South India, the political situation was favour to the European to start trading centres and exercise their authority. • The Dutch established their control in Pulicat (Nagapatnam), the English in Madras (Chennai), the French in Pondicherry (Puducherry) and the Danes in Tranquebar (Tarangampadi) www.kalvikural.com 80 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 7

3. ‘Chola period was a enterprising period in the history of Tamil Nadu’ – Explain

7 The Chola period was an enterprising period. The administrative machinery was reorganised one. During the period, trade and the economy expanded accompanied by urbanization. Administration: • The basic unit of local administration was the Village (ur). It was followed by the sub- region (nadu) and district (kottam). • Tax-free villages were granted to Brahmins. Such villages are known as brahmadeya. • Marketing centres and towns were known as nagaram. • The ur, nadu, brahmadeya and nagaram had their own assembly. HISTORY • They were responsible for the maintenance and management of the water resources, land, the local temples, resolving local issues and disputes and collection of taxes. Architecture: • The second notable feature was the great increase in the construction of temples. • During the Cholas period, new temples were constructed and existing temples became multi-functional social and economic institutions. • The construction of great temples reflected the growing prosperity in the kingdom since that activity involved great expenditure. • Later days, temples became an important economic entity as an employer, consumer and land owner. ADDITIONAL 4. What are the major political changes that took place in India? • The expansion of the Chola Empire from the time of Rajaraja eclipsed the Pandyna and Pallava kingdoms. The Chola Empire extended up to Orissa in the North. • From the 12th century onwards, Muslim rulers controlled entire North India from Delhi. They spread Islam to different parts of the country. • By the end of 13th century, the Chola Empire declined and many religious kingdoms emerged in South India. This ultimately culminated in the rise of the Vijayanagar Empire which exercised authority overall South India. • The consolidation of Muslim rule under the Mughals in the North India started in 1526 A.D. At its heights, the Mughal Empire stretched from Kabul to Bengal and Kashmir to South India. • The Europeans (Portuguese) arrived on the West coast of India in 1498 A.D. 5. Write a note on the role of Vijayanagar kingdom in South Indian history. • The establishment of the kingdom of Vijayanagar was the most momentous development in the history South Indian in the medieval period. • The kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka, two brothers. They were the first rulers of Sangama dynasty. www.kalvikural.com 81 History . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• They founded the capital city – Vijayanagara on the southern bank of Tungabhadra which

means ‘City of Victory’. 7 • The Sangama dynasty ruled vijayanagar for nearly one and half centuries. • They were followed by Tuluva dynasty. Krishnadeva Raya, the greatest ruler belonged to this family. • The rulers of Vijayanagar contributed a lot for the development of literature, art and temple architecture. • Continuous wars with the Bahmani sultanate led to the downfall of the kingdom. • Finally, the combined forces of the five Deccan Sultanates defeated Vijayanagar in 1565 A.D

at the battle of Talikota. HISTORY 6. The Mughal Empire transformed the economy and society of North India. How? • The empire was consolidated under Akbar through his policy of co-operation with the Hindu Rajput rulers. • He brought most of the Rajput rulers under the umbrella of Mughal rule. • He also reversed the policy of discriminatory measures against the Hindus. • He employed Hindu administrators like Todar Mal in Key positions of authority. • These initiatives earned the emperor the loyalty and trust of the majority people. • As the empire stretched the entire North India, the entire region was brought under a uniform administrative structure. • The political stability of the large empire led to impressive growth of the economy and trade. • Thus, the Mughal Empire transformed the economy and society of North India. 7. Write a paragraph on the contribution of Mughals to art and architecture. • The Mughal period was a brilliant epoch in the cultural history of India. • The Mughals were well known for their aesthetic values and were great patrons of arts. • They left behind numerous monuments. They built two cities such as Shahjahanabad (Delhi) and Fatehpur sikri. • A number of gardens, mosques and forts were constructed during the period of Mughals. • Decorative arts – especially making jewellery set with precious and semi-precious gems flourished under the patronage of the rulers. • The art of painting also flourished in the Mughal period primarily known as Mughal miniatures. • A large volume of literature was produced especially in Persian, Urdu and Hindi. • The classical music was patronized under Akabr. Tansen, a famous Hindustani musician adorned the court of Akbar. www.kalvikural.com 82 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 7

7 FUN WITH HISTORY

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES:

1. On the outline map of India, mark the important places of medieval India. HISTORY

2. Collect pictures of architectural importance of the Cholas. www.kalvikural.com 83 History . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE 7 HISTORY

IX. ASSIGNMENT:

1. Collect the pictures of Angkor Wat in Cambodia. • Angkor Wat (Capital Temple) is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. • It cover 162.6 hectares (1,626,000 m2; 402 acres). • It was originally constructed as a Hindu temple dedicated to the god for the Khmer Empire, gradually transforming into a Buddhist temple towards the end of the 12th century. • It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura (present-day Angkor), the capital of the Khmer Empire. • The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. • It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country’s prime attraction for visitors. www.kalvikural.com 84 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 7 7 HISTORY

2. Arrange a debate in the class on the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization (Self Activity)

 www.kalvikural.com 85 History . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORY THE BEGINNING OF THE 8 8 MODERN AGE

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. Who among the following is known as the Father of Humanism?

a) Leonardo da Vinci b) Francisco Petrarch HISTORY c) d) Thomas More Ans: b)

2. The School of Athens was painted by a) Raphael Sanzio b) Michelangelo c) Albrecht Durer d) Leonardo da Vinci Ans: a)

3. William Harvey discovered …………… a) Heliocentric theory b) Geocentric theory c) Gravitational force d) Circulation of blood Ans: d) 4. Who wrote the 95 Theses? a) Martin Luther b) Zwingli c) John Calvin d) Thomas More Ans: a)

5. Who wrote the book Institutes of Christian Religion? a) Martin Luther b) Zwingli c) John Calvin d) Cervantes Ans: c)

6. Which sailor was the first to cross the Equator? a) Henry, the Navigator b) Lopo Gonzalves c) Bartholomew Diaz d) Christopher Columbus Ans: b)

7. …………… named the sea as Pacific Ocean as it was very calm. a) Columbus b) Amerigo Vespucci c) Ferdinand Magellan d) Vasco-da-gama Ans: c)

8. The continent of America was named after …………… a) Amerigo Vespucci b) Christopher Columbus c) Vasco da Gama d) Hernando Cortez Ans: a)

9. …………… was the headquarters of the Portuguese possession in the East. a) Manila b) Bombay c) Pondicherry d) Goa Ans: d)

10. Which among the following plants were introduced from America to Europe? a) Sugarcane b) Sweet Potato c) Rice d) Wheat Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 86 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 8 ADDITIONAL 8 11. With the decline of Feudalism, …………… was gradually moving towards urbanization. a) Africa b) America c) Europe d) Asia Ans: c)

12. The invention of the …………… accelerated the process of modernization. a) Telescope b) Mariner’s compass c) Gun powder d) Printing press Ans: d)

13. The origin of the word ‘Renaissance’ is from the …………… word. a) Italian b) Greek c) German d) Sanskrit Ans: a) HISTORY 14. Classical Greek and Latin literature introduced the idea of …………… a) Maritime trade b) Humanism c) Philosophy d) Architecture Ans: b)

15. Copernicus proved that Earth revolved around the …………… a) Moon b) Milky way c) Sun d) Other planets Ans: c) 16. Erasmus and Thomas More indirectly encouraged the …………… movement. a) Printing Press b) Counter reformation c) Renaissance d) Reformation Ans: d) 17. The office of the Pope was known as …………… a) Democracy b) Dictatorship c) Papacy d) Monarchy Ans: c)

18. Martin Luther was a professor of in the University of …………… a) Wittenberg b) Johannes Gutenberg c) Oxford d) Cambridge Ans: a) 19. The …………… reformation opened the gates for other protestant reformations. a) Ignatius Loyola b) Lutheran c) Calvinist d) Zwingli Ans: b) 20. …………… established the Anglican church and became the supreme head of that Church. a) Martin Luther b) John Calvin c) Henry VIII d) Erasmus Ans: c) 21. …………… trade increased with the discovery and colonization of America. a) Spice b) Diamond c) Tea and coffee d) Slave Ans: d) 22. In 1492, Columbus set sail in …………… ships to circumnavigate the world. a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Ans: b)

23. Geographical discoveries led to …………… Revolution. a) Industrial b) French c) Commercial d) Agrarian Ans: c)

24. The …………… East India Company had monopoly trade in India and amassed wealth. a) English b) French c) Portuguese d) Dutch Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 87 History . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

25. The Society of Jesus was founded by …………… to propagate Christianity.

a) Martin Luther b) St. Ignatius Loyola 8 c) Pope Paul III d) Henry VIII Ans: b)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS.

1. In 1453, Constantinople was captured by ………….. Ans: Ottoman Turks 2. ………….. was known as Prince among Humanists. Ans: Erasmus 3. ………….. is famous for his paintings in the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Ans: Michelangelo

4. The reformation of the Catholic Church is known as ………….. Ans: Counter Reformation HISTORY 5. The chief features of Commercial Revolution were ………….., ………….. and ………….. Ans. Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries ADDITIONAL 6. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in ………….. in the middle of 15th century. Ans: Germany

7. The idea of humanism was first expressed in ………….. Ans: Literature 8. Renaissance paintings and sculptures were realistic and ………….. Ans: Naturalistic 9. The ………….. prevented the growth of science as it undermined its importance. Ans: Church 10. In Europe, the ………….. was a powerful institution during the Middle Ages. Ans: The Roman Catholic Church 11. ………….., a church Official sold indulgences and Church offices at an auction. Ans: Johann Tetzel 12. ………….. put forwarded the Doctrine of Justification by Faith. Ans: Martin Luther 13. In England, the reformation was brought about the personal reasons of the King ………….. Ans: Henry VIII 14. Slave trade increased with the discovery and colonization of …….. Ans: America 15. Vascoda Gama reached Calicut on the Malabar Coast on ………….. Ans: 20th May 1498 16. The economic system followed during the medieval period has been described as ………….. Ans: Mercantilism 17. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the ………….. Empire and the Roman Church became weak and discredited. Ans: Holy Roman www.kalvikural.com 88 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 8

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT.

8 1. a) Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic Church because he was discriminated. (F) b) John Calvin’s government in Geneva was liberal and fun-filled. (F) c) King Henry VIII had deep theological differences with the Catholic Church. (F) d) Council of Trent reemphasized the importance of ceremonies and significance of the mass. (T)

Ans: d) is the correct statement

2. a) Discovery of new lands and sea routes shifted the economic centre from Italian city states

HISTORY to Spain and Portugal. (T) b) Horses were native to America. (F) c) During the beginning of the Modern Age, State did not interfere in economic activities. (F) d) The Portuguese collaborated with the Arabs in its trading activities in India. (F) Ans: a) is the correct statement

ADDITIONAL 3. a) As a result of geographical discoveries, the 17th century witnessed emergence various East India Companies. (T) b) The Portuguese enforced its monopoly on the diamond trade of South Africa. (F) c) The Spaniards established monopoly on gold and silver in its colonies in Asia. (F) d) The English East India Company had monopoly trade in Japan and amassed huge wealth. (F) Ans: a) is the correct statement 4. a) Henry, the Navigator established the Anglican Church in England. (F) b) Pope Paul II and his successors introduced a number of reforms in the Church. (F) c) St. Ignatius Loyola was the founder of the Society of Jesus. (T) d) The main aim of the Society was to popularise the Reformation Movement. (F) Ans: c) is the correct statement 5. a) Machiavelli painted the famous painting – Mona Lisa. (F) b) Petrarch is the author of the book ‘In Praise of Folly’. (F) c) The marble sculpture of David is the work of Raphael. (F) d) Renaissance paintings and sculptures were realistic and naturalistic. (T) Ans: d) is the correct statement 6. a) Invention of printing press led to the discovery of new land routes. (F) b) Earlier, manuscripts were written by hand on papers. (F) c) The printing press enabled the production of multiple copies of manuscripts. (T) d) The Turks captured Constantinople, the capital of Byzantine Empire in 1498 A.D. (F) Ans: c) is the correct statement www.kalvikural.com 89 History . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING.

1. Feudalism – a) Monopoly Trade 8 2. Humanism – b) Trial of Heretics 3. Inquisition – c) Movement of goods between America and Europe 4. Mercantilism – d) Hierarchical socio-economic structure 5. Columbian Exchange – e) Human dignity Ans: 1-d 2-e 3-b 4-a 5-c ADDITIONAL 6. Printing press - a) Galileo HISTORY 7. Divine Comedy - b) Johannes Gutenberg 8. Blood circulation - c) Ptolemy 9. Telescope - d) Dante 10. Geography - e) William Harvey Ans: 6-b 7-d 8-e 9-a 10-c

11. Petrarch - a) School of Athens 12. Erasmus - b) The Navigator 13. St. Ignatius Loyola - c) Father of Humanism 14. Henry, Prince of Portugal - d) Society of Jesus 15. Raphael - e) Prince of Humanists Ans: 11-c 12-e 13-d 14-b 15-a

16. Bortholomew Diaz - a) America 17. King John II - b) Philippines 18. Amerigo Vespucci - c) Cape of Good Hope 19. Vascoda Gama - d) Cape of Storms 20. Megallan - e) India Ans: 16-d 17-c 18-a 19-e 20-b

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BRIEFLY.

1. Explain how the invention of printing press influenced Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries. • Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in Germany in the middle of the 15th century. • After the invention, the printing press enabled the production of multiple copies of manuscripts. • In less than fifty years, about six million books were printed. • The press not only spread the knowledge but also influenced Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries. 2. Write a short note on the impact of Renaissance. • The most important contribution of the Renaissance was the concept of humanism. • It marked a definite shift towards individualism, secularism and nationalism. www.kalvikural.com 90 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 8

• The introduction and practice of writing in the vernacular enriched the growth of vernacular

8 languages. • Renaissance made a beginning in criticizing the corrupt practices of the Church. • The curiosity kindled by the Renaissance played a major role in the discovery of new land routes. 3. Outline the differences of Martin Luther with the Catholic Church. • He opposed the luxurious life lived by the officials of the Church. • He was against the sale of indulgences and Church offices at an auction. • He rejected the that ceremonies and penances would lead to salvation. HISTORY • The Bible could be read and interpreted by all and not by the Church alone. • He rejected the role of the Church as an intermediary between the individual and God. 4. Write a brief note on Counter Reformation. • The Protestant reformation posed threat to the Catholic Church. • Pope Paul III and his successors took a number of measures to reform the Church. • They dealt with corruption and stopped the sale of offices. • The Council of Trent reemphasized the importance of ceremonies and the significance of the mass. • Further, it revitalized the Inquisition to deal with opposition to the Church. • It also gave official sanction to the Society of Jesus. • This reformation of the Catholic Church from within is known as Counter Reformation. 5. What is Columbian Exchange? The most important outcome of the conquest of America by the European colonial powers was the movement of plants, animals, technology, culture and strange diseases between the Americas and Europe or between the New World and the Old World. This is known as Columbian Exchange. ADDITIONAL 6. How was the modern era characterized? • In the modern era, Western Europe underwent dramatic changes in the political, social, cultural, religious and economic spheres. • The modern era was characterized by freedom of thought, individualism, rationalism and economic and scientific progress. • These characters led to Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries in Europe. 7. What was the impact of printing press on European society? • The printing press enabled the production of multiple copies of a manuscript and their spread all the Western Europe. • In less than fifty years after the invention of printing press, about six million books had been printed. www.kalvikural.com 91 History . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• The invention of printing press not only spread knowledge but also promoted critical

thinking in Europeans. 8 8. What is known as Renaissance? • The fall of Constantinople in 1453 A.D., forced the scholars and artists to move from there to the Italian city-states. • After the settlement of scholars and artists the Italian city states, there was an enthusiasm and interest in studying classical literature and art of Greeks and Romans. • This creative upsurge was reflected in their writings, art, architecture and music. • This cultural florescence is known as the Renaissance. HISTORY 9. Write a note on Humanism. • The ideal of humanism was a central feature of renaissance. It laid emphasis on human dignity and nature. • Renaissance humanism promoted the view that human beings are endowed with attributes that are to be used to achieve greatness. • It turned the gaze of the people from spiritual world to material world. • The focus shifted from life after death to life in this world. 10. What was Inquisition? • Inquisition was an institution of the Catholic Church to deal with the people who oppose the Catholic faith. • The people who found guilt and who recanted were awarded milder punishments and imprisonment. • Those who refused to recant (withdraw) were burnt at the stake. • The famous infamous inquisition was the Spanish Inquisition. 11. What was the role played by Society of Jesus? • St. Ignatius Loyola founded the Society of Jesus to propagate Christianity. • Its main work was to spread education and serve the destitute. • It stated a number of educational institutions, orphanages and homes for the destitute. • It sent its missionaries to all parts of the world to spread the Catholic religion. 12. What happened to natives of Mexico and South America after the discovery? • The voyage of Columbus was followed by further explorations by Spanish conquerors who defeated the natives and colonized it. • They brutally killed the natives in their conquest and remaining were employed under harsh conditions in gold and silver mines. • The Spanish genocide of the natives included massacre, slavery and destruction of culture. • Apart from the genocide, many natives died because of epidemic diseases brought by the colonizers. www.kalvikural.com 92 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 8

13. What are the factors led to annihilation of the natives in most of the parts of America?

8 • After colonizing America, a lot of food grains were sent to Europe. On the other hand, the Europeans also sent food grains like wheat, rice, sugarcane, etc., and cattle to America. • Along with that they are exported deadly diseases such as small pox, measles, chicken pox, malaria, typhus, etc. • The natives of America had to encounter with these deadly diseases apart from the most dangerous weapons such as guns, artillery, cannon, etc. • The natives were defenceless. It led to the annihilation of the natives of America.

HISTORY VI. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION.

1. Renaissance : a) Give reasons as why renaissance originated in the Italian city-states. There was a rebirth or revival of classical Greek and Latin literature b) Name some of the important humanists and their works. Dante wrote Divine Comedy, Machiavelli wrote The Prince and Erasmus wrote ‘In praise of Folly’. c) List the differences between medieval art and Renaissance art. • The idea of humanism was the central feature of Renaissance art. It was missing in Medieval art. • Renaissance paintings and sculptures were realistic and naturalistic. • They portrayed natural landscapes, human anatomy, emotions and ideas. d) Describe humanism. A new concept developed during the Renaissance period. According to that, the humans are endowed with attributes that are to be used to achieve greatness. The focus shifted from life after death to life in this world. This is known as Humanism. 2. Reformation : a) Why did Martin Luther protest against the Church? The sale of indulgences, sale of offices and other corrupt practices made Martin Luther to protest against the Church. b) What is the doctrine of justification by faith? He said that by faith alone that one could attain salvation. The grace of god would be bestowed by the divine will alone and not by the deeds of the people. c) Why did Henry VIII establish the Anglican Church? King Henry VIII of England longed for a son to succeed him to the throne. So he appealed to Pope to annul his marriage with Catherine. The Pope kept evading his decision. So the king established the Anglican church. www.kalvikural.com 93 History . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

d) Mention the contribution of Ignatius Loyola.

St. Ignatius Loyola founded the Society of Jesus to propagate Christianity. It main work was 8 to spread education and service to the destitute. The members of the society were present all over the world to spread the Catholic religion. 3. Geographical Discoveries : a) Who is Henry, the Navigator? Prince of Portugal. b) List the causes for the geographical discoveries.

• Encouragement shown by Henry, the Navigator of Portugal for long sea voyages. HISTORY • Ottoman Turks they captured Constantinople in 1453 and blocked the land route between the East and West. • Support of the monarchs. c) What led to the extinction of the natives of America? Slave trade. d) What is triangular trade? The Trans-Atlantic Trade was a triangular trade. ADDITIONAL 4. Printing Press : a) Name the invention that accelerated the process of modernisation. Printing press. b) What was used to take hand written manuscripts? Animal skin called Vellum. c) Who could access the manuscripts of hand copy before the invention of printing press? Only the privileged people d) Who invented the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg of Germany 5. Renaissance : a) Name the origin word of Renaissance. Italian word ‘Renascita’. b) What is the meaning of the word? Rebirth. c) Why it is called Renaissance? There was a rebirth or revival of classical Greek and Latin literature. www.kalvikural.com 94 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 8

d) Name the Greek scholar who often visited Constantinople.

8 ManuelChrysoloras.

6. Birth place of Renaissance : a) Name the birth place of Renaissance? Italy. b) Name the Italian city states that were profited from the Mediterranean trade. Florence, Milan, Venice and Rome.

HISTORY c) Name the rich family that patronized literature, art and music. Medicis of Florence. d) Mention the highpoint of the Renaissance period. Between 1475 A.D and 1525 A.D.

7. Impact of Renaissance on Art : a) Name the famous paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. b) Write a few lines on Sculpture of David. It is the great work of Michelangelo. It depicts the youthful strength and energy of the giant slayer. c) Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome? Michelangelo. d) What is Madonnas? It is the famous painting of Raphael (Virgin and the Child).

8. Geographical discoveries : a) Name the sponsors of Columbus to explore new lands? The king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. b) Who named the islands as Philippines? Ferdinand Magellan. c) Who is the first circumnavigator of the world? Ferdinand Magellan. d) Where is Magellan Straits? Southern tip of South America. www.kalvikural.com 95 History . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL.

1. Discuss how Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries heralded the 8 modern age? The modern era was characterized by freedom of thought, individualism, rationalism and economic and scientific progress. This age was heralded by Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries. Renaissance: • It marked a definite shift towards individualism, secularism and nationalism.

• It made a beginning in criticizing the corrupt and worldly practices of the Church. HISTORY • It contributed the intellectual basis for the rise of nation states. Reformation: • In the middle ages, the Church enjoyed both spiritual and temporal powers. In due course of time, corruption entered the Church. • The critical thinking and inquisitive spirit of Renaissance humanism helped people to question such practices of the Church. • The Reformation movement started by Martin Luther marked the first successful break from the Church. After this, a lot of measures were taken to reform the Catholic Church. Geographical discoveries: • The geographical discoveries transformed the European understanding of the world. • Geographical discoveries led to Commercial Revolution and the emergence of banking and joint-stock companies. • As a result of geographical discoveries, the 17th century witnessed the emergence of various East India Companies. • It led to colonialism and exploitation of the resources of the colonies.

2. Examine the outcome of the geographical discoveries. The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453 A.D was the main cause for the geographic discoveries in the 15th century. Outcome of the geographical discoveries – • The geographical discoveries transformed the European understanding of the world. • It led to the redrawing of the world map. • The discovery of new lands and sea routes shifted the economic centre of Europe from Italian city states to Spain and Portugal. • Europe also exported deadly diseases such as small pox, measles, chicken pox, malaria, typhus, etc., to Asian and African continents. • The mass extinction of the native population led to the import of slaves from Africa. • Congo, Gambia and Senegal became important centres of slave trade in Africa. www.kalvikural.com 96 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 8

• Geographical discoveries led to Commercial Revolution and the emergence of banking and

8 joint-stock companies. • As a result of geographical discoveries, the 17th century witnessed the emergence of various East India Companies. • It led to colonialism and exploitation of the resources of the colonies. • It represented an important stage in the development of modern capitalism.

ADDITIONAL 1. Write a paragraph on Humanism in literature. HISTORY • The idea of humanism was a central feature of renaissance. It laid emphasis on human dignity and nature. • The humanists said that man endowed with reason and the ability to attain true knowledge. The idea of humanism was first expressed in literature. • Petrarch was the first person to adopt ideas of classical humanism in his works and therefore, he is called as the Father of Humanism. • Even before him, Dante influenced by the classic. He authored the book Divine comedy. • Machiavelli wrote a political treatise called The Prince. In this book, he wrote about the virtue that a ruler should possess. For him, the end was more important than means. • Erasmus known as the Prince of Humanists wrote In Prise of Folly, a satirical work on the activities and rituals of the Church. • Sir Thomas More of England wrote Utopia, a satire on the political evils of his time. • Cervantes of Spain wrote don Quixote, another satire on medieval chivalry and valour.

2. What were the effects of Renaissance? The impact of Renaissance was profound and far reaching. The note worthy effects are- • It’s important contribution was the idea of humanism. It marked a definite shift towards individualism, secularism and nationalism. • The introduction and practice of writing in the vernacular enriched the growth of vernacular languages. • In turn, the vernacular languages provided the intellectual basis for the rise of national- states. • Renaissance made a beginning in criticizing the corrupt and worldly practices of the Church. • Erasmus and Thomas More indirectly encouraged the reformation movement. • The curiosity kindled by the Renaissance played a decisive role in the discovery of new land routes and remapping of the world. • Similarly, inquisitiveness and empiricism of Renaissance combined with knowledge of the classical science led to new inventions in science. www.kalvikural.com 97 History . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

3. What were the causes for the rise of reformation movement in Roman Catholic

Church? 8 The following factors led to rise of reformation movement in Christianity- • Pope lived a luxurious life like a prince. • Many of his officials were corrupt and the offices of the Church were sold for money. • The Church made the people believe that they would suffer in purgatory because of their . • The people were further told that if they repented their sins and did penance, they would be absolved from sins and go to heaven. • The Church prescribed a number of penances for various sins. HISTORY • People were made to believe that participation in the Mass (a ceremony) would reduce the sins. • The Church even began to grant pardon known as the indulgences for money. • The critical thinking and inquisitive spirit of Renaissance humanism helped people to questions such practices of the church. • Thus, towards the end of 16th century, attempts were made to reform the Church.

FUN WITH HISTORY

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. In an outline map of world, mark, the routes of a) Bartholomew Diaz b) Vasco-da-Gama c) Columbus d) Magellan www.kalvikural.com 98 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 8

2. Collect pictures of European explorers. 8 HISTORY

www.kalvikural.com 99 History . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

3. Create a model of Mariner’s Compass. 8 HISTORY

4. Construct a model ship of medieval Europe. (Self Activity)

IX. ASSIGNMENT.

1. Prepare an album with masterpieces of Italian art.

www.kalvikural.com 100 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 8 8

HISTORY 2. Write a brief biography of Martin Luther. Martin Luther, O.S.A. was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the Catholic view on indulgences. • Born: 10 November 1483, Eisleben, Germany • Died: 18 February 1546, Eisleben, Germany • Education: University of Erfurt (1501–1505) • Spouse: Katharina von Bora (m. 1525–1546) • Era: Reformation • Children: Margarete Kunheim, Magdalena Luther, Paul Luther, Elisabeth Luther, Hans Luther, Martin Luther 3. Visit the nearby printing press and compare it with the earliest printing device. (Self Activity)

 www.kalvikural.com 101 History . Unit 9 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORY THE AGE OF 9 9 REVOLUTIONS

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The first British colony in America was ……………

a) New York b) Philadelphia c) Jamestown d) Amsterdam Ans: c) HISTORY

2. The pioneer of French Revolution who fought on the side of Washington against the British was …………… a) Mirabeau b) Lafayette c) Napoleon d) Danton Ans: b)

3. Lafayette, Thomas Jefferson and Mirabeau wrote the …………… a) Declaration of Independence b) Declaration of Pilnitz c) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen d) Human Rights Charter Ans: c)

4. The defeat of British at …………… paved the way for the friendship between France and America. a) Trenton b) Saratoga c) Pennsylvania d) NewYork Ans: b)

5. …………… was the symbol of “Royal Despotism” in France. a) Versailles Palace b) Prison of Bastille c) Paris Commune d) Estates General Ans: b)

6. The forces of Austria and Prussia were defeated by the French Revolutionary forces at …………… a) Verna b) Versailles c) Pilnitz d) Valmy Ans: d)

7. Candide was written by …………… a) Voltaire b) Rousseau c) Montesquieu d) Danton Ans: a)

8. The moderate liberals who wanted to retain Louis XVI as a limited monarchy were called …………… a) Girondins b) Jacobins c) Emigres d) Royalists Ans: a)

9. American War of Independence was ended with the Peace of Paris in the year a) 1776 b) 1779 c) 1781 d) 1783 Ans: d)

10. Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet was …………… a) Common Sense b) Rights of Man c) Bill of Rights d) Abolition of Slavery Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 102 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 9 ADDITIONAL 9 11. The Dutch founded a town in North America and called it …………… a) North Carolina b) New Amsterdam c) New Jersey d) New Hampshire Ans: b) 12. The Seven Years War (1756-63) was fought between Britain and …………… a) Germany b) America c) France d) Portugal Ans: c) 13. The Stamp Act was passed by the British government in …………… a) 1865 b) 1765 c) 1567 d) 1857 Ans: b) HISTORY 14. ‘Daughters of Liberty’, women organisation was formed in …………… a) India b) Canada c) Britain d) America Ans: d) 15. …………… declared that 1st June 1774 would be a day of fasting and . a) Thomas Jefferson b) George Washington c) George Fox d) Cornwallis Ans: a) 16. On 5th Sep. 1774, the first Continental Congress met in …………… a) New York b) Washington c) Philadelphia d) California Ans: c) 17. The Battle of Banker Hill, the first major battle was fought in ………………. a) Massachusetts b) Chicago c) Canada d) Virginia Ans: a) 18. The British defeat at Saratoga paved the way for an alliance between …………… and Americans. a) France b) United Kingdom c) Germany d) Spain Ans: a)

19. In 1783, the Peace of …………… was signed in which England agreed to the independence of the United States. a) Washington b) London c) Paris d) Rome Ans: c)

20. The British forces departed from Yorktown, America in …………… a) 1781 b) 1791 c) 1801 d) 1811 Ans: a)

21. Latin Americans strived for the overthrow of the …………… Empire from South America. a) French b) Portuguese c) British d) Spanish Ans: d)

22. The Industrial Revolution laid the foundations for …………… a) Socialism b) Capitalism c) Monarchism d) Optimism Ans: b)

23. The French Revolution exploded in …………… a) 1783 b) 1857 c) 1789 d) 1881 Ans: c)

24. Louis XV was succeeded by his …………… Louis XVI in 1774. a) Father b) Son c) Grandson d) Nephew Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 103 History . Unit 9 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

25. The French government collected …………… (one tenth of the annual produce or

earnings) from the common people. 9 a) Jizya b) Tithe c) Gabelle d) Corvee Ans: b) 26. In France, the traditional hereditary nobles known as ‘Nobles of the ……………’ enjoyed hunting rights. a) Gold b) Battle c) Sword d) Cannon Ans: c) 27. The middle class and the peasants of France together formed the …………… Estate. a) First b) Second c) Third d) Fourth Ans: c)

28. The famous work of Voltaire was …………… HISTORY a) Candide b) Tithe c) Social Contract d) Das Capital Ans: a) 29. The French people rose in revolt in Paris on …………… a) 15th Aug. 1947 b) 14th July 1789 c) 26th Jan. 1950 d) 1st May 2000 Ans: b) 30. Louis XVI along with family decided to escape from Paris to …………… a border town. a) Moscow b) Warsaw c) Rome d) Varennes Ans: d) 31. The Reign of Terror ended with the fall of …………… a) Robespierre b) Danton c) Marat d) Herbert Ans: a)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. The Postmaster General of the Postal Department of the government of Continental Congress was ………….. Ans: Benjamin Franklin 2. The battle of Bunker Hill was fought on ………….. Ans: 17th June 1775 3. The ………….. Act insisted on repaying the debt in gold or silver. Ans: Currency 4. The leader of National Assembly of France was ………….. Ans: Mirabeau 5. ………….. was guillotined for organizing a Festival of Liberty. Ans: Herbert 6. Louis XVI was arrested at ………….. with his family when he tried to escape from France. Ans: Varennes ADDITIONAL 7. Pennsylvania was named after the ………….. Ans: Quaker Penn

8. The English changed the name New Amsterdam into ………….. Ans: NewYork 9. In the Seven Years War (1756-63), Britain defeated France and took control of ………….. Ans: Canada 10. The preamble of ………….. provided the slogan ‘No Taxation without Representation’. Ans: Sugar Act www.kalvikural.com 104 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 9

11. The ………….. of 1765 forced the colonies to pay for the cost of keeping British troops in

9 America. Ans: Quartering Act 12. In ………….., the American colonists unloaded the tea and let it rot in the dock. Ans. Charlestown 13. ………….. was a challenge which led to war between the rebellious colonies and England. Ans: Boston Tea Party 14. The famous battle cry of the Americans was …………. Ans: no taxation without representation 15. The American Militia force (band of soldiers) is popularly known as …………..

HISTORY Ans: Green Mountain Boys 16. The ‘Common Sense’ was published in 1776 which was authored by ………….. Ans: Thomas Paine 17. George Washington remarked ‘………….. ‘is working a powerful change in the minds of men. Ans: Common Sense 18. The Declaration of Independence stated that ‘All men are born ………….. Ans: Equal 19. As per the Articles of Confederation, the ………….. and the State were separated. Ans: Church 20. The Estates General of France consisted of representatives of three ………….. Ans: Estates 21. Louis XVI was entirely under the influence of his wife ………….. Ans: Marie Antoinette 22. On the eve of French Revolution, France was going through a period of ………….. crisis. Ans: Economic 23. At the time of French Revolution, a vast number of people had become professional ………….. Ans: Beggars 24. The ………….., despite being a minority, occupied a preeminent position in France. Ans: Clergy 25. In France, the Third Estate was contributed by the representatives of ………….. Ans: Peasants 26. The statement “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains” was given by ………….. Ans: Rousseau 27. The theory of “Separation of powers” was put forth by ………….. Ans: Montesquieu 28. The fall of the ………….. was the first great turning point in the revolution. Ans: Bastille www.kalvikural.com 105 History . Unit 9 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

III. CHOOSE THE CORRECT STATEMENT.

1. i) The Portuguese were the pioneers of naval expeditions. (F) 9 ii) New Plymouth was named after the Quaker Penn. (F) iii) Quakers have the reputation of encouraging wars. (F) iv) The English changed the name of New Amsterdam to NewYork. (T) a) i & ii are correct b) iii is correct c) iv is correct d) i & iv are correct Ans: c)

2. i) The American War of Independence was as much a civil war as a war against the British. (F) ii) The British forces emerged victorious in York Town. (F)

iii) The nobles in France were supportive of the rising middle class. (T) HISTORY iv) The British Parliament repealed the Townshend Act except the tax on paper. (F) a) i & ii are correct b) iii is correct c) iv is correct d) i & iv are correct Ans: b)

3. Assertion (A) : Merchants of Boston boycotted the British goods. Reason (R) : The British Finance Minister introduced new duties on imports into American colonies. a) A is correct and R is not the explanation of A b) A is incorrect and R is not the explanation of A c) A is correct and R is the explanation of A d) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are incorrect Ans: b)

4. Assertion (A) : There was a massive peasant revolt in the Vendee against conscriptions. Reason (R) : The peasants as supporters of the king did not like to fight against him. a) Both A and R are incorrect b) Both A and R are correct c) A is correct and R is incorrect d) A is incorrect and R is correct Ans: a) ADDITIONAL 1. i) The National Convention created a Republican Calendar for France. (T) ii) All references to religion found in the old calendar’s name were deleted. (T) iii) In this secular calendar, the twelve months of the year were named after natural elements. (T) iv) The republican calendar was accepted by Napoleon in Jan. 1806. (F) a) i & ii are correct b) i, ii & iii are correct c) iii & iv are correct d) i & iv are correct Ans: b)

2. i) The Second Continental Congress met in May 1885 at Philadelphia. (F) ii) John Adams, Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee and Thomas Jefferson were some of the prominent members of the Congress. (T) iii) It organised the army gathered around Boston as the Continental Army. (T) iv) It was placed under the command of George Washington. (T) a) i & ii are correct b) i, ii & iii are correct c) ii, iii & iv are correct d) i & iv are correct Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 106 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 9

3. i) The Portuguese and Spanish were the pioneers in geographical explorations. (T)

9 ii) The English lagged far behind in their colonisation efforts. (T) iii) Mexico was under the control of the French Government. (F) iv) Quakers were members of a Jewish group called the Society of Servants. (F) a) i & ii are correct b) i, ii & iii are correct c) ii, iii & iv are correct d) i & iv are correct Ans: a) 4. i) The Seven Years War was fought between England and Portugal. (F) ii) The war cost the English heavily. (T) iii) The British ministers proposed that the American colonies pay some of the cost of war. (T)

HISTORY iv) A series of taxes were imposed on the colonists. (T) a) i & iii are correct b) i, iii & iv are correct c) ii, iii & iv are correct d) i alone correct. Ans: c) 5. Assertion (A) : Puritans of England moved to North America and settled there. Reason (R) : The Stuart kings, James I and Charles I did not tolerate their attempts to reform the Church of England. a) A is correct and R is not the explanation of A b) A is incorrect and R is not the explanation of A c) A is correct and R is the explanation of A d) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are incorrect Ans: c) 6. Assertion (A) : There was an intense anti-British propaganda through newspapers, posters and pamphlets in America. Reason (R) : The British Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts. a) A is correct and R is not the explanation of A b) A is incorrect and R is not the explanation of A c) A is correct and R is the explanation of A d) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are incorrect Ans: a) 7. Assertion (A) : At the time of revolution, the French treasury was bankrupt. Reason (R) : French involvement in Seven Years War that ended in defeat a) A is correct and R is not the explanation of A b) A is incorrect and R is not the explanation of A c) A is correct and R is the explanation of A d) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are incorrect Ans: c)

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. John Winthrop - a) France Finance Minister 2. Turgot - b) July 4 3. The Spirit of laws - c) Britain and France 4. Marie Antoinette - d) Massachusetts Bay 5. Seven years war - e) Louis XVI 6. American Independence Day - f) Montesquieu Ans: 1-a 2-d 3-f 4-e 5-c 6-b www.kalvikural.com 107 History . Unit 9 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL

7. Louis XVI - a) French philosopher 9 8. George Washington - b) Reign of Terror 9. George Fox - c) American War of Independence 10. Montesquieu - d) French Emperor 11. Robespierre - e) Society of Friends Ans: 7-d 8-c 9-e 10-a 11-b

12. Sugar Act - a) 1789 13. Townshend Acts - b) 1773

14. Quartering Act - c) 1764 HISTORY 15. Fall of Bastille - d) 1767 16. Boston Tea Party - e) 1765 Ans: 12-c 13-d 14-e 15-a 16-b

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BRIEFLY.

1. Who were Puritans? Why did they leave England? • The reformers of England who protested the teachings and practices of Roman Catholic church were known as Puritans. • The Stuart kings, James I and Charles I, did not tolerate their attempt to reform the Church of England. • They ordered to persecute the Puritans. • So, The Puritans left England.

2. What do you know about the Quakers? • Quakers were members of a Christian group called the Society of Friends. • They laid emphasis on the , rejected outward rites and an ordained ministry. • George Fox was the founder of the society in England. • Quakers have the reputation of actively working for peace and opposing war.

3. Point out the significance of “the Boston Tea Party”. • The British Government passed the Townshend Acts in 1767. • As per the Act, they introduced duties on imports to colonies such as glass, paper, paint, lead and tea. • Against this, the American colonists obstructed the import of tea in many places. • In Dec. 1773, a group of men disguised themselves as Native Americans boarded the cargo vessels and threw the tea overboard. • This incident is hailed as the ‘Boston Tea Party’.

4. Attempt an account of “September Massacres”. • In August 1791, Austria and Prussia together tried to restore monarchy in France and sent their forces to France. www.kalvikural.com 108 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 9

• Immediately, the revolutionary Commune of Paris hoisted Red Flag to signify the enforcement

9 of martial law. • The revolutionaries suspected and attacked the king and his supporters. • In three days from Sep. 2nd, about 1500 suspected dissidents were put in prison. After the trial, they were killed. • This incident is called ‘September massacres’.

5. Explain the composition of “Three Estates of France”. The three ‘Estates of France’ consisted of i) Clergy, ii) nobles and iii) Commons.

HISTORY • The clergy class consisted of men and women ordained for religious duties. • The noble class comprised of lawyers, rich merchants, bankers and businessmen and wealthy landlords. • The common group consisted of poor peasants, labours, artisans and slaves. • Cleary occupied a preeminent position in France. They collected tithe from the common people.

6. Sketch the role of Lafayette in the French Revolution. • Lafayette was French by birth. He was born in 1757. • In the American War of Independence, he supported Washington and fought against the British. • Later, during the French Revolution, he served the French National Guard as its Commander. • He penned the Declaration of the Rights of man and the Citizen, one of historical documents about human and civil rights with the help of Jefferson. • In Aug. 1789, the National Assembly of France adopted the Declaratio.

7. What was the background for the storming of Bastille Prison? • Louis XVI, the Emperor of France summoned the Estate General in May 1789. • The representatives of the third estate namely the Commons were not allowed to participate in the meeting. • So, they proclaimed themselves a National Assembly and decided not to disperse until to give them a constitution. • The king tried to use his force but his own soldiers refused to obey his orders. • Louis then intrigued to get foreign regiments to shoot down his own people. • This provoked the people and they stormed the Bastille Prison on 14 July 1789.

8. What were the taxes the peasants had to pay in France on the eve of Revolution? Tithes : A type of tax collected by churches which was collected from peasants. Taille : Land tax and also a type of direct and indirect tax which was paid to the state by members of third estate in French Society. Gabelle : It was levied on items used for daily consumption, such as tobacco, salt, etc. www.kalvikural.com 109 History . Unit 9 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 9. Name the 13 colonies that were under the control of British. 9 By the end of the 18th century, there were thirteen colonies on the East coast 0f America. All the colonies were under the British control. The 13 colonies (from north to south) were - Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. 10. Why did the British impose series of taxes on the American colonists? • The Seven Years War of 1756-63 between Britain and France had centred on the control of HISTORY colonies, especially in North America. • Britain defeated France and took control of Canada. But the war cost the English heavily. • The British ministers proposed that the American colonists pay some of the cost of the war. • So a series of taxes were imposed on the colonists. 11. Write a note on ‘Sons of Liberty’. • The American colonists protested against all the taxes imposed by the British. • The protests occurred at different levels of society. • At the top, delegates from the colonies assembled and called for a boycott of trade with Britain until the taxes were withdrawn. • This apart, groups calling themselves “Sons of Liberty” sprang up in all the colonies in 1765 and 1766. • The Sons of Liberty acted like a political party and instilled a new political awareness among ordinary Americans. 12. What was Townshend Acts? • The British needed money to pay its troops and other expenses in the colonies. Hence, the British Finance Minister Charles Townshend introduced new duties on imports in 1767. This is known as the Townshend Acts. • As per the Acts, they introduced duties on imports to colonies such as glass, paper, paint, lead and tea. • Further, the British officers were empowered to search homes and businesses for smuggled or illegal goods. 13. What was the importance of First Continental Congress meet? • The Continental Congress was formed in the year 1774. Soon, members from other colonies joined in this Congress. On 5th Sep. 1774, the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. • The Congress agreed to vote by the representatives of colonies and endorsed the resolution declaring the Intolerable Act null and void. • It called for economic sanctions against the British. The Congress adopted a Declaration of American Rights. www.kalvikural.com 110 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 9

14. What day is celebrated by the Americans as Independence Day? Why?

9 • The Americans celebrate July 4th as Independence Day. • Richard Henry Lee of Virginia moved a resolution for independence on June 7, 1776. • After much debate, the Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson was adopted by the Congress on July 4th 1776. • This day is celebrated by the Americans as Independence Day.

15. Why were the King and Queen of France hated by the people? • The Divine Right Theory of Kingship means the king was representative of god on Earth. HISTORY Therefore, the king was accountable only to god for all his actions and not to anybody else. • In France, Louis XVI was under the influence of his wife Marie Antoinette. She believed that she was more than the king. • So, both the king and the queen were hated by the people of France.

16. Who were Girondins and Jacobins. • There were many parties and groups fighting for control of power in the early days of the French Revolution. • There were the royalists still hoping to retain Louis XVI as an king. The modern liberals wanted to keep the King as a limited monarch. They were called themselves as Girondins. • The hardcore republicans were the Jacobins.

17. Write about the new Republican Calendar of France. • The Convention created a new Republican calendar for France. • All references to religion found in the old calendar’s name were deleted, and a 10-day week followed. • In this secular calendar, the twelve months of the year were named after natural elements, while each day was named after a seed, tree, flower, fruit, animal, or tool, replacing the saints’-day names and Christian festivals.

18. What was the reason for the first split in the Jacobin Party? • Danton, Herbert and Robespierre of Jacobin Party emerged as the main leaders of the National Convention. • There was a great Festival of Liberty and Reason in Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. • Robespierre was conservative in religious matters. • Neither Danton nor Robespierre approved this movement. • Herbert and his supporters who had organised the festival were sent to the guillotine. • This was the reason for the split of Jacobin Party. www.kalvikural.com 111 History . Unit 9 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

VI. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION.

1. Townshend Act : 9 a) Who introduced this Act? Charles Townshend, the British Finance Minister. b) In which year was this Act passed? In 1767. c) Why did the colonists oppose the Act? • The British introduced duties on Imports to colonies. HISTORY • Further, the British officers were empowered to search homes and trading centres for smuggled or illegal goods. d) Why did the merchants of Boston oppose British goods? The British, even after a lot of opposition, retained the tax on tea. Their intention was to encourage the business of the East India Company by taking its tea to America and sell it there. 2. Social life in France : a) What was the tax collected by the Church in France? Tithes. b) Who was Danton? Danton was a great leader of French Revolution. c) Who were the Encyclopaedists of eighteenth century France? Diderot and Jean d’Alermbert. d) Who provided free labour for the construction of public roads? The peasants & middle class. ADDITIONAL 3. National Convention : a) Who were the main leaders of the National Convention? Danton, Herbert and Robespierre. b) Name the Law by which a large number of people tried and sentenced? Law of Suspects. c) How many days the Reign of Terror lasted? 46 days. d) How did the Reign of Terror come to an end? The Reign of Terror came to an end with the fall of Robespierre. www.kalvikural.com 112 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 9

4. Emigres :

9 a) Who were Emigres? Emigres were the Nobles who supported the monarchy fled France and lived in exile. b) Where did they live? They lived in the frontier towns bordering France. c) What were they doing? They were preparing for counter-revolutionary moves. d) Who issued the “Declaration of Pilnitz’? Austria and Prussia. HISTORY 5. French Philosophers : a) Name the famous French philosophers. Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau. b) Name the book written by Rousseau. Social Contract. c) Who said ‘Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains’? Rousseau. d) Who wrote the ‘Persian Letters’? Montesquieu.

VII. ANSWER IN DETAIL. 1. “Taxation without Representation” led to the outbreak of American War of Independence – Explain. • The Seven Year War (1756-63) between Britain and France had centred on the control of colonies especially in North America. • Britain defeated France and took control of Canada. But the war cost the English heavily. • The British government decided to collect some of the cost of the war from the colonists. • Series of taxes were imposed on the colonialists. It should be noted that the Americans did not have representation in the British Parliament. • The Sugar Act of 1764 prohibited the import of foreign rum and imposed duties on wines, silks, coffee and other luxury items. It was protested by the merchants in legislature and town meetings. • The preamble of the Sugar Act provided the slogan ‘No Taxation without representation’, • Other taxes such Currency Act, Quartering Act of 1765 and Stamp Act added fuel to the fire. • Thus, the slogan ‘Taxation without Representation’ led to the out break of American War of Independence. 2. Highlight the contribution of French Philosophers to the Revolution of 1789. The French Revolution started in the year 1789. The role of French Philosophers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau in the revolution is note worthy. www.kalvikural.com 113 History . Unit 9 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

i) Voltaire:

 He was a prolific writer and activist. He was vehement in his criticism of the Church. 9 His most famous work was Candide. His famous quote was: “those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities. ii) Rousseau: His political theory set the minds of many a fire with new ideas and new resolves. His ideas played an important part in preparing the people of France for the great revolution. He said in his book ‘Social Contract’, ‘Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains”. iii) Montesquieu:

He was the author of ‘The Persian Letters’ and ‘The Spirit of the Laws’. He put HISTORY forward the theory of separation of powers. He said that the liberty of the individual would be best protected only in a government where the powers of its three organs such as legislature, executive and judiciary were separate. These philosophers and thinkers, opposed to religious intolerance and political and social privileges, succeeded in provoking large numbers of ordinary people to think and act. ADDITIONAL 3. What were the acts that activated the American War of Independence? The Seven Years War between Britain and France had centred on the control of colonies, especially in North America. Britain defeated France. But the war cost the English heavily. The British ministers proposed that the American colonists pay some of the cost of the war. So, a series of taxes were imposed on the colonists. The Sugar Act : The Sugar Act of 1764 prohibited the import of foreign rum and imposed duties on molasses, wines, silks, coffee and other luxury items. As the Act was enforced ruthlessly, it led to protests by merchants in legislatures and town meetings. The preamble of the Sugar Act provided the slogan ‘No Taxation without representation’. The Currency Act : This Act insisted on colonies repaying the debt only in gold or silver. It was a huge burden on the colonial economy. The Quartering Act: It required the colonies to pay for the cost of keeping British troops in America. The Stamp Act (1765) : The Act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp.

2. Write the results of the American War of Independence. The important results of the American War of Independence are- • For the first time, a colonial power was overthrown by the colonists. • It led to the establishment of a republican government in the United States. • The colonists wanted to get rid of the feudal inequalities of Europe and they succeeded. www.kalvikural.com 114 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 9

• The Declaration of Independence of 1776 stated that “all men are born equal.” But in

9 reality the poor Black slaves did not fit in this. America had to fight a bitter civil war in the succeeding century, to abolish slavery. • The written constitutions protected individual rights, freedom of press and freedom of religion. • The Continental Congress had drafted the Articles of Confederation. The Church and the State were separated. • Thomas Jefferson introduced freedom of religion in Verginia. It was later incorporated into the American Constitution.

HISTORY • The conception of people’s right to a government of their choice encouraged the Latin American revolutionaries to strive for the overthrow of the Spanish empire in South America. • The French revolutionaries inspired by the Declaration of Independence which determined to fight against royal absolutism. 3. What were the economic causes of the French Revolution? The French people started a protest against their ruler Louis XVI. Many causes attributed for the rise of French Revolution. Among them, the notable one was Economic condition of France. • On the eve of the French revolution, France was going through a period of economic crisis. • The French treasury was bankrupt because of its involvement in the Seven Years War that ended in defeat. • French participation in the American War of Independence made the financial condition worse. The luxurious lifestyle of the royalty and nobles in Versailles court, in contrast to the grinding poverty of the common people, made the people accept the new ideologies of French philosophers of the eighteenth century. • The Finance Ministers of the King, Turgot, Necker, Calonne and Brienne one after the other suggested reduction of royal expenditure and taxation of the first two Estates - the nobles and the clergy. Their advice was not only disregarded but they themselves were dismissed from service. • To meet the resource crunch the government borrowed heavily resulting in a huge fiscal deficit. Nearly half the revenue went towards payment of interest for the loans. Under their circumstances, the French monarch Louis XVI was forced to convene the Estate General, the combined body of three estates comprising nobles, clergy and commoners respectively. 4. What were the impacts of French Revolution? The French Revolution had many lasting results. Among them- • It marked the end of the system of absolute monarchy in France. • All feudal privileges were abolished and the power of clergy was curbed. • The Revolution united the people of different sections and paved the way for the enhanced power of the state. • It also led to the growth of feelings of nationalism and the emergence of an assertive middle class. www.kalvikural.com 115 History . Unit 9 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Revolution upheld the theory of people’ sovereignty and laid the foundation for the birth of

liberal constitutional governments in Europe. 9 • Liberty, equality, and fraternity became the watchwords of freedom loving people all over the world • It inspired many later day political movements for the establishment of liberal democracy in Europe and elsewhere.

VIII. ACTIVITY. 1. If any Government becomes bankrupt like the Government of Louis XVI, what measures do you think are required to overcome the crisis. HISTORY When an organisation is unable to honour its financial obligations or make payment to its creditors, it files for bankruptcy. The governments follow different ways and methods to overcome the financial bankruptcy. Any one of the measures of the following could be adopted by Louis XVI, the Emperor of France. Bonds : Governments often issue bonds to get money. This enables them to avoid raising taxes and provides money to stimulate the economy through public spending, theoretically generating additional tax income from prosperous businesses and tax payers. It seems like a logical approach, but keep in mind that the government must pay interest to its creditors and at some point, the borrowed money must be repaid. Historically, issuing debt has provided an economic boost to various countries. Interest Rate Manipulation : Maintaining low-interest rates is another way governments seek to stimulate the economy, generate tax revenue and, ultimately, reduce the national debt. Low-interest rates make it easy for individuals and businesses to borrow money. In turn, the borrowers spend that money on goods and services, which creates jobs and tax revenues. Spending Cuts : By instituting deep budget cuts (20% or more within four years), the nation can reduce its budget deficit to zero within three or four years and cut its public debt by one-third within five years. Canada faced the same problem in the 1990s. The country did this without raising taxes. Raise Taxes : Tax increases are a common tactic. Despite the frequency of the practice, most nations face large and growing debts. It is likely that this is largely due to the failure to cut spending. When cash flows increase and spending continues to rise, the increased revenues make little difference to the overall debt level. Pro Business/Pro Trade : A pro-business, pro-trade approach is another way nations can reduce their debt burdens. Saudi Arabia reduced its debt burden from 80% of gross domestic product in 2003 to just 10.2% in 2010 by selling oil. www.kalvikural.com 116 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 9

Bailout (Help from others) :

9 Getting rich nations to forgive your debts or hand you cash is a strategy that has been employed more than a few times. Many nations in Africa have been the beneficiaries of debt . Unfortunately, even this strategy has its faults. For example, in the late 1980s, Ghana’s debt burden was significantly reduced by debt forgiveness. Default : Defaulting on the debt is included i) going bankrupt and ii) restructuring payments to creditors is a common and often successful strategy for debt reduction. 2. Attempt a comparative study of American War of Independence and Indian

HISTORY Independence Movement. • The independence movement in America and India were aimed to remove the British from the soil. • The leaders of the American War of Independence as well as Indian Independence Movement were one among the people. • Introduction of taxes on American colonists such as Sugar Act, Currency Act and Stamp Act were the main reason for the war. In India, the introduction of Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act and Ilbert Bill were the causes for the beginning of the freedom movement. • The Americans had a single goal and fought against the British. But, Indians also fought for their independence. • The American used modern and sophisticated weapons against the British. In India, the leaders followed sathyagraha and ahimsa against the British government. • Both in India and America, all the people took part in the war of independence. • American War of Independence was a short one. But the Indians fought for more than hundred years to achieve their goal. • At last, the American became an Independence country in 1776. India got its independence in 1947.

IX. Assignment. 1. Attempting an account of Bastille prison. Louis XVI, the Emperor of France summoned the Estate General in May 1789. The representatives of the third estate namely the Commons were not permitted allowed to participate in the meeting. The proclaimed themselves a National Assembly and decided not to disperse until to give them a constitution. The king tried to use his force but his own soldiers refused to obey his orders. Louis then intrigued to get foreign regiments to shoot down his own people. This incident provoked the people and they stormed the Bastille Prison on 14 July 1789. They stormed the Bastille prison and set free all the prisoners. The fall of the Bastille was the first great turning point in the revolution. 14 July is celebrated as the National Day of France to this day. The subsequent popular risings all over the country emboldened the National Assembly to act swiftly. 2. Reading the of Les Miserable (a historical novel by Victor Hugo). (Self Activity)  www.kalvikural.com 117 History . Unit 10 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORY INDUSTRIAL 10 10 REVOLUTION

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1. Who established the first steam boat service?

a) Arkwright b) Samuel Crompton HISTORY c) Robert Fulton d) James Watt Ans: c) 2. Why was Manchester considered ideal for textile production? a) Availability of land b) Rich human resources c) Better living condition d) Cool climate Ans: d) 3. Who invented the sewing machine? a) Elias Howe b) Eli–Whitney c) Samuel Crompton d) Humphrey Davy Ans: a) 4. Which family introduced steam engine in France? a) de Wendel b) de Hindal c) de Arman d) de Renault Ans: a) 5. Who called Slater, the father of American Industrial Revolution? a) F.D. Roosevelt b) Andrew Jackson c) Winston Churchill d) Woodrow Wilson Ans: b) 6. Which of the following is observed to commemorate the Hay Market Massacre? a) Independence Day b) Farmers Day c) Labour Day d) Martyrs Day Ans: c) 7. Where was Zollverein Customs Union formed? a) England b) Germany c) France d) America Ans: b) 8. Who produced the first batch of automobiles in France? a) Louis Renault b) Armand Peugeot c) Thomas Alva Edison d) Mc Adam Ans: b) 9. What was the invention that removed seeds from cotton? a) Rolling Mill b) Cotton Gin c) Spinning Mule d) Spinning Jenny Ans: b) 10. Which of the following was used as fuel in olden days to smelt iron? a) Coke b) Charcoal c) Firewood d) Paper Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 118 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 10 ADDITIONAL 10 11. The Industrial Revolution began in …………… a) France b) America c) England d) India Ans: c) 12. …………… invented contrives to pump the water out of the mines. a) James Watt b) Thomas Newcomen c) John Kay d) Eli Whitney Ans: b) 13. Iron and steel helped quicken the process of …………… a) Industrial Revolution b) Transportation

HISTORY c) Trade d) Agriculture Ans: a) 14. The Safety Lamp was invented in the year …………… a) 1815 b) 1915 c) 1600 d) 1415 Ans: a) 15. Industrial Revolution was dependent on good …………… a) Market b) Labours c) Owners d) Transport Ans: a) 16. John Loudon McAdam was a …………… Engineer who introduced Macadamised roads. a) British b) French c) Scottish d) American Ans: c) 17. …………… became the textile capital of the world. a) Liverpool b) Manchester c) Lancashire d) London Ans: b) 18. Combination Laws prohibited the formation of associations of …………… a) Lawyers b) Farmers c) People d) Workers Ans. d) 19. …………… did not possess as much natural resources as England. a) France b) Germany c) United Kingdom d) America Ans: a) 20. The two biggest automobile companies of today’s France were stated in …………… a) 1600 b) 1891 c) 1789 d) 1664 Ans: b) 21. In Germany, …………… served well its industrial development as well as its unification. a) Political condition b) Railways c) Economy d) Rulers Ans: b) 22. In …………… Prussia finally united as Germany. a) 1600 b) 1891 c) 1789 d) 1871 Ans: d) 23. Samuel Slater, a citizen of England departed to …………… illegally in 1789. a) New York b) Washington c) California d) Chicago Ans: a) 24. Robert Fulton established the Steamboat service on the …………… River. a) Thames b) Volga c) Hudson d) Ohio Ans: c) 25. Andrew Carnegie established the first steel mill in …………… a) England b) France c) Germany d) United States Ans: d) www.kalvikural.com 119 History . Unit 10 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS.

1. ………….. called for voting rights to men in England. Ans: Chartism 10 2. ………….. changed the way roads were built around the world. Ans: Macadamised 3. ………….. discovered a faster and cheaper method of production of steel. Ans: Henry Bessemer 4. ………….. advocated scientific socialism. Ans: 5. The first railroad line started in Germany was in the year ………….. Ans: 1835

ADDITIONAL HISTORY 6. ………….. was very poor in early industrial factories and mines. Ans: Safety 7. With the advent of Industrial Revolution, England became the ………….. of world. Ans: Workshop 8. Manchester’s ………….. climate was ideal for textile production. Ans: Cool 9. The railways date back to sixth century B.C (BCE) in Corinth of ...… Ans: Greece

10. The founder of the Standard Oil Trust in America was ………….. Ans: John D.Rockefeller 11. In America, the Great Railroad Strike was organized in the year ...… Ans: 1877 12. In India, Labour Day was first celebrated on May 1, ………….. in Chennai. Ans: 1923 13. The Puffing Devil (the first steam powered locomotive) was invented by ………….. in 1801. Ans: Richard Trevithick 14. The ………….. deliberately destroyed Indian industry by dumping the Indian markets with their machine made goods. Ans: British 15. ………….. of England encouraged the scientific discoveries and inventions. Ans: Royal Society 16. Socialism as a new ideology was born in ………….. Ans: Europe 17. ………….. is known as ‘Father of the American Industrial Revolution’. Ans: Samuel Slater 18. ………….. is called the ‘Brightest jewel in the British crown’. Ans: India 19. Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in the year ………….. Ans: 1885

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT. 1. i) British mine–owners were faced with the problem of water seeping into their mines. (T) ii) Employing human labour was cheap for this work. (F) iii) Newton invented a steam engine to pump water out of mines. (F) iv) Water had to be removed to get coal in mines. (T) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) and (iii) are correct c) (i) and (iv) are correct d) iii) is correct Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 120 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 10

2. i) Trade Unions were formed by labourers to get their rights. (T)

10 ii) Germany’s political setup was the most significant challenge for the industrial revolution. (T) iii) To protect capitalists Karl Marx advocated socialism. (F) iv) There were no natural resources in Germany. (F) a) (i) and (ii) are correct b) (ii) and (iii) are correct c) (i) and (iv) are correct d) iii) is correct Ans: a)

3. Assertion (A) : Workers had rights to get holidays. Reason (R) : There were laws to protect the workers. a) A is correct R is wrong b) Both A & R are wrong HISTORY c) Both A and R are correct d) A is correct R is not correct explanation of A Ans: b) 4. Assertion (A) : Slater was called the Father of the American Industrial Revolution. Reason (R) : His spinning textile mill was duplicated and his techniques became popular. a) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A b) A is wrong and R is the correct explanation of A c) Both A and R are wrong d) Both A and R are correct Ans: a) ADDITIONAL 5. i) In the latter half of the 20th century, major changes occurred in the method of production. (F) ii) The method of production changed the history of humankind. (T) iii) This profound transformation is described as the Industrial Revolution. (T) iv) Goods began to be produced not by hand but by machines. (T) a) (i) is correct. b) (ii) and (iii) are correct. c) (ii), (iii) and (iiv) are correct d) (i) and (iii) are correct Ans: c)

6. i) Iron and steel helped quicken the process of Industrialisation. (T) ii) In olden days, iron ore was smelted in brick furnaces. (T) iii) Charcoal was used as fuel. (T) iv) The iron produced by the above process was study and strong. (F) a) (i) is wrong. b) (ii) is wrong c) (iii) is wrong d) (iv) is wrong Ans: d)

7. i) After the Civil War, industrialization in America went on a frantic pace. (T) ii) In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was completed. (T) iii) There was unprecedented urbanisation and territorial expansion in the US. (T) iv) As a result, fourteen million people migrated from America to other countries. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) and (iii) are correct c) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (iii) and (iv) are correct Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 121 History . Unit 10 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

8. i) France did not possess as much natural resources as England. (T)

ii) The Economic instability wrecked the country. (F) 10 iii) So, many of the French businessmen sought refuge in Britain. (T) iv) But, they were not allowed by the British government. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) and (iii) are correct c) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (i) and (iii) are correct Ans: d) 9. Assertion (A) : After the Industrial Revolution, coal mines became deeper and deeper. Reason (R) : As Industrialization gained pace, more and more coal needed to fuel steam engines and furnaces.

a) A is correct R is wrong HISTORY b) A is correct and R is correct explanation of A c) Both A and R are correct d) A is correct R is not correct explanation of A Ans: b) 10. Assertion (A) : The Industrial Revolution created employment opportunities. Reason (R) : Safety was very poor in early industrial factories and mines. a) A is correct R is wrong b) A is correct and R is correct explanation of A c) Both A and R are correct d) Both A and R are correct. Ans: d) 11. Assertion (A) : Manchester became the Textile capital of the world. Reason (R) : It’s cool climate, close to the port of Liverpool and the coal fields of Lancashire were ideal for textile production a) A is correct R is wrong b) A is correct and R is correct explanation of A c) Both A and R are correct d) Both A and R are correct. Ans: b)

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Benz - a) U.S.A 2. Safety Lamp - b) Louis Renault 3. Quadricycle - c) Humphrey Davy 4. Great Rail road - d) Lancashire Strike 5. Coalfield - e) Germany Ans: 1-e 2-c 3-b 4-a 5-d ADDITIONAL 6. Steam Engine - a) Alexander Graham Bell 7. Flying shuttle - b) Eli Whitney 8. Spinning Jenny - c) Samuel Crompton 9. Cotton Gin - d John Kay 10. Telephone - e) Thomas Newcomer Ans: 6-e 7-d 8-c 9-b 10-a www.kalvikural.com 122 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 10

11. Telegraph - a) Edmund Cartwright

10 12. Safety Lamp - b) Elias Howe 13. Electrical bulb - c) Samuel Morse 14. Power Loom - d Humphrey Davy 15. Sewing Machine - e) Thomas Alva Edison Ans: 11-c 12-d 13-e 14-a 15-b

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BRIEFLY.

1. What was the condition of labourers’ houses during Industrial Revolution? HISTORY • During the time of Industrial Revolution, the houses were tiny, dirty and sickly for the labouring class. • Workers had to time to clean or change their own atmosphere. • This environment led to the outbreak of typhoid, cholera and smallpox. 2. Account for urbanisation in England. • The Industrial Revolution resulted in the flow of population from villages to industrial towns. • Before the Industrial Revolution, 80% of the people lived in rural areas. Slowly, the situation changed. Small towns became large cities. • The city of London grew from a population of two million in 1840 to five million in forty years. • Like the same, the population of Manchester was only 22,000 in 1771. The population exploded to 180,000 in the next fifty years. 3. Attempt a note on Haymarket Massacre. • Labour protest took place on 4 May 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. • People organised a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight hour day resulted in the killing of several workers by the police. • To commemorate the Haymarket Affair 1 May 1887 is observed as the Labour Day or May Day or International Worker’s Day. 4. What do you know of Louis Renault? • Louis Renault was a French industrialist, one of the founders of Renault and a pioneer of the automobile industry. • Renault built one of France’s largest automobile manufacturing concerns, which bears his name to this day. • In 1898, Louis Renault built the quadricycle, from which he began to produce in large quantities under his company, the Societe Renault Freres (Company Renault Brothers) 5. Highlight any two important results of Industrial Revolution. • Industrial Revolution led to the expansion of trade, the production of finished goods, emergence of factory workers as a new class. www.kalvikural.com 123 History . Unit 10 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• It led to the rise and growth of cities resulting in rapid urbanisation and organised working

class movements. 10 ADDITIONAL 6. Name the cities that emerged as the major factory centres in England. Derbyshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire became the major factory centres in England. 7. Why was the Safety lamp invented? • Due to industrial revolution, the demand for coal increased. HISTORY • As a result, coal mines became deeper and deeper, making it more and more dangerous. • As miners used oil lamps in the mines, the rish of explosion was hight leading to the death of miners. • This is was the reason to invent Safety lamp. 8. What was the condition of labours at the time of Industrial Revolution? • Children were employed in textile mills because they worked for lower wages. • Older girls carried baskets of coal which causes deformities. • Safety was very poor in early industrial factories and mines • Working conditions were harsh with no weekly holidays or leave for sickness. 9. Write about Combination Laws of 1799.

• Combination of Laws was passed in the year 1799. • It prohibited the formation of association of workers. • In the early decades of 19th century, there were Luddites. • Fearing the loss of jobs due to the introduction of machines, Luddites protested by wrecking machines. • At last, the Combination Laws were repealed in 1824. 10. How did the Industrial Revolution spread to France?

• The political instability caused by the French Revolution and the prolonged Napoleonic Wars wrecked the country. • During the French Revolution, a number of French businessmen migrated to Britian and sought refuge. • After the revolution, on their return to France after Napoleonic Wars, used British technology and started industries in France. • This helped to accomplish industrial revolution in their country. 11. What is Cartel?

• Cartel is an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a higher level and of restricting competition. www.kalvikural.com 124 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 10

• It helped the industrial growth of Prussia and the other German states.

10 • Banks provided capital and investments to new companies. Cartels on the other hand provided protection and stability. • In other countries like Great Britain and the United States, Cartels were resented for their anti-competitive and unfair business practices. 12. Write about the emergence of Germany in the industrial field.

• In 1871, Prussia finally united Germany. Germany emerged as the most industrialised country by the end of the 19th century.

HISTORY • In chemicals, Germany excelled in the production of potassium salt, dyes, pharmaceutical products, and synthetics. Companies like Bayer and Hoechst led the chemical industry of Germany. • Germany became a leader in automobile industry. Daimler and Benz became the most popular brands of automobiles in Germany and the world. 13. What were the effects of Industrial Revolution in England? • Industrial Revolution led to the expansion of trade, the production of more food, emergence of factory workers as a new class. • The revolution led to rapid urbanization and organized working class movements, seeking voting rights and regulation of their service conditions and brought about a new dynamic in politics.

VI. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH CAPTION. 1. Labour Movement : a) When was the reform bill introduced? 1832. b) To whom did it grant voting right? The propertied middle class. c) Why it was known as chartism? The frustrated working class prepared a charter of demands and obtained signatures from millions of fellow workers. This charter was presented to the house of commons. England. This charter is known as chartism. d) What were the demands of the Chartists? They demanded i) Voting right ii) Annual parliamentary elections iii) Equal representation. 2. Transportation and Communication : a) Which was the first railway line opened in England? Railway line From Stockton and Dalington. b) How were the produced goods transported to markets? Networks of canals, roads and railroads. www.kalvikural.com 125 History . Unit 10 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

c) How was the steamboat invented in the US called?

Clermont. 10 d) Who sailed from New York to Albany? Robert Fulton of US. ADDITIONAL 3. Industrial Revolution in America : a) Who was Moses Brown?

A leading Rhode Island Industrialist of America. HISTORY b) Who stated that Samuel Slater as ‘Father of the American Industrial Revolution’? Andrew Jackson, the U.S President. c) Who invented the telegraph system? F.B.Morse. d) When was sewing machine invented? Before the American Civil War (1869-1865). 4. Railway service in Germany : a) When was the first railroad line opened in Germany? December 1835. b) Name the centres connected by the railroad line. Nuremberg and Furth. c) Who took the initiative in constructing railroads. Private sector. d) Name the city that became a centre of the railroad network. Berlin. 5. Urbanization: a) Name the country that became the ‘Workshop of the world’. England. b) What was the result of Industrial Revolution? The result was the flow of the population from villages to industrial towns. c) What percentage of the people lived in the rural area during the pre-industrial period? Around 80% of the people lived in rural area. d) What was the result of migration? Small towns became large cities. www.kalvikural.com 126 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 10

6. Labour Day

10 a) When was Labour Day first celebrated in India? May 1, 1923. b) Where was it celebrated? Chennai. c) Who organised the Labour Day? Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan. d) Name the founder of the Party.

HISTORY M.Singavavelu.

VII. ANSWER IN DETAIL.

1. Enumerate the causes for the Second Industrialization in the USA. Many causes are responsible for the Second Industrialisation in the USA. Among them, a few are given below- • The shift from manual labour-based to more technical and machine-based manufacturing industry marked the Industrial Revolution in the United States. • Samuel Slater, a citizen of England went New York in 1789. There, he offered his services to Moses Brown, a leading Rhode Island textile industrialist. In 1793, His mill became first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in America. His techniques influenced more and became popular. • After the Civil War, industrialisation went on at a frantic pace. In 1869, the first trans- continental railroad was completed to transport people, raw materials an products. • There was unprecedented urbanisation and territorial expansion in the US. As a result, between 1860 and 1900, fourteen million immigrants came to the country, providing workers for a variety of industries. • The U.S. government supported the industrial growth by providing land for construction of railroads and protected the American industry from foreign competition. • The Industrial Revolution quickened the process of the transition of the United States from a rural to an urban society. • Young people raised on farms saw greater opportunities in the cities and moved there, as did millions of immigrants from Europe. 2. What were the effects of Industrial Revolution of England on India? • The weavers of Bengal suffered at the hands of the Company’s officials and their agents when the British established their foothold in Bengal. • The Britishers also insisted on payment of a transit duty for the commodities they carried from one place to another and later for cultivation of commercial crops required for British industries in England. • The English deliberately destroyed Indian industry by dumping the Indian markets with their machine-made cheap cotton piece goods. www.kalvikural.com 127 History . Unit 10 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Due to loss of market for hand-woven cotton goods, India lost her old industrial position

and became an exporter of raw material. 10 • By the first quarter of nineteenth century, the export of Dacca muslin to England stopped. Even the export of raw cotton from India had steadily dwindled owing to the competition from USA and Egypt. • Indian weavers were thrown out of employment because of flooding of British factory-made cheap cotton fabrics in Indian markets. • Collector of Madurai reported that families of about 5000 weavers did not have the means to take more than one meal of rice a day.

• Millions died of starvation in famines. To escape starvation deaths, peasants and artisans HISTORY had to move out of the country opting to work on plantations in the colonies of the British Empire. ADDITIONAL 3. What are the main attributes of Industrial Revolution? The main attributes of the Industrial Revolution were technological, socio-economic and cultural. The others are- • Use of new basic materials: iron and steel • Use of new energy sources: coal, electricity, petroleum • Invention of new machines such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that increased the production with a minimum expending of human energy • Emergence of a new organization known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labour and specialisation of work • Development in transportation and communication • Increasing application of science to industry • The use of new technology 4. Industrial Revolution began in England. Why? The Industrial Revolution began in England first because, it had certain objective conditions. They were: • England had abundant resources and possessed colonies, with India being “the brightest jewel in the British Crown”. • Access to coal, iron and raw cotton from the colonies. • England possessed the required infrastructure for textiles, developed by immigrant artisans from the Netherlands. • England had a developed banking system, a growing entrepreneurial class, and potential investors. • Encouragement of the Royal Society of England for scientific discoveries and inventions. • Political stability of England to bestow its full attention to industrial growth. www.kalvikural.com 128 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 10

5. Industrial Revolution took place in the textile field. Justify.

10 Before the Industrial Revolution, the spinning and weaving of cloth were undertaken for domestic and local consumption. It was done at home or in a small hired place. A few inventions revolutionised the textile field. They are- • In 1733, John Kay invented the ‘Flying Shuttle’ which, when operated by hand, increased the speed of the weaving of cloth. In 1767 • James Hargreaves invented ‘the spinning jenny’. This machine spun eight threads at one and the same time. • Two years later Richard Arkwright invented the ‘water frame’. This spinning frame used

HISTORY water power in the place of manpower. The ‘water frame’ was too big to be run at home. Thus was born the factory. • In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented his ‘spinning mule’ which included a combination of both the ‘spinning jenny’ and the ‘water frame’. It spun hundreds of threads simultaneously and produced eight fine and coarse threads. • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. Removing the seed from the cotton increased the productivity manifold. • Cotton spinning powered by steam increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500. Over a span of fifty years, the textile manufacturing industry in Britain witnessed a trans- formation in the method of production from handmade to machine-made goods. The newly invented machines enabled factories to produce textile goods in large quantities. VIII. ACTIVITY.

1. Organize a debate on the positive and negative aspects of Industrial Revolution. Positive Effects of Industrial Revolution: • It developed the economy. • It led to the emergence of machines. • It caused the mechanization of agriculture. • Communication and transportation improved dramatically. • Telegraphs and railroads emerged. • Improvements in sanitary conditions and medical care gradually occurred, although they were quite slow. Negative Effects • A widening gap emerged between the Bourgeoisie and the working class. • The pollution of the environment worsened, including urban environments where the majority of the population lived. • Water in canals, which people used, was contaminated. • Cities were overcrowded. • Sanitary conditions were poor because they were unmodified to the massive rural exodus. www.kalvikural.com 129 History . Unit 10 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Prepare a list of fabrics and designs and the places of production in India. 10 HISTORY

IX. Assignment. 1. Write an assignment on the modern plastic road being made by used plastics. • Plastic roads are made entirely of plastic or of composites of plastic with other materials. • Plastic roads are different from standard roads in the respect that standard roads are made from asphalt concrete, which consists of mineral aggregates and asphalt. • Currently, there are no records of regular roads made purely of plastic. • Plastic composite roads, however, have existed and demonstrate characteristics superior to regular asphalt concrete roads specifically they show better wear resistance. • The implementation of plastics in roads also opens a new option for recycling post consumer plastics. • These roads are made from recycled plastics, and the first step in constructing them is to collect and manage the plastic material. These materials are first sorted from plastic waste. • After sorting, the material is cleaned, dried, and shredded. • The shredded plastic is mixed and melted at around 170°C. • Hot bitumen is then added and mixed with the melted plastic. After mixing the mixture is laid as one would with regular asphalt concrete. www.kalvikural.com 130 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 10

Advantages:

10 • Heating and power generation can be incorporated into plastic roads. Heating can prevent roads from freezing; it can also help evaporate water from the surface. • Since plastics come with various chemical and physical properties, roads can be engineered to meet specific requirements (e.g. weather and wear resistance) • Plastic roads can be made into interlocking pieces that can be quickly assembled or disassembled. This makes on-site construction much faster and convenient. • Plastic waste mixed into asphalt world-wide may solve the issue of plastics in landfills and oceans world-wide, soon becoming more valuable as a commodity in disadvantaged

HISTORY countries. • Plastic roads can be built from waste plastic --- the majority of which is usually put into landfill, incinerated, or polluted into the environment. Constrains: • Pure plastic roads require use of compatible plastics because, when melted, plastics of different types may phase-separate and cause structural weaknesses, which can lead to premature failure. • Plastics in the road can break down into micro plastics and can find their way into the soil and waterways. These micro plastics can also absorb other pollutants. 2. Collect the pictures of the inventions made at the time of Industrial Revolution.

 www.kalvikural.com 131 History . Unit 11 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORY COLONIALISM IN 11 11 ASIA AND AFRICA

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. …………… was brought to the attention of the East India Company by Francis Light.

a) Spice islands b) Java island c) Penang island d) Malacca Ans: c) HISTORY 2. In 1896, …………… states were formed into Federated Malay States a) Four b) Five c) Three d) Six Ans: a) 3. …………… was the only part of Indo-China which was directly under French Control. a) Annam b) Tong king c) Cambodia d) Cochin-China Ans: d) 4. The Discovery of gold in the …………… led to a large number of British miners settled in and around Johannesburg. a) Transvaal b) Orange Free State c) Cape Colony d) Rhodesia Ans: a) 5. …………… became the first European power to establish trade with India. a) Portuguese b) French c) Danes d) Dutch Ans: a) 6. Ethiopia defeated Italy at the battle of …………… a) Adowa b) Dahomey c) Tonking d) Transvaal Ans: a) 7. Indentured labour system was a form of …………… a) Contract labour system b) Slavery c) Debt bondage d) Serfdom Ans: c) ADDITIONAL 8. The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning …………… a) Ruler b) Merchant c) Commander d) Farmer Ans: d) 9. Imperialism derived from the …………… term imperium, meaning to Command. a) Sanskrit b) Greek c) Latin d) Roman Ans: c) 10. The discovery of oil in 1900 made Indonesia a valuable colony for the …………… a) British b) Dutch c) French d) Portuguese Ans: b) 11. The British conquered Burma after fighting …………… wars. a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Ans: b) 12. During the Second World War, Burma fell into the hands of …………… a) Japanese b) Chinese c) Russians d) Americans Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 132 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 11

13. The French conquered Indo-China after strong resistance from the ……………

11 a) King b) People c) Foreign traders d) Soldiers Ans: b) 14. The Zulu tribe was known for its strong …………… spirit. a) Religious b) Traditional c) Fighting d) Sentimental Ans: c) 15. The British South African Company was founded in …………… a) 1885 b) 1985 c) 1889 d) 1999 Ans: c) 16. Leopold II was the king of …………… a) Belgium b) England c) France d) Portugal Ans: a)

HISTORY 17. Menelik, the Emperor of …………… modernized his country by introducing railways and electricity. a) Congo b) Egypt c) Uganda d) Ethopia Ans: d) 18. Vascoda Gama arrived in Calicut in …………… a) 1757 b) 1600 c) 1498 d) 1857 Ans: c) 19. After the Battle of Buxar, the treasury at …………… was looted. a) Murshidabad b) Delhi c) Barrackpur d) Kolkatta Ans: a) 20. The Ryotwari system was a different revenue system introduced in …………… a) Bengal b) North India c) South India d) Punjab Ans: c) 21. The famine of 1876-78 of is also known as the …………… Famine. a) Indian b) Great c) British d) Unknown Ans: b) 22. Persons dispersed from their homeland are known as …………… a) Disappear b) refugees c) Natives d) Diaspora Ans: d)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. ………….. Conference resolved to divide Africa into spheres of influence of the various European Powers. Ans: Berlin Colonial 2. The settlement made with the zamindars of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa is ………….. Ans: Permanent Settlement 3. ………….. was the main source of revenue for the British. Ans: Land tax 4. ………….. were money lenders in the Tamil speaking areas. Ans: Nattukottai Chettiyars

ADDITIONAL 6. ‘The Whiteman’s Burden’ is a poem written by ………….. Ans: Rudyard Kipling 7. In 1819, Stamford Raffles established ………….. as a key trading post for Britain. Ans: Singapore 8. The colonization and annexation of African territories is also called as the ………….. Ans: Scramble for Africa www.kalvikural.com 133 History . Unit 11 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

9. The British South Africa Company was founded in ………….. Ans: 1889

10. ………….. was used for slave trading posts on the West African coast. Ans: Nigeria 11 11. The first European power to establish a trade link with India was ………….. Ans: Portugual 12. Robert Clive gained control of the wealthiest part of the ………….. in India. Ans: Old Mughal Empire 13. ………….. is called the ‘Lancashire of the Eastern World’. Ans: India 14. Governor General ………….. wanted to create landlords in India on the English model. Ans: Corn Wallis 15. The Ryotwari System introduced the concept of ………….. in land. Ans: Private property HISTORY 16. The famine of 1876-78 is also known as the ………….. of 1876-78. Ans: Great Famine

III. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT. 1. i) Until the last quarter of the 19th century, Africa south of Sahara was unknown to the world. (T) ii) The coastal states of Gold Coast became a British colony in 1864. (F) iii) Spain ruled the Philippines for over 500 years. (F) iv) The famine of 1876–78 occurred in Odisha. (F) a) (i) is Correct b) (ii) is Correct c) (ii) & (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: a) 2. i) The French had occupied Java and Sumatra in 1640. (F) ii) The Dutch began their conquest of the English Settlements by capturing Malacca . (F) iii) Berlin Conference met to decide all issues connected with the Congo River basin. (T) iv) The possessions of Sultan of Zanzibar were divided into French and German spheres of influence. (F) a) (i) is correct b) (ii) & (i) are correct c) (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) 3. Assertion (A) : In the Madras Presidency, the famine of 1876-78 was preceded by droughts. Reason (R) : Because of the colonial government’s policy of Laissez Faire in the trade of food-grains. a) A is correct, R is wrong b) Both A & R are wrong c) A is correct , R is not the correct explanation of A d) A is correct, R is the correct Ans: c) 4. Assertion (A) : Berlin Conference agreed to the rule of Leopold II in Congo Free State. Reason (R) : Leopold II, King of Belgium, showed interest in Congo. a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A c) A is correct and R is wrong. d) A is wrong but R is correct Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 134 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 11 ADDITIONAL 11 5. i) The European traders explored Africa for the spices. (F) ii) Albuquerque was the Portuguese soldier. (T) iii) He conquered Surat and Philippines (F) iv) The British began their conquest of the Portuguese settlements by capturing Malacca. (F) a) (i) is Correct b) (ii) is Correct c) (ii) & (iii) are correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: b) 6. i) India ruled the Philippines for over 300 years. (F)

HISTORY ii) The population became predominantly Hindus. (F) iii) There were two serious revolts in 1872 and 1896. (T) iv) The revolts were crushed by the Indian government. (F) a) (i) is Correct b) (ii) is Correct c) (iii) is correct d) (iv) is correct Ans: c) 7. Assertion (A) : Cornwallis wanted to create landlords in India on the English model. Reason (R) : Governor General Cornwallis, himself a big landlord in England. a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A c) A is correct and R is wrong. d) A is wrong but R is correct Ans: a) 8. Assertion (A) : The most serious rebellion in German East Africa was Maji-Maji rebellion. Reason (R) : The Africans here were economically exploited by the Germans. a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A c) A is correct and R is wrong. d) A is wrong but R is correct Ans: a) 9. Assertion (A) : Leopold II, King of Belgium showed interest in Congo. Reason (R) : The Berlin Conference agreed to the rule of Leopold in Congo Free State a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A c) A is correct and R is wrong. d) A is wrong but R is correct Ans: b) 10. Assertion (A) : In the Madras Presidency, the famine 0f 1976-78 was preceded by droughts. Reason (R) : Two of the worst famine afflicted areas in the Madras Presidency are Ganjam and Vizagapatam. a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A c) A is correct and R is wrong. d) A is wrong but R is correct Ans. (d) www.kalvikural.com 135 History . Unit 11 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

11. Assertion (A) : In India, the British neglected irrigation in the first half of nineteenth

century. 11 Reason (R) : The British engineer Arthur Cotton completed the Mullai Periyat Dam project in 1895. a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A c) A is correct and R is wrong. d) A is wrong but R is correct Ans: c)

IV. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. HISTORY 1. Leopold - a) Ethiopia 2. Menelik - b) Vietnam 3. Cecil Rhodes - c) Belgium 4. Bengal famine - d) Cape colony 5. Bao Dai - e) 1770 Ans: 1-c 2-a 3-d 4-e 5-b ADDITIONAL 6. Colonel Pennycuick - a) Ethiopia 7. Robert Clive - b) Portuguese soldier 8. Emperor Menelik - c) Army Engineer 9. Shaka Zulu - d) British Governor 10. Albuquerque - e) Zulu warrior Ans: 6-c 7-d 8-a 9-e 10-b

11. Boers - a) King of Belgium 12. Cecil Rhodes - b) Dutch people of Cape Colony 13. Leopold II - c) Partition of Africa 14. Emperor Menelik - d) Prime Minister of Cape Colony 15. Scaramble for Africa - e) Ruler of Ethopia Ans: 11-b 12-d 13-a 14-e 15-c

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING BRIEFLY. 1. Distinguish between Colonialism and Imperialism. • Colonialism is a process of domination involving the subjugation of one people by another. • Imperialism involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. 2. Write a note on Zulu tribe. • The Zulu tribe was known for its strong fighting spirit represented by renowned warriors like Shaka Zulu. • He played a prominent role in building the largest Zulu nation in South-eastern Africa. • British troops invaded Zulu territory and divided in into thirteen chiefdoms. • After that, the Zulus never regained their independence. www.kalvikural.com 136 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 11

3. State the three phases in the colonialisation of Indian economy.

11 The three phases in the colonization of Indian economy are – • Phase – I - Mercantilist Capitalism • Phase – II - Industrial Capitalism • Phase – III - Financial Capitalism 4. Colonel Pennycuick. • Colonel Pennycuick was an army Engineer and Civil Servant. • He also served as a member of the Madras Legislative Council.

HISTORY • He decided to divert the West flowing Periyar River draining into the Arabian Sea to the East so that it could irrigate lakhs of acres of dry land. • He started the construction of dam. He could not get adequate funds from the British Government. • So, he went to England, sold his family property to mobilise money to fund the project and completed the Mullai Periyar Dam in 1895. 5. Explain Home Charges. • The imperialistic policy of the British government in India led to wars against regional rulers. The cost of these internal conquests was imposed on India. • Apart from above, the amount collected as dividends on East India’s stock, interest on debt, savings from salaries and the pensions of officers and establishments and buildings in the India Office, London and transporting cost of British troops is called as Home Charges. • This was remitted to England by the company.

ADDITIONAL 1. Define – Colonialism. • The term colony comes from the Latin word ‘colonus’ meaning farmer. • This root indicates that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory. • There, the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political loyalty to their country of origin. 2. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism is the term derived from the Latin term imperium, meaning ‘to command’. • It draws attention to the way one country exercises power over another, whether through settlement, sovereignty or indirect mechanisms of control. 3. Name the areas that denote as ‘South East Asia’. The term ‘South East Asia’ denotes the area that originally coved Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Burma, Siam, French Indo-China and the Philippines. www.kalvikural.com 137 History . Unit 11 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

4. Mention the event that marked the British expansion in the Malay Peninsula.

• Penang Island was brought under the control of British East India Company by Francis 11 Light. • In 1786, the settlement of George Town was founded at the North-Eastern tip of Penang Island. • This marked the beginning of British expansion into the Malay Peninsula 5. What made Indonesia a valuable colony for the Dutch? • From the beginning of 20th century, the Dutch adopted measures for the social and economic advance of the Indonesians. HISTORY • Most of the Indonesians were fishermen and small peasants. • They worked on European sugar, tobacco, tea, coffee plantations. • Heavy investments in these plantations and the discovery of oil in 1900 made Indonesia a valuable colony for the Dutch. 6. Write a note on Berlin Conference of 1884-85. • The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference or West Africa Conference, met to decide all issues connected with the Congo River basin in Central Africa. • The conference proposed by Portugal to discuss its claim to control the Congo River basin was rejected. • The general act of the Conference of Berlin declared the Congo River basin to be neutral and guaranteed freedom for trade and shipping for all states in the basin. 7. How did the British establish their control over East Africa? • In 1886, the possessions of the Sultan of Zanzibar were divided into British and German spheres of influence. • The first few years, the British area was administered by the British East India Company, but in 1895, the British government assumed authority and formed the East African Protectorate. • British East Africa included Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar. A large part of Uganda was made up of Buganda, a kingdom ruled by Kabaka. • Dubbing the ruler as weak and inefficient, the British established their indirect rule over British East Africa 8. Name the wars by which the British expanded their territory in India. • The British conquered all the regional powers, in particular the most potential challengers. • The Mysore Sultans and the Marathas were defeated in three Anglo-Mysore and three Anglo-Maratha Wars. • The conquest of the Gurkhas (1816), the Sindhis (1843) and the Sikhs (1849) enabled them to emerge as a territorial power in India. www.kalvikural.com 138 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 11

VI. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS GIVEN UNDER EACH HEADING.

11 1. Colonialism in India : a) When did the East India Company acquire the Diwani Right? 1765.

b) When were the Gurkhas conquered by the British? In 1816.

c) When was slavery abolished in British India?

HISTORY In 1843.

d) When did Burma become a part of the Madras Presidency? In 1937. 2. South Africa : a) Name the states possessed by the British in South Africa Natal and Cape Colony. b) What were the territories held by the Dutch? Transvaal and Orange Free State. c) Who was the Prime Minister of Cape colony? Cecil Rhodes. d) How long did Boer Wars last? Three years. ADDITIONAL 3. Famines in India : a) What were the reasons for the outbreak of famines in India? The policy of free trade and the forcible collection of land revenue. b) How was Great famine of 1876-78 known as in Tamil? Thathu Varusha Panjam. c) What was the result? A large migration of agricultural labourers and artisans from Southern India to British colonies. d) Why was the situation made worse? The Colonial government’s policy of laissez faire in the trade of food gains, www.kalvikural.com 139 History . Unit 11 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

4. Land revenue system :

a) Who introduced the permanent settlement? 11 Cornwallis, the Governor General of India. b) When was it introduced in India? In 1793 A.D. c) Where was the Roytwari System introduced in India? In South India. d) Who was made proprietor of the land? HISTORY Under this system, the peasant was the proprietor of land and paid tax on the land.

VII. ANSWER IN DETAIL.

1. Discuss the economic impact of British Rule in India. India was a wealthiest nation before the entry of British into India. Their imperialistic policy and economic policy slowly converted India to poor country. The economic impacts of British Rule in India are as follows- • Permanent Settlement introduced Zamindary system in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Zamindars were made the owners of the land and the cultivators were reduced to the position of mere tenants. • The land tax was the main source of revenue to the British. It was collected forcibly. Even in times of famines, no remission was given to the peasants. • The colonial state pursued a policy of ‘commercialization of agriculture’. The government forced to cultivate Commercial crops instead of food crops. So he had to depend on the price trend in international markets for selling his goods. • The British neglected irrigation in the first half of 19th century. Major irrigation canals were built only after millions of people died in a series of major famines that broke out periodically from the middle of 19th century. • The policy of free trade and the forcible collection of land revenue resulted in the outbreak of famines. These famines were typically followed by various infectious diseases such as bubonic plague and influenza which took millions of lives. • The Indentured Labour system was a form of debt bondage by which a number of Indians were transported to various British colonies. 2. Explain the process of colonisation in Africa. Africa south of the Sahara (Sub-Sahara Africa) was almost unknown to the outside world. The interior of Africa was unexplored. After 1875, European penetration and colonization began on a large scale. South Africa: • The British possessed Natal and Cape Colony. The Dutch (locally known as the Boers) held the states of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. www.kalvikural.com 140 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 11

• The Boers War which was fought between the British and the Dutch lasted for three years

11 (1899-1902). In the end, the Boers were defeated and the British occupied Pretoria. • The British South Africa Company was found in 1889 which conducted an expedition on the Bechuanaland. During the next ten years, African opposition was crushed. The area was occupied and came to be called Rhodesia after Cecil Rhodes. West Africa: • The coastal states of Gold Coast became a British colony in 1854. Nigeria also came under the British. • Senegal became a French base in West Coast. Her later possessions of Guinea, Ivory Coast HISTORY and Dahomey were linked up with the whole are of South of Sahara. • Leopold II, King of Belgium controlled Congo up to 1908. Africans were subjected to force labour. If the Africans failed to pay the taxes, they were flogged and mutilated. So, the Belgian government took over the control from Leopold II, the king. East Africa: • The British government introduced Protectorate in East Africa and controlled Kenya, Uganda and Zansibar. • The Germans established their rule in German East Africa. The Portuguese had two colonies • One on the West and another on East Coast along with Portuguese Guinea. ADDITIONAL 3. Write about the colonisation of South Africa. • In South Africa the British possessed Natal, Cape Colony, while the Dutch (locally known as the Boers) held the states of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. • In 1886 the discovery of gold in the Transvaal led to a large number of British miners settling in and around Johannesburg. The Boers feared and hated the miners whom they called Uitlanders (foreigners). • In 1890, Cecil Rhodes, the Prime Minister of Cape Colony, encouraged British expansion to the north of the Transvaal. This worsened the relations between the Boers and the British. Denied of their political rights the British miners revolted. • This led to the Boer War which lasted three years (1899-1902). In the end the Boer army was defeated and Pretoria was occupied. • The Boers suffered greatly in the war. Their farms and crops were destroyed and Boer women and children were confined to internment camps. The shortage of food, beds, medical and sanitary facilities caused the death of 26,000 people. • The British annexed the two Boer states but promised self government in due course. Boer states were given full responsible government in 1907. After discussions over the years the four states finally decided to form a union and South Africa as a state was born in 1909. www.kalvikural.com 141 History . Unit 11 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

4. Write about the Mercantilist capitalism followed by the British in India.

• At the beginning of the 18th century, the East India Company was a marginal force in India. 11 Before it gained dominion in India, the East India Company carried on a very profitable business selling Indian-made cotton textiles and silks. • Indian textiles went to England and other parts of the world. To cripple Indian textile industry and to encourage British textile goods, the Parliament enacted a law prohibiting the import of Indian textiles. Those who were found in possession of or dealing in Indian cotton goods were fined 200 pounds. • After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the Murshidabad treasury was looted. The money looted and carried from India helped to finance the Industrial Revolution in England. After the HISTORY Industrial Revolution in England, the East India Company crushed the Indian industries. • The ship-building industry collapsed. Metal workers could not sustain their craft and the manufacture of glass and paper dwindled. • Thrown out of employment, the weavers and other artisans who lived in towns and cities had to return to villages. The agricultural sector, which was already over-crowded, had to support all these unemployed artisans 5. Write about the Famines that affected the Indians. The policy of free trade and the forcible collection of land revenue resulted in the outbreak of famines.. The British government failed to take any measures to solve this problem. So, Millions of people died due to famine and drought throughout the country Bengal Famine: • The Bengal famine of 1770, took a heavy toll of about 10 million people or nearly one-third of the population in Bengal. This is how British rule commenced in India. • Similarly the British rule ended with a terrible Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed the lives of nearly three millions. Odisha Famine: • The Odisha famine of 1866–67, was a severe and terrible event in the history of that region. In that famine, one third of the population died. • The famine of 1876–78, also known as the Great Famine of 1876–78 (called Thathu Varusha Panjam in Tamil). • It caused a large migration of agricultural labourers and artisans from southern India to British colonies, where they worked as indentured labourers on plantations. The death toll was about 10.3 million Madras Famine: • In the Madras Presidency, the famine of 1876-78 was preceded by droughts. The situation was made worse because of the colonial government’s policy of laissez faire in the trade of food-grains. • These famines were typically followed by various infectious diseases such as bubonic plague (spread by dead rats) and influenza, which attacked and killed a population already weakened by starvation. www.kalvikural.com 142 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 11

VIII. ACTIVITY.

11 1. Prepare an album with pictures and images of famines that affected different parts of India during the British colonial rule. The list of worst famine which affected India is given below. In each and every famine, millions of people lost their life mainly because of negligence of the British government. • Great Bengal Famine of 1770 • Orissa famine of 1866 • Rajasthan famine of 1869

HISTORY • Bihar famine of 1873–74 • Southern India famine of 1876–78 • Indian famine of 1896–97 • Indian famine of 1899–1900 • Bengal famine of 1943 www.kalvikural.com 143 History . Unit 11 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Attempt an account of the cultural relations between India and Southeast Asia.

(Self Activity) 11

IX. Assignment.

1. Arrange a debate in the class room on the merits and demerits of the British rule in India. Advantages of British Rule in India Social Reforms: • British raj in India had done various social activities for the country. HISTORY • For instance, abolition of The Sati and introduction Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, Child marriage restraint Act, Act against child labour are note worthy. • Many other acts for improving the social tradition and custom for the betterment of humanity were passed by the Britishers. Education reforms: • During the British Raj only India existing education changed with the introduction of English as the mandatory subject and official language. • During British Raj only University of Bombay, Kolkata and Madras were established during the year of 1857 just before the rebellion. • The university is still present and being run by the modern Independent India as a most prestigious university. Employment Scheme: • The British government also introduces the Indian Civil Service for the various prestigious posts under the government. • The Imperial Civil Service at present is known as the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) which is conducted by UPSC. Irrigation scheme: • The government also structured various canals and dams for the improvement of irrigation condition in India.

Infrastructure development: • During the regime of British government the India communication and transport facility were developed. • The government established the India’s first railways service in the year of 1853-54 in the region of Bombay and Calcutta by the two railways companies i.e. Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) and East Indian Railway (EIR). • After 5 years in the year of 1859, the first passenger railway line opened in North India between Allahabad and Kanpur. www.kalvikural.com 144 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE History . Unit 11

Monuments, Legal Tenders, Heritage Site:

11 • The government had also introduced the legal tender as an official medium of exchange at the time trading. • They had also built many heritage sites and monuments among them Victoria Memorial Hall in Kolkata, Victoria Terminus (now termed as Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus), The Gateway Of India, Viceroy’s House (now called as Rashtrapati Bhavan), Asiatic Society of India in order to preserve the Indian monuments, literary script and many more.

Disadvantage/Drawbacks of British Raj in India HISTORY Divide and Rule policy: • The former rule of Divide and rule was the first that the government made to rule and govern all the major British provision states and Indian princely states. • The rule first came into existence during the Lord Curzon viceroy, who divided the Bengal province into two parts i.e. Eastern Bengal and Assam as the Muslim majority states and also Hindu majority province of West Bengal. • Not only this, the biggest divide and rule policy that appeared at the time of independence when the country divided into two parts one is India and another one is Pakistan the burden of which still being seen during the conflict between Indo-Pak war.

Impalement of Tax structure: • The government imposed illiberal tax structure and used to collect high taxes and also greater return on profits. • However, the burden of which levies on small peasants, farmers, and small traders.

Loss of lives: • The regime of British government the country suffered the loss of many lives such as in Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, the rebellion of 1857, etc. • During the World War, government used to recruit many Indian citizens to join the troops even if they are not interested which results in loss and loss of lives. • The government didn’t care about the people; they only care about their reputation and prestige and making marks in world history.

Exploitation of resources: • The government duly exploited the resources of the country and traded them in another country in order to earn revenue and capture the trade market. www.kalvikural.com 145 History . Unit 11 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Explore the impact of colonialism in British Burma.

British Colonial rule in Myanmar began in 1825 with the First Anglo-Burmese war. By 1886, 11 after the Third Anglo-Burmese War, the British had succeeded in occupying all of present-day Myanmar and had established it as a province of British India. British rule in Myanmar continued until it was disrupted by the Japanese between 1942 and 1945 during World War II, and then the British regained control.

The colonial economy: • In Economy, agrarian self-sufficiency was vital, while trade was only of secondary importance. HISTORY • The British impact on this system proved disastrous. The Burma’s economy became part of the western colonialism. • Thus, the traditional Burmese economic system collapsed. • At the outbreak of World War II, the price of rice increased rapidly and continuously. • The tremendous increase in production created a significant shift in population from the northern heartland to the delta, shifting as well the basis of wealth and power. • The farmers had to borrow capital from Indian moneylenders from Madras (Chennai) at exorbitant interest rates. • The Burmese farmers were unable to repay the debt. • Burmese villagers and unemployed took to petty theft and robbery and were soon characterized by the British as lazy and undisciplined. This led to homicides. • The Burmese economy and transportation, infrastructure developed rapidly from 1890 to 1900. But, the majority of Burmese people did not benefit from it. • A railway had been built through the entire valley of the Irrawaddy, and hundreds of steamboats plied the length of the river, but the railway and the boats belonged to British companies. • Roads had been built by the government, but they were meant for the swift transport of troops. A British company worked the ruby mines until they became nearly exhausted. • The extraction of petroleum and timber was monopolized by two British firms. The balance of trade was always in favour of Burma, but that meant little to Burmese people or society.

 www.kalvikural.com 146 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 1

GEOGRAPHY LITHOSPHERE - I 1 ENDOGENETIC PROCESSES

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. …………… is the rigid outer layer of the Earth. a) Core b) Mantle c) Crust d) Inner core Ans: c) 2. …………… layer is made up of liquid iron.

1 a) Inner core b) Outer core c) Mantle d) Crust Ans: b) 3. Magma is found in the …………… a) crust b) mantle c) Core d) None of the above Ans: b) 4. Diastrophism is connected to …………… a) Volcanism b) Earthquakes c) Tectonics d) Fold/Fault Ans: c) 5. The movement of tectonic plates is induced by …………… energy.

GEOGRAPHY a) Hydel b) Thermal c) Wave d) Tidal Ans: b) 6. In the ancient period, Gondwana land moved towards …………… direction. a) North b) South c) East d) West Ans: a) 7. Many million years ago , India was a part of the super continent …………… a) Gondwana b) Laurasia c) Panthalasa d) Pangea Ans: a) 8. The movement of plates that creates stress and tension in the rocks causing them to stretch and cracks result in …………… a) Fold b) Fault c) Mountain d) Earthquake Ans: b) 9. …………… refers to a bowl-shaped depression found at the top of the volcano. a) Crater b) Vent c) Chamber d) Volcanic cone Ans: a) 10. The point of origin of an Earthquake is called the …………… a) Epicentre b) Focus c) Seismic wave d) Magnitude Ans: b) ADDITIONAL 11. The structure of the Earth’s interior is divided into …………… Layers. a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Ans: b) 12. The interior part beneath the crust is called …………… a) Core b) Lava c) Mantle d) Rock Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 147 Geography . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

13. The word ‘igneous’ is deried from the Lating word Ignis meaning …………… a) Wind b) Water c) Fire d) Land Ans: c) 14. The instrument which records the earthquake waves is called …………… a) Seismometer b) Windwane c) Lactometer d) Radiometer Ans: a) 15. The …………… is the most seismically and volcanically active zone in the world. a) Mid Oceanic Ridges b) Mid Continental belts c) Pacific Ring of Fire d) Atlantic Ring Ans: c) 16. The term ‘Volcano’ is derived from the …………… term ‘VULCAN’. a) Greek b) Sanksrit c) Japanese d) Latin Ans: d) 17. The world ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese term meaning …………… a) Harbor waves b) Cyclone c) Thunder d) Lightning Ans: a) 1 18. The science that deals with Earthquakes is called …………… a) Pathology b) Geology c) Seismology d) Archaeology Ans: c) 19. …………… waves are the fastest of all the Earthquake waves and the first to reach the epicenter. a) Surface b) Secondary c) Primary d) Thunder Ans: c) 20. Igneous rocks are also called Primary or …………… rocks.

a) Parental b) Mother c) Major d) Founder Ans: b) GEOGRAPHY 21. The …………… is the layer of Earth where life exists. a) Lithosphere b) Biosphere c) Hydrosphere d) Atmosphere Ans: b)

II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Endogenetic process - a) Seismograph 2. Mantle - b) Subduction Zone 3. Convergent boundaries - c) Volcanic Eruption 4. Earthquake - d) Pacific Ocean 5. Composite volcano - e) SIMA Ans: 1-c 2-e 3-b 4-a 5-d

ADDITIONAL 6. Earthquakes - a) Mother rocks 7. Richter scale - b) Seismic waves 8. Himalayas - c) Store house of rocks 9. Igneous rocks - d) Fold mountain 10. Crust - e) Magnitude of Earthquakes Ans: 1-b 2-e 3-d 4-a 5-c

III. CONSIDER THE GIVEN STATEMENTS.

1. i) Mt. Fuji is a dormant volcano. (T) ii) Mt. Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano. (F) www.kalvikural.com 148 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 1

iii) Mt. Tanzania is a dormant volcano. (F) Which of the statement(s) is are true? a) i is true b) ii is true c) iii is true d) i, ii, iii are true Ans: a) 2. Statement : Magma gushes out when it finds vents. Reason : Interior of the Earth contains compressed hot magma Which of the statement(s) is are true? a) Statements & reason are true b) Statements is true, reason is false c) Statement is false reason is true d) Statement & reason are false Ans: a) 3. Statement I : Mountain ranges are formed by the collision of tectonic plates. Statement II : The movement of tectonic plates is due to the thermal energy from the mantle. 1 a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: d) ADDITIONAL 4. i) The term ‘volcano’ is derived from the French term “VULCAN’. (F) ii) Volcanoes are classified into two types. (F) iii) Mt St. Helens in the USA is an example of active volcano. (T) Which of the statement(s) is are true

GEOGRAPHY a) i is true b) ii is true c) iii is true d) i, ii, iii are true Ans: c) 5. Statement : The volcano in Mauna Loa, Hawaii is an example of dead volcano. Reason : The volcano that permanently stops its volcanic activity is called as extinct or dead volcano. a) Statements & reason are true b) Statements is true, reason is false c) Statement is false and reason is true d) Statement & reason are false Ans: c) 6. Statement I : Crust is the inner most layer of the Earth. Statement II : It is the skin of out Earth where we live. a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: a) 7. Statement I : Mantal is also termed as SIMA. Statement II : It contains the major elements Silica(si) and Magnesium(Mg). a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: d) IV. ANSWER IN BRIEF.

1. Write a brief note on the various spheres of the Earth. The Earth surface is a vast area which contains four spheres. They are- Lithosphere - It is the solid outer part of the Earth. Atmosphere - It is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. www.kalvikural.com 149 Geography . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Hydrosphere - It is the watery part of the Earth’s surface. Biosphere - This is the layer of the Earth where life exists. 2. Mention the layers of the interior of the Earth. The structure of the Earth’s interior is divided into three layers namely the crust, the mantle and the core. Crust - Crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is also known as the ‘Skin of our Earth’. It is the solid and rigid layer. Mantle - The interior part beneath the curst is called Mandle. The major elements of the Mantle are Silica (si) and Magnesium (Mg). So, this layer is also known SIMA. Core - The Core is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth. It is composed mainly of Nickel (Ni) and Iron(Fe). So, This layer is called as NIFE.

3. Define : Plate tectonics. 1 • Tectonic plates are huge slabs of rocks which float independently over the mantle. • Collisions of these plates produce mountain ranges and other irregular surface features both on land and ocean floor. • This phenomenon is called ‘Plate tectonics. 4. What is Tsunami? • The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese term meaning harbor waves.

• It is adopted to describe large seismically generated sea waves caused by Earthquakes and GEOGRAPHY landslides. • These waves travel at a great speed (more than 500 km per hour) and the length of 600 km. • These waves reach to a height of more than 15 m near the sea shore. • The waves are capable of causing destruction along the coastal areas. 5. What is a Volcano? Mention its major components. A volcano is a vent an opening on the surface of the Earth crust through which hot solid, liquid and gaseous materials (magma) erupt out to the surface from the Earth’s interior. Its major components are- • Magma chamber  Volcanic cone • Vents  Creater 6. What is an Earthquake and how it occurs? A sudden movement of the earth’s crust caused by the release of stress accumulated along geologic faults or by volcanic activity is known as Earthquake. It occurs mainly because of- • The sudden vibration in the Earth’s crust which spreads outward in all the direction as waves from the source of disturbance. • The time when rocks underneath the Earth surface push over each other or pull apart from one another. • The time when the tectonic plates colliding with each other. www.kalvikural.com 150 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 1

7. What are seismic waves and mention its types? The Seismic waves are generated by the earthquakes. The nature, force and speed of these seismic waves depend on the nature of the medium through which it passes. Its types are – • Primary waves or P-waves. • Secondary waves or S-waves and • Surface waves or L-waves. 8. Write about the Pacific Ring of fire. • The Pacific Ring of Fire or Ring of Fire is an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. • The Ring of Fire contains more than 450 volcanoes and is home to over 75 percent of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes. 1 • Approximately 90 percent of the world’s earthquakes and 81 percent of the world’s largest earthquakes happen along the Ring of Fire. ADDITIONAL 9. What are Composite Volcanoes? • Volcanoes built by many layers of hardened lava, pumice and volcanic ash are called as Composite Volcanoes. • These are conical in shape and also known as Strata Volcanoes. GEOGRAPHY • These volcanoes are commonly found in the Pacific Ocean. • Example: Mt. Fuji in Japan. 10. Write a few lines about Richter scale. • C.F.Richter devised a scale to measure the magnitude the Earthquakes is called Richter scale. • This scale relates to the energy released at the epicenter and provides an estimation of the severity of an earthquake. • It is an open ended scale. 11. What is called Endogenetic processes? The forces that act from the Earth’s interior towards the Earth’s surface are called Internal processes or Endogenetic processes. These forces build the landscape and create topographic relief. 12. What are metamorphic rocks? • The term ‘metamorphic’ is derived from the word ‘metamorphosis’ which means ‘change of form. • When igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure, they undergo a complete change in their form and character. Such types of rock are called as metamorphic rocks. • For example, granite may get transformed to gneiss, limestone to marble and sandstone to quartzite. www.kalvikural.com 151 Geography . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

13. What are rocks? Mention its types? An aggregate of minerals on the Earth’s crust is called ‘rock’. It may be hard and compact like ‘granite’ or solid as ‘clay’ or loose as ‘sand’. The crust of the Earth is a storehouse of rocks. Based on formation, rocks are classified as – • Igneous rocks, • Sedimentary rocks and • Metamorphic rocks. 14. Write a note on Sedimentary rocks. • Sedimentary rocks are named after the Latin word ‘sediment’ meaning settle. • Rivers, glaciers and winds carry bits of rock and soil and deposit them in layers. • After a few million years, these deposits harden into compact rocks and are called 1 Sedimentary rocks. • Sandstone, limestone, chalk, gypsum and coal are examples of sedimentary rocks. 15. Write a note on Fold and Fault? • Tectonic plates float independently over the mantle. Due to the lateral compressional forces, they are forced to move upwards and downwards. At that time, the sedimentary beds become bent or curved. This is called Fold.

• The movement of plates creates stress and tension in the rocks, causing them to stretch GEOGRAPHY and crack. This is called ‘Fault’. V. GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING.

1. SIAL floats over SIMA. • Crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is the skin of our Earth. The major elements of crust are Silica (Si) and Aluminum (Ai) and thus, it is termed as SIAL. • The interior part beneath the crust is called Mandle. The major elements of the mantle are Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg). • So, we say SIAL floats over SIMA. 2. Igneous rocks are also called Primary Rocks or Mother rocks. • The interior of the Earth contains very hot molten material called ‘Magma’. • When the magma reaches the Earth’s surface, it is referred to as ‘Lava’. • The lava on the surface cools down and gets solidified as rocks called igneous rocks. • All other rocks are directly or indirectly formed from igneous rocks. • So Igneous rocks are called Primary rocks or Mother rocks. www.kalvikural.com 152 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 1 ADDITIONAL 4. Earth’s core is also called as ‘NIFE’. • The core is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth. It lies below the mantle. • Core is mainly composed of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). • So the Core is also called as NIFE. 5. The interior part of the crust is also called as SIMA. • The interior part beneath the crust is called mantle. • The major elements of the mantle are Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg). • Hence, it is also called as SIMA.

1 VI. Distinguish between:

1. Core and crust. S.No. Core Crust 1. Core is the innermost lay of the Earth. It is the outer layer of the Earth. 2. It lies below the mantle. It lies above the layer – mantle. 3. It is termed as NIFE. It is known as SIAL. It is mainly composed of Nickel and Iron. The major elements of crust are Silica 4.

GEOGRAPHY and Aluminium. 2. Epi centre and Hypo centre: S.No. Epicentre Hypocentre It is a point on the Earth’s surface that The point of origin of an Earthquake is 1. lies directly above the Hypocentre. called Hypocentre (Focus). The impact of the Earthquake is felt the It generates a series of elastic waves. 2. most at the epicenter. 3. Divergent and convergent boundaries: S.No. Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Here, the plates pull away from each Here, the plate moves towards each 1. other.. other. 2. Magma pushes up from the mantle Sometimes, a plate sinks under another

4. Primary waves and Secondary waves.

S.No. Primary waves Secondary waves These waves are the fastest of all the These waves are not fast compared to 1. earthquake waves. P-Waves. These waves pass through solids, liquids These waves pass or travel only through 2. and gases. solids. www.kalvikural.com 153 Geography . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

5. Shield volcano and volcanic Dome.

S.No. Shield volcano Volcanic Dome Shield volcanoes are formed by intense Volcanic dome is formed due to the slow 1. viscous lava. ejection of viscous lava from a volcano. Volcano at Mauna Loa, Hawaii is an Lava dome at Paricutin, Mexico is an 2. example for shield volcano. example for Volcanic dome.

ADDITIONAL 6. Crust and Mantle.

S.No. Crust Mantel 1 It is the outer layer of the Earth. It is the interior parts and also beneath 1. the crust. 2. It lies above the layer – Mantle. It lies above the layer – Core. 3. It is known as SIAL. This layer is known as SIMA. The major elements of crust are Silica The major elements of Mantel are Silica 4. and Aluminium. (Si) and Magnesium (Mg).

VII. WRITE ANSWERS IN A PARAGRAPH. GEOGRAPHY 1. Describe the structure of the Earth. The Crust: • Crust is the outer layer of the Earth. • It is also known as the skin of our Earth • It is the slid and rigid layer of the Earth which is between 5 and 30 km. • The crust is classified as Continental crust and Oceanic crust. • The major elements of crust are Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al). Thus, it is termed as SIAL. The Mantle: • The interior part beneath the Crust is called Mantel which is about 2900 km thick. • The major elements of the mantle are Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg). Hence, it is also termed as SIMA. • In the upper part of the mantle, the rock remains solid. In the lower part of mantle, rocks are in molten form. • This molten rock inside the Earth is called ‘Magma’. The Core: • The core is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth. • It is composed mainly of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). Hence, it is called NIFE. www.kalvikural.com 154 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 1

• The core divided into Solid inner core and Liquid outer core. • The presence of large quantities of iron in the core is responsible for the Earth’s gravitational force. 2. Write a note on the internal and external processes of Earth. The formation and deformation of landforms on the surface of the Earth is a continuous activity of two broad processes. These processes are referred as Geomorphic Processes. The two processes are: Internal processes, External processes.

Internal processes: The forces that act from the Earth’s interior towards the surface of the Earth are called Internal Processes or Endogenetic Processes. These forces build the landscape and create topographic relief. 1 External processes: The forces that act on the surface of the Earth due to natural agents like running water, glacier, wind, waves etc., are called External Processes or Exogenetic Processes. These external processes tear the landscape down into relatively low elevated plains.

3. How are volcanoes classified based on the periodicity of their eruptions? Volcanoes are classified into three based on the periodicity of eruptions. They are- • Active Volcano

GEOGRAPHY • Dormant Volcano and • Extinct volcano. Active Volcano: • Active volcanoes are those which constantly eject volcanic lava, gases and fragmented materials. • Volcano at Mount St. Helens in the USA is an example for Active Volcano. Dormant Volcano: • Volcanoes that do not show any sign of volcanic activity for a long period of time are known as dormant volcanoes. • Sometimes, there may be a sudden explosion which may cause unimaginable loss to life and property. • Example – Mt. Fuji in Japan. Extinct Volcano: • A volcano which stopped permanently its volcanic activity is known as Extinct Volcano. • It is also called as Dead Volcano. Example: Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania and Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu. www.kalvikural.com 155 Geography . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

4. Explain the effects of Volcanoes. The effects of volcanoes can be divided into Constructive effects and Destructive effects of volcano are given below.

Constructive effects: • Volcanic materials enrich the soil fertility that promotes agricultural activities. • The hot volcanic region helps in generating geothermal energy. • Many active and dormant volcanoes are the most attractive tourist spots of the world. • Most of the volcanic materials are used as building materials. Destructive effects: • Volcanic eruption causes Earthquakes, fast floods, mud slide and rock fall. 1 • Lava can travel very far and burn, bury or damage anything in its path. • The large amount of dust and ash makes breaking hard and irritable. • Volcanic eruptions can alter the weather conditions. • It disrupts transport in and around the volcanic region. ADDITIONAL 5. Explain the Seismic waves. Earthquakes generate seismic waves. The nature, force and speed of these seismic waves GEOGRAPHY depend on the nature of the medium through which it passes. Accordingly they are three major types of waves. They are: Primary or P-waves, Secondary or S-waves and Surface wave or L-waves.

Primary Waves or P-Waves: • Primary waves or P-waves are the fastest of all the Earthquake waves and the first to reach the epicenter. • These waves pass through solids, liquids and gases either through push or pull. • The average velocity is 5.3 km per second to 10.6 km per second Secondary Waves or S-Waves: • Secondary waves or S-waves travel only through solids. • These waves shake the ground perpendicular to the direction in which they propagate. • The average velocity of these waves is 1 km per second to k km per second. Surface Waves or L-Waves: • Surface waves are similar to P-waves but they travel primarily along the ground surface. • These waves travel comparatively slower and are the most destructive waves. • The average velocity of these waves is 1 km per second to 5 km per second. www.kalvikural.com 156 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 1

VIII. MAP SKILL:

1. On the given outline map of the world, mark the following: a. Pacific Ring of fire b. Earthquake prone zones (any two) c. Locate any two active volcanoes of the world. d. Himalayas and Alps ranges e. Rift valley of East Africa. 1 GEOGRAPHY

Pacific Ring of fire Earth quake prone zone - 1. Mexico 2. Turkey 3. Nepal Active Volcanoes - 1. Italy 2. Japan 3. Philippines → 1 Alps, 2. Himalayas → Rift Valley www.kalvikural.com 157 Geography . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

IX. HIGHER ORDER THINKING QUESTIONS (HOTS).

1. Consider the various sources of information related to the Earth’s Interior. Classify the above as DIRECT & INDIRECT sources of information. Give reasons- i) Seismic activity ii) Earth ‘smagnetism iii) Volcanoes iv) Mined rocks v) Gravitational force vi) Meteors iii) Volcanoes and iv) mined rocks are Direct Source of Information.

 Mining, drilling and volcanic eruption are the example of Direct source of information. During the process of mining and drilling, rocks and minerals are extracted which gives information that there are layer system in the crust. Crust is made of many kings of rocks and minerals. Volcanic eruption suggests that there is some zone inside the earth which is very hot and in liquid condition. 1

i) Seismic activity, ii) Earth’s magnetism, v) Gravitation force and vi) Meteors are Indirect Source of Information.

  Seismic activity, Gravitation force, Magnetism field, falling of meteors, etc., are example of indirect source. They are very important to know about the Earth’s interior. These sources suggest that there are three layers in the Earth each layer has different density. Density increases towards the centre of the Earth. 2. Scientists use GPS to measure the rate of Tectonic Plate movements. Discuss. (Self Activity) GEOGRAPHY

X. LIFE SKILLS.

1. Imagine that you feel tremors or shocks in your locality. What will be your role in saving lives from destruction? List out the Do’s and Don’ts.

Do’s Don’ts Do stay indoors and wait for the shaking to Don’t turn on the gas in your kitchen; there stop. might be leakages. Do move to a nearby safe place or take cover Don’t light a match until you are certain there under a table or desk. are no gas leakages. Do hold on to a piece of heavy furniture for Don’t stop your car under or over bridges, support. overpasses or underpasses, if you happen to be driving. Do stand against an inside wall. Don’t go near windows and doors Do find a safe spot away from power lines Don’t take an elevato.r and building if you are outdoors. Do slow down your car and drive to a safe place nearby and then turn off ignition.

 www.kalvikural.com 158 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 2

GEOGRAPHY LITHOSPHERE - II 2 EXOGENETIC PROCESSES

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The disintegration or decomposition of rocks is generally called as a) Weathering b) Erosion c) Transportation d) Deposition Ans: a) 2. The process of the levelling up of land by means of natural agents.

2 a) Aggradation b) Degradation c) Gradation d) none Ans: c) 3. …………… is seen in the lower course of the river. a) Rapids b) Alluvial fan c) Delta d) Gorges Ans: c) 4. Karst topography is formed due to the action of …………… a) Glacier b) Wind c) Sea waves d) Ground water Ans: d) 5. Which one of the following is not a depositional feature of a glacier? a) cirque b) Moraine c) Drumlins d) Eskers Ans: a)

GEOGRAPHY 6. Deposits of fine silt blown by wind is called as …………… a) Loess b) Barchans c) Hamada d) Ripples Ans: a) 7. Stacks are formed by …………… a) Wave erosion b) River erosion c) Glacial erosion d) Wind deposition Ans. a) 8. …………… erosion is responsible for the formation of cirque. a) wind b) glacial c) river d) underground water Ans: b) 9. Which one of the following is a second order land form? a) Asia b) Deccan Plateau c) Kulu Valley d) Ans: b)

ADDITIONAL 10. …………… results in the weakening of rocks. a) Hydration b) Oxidation c) Canyons d) Weathering Ans: b) 11. Building up of landforms due to natural agents is known as …………… a) Mountains b) Degradation c) Aggradation d) Deposition Ans: c) 12. Erosion is the most dominant action of river in the …………… course. a) End b) Lower c) Middle d) Upper Ans: d) 13. The highest waterfalls in the world is …………… in Venezuela. a) Los Angles b) Niagara c) Angel d) Silver Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 159 Geography . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

14. Lake Kanwar in …………… (India) is Asia’s largest fresh water ox bow lake. a) Kashmir b) Kerala c) Punjab d) Bihar Ans: d) 15. A triangular shaped low lying area formed by the river at its mouth is called ...... a) Delta b) Estuary c) Flood plain d) Alluvial Fan Ans: a) 16. The redness of the soil is due to the presence of …………… oxide. a) Copper b) Silicon c) Iron oxide d) Nickel Ans: c) 17. In India, the mushroom rocks are found near Jodhpur in ……………. a) Gujarat b) Punjab c) Assam d) Rajasthan Ans: d) 18. …………… are isolated crescent shaped sand dunes. a) Loess b) Barchan c) Transverse dunes d) Longitudinal dunes Ans: b) 2 19. Formation of …………… are the most dominant and constructive work of the sea. a) Waves b) Sea cliffs c) Sea cave d) Beach Ans: d) 20. Soil is the top covering of the Earth’s surface formed by …………… a) Erosion b) Weathering c) Degradation d) Landslides Ans: b) II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Distributaries – a) Glacial action 2. Mushroom rock – b) Action of sea wave 3. Eskers – c) Lower course of river GEOGRAPHY 4. Stalactites – d) Aeolian process 5. Cliff – e) Karst topography Ans: 1-c 2-d 3-a 4-e 5-b ADDITIONAL 6. Terminus - a) Beach 7. Spit - b) Glacier 8. Sand dunes - c) Embankment of sediment 9. River of ice - d) End of glacier 10. Juhu in Mumbai - e) Mounds or hills of sand Ans: 6-d 7-c 8-e 9-b 10-a

11. V – shaped valley - a) Erosional land form of glacier 12. Sea Arch - b) Depositional land form of glacier 13. Matterhorn - c) Erosional land form of river 14. Yardang - d) Erosional land form of wind 15. Barchan - e) Erosional land form of waves Ans: 11-c 12-e 13-a 14-b 15-d www.kalvikural.com 160 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 2

III. CONSIDER THE GIVEN STATEMENTS AND CHOOSE THE RIGHT OPTION GIVEN BELOW.

1. i) ‘I’ Shaped valley is an erosional feature of the river. (T) ii) ‘U’ Shaped valley is an erosional feature of the glacier. (T) iii) ‘V’ Shaped valley is an erosional feature of the glacier. (F) a) i, ii & iii are right b) i & ii are right c) i & iii are right d) only I is right Ans: b) 2. Statement I : Running water is an important agent of gradation. Statement II : The work of the river depends on the slop of land on which if flows. a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: d) 2 3. Statement : Limestone regions have less underground water. Reason : Water does not percolate through limestone. a) The statement is right reason is wrong. b) The statement is wrong Reason is right. c) The statement and reason are wrong. d) The statement and reason are right. Ans: b) ADDITIONAL GEOGRAPHY 4. Statement I : Transverse dunes are asymmetrical in shape. Statement II : They have gentle slopes on the windward side and steep slopes on the leeward side. a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: c) 5. Statement I : A triangular shaped low lying area formed by the river at its mouth is called delta. Statement II : Deltas have fine deposits of sediments enriched with minerals. a) Statement I is false II is true b) Statement I and II are false c) Statement I is true II is false d) Statement I and II are true Ans: a) 6. Statement : Erosion is the most dominant action of river in the upper course. Reason : Rivers usually tumbles down the steep mountain slopes. The steep gradient increases the velocity and the river channel performs erosion with great force in the upper course of the river. a) The statement is right reason is wrong. b) The statement is wrong Reason is right. c) The statement and reason are wrong. d) The statement and reason are right. Ans: d) www.kalvikural.com 161 Geography . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

IV. ANSWER IN BRIEF.

1. Define weathering. • Weathering is the breaking disintegration and decomposition of materials of the Earth’s crust by their exposure to atmosphere. • Weathering is affected and controlled by the factors such as temperature, rock structure, land slope and vegetation. 2. What do you mean by biological weathering? • Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of the Earth’s crust by their exposure to atmosphere. • Biological weathering occurs due to the penetration and expansion of plant roots,

earthworms, burrowing animals (rabbits, rats, etc.,) and some human activities. 2 3. Mention the three courses of a river with any two land forms associated to each course. The three courses of a river with any two land forms associated to each course are-

S.No. Courses of a river Land forms 1. Upper course V Shaped Valleys and Waterfalls 2. Middle course Alluvial fans and Ox-bow lakes

3. Lower course Delta and Estuary GEOGRAPHY 4. What are ox-bow lakes? • The rivers loaded with debris flows slowly and forms sweeping loops and bends. It is referred to as meanders. • Meanders in due course of time become almost a complete circle with narrow necks. This in turn gets abandoned and forms a lake. This is called as Ox-bow Lake. 5. How does a cave differ from a sea arch? • Caves are hollows that are formed by the dissolution of limestone rocks when carbon di oxide in air turns into carbonic acid after its reaction with water. • But, two caves approach one another from either side of a headland and unite, they form an Arch. 6. List out any four karst topographical areas found in India. Karst topographical areas found in India are- • Guptadham caves in Western Bihar. • Tapkeshwar temple in Uttarakhand. • Pandav caves at Pachamri in Madhya Pradesh and • Borra caves of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. www.kalvikural.com 162 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 2

7. What do you mean by a hanging valley? • A valley is a low area between hills or mountains often with a river running through it. • There valleys are eroded by tributary glacier and that hangs over the main valley. 8. Define: a) Moraine b) Drumlin c) Esker. Moraine : Landforms formed by the glacial deposits of valley or continental glaciers are termed as Moraines. Drumlin : The deposits of glacial moraines that resemble giant inverted teaspoons or half cut eggs are known as Drumlins. Esker : Long narrow ridges composed of boulders gravel and sand deposited by steams of melting water which run parallel to a glacier are called eskers.

9. Mention the various features formed by wind erosion. 2 • The air that blows horizontally at or near the Earth’s surface is called wind. • The erosional, transportational and despositional action of wind is predominant in arid regions. • Some of the erosional landforms of wind are Mushroom rocks, Inselbergs and Yardangs. 10. What are wave cut platforms? • Flat surface found at the foot of sea cliffs are called as Wave cut platforms. • Wave cut platform is also referred as beach, shelf, terrace and plain GEOGRAPHY ADDITIONAL 11. What are the two processes that control the structure of the Earth’s surface? • The continuous interaction of internal and external processes control the structure of the Earth’s surface. • The external processes are the consequence of solar energy and gravitational forces. The internal processes are an outcome of the Earth’s internal heat. 12. Define : Exfoliation. • The alternate heating and cooling on rounded rock surfaces leads to the peeling of rocks, layer by layer like an onion. This is called Exfoliation. • Sheeting and Shattering are the other forms of Exfoliation. 14. Write a note Carbonation. • Carbonation is the mixing of water with the atmospheric carbon dioxide, forming carbonic acid. • Carbonation is important in the formation of caves in limestone region. • When the carbonic acid reacts with the carbonate rocks, the rocks get disintegrated. 15. What is a river? What are its primary functions? Running water for few kilometres is known as river. Its primary functions are erosion, transportation and Deposition. www.kalvikural.com 163 Geography . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

16. Where do the rivers originate? • The rivers originate on higher landforms like mountains, hills and plateaus that receive water from various sources like the rain, glaciers, spring, lakes, etc. • The place where the river originates is called its Source and where it joins the sea is known as its mouth. 13. What is Block disintegration? Repeated expansion and contraction of rocks during day and night respectively causes stress on the joints of the rocks which results in Block disintegration.

14. Differentiate : Tributary and Distributary. • Tributary is a small stream that joins the main river. For example, River Bhavani.

• Dsitributary is a river channel that gets separated from the major river. For example, 2 Kollidam. V. GIVE REASONS.

1. Chemical weathering is predominant in hot and humid zones. The agents of chemical weathering are oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. These gases are plenty in hot and humid regions. So Chemical weathering is predominant in hot and humid zones.

2. Silt deposits are less at estuaries than deltas. GEOGRAPHY Deposition of silt by the river is not possible at estuaries because the waves keep on eroding the deposits. At the same time, Deltas have more fine deposits of sediments enriched with minerals.

3. The snow line is at the sea level in Polar Regions. The height above which there is a permanent snow cover in the higher altitude or latitude is called snowline. Higher the latitude, lower the snowline from the sea level. So the snow line is lower at the sea level in Polar Regions.

4. Wind can possibly erode the rocks from all sides. • The air that blows horizontally at or near the Earth’s surface is called Wind. • The erosional, transportational and despositional action of wind is predominant in arid regions. This is called as Aeolian process. • The Aeolian processes erode the rocks from all sides. 5. In limestone regions, surface drainage is rarely found. • Water that percolates through the pores and fissures of rock gets collected beneath and earth’s surface. • The lime stones which are deposited under toper later of earth observes water. So in the lime stone regions, surface drainage is rarely found. www.kalvikural.com 164 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 2 ADDITIONAL 6. Estuary is formed where the rivers meets the sea. Deposition of silt by the river is not possible in this area like delta. In Estuary, the sea waves keep on eroding the deposits. Example – River Narmada and Tapti.

7. Sand dunes are formed mostly in deserts. In deserts, during sandstorms, wind carries loads of sand. When the speed of wind decreases, huge amount sand gets deposited like mounds of soil. Only the desert region, we can find a huge amount of soil. So, sand dunes are formed mostly in deserts.

VI. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN:

1. Physical and Chemical Weathering. 2

S.No. Physical weathering Chemical weathering It is the breakdown of rocks without Disintegration and decomposition of 1. changing their chemical composition rocks due to chemical reactions is called through the action of physical forces. Chemical weathering. Heat and cool weather are the agents of The agents of chemical weathering are 2. physical weathering oxygen, carbon-dioxide and hydrogen.

GEOGRAPHY 2. Delta and Estuary:

S.No. Delta Estuary A triangular shaped low lying area formed Estuary is formed where the rivers meets 1. by the river at its mouth is called delta. the sea. Cauvery Delta in Tamil Nadu is an River Narmada and Tapti are examples 2 Example. of Estuary

3. Stalactite and stalagmite:

S.No. Stalactite Stalagmite The water containing dissolved calcite Here, when the calcite deposits rises gradually drips from the ceiling of upward like a pillar stalagmites are 1. the caves. Water evaporates and the formed. remaining calcite hangs from the ceiling and form Stalactite. Stalactites are formed in the ceiling of the Stalagmites are formed on the floor of 2. caves. the caves. www.kalvikural.com 165 Geography . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

4. Longitudinal and Transverse sand dunes.

S.No. Longitudinal sand dunes Transverse sand dunes Longitudinal sand dunes are long narrow Transverse dunes are asymmetrical in 1. ridges of sand. shape. These dunes are extended in a direction These dunes are formed by alternative 2. parallel to the prevailing winds. slow and fast winds that blow from the same direction.

5. Inselbergs and yardangs:

S.No. Inselberg Yardang

Hard rocks like igneous rocks are more The rocks in arid regions have hard and 2 resistant to wind action. Such isolated soft layers arranged vertically. When 1. residual hills rising abruptly from their wind blows over these rocks, the soft surroundings are termed as inselbergs. layers get eroded leaving irregular crests. These are called Yardings. Uluru or Ayers Rock, Australia is an Example - Yardang located at Medow, 2. example of Inselberg. Texas in the USA.

6. Spit and bar. GEOGRAPHY S.No. Spit Bar A spit is a ridge or embankment of A bar is an elongated deposit of sand, sediment, attached to the land on one shingle or mud found in the sea, almost 1. end and terminating in open water on the parallel to the shoreline other end. Spit are common at the mouth of Bar is found parallel to the shoreline. 2. estuaries.

ADDITIONAL 7. Continental glaciers and Valley glaciers.

S.No. Continental glaciers Valley glaciers Thick sheets of ice that covers vast areas The glacier which takes its origin from a 1. of a continent is called Continental glacier show covered mountain range is known as a Valley glacier. These glaciers cover large swaths of land. These glaciers are confined to mountains 2. and don’t exceed the length of 100 km. These are far thicker and usually moves These glaciers are viewed as ‘rivers of 3. very little. ice’ far thinner. They move very fast. www.kalvikural.com 166 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 2

VII. ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH.

1. Write a note on weathering. Classify and explain. Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of the earth’s crust by their exposure to atmosphere. They are three types of weathering: Physical weathering, Chemical weathering and Biological weathering.

Physical weathering: • It is the breakdown of rocks without changing their chemical composition, through the action of physical forces. • The constant freezing and thawing of rocks during the night and day leads to the expansion

2 and contraction of rocks. • Exfoliation, block disintegration, granular disintegration, etc, are the different types of weathering. Chemical weathering: • Disintegration and decomposition of rocks due to chemical reactions is called Chemical weathering. • The agents of Chemical weathering are Oxygen, Carbon-dioxide and Hydrogen. • The Chemical weathering takes place through the process of oxidation, carbonation, GEOGRAPHY solution and hydration. Biological weathering: • Biological weathering occurs due to the penetration and expansion of plant roots, earth worms, burrowing animals and some human activities. 2. Explain the erosional landforms formed by underground water. The erosional landforms formed by underground water are-

Terra Rossa: • Deposition of red soil on the surface of the Earth is due to the dissolution of limestone content in rocks. • The redness of the soil is due to the presence of iron oxide. Lappies: • When the joints of limestone rocks are corrugated (ridged) by groundwater, long furrows are formed and these are called Lappies. Sinkhole: • A funnal shaped depressions formed due to dissolution of limestone rock is called sinkholes. Caves and Caverns: • Caves are hollows that are formed by the dissolution of limestone rocks when Carban di oxide in air turns into carbonic acid after its reaction with water. www.kalvikural.com 167 Geography . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• Caverns are the caves with irregular floors. • All types of deposits in the caves and caverns are collectively called Speleothems. 3. What is a glacier? Explain its types. A glacier is large mass of ice that moves slowly over the land form its place of accumulation. It is also known as ‘River of ice’. The place of accumulation is called snowfield. Glaciers are broadly divided into two types based on the place of occurrence such as Continental glacier and Valley glacier.

Continental glacier: Thick sheets of ice that covers vast areas of a continent is called Continental glacier. These glaciers cover large swaths of land.

Valley glacier: 2 The glacier which takes its origin from a snow covered mountain range is known as a Valley glacier.

4. Describe the depositional work of winds. Deposition occurs when the speed of wind is reduced by the presence of obstacles like bushes, forests and rock structures. The sediments carried by wind get deposited on both the wind ward and leeward sides of these obstacles. Some of the depositional landforms are sand dunes, barchans and loess. GEOGRAPHY Sand dune: In deserts, during sandstorms, wind carries loads of sand. When the speed of wind decreases, huge amount of sand gets deposited. These mounds or hills of sand are called sand dunes.

Barchan: Barchans are isolated, crescent shaped sand dunes. They have gentle slopes on the windward side and steep slopes on the leeward side.

Transverse Dunes : These are asymmetrical in shape. They are formed by alternate slow and fast winds that blow form the same direction.

Longitudinal Dunes : These are long narrow ridges of sand, which extend in a direction paralled to the prevailing winds.

Loess: The tem loess refers to the deposits of find silt and porous sand over a vast region. www.kalvikural.com 168 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 2 ADDITIONAL 5. Give a detailed account on the three orders of land forms. • Landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. • Typical landforms include hills, mountains, plateaus, canyons, valleys as well as shoreline features such as bays, peninsulas, and seas. • Land forms are grouped into three orders. They are first order land form, second order land form, and third order land form. First order land form: First order land forms are continents and oceans.

Second order land form: 2 Mountains, plateaus and plains in both continents and oceans are the Second order land forms.

Third order land form: Third order land forms are called as Minor land forms. They are deltas, fjords, coasts, sand dunes, beaches, valleys, cirques, mushroom rocks and limestone caves.

6. Write a paragraph on ‘Erosional land forms of waves’. A steady up and down movement of surface water are called waves. Sea waves are the most powerful agents of gradation. GEOGRAPHY Erosional land forms of waves: Some of the erosional landforms of sea waves are sea cave, arch, stack, sea cliff and wave cut platforms.

Sea Cave: Prolonged wave attack on the base of a cliff erodes rock materials which result in the formation of caves.

Sea Arch: When two caves approach one another from either side of a headland and unite, they form an arch. Example: Neil island in Andaman and Nicobar.

Sea Stack: Further erosion by waves ultimately leads to the total collapse of the arch. The seaward portion of the head land will remain as a pillar of rock known as Stack. Example: the Old man of Hoy in Scotland.

Sea Cliffs: Sea cliffs are steep rock faces formed when sea waves dash against them. The rocks get eroded to form steep vertical walls.

Wave cut platforms: Flat surface found at the foot of sea cliffs are called as Wave cut platforms. Wave cut platform is also referred as beach, shelf, terrace and plain. www.kalvikural.com 169 Geography . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 4. Is weathering a pre-requisite in the formation of soil? B.P.No.168 Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of the earth’s curst by their exposure to atmosphere. Soil is a mixture of disintegrated rock materials and decayed organic matter called humus. It is essential for life on the earth. So weathering is a pre-requisite in the formation of soil.

5. Snowline of Alps is 2700 metre where as snowline of Greenland is just 600 metre. Find out the reason. B.P.No.173 • The height above which there is a permanent show cover in the higher altitude or latitude is called snowline.

• The main principle behind is ‘Higher altitude or latitude lower the snowline from the sea 2 level. Here, the altitude of Alps is higher than Greenland. VIII. MAP SKILL:

1. On the given outline map of the world, mark the following. 1. Any two deltas 2. A Karot region 3. Any two hot and cold deserts GEOGRAPHY A karot region Hwango Delta A karot region Gangetic Delta Sahara hot desert Arabian (hot) desert

A karot region Australian cold desert

IX. HOTS.

1. Is wind the only gradational agent in the desert? No. Wind is not only gradational agent in the desert. A little rainfall also plays a minor as gradational agent in deserts.

2. Underground water is more common in limestone areas than surface run off. Why? Limestone is the name given to rock which is composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It is a permeable rock. This means that water can enter limestone through pores, joints or cracks in the rock. So, underground water is more common in limestone areas than surface run off. www.kalvikural.com 170 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 2

3. The river channels in the lower course are wider than the upper course. • The river moving downstream is loaded with debris, brought down from its supper and middle courses. • Large deposits of sediments are found at the level bed. In that region, the rivers splits into a number of channels called distributaries. • The main work of the river here is deposition. Mainly of this, the river cannels in the lower course are wider than the upper course. X. GIVE GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS FOR THE FOLLOWING.

a) Chemical alternation of carbonate rocks on lime stone region. Karst topography.

2 b) Flat surfaces near cliffs. Wave cut platforms

c) Erosion + Transportation + Deposition = Gradation.

d) The bottom line of a snow field. Snow line.

XI. ACTIVITY GEOGRAPHY Discuss in a small groups about the effects of global warming. Internet.

 www.kalvikural.com 171 Geography . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

GEOGRAPHY 3 ATMOSPHERE

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. …………… is the most important gas for the survival of living organisms. a) Helium b) Carbon-di-oxide c) Oxygen d) Methane Ans: c) 2. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is

a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Exosphere d) Mesosphere Ans: a) 3 3. …………… reflects radio waves. a) Exosphere b) Ionosphere c) Mesosphere d) Stratosphere Ans: c) 4. The average global surface temperature is …………… a) 12° C b) 13° C c) 14° C d) 15° C Ans: b) 5. The process of change of state of water from gaseous to liquid state is called a) Precipitation b) Evaporation c) Transpiration d) Condensation Ans: d)

6. The …………… is the chief energy source of the Earth. GEOGRAPHY a) Sun b) Moon c) Stars d) Clouds Ans: a) 7. All types of clouds are found in the …………… a) Troposphere b) Ionosphere c) Mesophere d) Exosphere Ans: a) 8. …………… clouds are called ‘Sheep clouds’. a) Alto-cumulus b) Alto-Stratus c) Nimbo-stratus d) Cirro-stratus Ans: a) 9. The Monsoons are …………… a) Prevailing winds b) Periodic winds c) Local winds d) None of the above Ans: d) 10. Dew in the form of ice crystals is called …………… a) Frost b) Fog c) Mist d) Sleet Ans: a) 11. …………… is called the eye of the storm/cyclone. a) Pressure b) Wind c) Cyclones d) Snow Ans: c) 12. The vertical movement of air is called …………… a) Wind b) Storm c) Air current d) Drift Ans: c) ADDITIONAL 13. The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called …………… a) Weathering b) Atmosphere c) Biosphere d) Structure Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 172 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 3

14. …………… lies beyond the Exosphere. a) Stratosphere b) Troposphere c) Mesosphere d) Homosphere Ans: d) 15. The sun rays fall vertically on the …………… region. a) Polar b) Sub-tropical c) Equatorial d) Tropical Ans: c) 16. Places near the coast experiences …………… climate. a) Humid b) Equable c) Continental d) Cold Ans: b) 17. …………… is the instrument used to find the direction of the wind. a) Compass b) Anemometer c) Wind vane d) Mercury Ans: c) 18. The term cyclone is a Greek word meant ‘Coil of a ……………’. a) Snake b) Rope c) Thread d) Wire Ans: a) 3 19. Tropical cyclones are known as …………… in Philippines. a) Typhoons b) Hurricanes c) Baguios d) Willy willy Ans: c) 20. …………… is the most predominant type of precipitation. a) Snow b) Dew c) Sleet d) Rainfall Ans: d) 21. The …………… pressure belt extends from 5°N and 5°S latitudes. a) Equatorial low b) Subtropical high c) Sub-polar low d) polar high Ans: a) 22. The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are

GEOGRAPHY called …………… a) Periodic winds b) Planetary winds c) Variable winds d) Local winds Ans: b) 23. …………… helps in protecting the Earth from harmful ultra violet radiation. a) Atmosphere b) Ozone layer c) Rain d) Oxygen Ans: b) II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Meteorology - a) Wind speed 2. Climatology - b) Direction of wind 3. Anemometer - c) Cirrus 4. Wind Vane - d) Study of climate 5. Mare’s Tail - e) Study of weather 6. Leeward side - f) Australia 7. Willy willy - g) Rain shadow region Ans: 1-e 2-d 3-a 4-b 5-c 6-g 7-f ADDITIONAL 1. Torrid zone - a) Horizontal movement of air 2. Air current - b) Local wind 3. Wind - c) Heat zone 4. Loo - d) chunk of ice 5. Hails - e) Vertical movement of air

Ans: 1-c 2-e 3-a 4-b 5-d www.kalvikural.com 173 Geography . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

6. Alto-cumulus - a) Relief rainfall 7. Orographic rainfall - b) Measuring unit of wind speed 8. Mawsynram - c) Permanent winds 9. Knot - d) Sheep clouds 10. Planetary winds - e) Wettest place in India Ans: 6-d 7-a 8-e 9-b 10-c III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BRIEFLY.

1. Define atmosphere. • The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called the Atmosphere. It is held close to the Earth by gravitational attraction.

• Atmosphere is a mixture of gases, water various and dust particles in different proportions. 3 • It is thick near the Earth surface and thins out until it eventually merges with space. 2. Name the different atmospheric layers. The five atmospheric layers are- • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere

• Thermosphere and GEOGRAPHY • Exosphere. 3. Mention the factors that affect the climate? The factors that affect the climate are – • Distance from the equator  Mountain barrier • Altitude  Cloud cover • Nearness to the sea  Ocean currents and • Nature of the prevailing winds  Natural vegetation 4. Write short note on Lapse rate. The temperature decreases at the rate of 650 C per km of height. This is called Normal lapse rate.

5. What are the processes responsible for heating the atmosphere? The processes that are responsible for atmospheric heat are radiation, conduction, convection and advection.

6. Mention the Planetary wind system of the earth. • The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are called the planetary winds. • They are also called as permanent winds or the prevailing winds. • These winds include Trade winds, Westerlies and Polar Easterlies. www.kalvikural.com 174 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 3

7. Write short note on: a) Trade winds. B) Roaring Forties a) Trade winds: • Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt on the Equatorial low pressure belt in both the hemispheres. • They blow with great regularity, fore and in a constant direction throughout the year. • These winds were very helpful to traders who depended on the winds while sailing in the seas. b) Roaring forties: • Westerlies are the permanent winds. • They blow from the tropical high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt in both

3 the hemispheres. • They blow from South West to North East in the northern hemisphere and North West to South East in the southern hemisphere. • The velocity of westerlies becomes so vigorous and fast to be called Roaring forties at 40°. 8. How are clouds formed? • A visible mass of condensed water vapour floating in the air above the ground level is called a cloud. • Large amount of water evaporates each day from the surface of the sea. This is the GEOGRAPHY principal source of atmospheric moisture. • Cool moisture laden air collect particles like dust, salt content from the sea smoke, etc., and forms cloud. • Sometimes, mixing of warmer and cooler air also produced clouds. 9. What are the different types of rainfall? Moisture laden air masses raise upwards, forms clouds and bring rainfall. Based on the mechanisms of raising the air, there are three types of rainfall. They are- • Conventional rainfall • Frontal or Cyclonic rainfall and • Orographic rainfall. 10. What is Precipitation? What are the different forms of precipitation? • Falling down of condensed water vapour in different forms is called Precipitation. • The main forms of precipitation in dude drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, hail etc. 11. Write short notes on: a) drizzle b) rain c) sleet d) snow e) heat

a) Drizzle: Falling of numerous uniform minute droplets of water with diameter of less than 0.5 is called a drizzle.mm. They combined with fog and reduce visibility. www.kalvikural.com 175 Geography . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

b) Rain: Rain is the most widespread and important form of precipitation in places having temperature above the freezing point. It occurs only when there is abundant moisture in the air.

c) Sleet: Sleet refers to a precipitation in the form of pellets made up of transparent and translucent ice. This precipitation is a mixture of snow and rain.

d) Snow: Snow is formed when condensation occurs below freezing point. It is the precipitation of opaque and semi opaque ice crystals. When these ice crystals collide and stick together, it becomes showflakes.

e) Heat: 3 • Heat refers to energy that is transferred from a warmer substance or object to a cooler one. Transfer of heat energy is possible only through conduction and radiation. • As a form of energy, heat has the unit joule (J) in the International System of Units (SI). 12. How are Cyclones classified? • The term cyclone is a Greek work meaning ‘Coil of a snake’. Cyclones are centres of low pressure where winds from the surrounding high pressure area converge towards the centre in the spiral form.

• Cyclones can be classified into tropical cyclones, temperate cyclones and extra tropical GEOGRAPHY cyclones. ADDITIONAL 13. What is insulation? The amount of heat received from the sun in the form of short waves is called Insulation or incoming Solar Radiation.

14. What are isotherms? • Temperature varies from place to place, season to season and continent to continent. • Isotherms are imaginary lines drawn on maps, connecting points and have equal temperatures. 15. What are the units used to measure the temperature? • The atmosphere acts as an insulator and maintains the temperature of the Earth. • Temperature is a measure of the warmth of an object expressed in terms of Celsius or Fahrenheit. • It is measured with thermometer. 16. How is the atmospheric Pressure measured? • The atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by air on a particular area of the Earth surface. • It is measured with a mercury barometer and the unit of measurement is millibar(mb). www.kalvikural.com 176 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 3

17. Polar Easterlies are cold and dry. Why it is so? • Polar Easterlies blow from the polar high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt. • These are weak winds blowing from North East direction in the Northern Hemisphere and South East direction in the Southern Hemisphere. • So, Polar Easterlies are cold and dry. 18. What are Conduction, Convection and Advection? • Conduction is the transfer of heat from hot body to a cold body through contact. • Convection is transfer of heat by movement or circulation of air in a mass. • Advection is the transfer of heat through the horizontal movement air. 19. What is called Horse Latitude? 3 • In the olden days, vessels with cargo of horses passing through sub-tropical high pressure belts found difficult in sailing under calm conditions. • With little water and food left for the humans, sailors used to throw the horses into the sea in order to make the vessels lighter and sail further. • Henceforth, these belts or latitudes are called as ‘Horse latitude’. 20. What is humidity? • The amount of water varpour present in the atmosphere is referred to humidity.

GEOGRAPHY • It affects both weather and climate. • Humidity of the atmosphere is high when it has large quantities of water vapour. • The amount of water varpour in the atmosphere is called absolute humidity. 21. Write about hail storm and its effect. • Thunderstrom which is associated with fall of hail stones is known as hailstorm. • It is one of the most feared weather phenomenons. • It has the potential to destroy plant, trees, crops, animals and human life. 22. Write about Magnetosphere. • Magnetosphere lies beyond the exosphere. • It is the Earth’s magnetic belt where proton and electrons coming out from sun are trapped by the Earth. • The magnetic field extends to around 64,000 km above the Earth IV. GIVE REASONS: 1. Cyclones cause huge loss of life and property. • They move in anti clock wise direction in the northern hemisphere, whereas clock wise direction in southern hemisphere. • Cyclones are formed over the sea (the high pressure area) and moves towards land (the low pressure area). • They hit the coastal areas strongly. It led to a huge of life and property. www.kalvikural.com 177 Geography . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Cloudy days are warmer than cloudless days. • Cloud is a mass of small water droplets or ice crystals formed by the condensation of water vapour. • Clouds are relatively close to the surface of the Earth and act like a blanket to trap the heat of the sun. • So, cloudy days are warmer than cloudless days. 3. Fog is dangerous for traffic. Fog is dangerous for traffic because • Bad visibility for drivers in the road. • Road will be slippery due to wet condition brought by fog.

• Difficult to see in front of you and dangerous to cross the road due to visibility problem 3 from drivers. 4. Convectional rainfall is also called 4’0 clock rain. • Continuous heating of the earth in the day causes hot convectional currents. • On reaching the upper layers of the atmosphere they cool, condense and from cumulonimbus clouds. • In the late afternoon, the clouds burst into a heavy downpour, often accompanied by thunder and lighting. • It usual occurs at about 4 pm, so convectional rain is called ‘four o’clock rain’ . GEOGRAPHY 5. Polar Easterlies are cold and dry. Why it is so? • Polar easterlies are cold and dry polar winds that blow from the polar high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt. • These winds are intensely freezing and dry, due to its location at such high latitudes. This contributes to the polar climate which is characterized basically by icy winds of high temperature • In the mid latitude region, the polar easterlies cold wind meets the warm wind from the Westerlies. This is known as a temperate climate. So, the polar easterlies are cold and dry. ADDITIONAL 6. The Equatorial low pressure belt is an area of calm. • Due to intense heating, the air gets warm and rises in the equatorial region causing equatorial low pressure belt. • This belt extends from the equator to about 10’N and S. • This belt is characterized by extremely low pressure with calm conditions. • Surface winds are generally absent and thus vertical currents are found. • This equatorial low pressure belt is an area of calm which is called Doldrum. www.kalvikural.com 178 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 3

7. The cyclonic winds in the Northern hemisphere move in anti clock wise direction where as they move clock wise direction in the Southern hemisphere. Due to the rotation of the Earth, direction of the cyclonic winds change in Northern and Southern hemisphere.

V. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING:

1. Weather and Climate:

S.No. Weather Climate It is the study of the average weather It is the study of atmospheric conditions i condition observed over a long period of for a short period over small areas. time for a larger area.

3 Weather changes very often – hour to Climate is more or less permanent and ii hour and day to day. remains the same. iii Study of weather is called Meteorology Study of climate is called Climatology

2. Land breeze and sea breeze:

S.No Land breeze Sea breeze The wind that blows from land to sea is The wind that blows from ocean to land i known as Land breeze. is called Sea breeze. GEOGRAPHY ii This breeze usually blows in night. Sea breeze blows in afternoon. Cauvery Delta in Tamil Nadu is an River Narmada and Tapti are examples Example. of Estuary

3. Windward side and Leeward side:

S.No Windward side Leeward side The other side of the mountain which is The wind striking side of the mountain is i sheltered from the wind is called Leeward called windward side. side. ii Windward side receives heavy rainfall. It receives very less rainfall. Mumbai and Karnataka coast are in the Pune and Bangalore are lies in the iii windward side of the Western Ghats. Leeward side of the Western Ghats.

4. Tropical cyclone and Temperate cyclones:

S.No Tropical cyclone Temperate cyclone Temperate cyclones are formed in mid Tropical cyclones develop in the Inter i latitudes region between 35° and 65°N Tropical convergence zone. and S. www.kalvikural.com 179 Geography . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

They are formed due to the differential This cyclone is formed when hot and cold ii heating of land and sea. air masses meet together. Tropical cyclones become weak after These cyclones do not become weak like iii reaching the landmasses. Tropical cyclones on reaching the land.

ADDITIONAL 5. Troposphere and Mesosphere.

S.No Troposphere Mesosphere i. It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere It is the third layer of the atmosphere.

The layer extends up to 8 km at the poles This layer extends between 50 km and 3 ii. and up to 18 km at the Equator. 80 km. Here, the temperature decreases with In this layer, the temperature increases iii. increasing height. with increasing height. The upper limit of the troposphere is The upper limit of the stratosphere is iv. called as tropopause. called as stratopause.

6. Insulation and temperature:

S.No Insulation Temperature GEOGRAPHY The amount of heat received from the Temperature is a measure of the warmth i sun is called Insulation. of an object. The atmosphere acts as an insulator and Temperature is a physical quantity ii maintains the temperature of the Earth. expressing hot and cold. Temperature is measured with a thermometer

VI. PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS.

1. Write a paragraph about the structure of the atmosphere. The structure of the atmosphere is- • Troposphere  Thermosphere and • Stratosphere  Exosphere • Mesosphere Troposphere: • The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere. The layer extends up to a 8 km to 18 km at the Equator. • In this layer, the temperature decreases with increasing height. This layer is also known as Weather making layer. www.kalvikural.com 180 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 3

Stratosphere: • Stratosphere lies above the troposphere. It extends to a height of about 50 km above earth. • The temperature increases with increase in height in this layer. This layer is also called as Ozonosphere. Mesosphere: • It is the third layer of the atmosphere. It extends 50 km and 80 km. • Radio waves transmitted from earth are reflected back to earth from this layer. • In this layer also the temperature increases with increasing height. • Most of the meteors nearing the earth get burned in this layer.

3 Thermosphere: • Thermosphere exists above the Mesosphere. It extends to about 600 km. • Here, the temperature increases with increasing height. • The upper portion of the Thermosphere is referred as ‘Hetrosphere’ and the lower portion is known as ‘Homosphere’. Exosphere: • The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is called exosphere.

GEOGRAPHY • This layer is extremely rarefied with gases and gradually merges with the outer space. 2. Explain the different types of Permanent winds. Winds are generally classified into four types.

Planetary winds: • The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are called the Planetary Winds. • They are also called as Permanent Winds of the Prevailing Winds. • These winds include Trade winds, Westerlies and Polar Easterlies. Trade Winds: • Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt to the Equatorial low pressure belt in both the hemispheres. • They blow with great regularity, force and in a constant direction throughout the year. • These winds are very helpful to the traders who sail in the sea. Westerlies: • Westerlies blow from the tropical high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt in both the hemispheres. • They blow from South-west to North-east in the northern hemisphere and North-west to South-east in the southern hemisphere. www.kalvikural.com 181 Geography . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• The velocity of westerlies become to vigorous and fast to be called Roaring Forties at 40°, Furious fifties at 50° and screaming sixties at 60° latitudes. Polar Easterlies: • Polar easterlies are cold and dry polar winds that blow from the polar high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt. • These are weak winds blowing from North-east direction in the Northern Hemisphere and South-east direction in the Southern Hemisphere. 3. How are clouds classified? Explain them.. According to their height, clouds are classified into three types such as- • High clouds (6 – 20 km height)

• Middle clouds (2.5 km – 6km height) 3 • Low clouds (Ground surface to 2.5 km height) High Clouds: High clouds are further classified into Cirrus clouds, Cirro-cumulus and Cirro-stratus. i) Cirrus : Detached clouds formed at the high sky (8000 meters to 12,000meters). These clouds are dry and do not give rainfall ii) Cirro-cumulus : White patched, sheet or layer like clouds composed of ice crystals.

iii) Cirro-stratus : Smooth milky transparent whitish clouds composed of tiny ice GEOGRAPHY crystals. Middle clouds: Middle clouds are three types. They are i) Alto-stratus ii) Alto-cumulus and iii) Nimbo stratus. i) Alto-stratus : Thin sheets of grey or blue coloured clouds in uniform appearance consisting of frozen water droplets. ii) Alto-cumulus : Clouds fitted closely together in parallel bands called as ‘Sheep clouds’ or ‘Wool pack clouds’. iii) Nimbus stratus : These are clouds of dark colour very close to the ground surface associated with rain, snow or sleet. Low clouds: Four types of Low clouds are i) Strato-cumulus ii) Stratus iii) Cumulus and iv) Cumulo- nimbus. i) Strato-cumulus : Grey of whitish layer of non-fibrous low clouds found in rounded patches at an height of 2,500 to 3000 metres associated with fair or clear weather. ii) Stratus : Dense, low lying fog like clouds associated with rain or snow. iii) Cumulus : Dome-shaped with a flat base resembling a cauliflower, associated with fair weather. iv) Cumulo-nimbus : Fluffy thick lowering thunderstorm cloud capable of producing heavy rain, snow, hailstorm or tornadoes. www.kalvikural.com 182 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 3

4. How are cyclones formed? How are they classified? • The term cyclone is a Greek work meaning ‘Coil of a snake’. Cyclones are centres of low pressure where winds from the surrounding high pressure area converge towards the centre in the spiral form. • Due to the rotation of the earth, the cyclonic winds in the northern hemisphere move in anti clock wise direction and clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. • Cyclones can be classified into- i. Tropical cyclones ii. Temperate cyclones and iii. Extra tropical cyclones.

i. Tropical cyclones: 3 • Tropical cyclones develop in the Inter tropical convergence zone. They are formed due to the differential heating of land and sea. • Tropical cyclones often cause heavy loss of life and property on the coasts and become weak after reaching the landmasses. • They are known as ‘cyclones’ in Indian ocean, ‘typhoons’ in the western pacific ocean, ‘hurricanes’ in the Atlantic and ‘willy willy’ in Australia. ii. Temperate cyclones:

GEOGRAPHY • Temperate cyclones are formed where hot and cold air masses meet in mid-latitudes between 35° and 65° N and S. • The temperature cyclones do not become weak like the tropical cyclones on reaching the land. • Temperate cyclone commonly occurs over the North Atlantic ocean, North west Europe and Mediterranean basin. • In India, it is called as ‘Western disturbances’ iii. Extra tropical cyclones: • Extra tropical cyclones occur in the latitudes between 30° and 60° in both the hemispheres. • They also called as mid-latitude cyclones. • They collect energy from temperature differences which are found in higher latitudes. • Extra tropical cyclones produce mild showers to heavy gales, thunderstorms, blizzards and tornadoes. 5. Explain the different forms of precipitation. Falling down of condensed water vapour in different forms is called Precipitation. The main forms of precipitation include- • Drizzle  Snow • Rain  Hail • Sleet www.kalvikural.com 183 Geography . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Drizzle • is a fall of numerous uniform minute droplets of water with diameter of less than 0.5mm. They combined with fog and reduce visibility. • Rain is the most widespread and important form of precipitation in places having temperature above the freezing point. It occurs only when there is abundant moisture in the air • Sleet refers to a precipitation in the form of pellets made up of transparent and translucent ice. This precipitation is a mixture of snow and rain. • Snow is formed when condensation occurs below freezing point • Hails are chunks of ice (greater than 2cm in diameter) failing from the sky during a rain storm or thunder storm.

• Hailstones are a form of solid precipitation where small pieces of ice fall downwards. 3 VII. ACTIVITY:

1. Preparing chart of clouds at various atmospheric layers. High clouds: These clouds are formed at the high sky (between 8000 meters and 12,000 meters). Three types of the high clouds are i) Cirrus ii) Cirro-cumulus and iii) Cirro-stratus GEOGRAPHY

Middle clouds: Middle clouds are three types. They are i) Alto-stratus ii) Alto-cumulus and iii) Nimbo stratus.

Low clouds: These clouds are classified into four. They are i) Strato-cumulus ii) Stratus iii) Cumulus and iv) Cumulo-nimbus www.kalvikural.com 184 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 3 3

2. Collecting Proverbs - Clouds and rain related Proverbs i) Cloud related proverbs: • Thunder in the morning, all day storming. • Thunder at night is the travellers delight GEOGRAPHY • Evening red and morning gray will set the traveller on his way. • Chimney smoke descends, our nice weather ends. • When clouds look like black smoke a wise man will put on his cloak. • The more cloud types present, the greater the chance of rain or snow. • When clouds appear like rocks and towers, Earth is refreshed by frequent showers. • Evening gray and morning red will bring down rain upon his head • Red sky in morning, sailor takes warning. ii) Rain related proverbs: • No dew on the grass at night is a sign of rain • A pale rising moon portends rain the next day. • Look for rain when the crow flies low • When cats wash behind their ears, it means rain • It is said that flies bite more when it is going to rain • A ring around the sun or moon means rain or snow coming soon. • When leaves show their undersides, be very sure that rain betides. • If ants move their eggs and climb, rain is coming anytime. • If salt is sticky and gains in weight, it will rain before too late. • Flowers are more fragrant before rain www.kalvikural.com 185 Geography . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Poem on ‘clouds’, ‘rain’: i) Poem on Clouds: 3

ii) Poem on Rain GEOGRAPHY

4. Report writing - Observe the clouds for a week. Write your report about the shape and colours of clouds. (Self Activity) 5. Working models - a) Rain Gauge b) Wind vane A) RAIN GAUGE:

Needed things: A plastic (soft drink) bottle, Some stones or pebbles, Tape, Marker (felt pen) and A ruler www.kalvikural.com 186 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 3

Instructions: • Cut the top off the bottle. • Place some stones in the bottom of the bottle. Turn the top upside down and tape it to the bottle. • Use a ruler and marker pen to make a scale on the bottle. • Pour water into the bottle until it reaches the bottom strip on the scale. Congratulations, you have finished your rain gauge. • Put your rain gauge outside where it can collect water when it starts raining. After a rain shower has finished, check to see how far up the scale the water has risen. Usage: Rain falls into the top of the gauge and collects at the bottom where it can be easily measured.

3 From this, we prepare a chart on rainfall of a region for week or a month. B) WIND VANE:

Needed things: Cardstock, Scissors, Metric, Pin, Modelling clay, Paper Plate and Marker. Instructions: • Cut out the shape of an arrow from a sheet of cardstock. The arrow must be 5cm in length. Then cut out the tail of the arrow. The tail must be 7cm in length. Use a metric ruler to get

GEOGRAPHY the measurements exact. • Cut a slit in both ends of your straw. Slide your arrow head in one end, and your arrow tail in the other. If you are afraid they won’t stay, you can add a little glue. • Hold a pencil so that its point is facing down. Place the straw over the eraser part of the pencil. Make sure the middle of the straw is over the eraser and then press a push pin down through the straw and into the eraser. Make sure there is a little gap in between the straw and the eraser so that the straw can spin easily. • Build a mound out of some modelling clay. Stick the point of the pencil down into the centre of the mound. Go far enough that the homemade wind vane won’t blow over. • Place your homemade wind vane on a paper plate. Label each side of the paper plate with a marker. You should have north, south, east, and west in their respective places. • Take the wind vane outside and note which direction the wind is blowing. 6. Preparing bar diagram. a. Collect the data of temperature of Kanyakumari, Delhi, Allahabad and Itanagar for a day. b. Collect the data of rainfall received by Jaisalmer (Rajasthan), Mawsynram (Meghalaya), Nagapattinam, Coimbatore for a day. (Self Activity) 7. Become a budding Meterologist: Record the local weather condition of your place for a week. (Self Activity)

 www.kalvikural.com 187 Geography . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

GEOGRAPHY 4 HYDROSPHERE

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The Sunda Trench lies in the …………… Ocean. a) Atlantic b) Pacific c) Indian d) Antarctic Ans: c)

2. The temperature of the ocean waters generally …………… at greater depth.

a) Increases b) Decreases 4 c) Remains constant d) None of the above Ans. d)

3. Ocean currents are produced due to …………… a) Due to rotation of Earth b) Due to variation in temperature c) Due to Earth’s movement d) All the above Ans. b)

4. Consider the following statements. 1. Most of the fishing grounds occur in areas where the continental shelf is wide (T)

2. Fishing is well developed in warm tropical waters. (T) GEOGRAPHY 3. Mixing of warm and cold currents facilitates plant nutrients for fish. (T) 4. Inland fishing became significant in India. (F) a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 1 and 3 are correct. c) 2,3 and 4 are correct. d) 1,2 and 3 are correct Ans. d)

5. The oceanic ridge comes into existence due to …………… a) Convergence of tectonic plates b) Divergence of tectonic plates c) Lateral movements of plates d) Stearing of plates Ans: b)

6. Which of the following indicates the correct sequence of the topography beneath the surface of the sea? a) Continental shelf-Continental slope-Sea plain-Sea trench. b) Continental slope-Continental shelf-Sea plain-Sea trench. c) Sea plain-Continental slope-Continental shelf-Sea trench. d) Continental slope-Sea plain-Continental shelf-Sea trench. Ans: a)

7. Which of the following is not correctly matched? a) Gulf Stream - Pacific Ocean b) Labrador current - North Atlantic Ocean c) Canary current - Mediterranean sea. d) Mozambique current - Indian Ocean Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 188 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 4

8. The amount of planktons to be found in the ocean is determined by 1. Depth of the water. (T) 2. Ocean currents. (T) 3. Temperature and Salinity. (T) 4. Length of day and night. a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct c) 1, 3 and 4 are correct d) All are correct. Ans: b)

II. Questions 9 to 13 are of Assertion (A), Reason (R) type. a) both A and R are correct and R explains A. b) both A and R are correct but R does not explain A.

4 c) A is correct but R is false. d) A is false but R is correct. 9. Assertion (A) : Oceans are always shown in blue in maps. Reason(R) : It indicates the natural colour of the oceans. Ans: c) 10. Assertion(A) : Flat topped seamounts are known as Guyots. Reason(R) : All guyot features are of volcanic origin. Ans: b) 11. Assertion(A) : Submarine canyons are deep gorges on the ocean floor.

GEOGRAPHY Reason(R) : They are mainly restricted to continental shelf, slope and rise. Ans: b) 12. Assertion (A) : Atolls are more common in the Atlantic Ocean. Reason (R) : The marine population at the depth is less. Ans: b)

ADDITIONAL 13. Our planet East consists of …………… spheres. a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Ans: c) 14. …………… water is considered to be purest form of water. a) Mineral b) Lake c) Sea d) Rain Ans: d) 15. The deepest known underwater sink hole in the world is …………… a) Amazon hole b) Dragon Hole c) Bermuda Hole d) Isobath Ans: b) 16. Maritime boundary of most the countries is fixed to be …………… nautical miles from the baseline. a) 12 b) 15 c) 20 d) 25 Ans: a) 17. …………… are the life blood of planet Earth and mankind. a) Forests b) Mountains c) Forms d) Oceans Ans: d) 18. The Gangetic …………… was declared the National Aquatic Animal in 2010. a) Alligator b) Eel Fish c) Fish d) Dolphine Ans: d) www.kalvikural.com 189 Geography . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

19. The salinity of sea water is expressed in term of parts …………… (pp or ‰). a) per hundreds b) per thousands c) per tens d) per hundred thousands Ans: b) 20. CNN labelled …………… as one of the seven natural wonders of the world. a) Pyramids b) Great Barrier Reef c) Great Wall of China d) Pacific Ocean Ans: b) 21. The local fishermen call the Dragon Hole as the …………… of the South China Sea. a) Eye b) Mouth c) Well d) Ground Ans: a) 22. The degrees of concentration of salts in the sea water is called …………… a) Sweety b) Smell c) Tasty d) Salinity Ans: d)

21. 1) Ocean waters vary in temperature from place to place. (T) 4 2) The temperature is even at the surface and its depths. (F) 3) The warming and cooling of water is higher than the land. (F) 4) The annual range of temperature in any part of the ocean is very lower. (T) a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct c) 1, 3 and 4 are correct d) 1 and 4 are correct Ans: d) 22. 1) Trenches occupy about 25% of the total relief of the ocean floor. (F) 2) The Trenches are deepest part of the oceans. (T) 3) Most of the trenches are V-shaped with steep sides. (T) GEOGRAPHY 4) The ocean temperature in the trench is hotter than the normal temperature. (F) a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 2 and 3 are correct c) 3 and 4 are correct d) 1 and 4 are correct Ans: b) 23. 1) The ocean is a continuous body of salt water. (T) 2) Oceans form the major part of Hydrosphere. (T) 3) 80 percent of the Earth is covered by water. (F) 4) Oceans are evenly distributed in the Northern and Southern hemisphere. (F) a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 2 and 3 are correct c) 3 and 4 are correct d) 1 and 4 are correct Ans: a) 24. 1) Earth consists of four spheres. (T) 2) Earth is also called as Red Planet. (F) 3) Hydrosphere consists of land in various forms found on the Earth. (F) 4) The most indispensable natural resources on Earth is water. (T) a) 1 and 2 are correct b) 2 and 3 are correct c) 3 and 4 are correct d) 1 and 4 are correct Ans: d) 25. 1) On the basis of temperature, ocean currents are classified in to three. (F) 2) The movement of ocean currents from the low attitude to high latitudes is called Cold Current. (F) 3) North Equatorial current in Pacific Ocean is an example of Warm Current. (T) 4) Ocean currents are in clockwise motion in the Southern hemisphere. (F) www.kalvikural.com 190 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 4

a) 1 is correct b) 2 is correct c) 3 is correct d) 4 is correct Ans: c) 26. Assertion (A) : Earth is called the Blue Planet. Reason (R) : The three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water bodies. When looked from the space, it appears blue due to those water bodies. Ans: a)

27. Assertion (A) : Rain water is considered to be the purest form of water. Reason (R) : It contains very less proportion of salts when compared to other waters. Ans: d)

28. Assertion (A) : Finland is known as the Land of Thousand Lakes. Reason (R) : There are 1,87,888 lakes in Finland. Ans: a)

4 29. Assertion (A) : Oceans and seas are considered as Resource Bowl of the Earth. Reason (R) : The immense availability of food, minerals etc., in the oceans and seas. Ans: a)

30. Assertion (A) : The degree of concentration of salts in the sea water is called salinity. Reason (R) : It is usually expressed in term of Kilogram per sq. Kilometre. Ans: c)

31. Assertion (A) : National Institute of Oceanography was established in Jan. 1966. Reason (R) : It conducts research and observations to understand oceanic features. Ans: b)

32. Assertion (A) : In the Continental slope, aquatic life has very slow rate of metabolism.

GEOGRAPHY Reason (R) : It is due to absence of oxygen. Ans: c) 33. Assertion(A) : Salinity is higher in closed ocean basins. Reason(R) : They are mainly restricted to continental shelf, slope and rise. Ans: c) III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Mariana trench - a) Decreases salinity in the oceans 2. Great Barrier Reef - b) Along the coast of Japan 3. Sargasso Sea - c) Deepest point in the Pacific 4. Spring tides - d) Australia 5. Heavy rains - e) Second order landform 6. Kuroshio current - f) North Atlantic Ocean 7. Continental slope - g) On full and new moon days Ans: 1-c 2-d 3-f 4-g 5-a 6-b 7-e ADDITIONAL 8. California Current - a) Indian Ocean 9. Alaska Current - b) North Atlantic Ocean 10. Mariana Trench - c) Warm Current 11. Java Trench - d) Cold Current 12. Bermuda Triangle - e) Pacific Ocean Ans: 8-d 9-c 10-e 11-a 12-b www.kalvikural.com 191 Geography . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN BRIEF.

1. What do you mean by the term Hydrosphere? • The hydrosphere is the watery part of the Earth. • Earth is called the Blue Planet because it holds water in abundance. • Hydrosphere consists of water in various forms found on the Earth. 2. What is hydrological cycle? • The Earth’s water is not static. It is always in motion. • This continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth’s surface is called the Hydrological cycle. 3. Mention the various relief features of ocean floor. 4 • Continental shelf  Deep sea plain or Abyssal plain • Continental slope  Oceanic deep • Continental rise  Oceanic ridge 4. What are the factors that generate the ocean currents? The factors that generate ocean currents are: • Earth’s rotation • Prevailing winds and GEOGRAPHY • Differences in temperature and salinity of ocean water. 5. Write a brief note on sea waves. • Sea waves are ripples on water causes when winds blow over the sea. • Of all the movements of the oceans, sea waves are considered the strongest. • The height of the waves depends on the speed of wind, its duration and the direction. • The waves that are caused by tremors on the ocean are called Tsunami. ADDITIONAL 6. What do you mean by the ocean salinity? • The degree of concentration of salts in the sea water is called salinity. • It is usually expressed in terms of parts per thousand (ppt or ‰). • Salinity varies both horizontally and vertically. • Thus salinity is maximum at the tropics and lower at the Equator and the poles. 7. What are the three processes involved in the water cycle? • The three major processes involved in the water cycle are Evaporation, condensation and precipitation. • Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes to a vapor caused by heat. • Condensation is the conversion of a vapour or gas to a liquid. • Precipitation is the action or process of precipitating a substance from a solution. www.kalvikural.com 192 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 4

8. Sylvia Earle is popularly known as “Hero for the Planet’. Why? • Sylvia Earle is a famous American oceanographer. • She was named as the ‘Hero for the Planet’. • Time, magazine honoured her with the title for her efforts towards marine life protections. 9. What is Hypsometric curve? • ‘Hypso’ means height in Greek. • Hypsometric Curve is a graphic representation which shows the height of a certain place found on land and the height of ocean features at sea. 10. What is ONGC? • ONGC is Oil and Natural Gas Corporation.

4 • It is India’s largest oil and gas exploration and production company. • Its largest exploration is 20 million tons of oil reserves in West of Mumbai High off shore. 11. Write a note on Abyssal plains. • The deep sea plains otherwise known as Abyssal plains are underwater plains. • These plains are found on the deep ocean floor. • These plains extend from continental rise to the mid oceanic ridges. • These plains are usually covered by the thick layer of sediments.

GEOGRAPHY 12. Define : i) Fathoms ii) Isobath and iii) Isohaline Fathoms : A nautical measurement of the depth of water in the ocean. Isobath : An imaginary line of a map joining the points of equal depths. Isohaline : An imaginary line on a map joining the points of equal salinity in oceans. 13. What do you known about the movement of ocean water? • The ocean water is dynamic. • Temperature, salinity, density, external forces of the sun, moon and the winds keep the ocean waters in movement. • The movement of oceans are broadly divided into Horizontal motion and Vertical motion. 14. What is the role of National Institute of Oceanography? • National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) was established in 1st January 2966. • The headquarters of NIO is located at Dona Paula, Goa. • It conducts research and observations to understand oceanic features, ocean engineering, marine archaeology, etc. V. GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING. 1. The Northern hemisphere and the Southern hemisphere are called land and Water hemispheres respectively. • Northern hemisphere holds 61% of land. So, it is called as Land hemisphere. • Southern hemisphere holds 81% of water. So, it is called as Water hemisphere. www.kalvikural.com 193 Geography . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Continental shelf provides good fishing ground. • A shallow and genteelly sloping platform enables sunlight to penetrate through the water. • This encourages abundant growth of grass, see weeds and plankton. • Hence, this zone provides good fishing ground in the world. ADDITIONAL 3. The ocean waters are saline in nature. • Ocean water contains lots of different mineral salts such as sodium, chloride, sulphate, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, etc. • These salts enter the ocean through rivers. • When the sea water evaporates, it doesn’t take the salt with it. 4 • So with less water and the same amount of salt, the sea water becomes pretty salty. 4. Salinity of Arabian Sea is greater than the Bay of Bengal. Salinity of Arabian Sea is much higher than in the Bay of Bengal because- • Evaporation over the Arabian Sea is much greater and • It receives relatively less river runoff. 5. Oceans and seas are considered as resource bowl of the Earth.

Oceans and seas are considered as resource bowl of the Earth because of the immense GEOGRAPHY availability of food, minerals, etc.,

6. Continental Shelf becomes accessible for oil drilling and mining. The Continental shelves have extensive deposits of minerals and mineral fuels. Hence, this zone becomes accessible for oil drilling and mining activities.

7. In the Continental Slope, aquatic life has very slow rate of metabolism. The Continental Slope has nearly freezing temperature due to the low penetration of sun light. Hence, aquatic life has very slow rate of metabolism.

8. Salinity is maximum at the tropics and lower at the Equator and the poles. • The influence of temperature on ocean salinity depends upon the heating up of the surface water. • The salt content is left out in the oceans after evaporation when the sun heats up the surface layer in the tropics. • Thus salinity is maximum at the tropics and lower at the Equator and the poles. www.kalvikural.com 194 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 4

VI. DISTINGUISH THE FOLLOWING.

1. Spring tide and Neap tide.

S.No. Spring tide Neap tide This tide occurs when the Earth, the When the Sun and the Moon are at right Sun, and the Moon are in a line. The angles, their gravitational forces work 1. gravitational forces of the Moon and the against each other causes Neap tide Sun both contribute to the tides. 2. Spring tide is also known High tide Neap tide is also called as Low tide. It always occurs on full moon and new It occurs twice in a month – the first and 3. moon days. last quarter moon appears. 4 2. Abyssal plains and Ocean deeps.

S.No. Abyssal plains Ocean deeps Abyssal plains are the deep sea plains These oceanographic features are the 1. Found on the deep ocean floor. deepest parts of the ocean floor. These plains are usually covered by the It is sediment free zones. 2. thick layer of sediments. The gradient of the slope is very gentle The trenches are V shaped with steep GEOGRAPHY 3. slides. ADDITIONAL 1. Land hemisphere and Water hemisphere.

S.No. Land hemisphere Water hemisphere Northern hemisphere is called as Land Southern hemisphere is known as Water 1. hemisphere hemisphere 2. This hemisphere holds 61% of land. This hemisphere holds 81% of water. North America, Europe, Russia and Asia Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Atlantic 3. are located in this hemisphere. Oceans are found in this hemisphere.

2. Continental shelf and Continental slope.

S.No. Continental shelf Continental slope It is a platform extending out from the It descends from the edge of the 1. adjoining continental land mass into sea. continental shelf to the deep ocean bed. It is almost uniform zone of sea bed with Deep canyons and trenches are present 2. a gentle gradient. here. 3. Sunlight penetrate through the water Here, penetration of sunlight is slow. www.kalvikural.com 195 Geography . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

3. Waves and Tides.

S.No. Waves Tides Sea waves are ripples on water caused The periodic rise and fall of sea water is 1. when winds blow over the sea. called as Tides. The height of these waves depends on It occurs due to the gravitational pull of 2. the speed, duration and direction of the the Sun and Moon on the Earth. wind. 3. Waves are in horizontal motion Tides have vertical motion

4. Tidal power and Hydel power.

S.No. Tidal power Hydel power 4 The power generated from the waves of Hydel power’ is the short form of 1. sea water is known as tidal power. hydroelectric power. We can get tidal power throughout the It depends on monsoon. We cannot 2. year. depend on this power. This power plants are installed at Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Guntur and 3. Vizhinjam in Kerala coast and Andaman & Sardar Sarovar Dam, Gujarat are the best Nicobar islands of India. examples. GEOGRAPHY VII. ANSWER IN A PARAGRAPH.

1. Write a paragraph on the origin of oceans. • The ocean is a continuous body of salt water that forms the major part of hydrosphere. • Geoscientists believe that the oceans were formed on Earth nearly three billion years ago. • It is difficult to believe that in the beginning there was no water on our planet. • In due course of time, when the Earth started cooling, steam escaped from the interior and entered the atmosphere to form clouds. • At first, the clouds brought incessant rains. The rain water filled the depressions for tens of thousands of years and eventually a super ocean was formed. 2. Write a note on continental shelf and continental slope. Continental shelf : • A shallow and gently sloping platform extending out from the adjoining continental land mass into the sea is called Continental Shelf. • It enables sunlight to penetrate through the water which in turn encourages abundant growth of grass, sea weeds and plankton. • Hence these zones become the richest fishing grounds in the world. Eg. The Grand Banks of New Foundland. www.kalvikural.com 196 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 4

Continental Slope : • A steep slope which descends from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep ocean-bed is called continental slope. • It forms a boundary between the Continental Crust and the Oceanic crust. • This zone is free from deposits as they are steep. • Due to the low penetration of sunlight, the slope has nearly freezing temperature. Hence aquatic life has very slow rate of metabolism 3. What do you mean by ocean currents? Explain its types. The movement of oceanic water on the surface and at the depths in a definite direction is called ocean current. Ocean currents are in clockwise motion in the northern hemisphere and in the anti-clockwise motion in the southern hemisphere. 4 Warm Current: The movement of ocean currents from the low latitudes (tropical zones) towards high latitudes (temperate and polar zones) is called warm current. Eg. Gulf Stream in Atlantic Ocean. Cold Current: The movement of ocean currents from high latitudes (temperate and polar regions) to low latitudes (tropical regions) is called cold currents. Eg. Labrador Current in Atlantic Ocean. 4. Explain the influences of the marine resources on mankind. GEOGRAPHY • The biotic and abiotic resources found in the oceanic water and at the bottoms are called marine resources. The ocean’s resources play a vital role in sustaining the needs of society. • Oceans are the life blood of planet earth and mankind. The humankind depends on the marine resources for its survival. They are also essential for the economic prosperity, social well-being and quality of life. • A diverse array of marine organisms is used for food, medicine, cosmetics, and a wealth of industrial applications. • The world’s demand for energy, minerals and water has become increasingly dependent on non-living marine resources. • Oceans have extensive deposits of oil reserves. Besides a major fishing ground, it helps in generating non-conventional energy, development of many ports and harbours for trade activities. Coastal tourism also attracts people around the world, thereby contributing to the economy of many countries. ADDITIONAL 5. Explain the types of tides with a diagram. The periodic rise and fall of sea water due to the gravitational pull of the Sun and moon on Earth are called tides. They are classified broadly into Spring tides and Neap tides. www.kalvikural.com 197 Geography . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Spring Tide: When the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned in the same line, the collective gravitation pull of the Sun and Moon on earth’s water strengthens to form a high tide known as spring tide.

Neap Tide : When the Sun and the Moon are at right angles, their gravitational forces work against each other, causing a low tide called Neap tide.

A Neap tide occurs between two spring 4 tides i.e., twice a month when the first and last quarter moon appears.

6. How can we conserve the Marine resources? • Oceans are the life blood of planet Earth and mankind. The humankind depends on the marine resources for its survival. They are also essential for the economic prosperity, social well-being and quality of life. • In the recent years, the marine environment is facing a number of threats. These include loss of biodiversity, loss of habitats, contamination of sea water and the impact of climatic GEOGRAPHY change. • It is our responsibility to take measures to conserve the marine resources for the use of future generation. A few of them are as follows- • Mind your Carbon Footprint and reduce energy consumption. • Make Safe, Sustainable seafood choices. • Use fewer plastic products. • Help take care of the beach. • Don’t purchase items that exploit marine life. • Be an ocean-friendly pet owner. • Support organizations working to protect the ocean. • Influence change in your community. • Educate yourself about oceans and marine life. 7. What are Marin resources? Write its classifications. • The biotic and abiotic resources found in the oceanic water and at the bottoms are called marine resources. • The ocean’s resources play a vital role in sustaining the needs of society. • A diverse array of marine organisms is used for food, medicine, cosmetics and a wealth of industrial applications. www.kalvikural.com 198 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 4

Its classifications: 4 HOTS.

1. 71% of the Earth is covered by water, but very little can be used by humans. Why? 71% of the Earth is covered by water. Out of that, over 97% of the water on the Earth’s surface is confined to oceans which are salty. Less than 3% of water is held on land as glaciers, ice caps, groundwater, rivers and lakes. So, a very little water can be used by humans.

2. What will happen if the seas and oceans contain only fresh water? This is not a probability still if happens, potability is to be checked. If fit to consume, drinking GEOGRAPHY water shortage would vanish. Agriculture would develop but sea water animals may slowly disappear from existence.

3. The oceans are salty. Why? • Ocean water contains lots of different mineral salts such as sodium, chloride, sulphate, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, etc. • These salts enter the ocean through rivers which pass over rocks and soil picking up salt along the way. • This salt builds up in the ocean because the only way water can leave the ocean is through evaporation. When the water evaporates, it doesn’t take the salt with it.

 www.kalvikural.com 199 Geography . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

GEOGRAPHY 5 BIOSPHERE

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The coldest biome on Earth is a) Tundra b) Taiga c) Desert d) Oceans Ans: a) 2. This is the smallest unit of biosphere.

a) Ecosystems b) Biome c) Environment d) None of the above Ans: a) 5 3. Nutrients are recycled in the atmosphere with the help of certain micro organisms, referred to as …………… a) Producers b) Decomposers c) Consumers d) None of the above Ans: a) 4. To which climatic conditions are Xerophytic plants specifically adapted to? a) Saline and sandy b) Limited moisture availability c) Cold temperature d) Humid Ans: b) GEOGRAPHY 5. Why is the usage of rainforest biomes for large scale agriculture unsustainable? a) Because it is too wet b) Because the temperature is too warm. c) Because the soil is too thin d) Because the soil is poor Ans: a) QUESTIONS 6 – 13 ARE ASSERTION TYPE QUESTIONS. Directions: a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true; (R) explains (A) b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true; (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is true; (R) is false d) Both (A) and (R) are false

6. Assertion (A) : Heterotrophs do not produce their own food. Reason (R) : They depend on autotrophs for their nourishment. Ans: a)

7. Assertion (A) : Hotspots are the regions characterised by numerous endemic plants and animal species living in a vulnerable environment. Reason (R) : To manage and focus on conservation work more effectively, researchers identified hotspots. Ans: a)

8. Assertion (A) : The number of gorillas in Africa has plummeted by 60% in the past twenty years. Reason (R) : Non intervention of human beings in the forest areas. Ans: c) www.kalvikural.com 200 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 5 ADDITIONAL 9. Assertion (A) : Producers are called as Autotrophs. Reason (R) : Producers are self nourishing components. Ans: a)

10. Assertion (A) : Deserts remain agriculturally unproductive. Reason (R) : The soil is sandy and saline. Ans: a)

11. Assertion (A) : Tundra biomes experiences long severe winter and short cool summer. Reason (R) : The population in this region is very thick. Ans: c)

12. Assertion (A) : Marine Biomes are the smallest aquatic biomes on Earth. Reason (R) : It comprises lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands, etc. Ans: d)

5 13. Assertion (A) : Biomes are broadly classified as terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Reason (R) : Biosphere has to be conserved as it is considered an asset to planet Earth. Ans: b)

14. The vertical range of the biosphere is approximately …………… from the ocean floor. a) 10 km b) 20 km c) 30 km d) 40 km Ans: b) 15. The area in which micro organism, animal or plant lives is called its …………… a) Ecosystem b) Biodiversity c) Biomes d) Habitat Ans: d)

16. …………… harbours all ecosystems on the Earth and sustains life forms including GEOGRAPHY mankind. a) Biosphere b) Biodiversity c) Biomes d) Eco system Ans: a)

17. Biotic components can be classified into …………… categories. a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Ans: b)

18. The branch of science that deals about ecosystem is called …………… a) Biology b) Entomology c) Ecology d) Physiology Ans: c)

19. The special vegetation type found in desert regions is called as …………… a) Xerophytes b) Saprophytes c) Savanna d) Pampas Ans: a)

20. The mouth of a river or stream along the coastline with less deposits of silt is known as …………… a) Delta b) Estuary c) Coast d) Sea bed Ans: b)

21. …………… is the study of freshwater ecosystem. a) Etimology b) Lumbering c) Ecology d) Limnology Ans: d)

21. Deer and rabbit come under the …………… consumers. a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) None of the above Ans: a)

22. Biomes are broadly classified as …………… and aquatic biome. a) Producers b) Consumbers c) Decomposers d) Territorial Ans: d) www.kalvikural.com 201 Geography . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. An area where animals, plants and micro organisms live and interact with one another is known as...... Ans: Eco system 2...... are also called Heterotrophs. Ans: Consumbers 3...... is a system of interlocking and independent food chains. Ans: Food web 4...... is an extensive large ecosystem. Ans: Biome 5. The vegetative type commonly found in desert biomes is called ...... Ans: Xerophytes 6...... is an aquatic biome that is found where fresh water and salt water mix. Ans. Estuary

ADDITIONAL 5 7. The fourth sphere of the Earth is ...... Ans. Biosphere 8. All living things, small or large, are grouped into ...... Ans. Species 9. A person who studies ecology is referred to as an ...... Ans. Ecologist 10. The ...... is the ultimate source of energy for the biosphere. Ans. Sun 11. The primitive people of Tropical Savanna are ...... Ans. Nomadic 12. The annual rainfall in desert region is less than ...... Ans. 25 cm GEOGRAPHY 13. Tundra regions are also called as ...... Ans. Barren lands. 14. The extinction of species due to human and natural influences is called ...... Ans: Loss of biodiversity 15. An oasis is a fertile fresh water source found in ...... and semi-arid regions. Ans: Desert

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN BRIEF.

1. What is Biosphere? • Biosphere, the fourth sphere of the Earth is a life supporting layer that exists on the Earth’s surface. • This layer on Earth encompasses the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere. • It includes flora and fauna that thrive on or near the Earth’s surface. 2. What is an ecosystem? • Ecosystem is a community where all living organisms live and interact with one another. • It also interacts with their non-living environment such as land, soil, air, water, etc.

3. What does the term ‘biodiversity’ mean? • Biodiversity or biological diversity refers to a wide variety of living organisms which live in a habitat. www.kalvikural.com 202 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 5

• It is highly influenced by topography, climate as well as human activities. • It maintains the ecological balance and facilitates social benefits such as tourism, education, research etc., over an area. 4. What is meant by loss of biodiversity? • The extinction of species (flora and fauna) due to human and natural influences is called Loss of biodiversity. • The biodiversity loss has a great impact on mankind and also affects land, water, air, etc. 5. Mention the various terrestrial biomes. Terrestrial biomes is a group of living organisms that live and interact with one another on land. They are mainly determined by temperature and rainfall.

5 Some of the major territorial biomes of the world are- • Tropical forest biomes  Temperature Grassland Biomes • Tropical Savanna Biomes  Tundra Biomes • Desert Biomes ADDITIONAL 6. What is ecosystem? What are its components? An ecosystem is a community, where all living organisms live and interact with one another and GEOGRAPHY also with their non-living environment. Its components are - • Abiotic components • Biotic components and • Energy components. 7. What does a healthy eco system provide? A healthy eco system provides – • Clean water  Food • Pure water  Raw materials • Enriched soil  Medicines etc. 8. What is considered a hotspot? Where do we find hotspots in India? • An ecological region that has lost more than 70% of its original habitat is considered a Hotspot. • Hotspots in India are the Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo Burma Region and Sundaland. 9. What is a great threat to the wide range of fauna in Savanna grassland? • In the recent years, the parts of Savanna Grasslands are being converted into farmlands. • It is a great threat to the wide range of fauna in Savanna grassland. • For example, the population of the big cats like cheetah, lion, etc., are dwindling drastically. www.kalvikural.com 203 Geography . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

10. What is an Oasis? • Oasis is a fertile fresh water source found in the deserts and semi-arid regions. • Oasis are fed by springs. • Crops like date palms, figs, citrus fruits, maize etc., are cultivated near these oases.

11. Mention the different names used to mention temperate grasslands in different parts of the world? The Temperate grasslands are called differently in different parts of the world They are- • Downs - Australia and New Zealand • Pampas - Argentina and Uruguay • Prairies - North America

• Steppes - Euraisa 5 • Veld - South Africa 12. What is Biosphere Reserve? • Biosphere Reserve is a special ecosystem or specialized environment with flora and fauna that require protection and nurturing. • There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in India. 13. What are the major causes for loss of biodiversity?

The major causes for the loss of biodiversity are Habitat destruction due to deforestation, GEOGRAPHY Population explosion, Pollution and Global warming.

IV. GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING:

1. Producers are also called autotrophs. • The organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide or other chemicals present in the environment is known as producers. • Producers are self nourishing components of the ecosystem. • Hence, they are called as autorophs.

2. Biosphere provides a stable ecosystem. • Ecosystems range in size from the smallest units that can sustain life to the global ecosystem or ecosphere. • Biosphere harbours all ecosystems on the Earth and sustains life forms including mankind. • Therefore, Biosphere provides a stable ecosystem. ADDITIONAL 3. Decomposers are called Saprotrophs. • The Decomposers are some organisms that are incapable of preparing its own food. • So, they live on dead and decaying plants and animals. • Hence, Decomposers are called Saprotrophs. www.kalvikural.com 204 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 5

4. In India, some regions are declared as Hotspots. • The ecological region which has lost more than 70% of original habitant is considered a Hotspot. • In India, some species plants and animals become extinct in the Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma region and Sundaland. • To protect the rare species, these regions are declared as Hotspots. 5. The people in Tropical forest Biomes get afflicted to diseases like malaria, yellow fever, etc. • The unique weather condition – high temperature, high annual rainfall and relatively constant favours thick vegetative cover. • Due to the humid nature of this biome, the people in Tropical forest Biomes get afflicted to 5 diseases like malaria, yellow fever, etc. 6. The chief occupation of the people in Tropical Savanna Biomes is herding. • This biome is generally hot and dry and experience moderate to low rainfall. • So, the grass which grow here are tall and sharp. • Hence, the chief occupation of the people found here is herding. V. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING.

GEOGRAPHY 1. Producers and Decomposers.

S.No Producers Decomposers These are self nourishing components of These organisms are incapable of 1. the ecosystem. preparing its own food. The Producers are also known as The Decomposers are known as 2. Autotrophs. Saprotrophs. Plants, Algae, Bacteria, etc are examples Fungus, Mushrooms, etc are examples of 3. of Producers Decomposers.

2. Terrestrial biomes and Aquatic biomes.

S.No Terrestrial biomes Aquatic biomes Terrestrial biomes is a group of living Aquatic biome is a group of living 1. organisms that live and interact with one organisms that live and interact with one another on land another in aquatic environment. They are mainly determined by Aquatic biomes are influenced by a series 2. temperature and rainfall of abiotic factors. Terrestrial biomes are broadly classified Aquatic biomes are classified into two 3. into five biomes biomes www.kalvikural.com 205 Geography . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

3. Tropical vegetation and Desert vegetation

S.No Tropical vegetation Desert vegetation Tropical vegetation found between 10° N Deserts usually between 20° and 30° N 1. and 20°S of the Equator. and S latitudes. The climate shows little seasonal variation Here, the annual rainfall is less than 25cm 2. with high annual rainfall and constant & and temperature is maximum thought high temperature. out the year. The chief trees found here are rubber, Drought resistant thorny scrubs, bushes, 3. bamboo, ebony, etc. palms, etc., are found here.

4. Savannas and Tundra 5 S.No Savannas Tundra Savannas (grassland) are generally found Tundra regions are found where the 1. between tropical forests and deserts. ground remains frozen. The chief occupation of the people is Hunting and fishing are the major 2. herding occupation of the people Lion, leopard, tiger, deer, zebra, giraffe, Polar bear, wolverine, reindeer, snowy 3. etc. are the animals found in this biome. owl, etc., are the animals found here. GEOGRAPHY ADDITIONAL 5. Producers and Consumers:

S.No Producers Consumers These are self nourishing components of These are dependent on producers. 1. the ecosystem. The Producers are also known as The Consumers are also known as 2. Autotrophs. Heterotrophs. Plants, Algae, Bacteria, etc are examples goat, lion, snakes, owl etc., are examples 3. of Producers of Consumers.

6. Primary Consumers and Secondary consumers:

S.No Primary consumers Decomposers They depend on producers for their food. These organisms are incapable of 1. preparing its own food. They are exclusively herbivores. They live on dead and decaying plants 2. and animals. Example – Zebra, goat, rabbit, etc., Fungus, Mushrooms, etc are examples of 3. Decomposers. www.kalvikural.com 206 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 5

7. Fresh water biomes and Marine Biomes:

S.No Fresh water Biomes Marine Biomes It comprises lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, They are continuous bodies of salt water 1. wetlands, etc. such as seas and oceans. Humans rely on freshwater Biomes for Coral reefs, sea plants, aquatic animals 2. drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation depend on Marine Biomes. and industry. Water lily, lotus, duck weed, etc, are the Plants such as phytoplankton, kelp, 3. common plants found here. algae, etc., are found in this Biomes.

8. Write the differences between Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystem. 5 S.No Aquatic Ecosystem Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem exists on water Terrestrial ecosystem exists on land 1 covering 71% of the Earth surface. covering 29% of the Earth surface Aquatic animals use 20% of energy to Terrestrial animals use only 1-2% of 2 obtain oxygen. energy to obtain oxygen. In this ecosystem, there is abundant of In this, there is amount of water, greater 3 water with limited oxygen supply. availability of gases.

GEOGRAPHY VI. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN A PARAGRAPH.

1. Explain the various components of ecosystem. Ecosystem is a community where all living organisms live and interact with one another and also with their non-living environment. The three basic components of eco system are : • Abiotic components • Biotic components and • Energy component Abiotic Components Abiotic components include the non-living, inorganic, physical and chemical factors in the environment. Eg. Land, Air ,Water, Calcium, Iron etc.

Biotic Components Biotic components include plants, animals and micro organisms. Biotic components can be classified into three categories. They are- • Autotrophs are self nourishing components of the ecosystem. Hence, they are called as Producers. They are found both on land and water. • Heterotrophs are those that depend on producers, directly or indirectly. Hence they are called as Consumbers • Decomposers are some organisms that are incapable of preparing their own food. They live on dead and decaying plants and animals. Hence they are called Saprotrophs. www.kalvikural.com 207 Geography . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Energy Components • All organisms in the biosphere use energy to work and convert one form of energy into another. • The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for the biosphere as a whole. • The solar energy gets transformed into other forms of energy through the various components in the ecosystem. • The producers, consumers and the decomposers contribute a lot to the energy flow in an ecosystem 2. Write a paragraph on the functions of an ecosystem. The functions of an ecosystem are as follows-

• The living organisms form an interacting set of flora and fauna which are organized into 5 trophic levels, food chains and food webs. • The functioning of an ecosystem depends on the pattern of the energy flow, as it helps in the distribution and circulation of the organic and inorganic matter within an ecosystem. • Energy flow generally takes place in a hierarchical order in an ecosystem through various levels. These levels are called trophic levels. • The chain of transformation of energy from one group of organisms to another, through various trophic levels is called a food chain.

• A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains is called a food web. GEOGRAPHY 3. Explain about the aquatic biomes on Earth. • Aquatic biome is a group of living organisms that live and interact with one another and its aquatic environment for nutrients and shelter. • Like terrestrial biomes, aquatic biomes are influenced by a series of abiotic factors. It is broadly classified as Fresh water biomes and Marine biomes. Fresh water Biomes: • Fresh water biome comprises lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands etc. • It is influenced by various abiotic components such as the volume of water, water flow, composition of oxygen, temperature, etc. • Humans rely on freshwater biomes for drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation and industry. Water lily, lotus, duck weeds etc. are the common plants found here. • Trout, salmon, turtles, crocodiles etc. are the animals found here. Marine Biomes: • Marine biomes are the largest aquatic biomes on earth. • It provides a wide range of habitats for marine plants and animals. • Coral reefs are a second kind of marine biomes within the ocean. • Estuaries, coastal areas where salt water and fresh water mix, form a third unique marine biome. www.kalvikural.com 208 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 5

• Apart from animals, plants such as kelp, algae, phytoplankton etc. also grow in water. • Aquatic biomes are not only important for plants and animals, but also for humans. • Humans use aquatic biomes for water, food and leisure activities. • Some of the threats and issues to aquatic biomes are overfishing, pollution and rise in sea level. ADDITIONAL 1. Write a paragraph on ‘Temperate Grassland Biomes’. • Temperate Grasslands are usually found in the interior of the continents. • They are characterized by large seasonal temperature variations, with warm summer and cold winter. 5 • The type of grassland in these regions strongly depends upon precipitation. • Higher precipitation leads to tall and soft grass and lower precipitation leads to short and soft grass. • These regions favour wheat cultivation. Extensive mechanised agriculture is practised due to lack of farm labour. • Pastoral industry becomes the main occupation, thereby facilitating slaughtering of animals, packing of raw and processed meat, dairy products etc. • The common birds and animals are grass hopper, wolf, bison, prairie dog etc. GEOGRAPHY • The Temperate grasslands are called differently in different parts of the world such as- i) Downs - Australia and New Zealand ii) Pampas - Argentina and Uruguay iii) Prairies - North America iv) Steppes - Euraisa v) Veld - South Africa

VII. FIND OUT THE DATES FOR THE FOLLOWING. 1. World Wild Life Day ...... March 3rd 2. International Day of Forest ...... March 21st 3. World Water Day ...... March 22nd 4. Earth Day ...... April 22nd 5. World Environment Day ...... June 5th 6. World Oceans Day ...... June 8th

VIII. MAP STUDY.

1. Locate the following on the world outline map. i) Priairies ii) Downs iii) Tundra Biomes iv) Equatorial Biomes www.kalvikural.com 209 Geography . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Tundra Priairies

Equatorial

Downs 5

IX. PICTURE STUDY.

1. Narrate the given food web of Arctic tundra in you own words. GEOGRAPHY

 www.kalvikural.com 210 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 6 GEOGRAPHY MAN AND 6 ENVIRONMENT

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. All external influences and factors that affect the growth and development of living organisms is …………… a) Environment b) Ecosystem c) Biotic factors d) Abiotic factors Ans: a)

6 2. The ‘World Population Day’ is observed on …………… every year. a) August 11th b) September 11th c) July 11th d) January 11th Ans: c) 3. The statistical study of human population is …………… a) Demography b) Morphology c) Etymology d) Seismography Ans: a) 4. The extraction of valuable minerals and other geological minerals from the mines, is …………… a) Fishing b) Lumbering c) Mining d) Agriculture Ans: c) 5. The Secondary sector of the economy produces …………… from raw materials. GEOGRAPHY a) Semi finished goods b) Finished goods c) Economic goods d) raw materials Ans: b) 6. Gradual increase of the earth’s temperature by the Green house gases in the atmosphere is called ……………. a) Acid rain b) thermal pollution c) Global warming d) Deforestation Ans: c) ADDITIONAL 7. The place, things and nature that surround any living organism is called …………… a) World b) Earth c) Environment d) Surrounding Ans: c) 8. …………… is the cutting down of trees permanently by the people to celar forests. a) Afforestation b) Defoestation c) Social forestry d) Land slide Ans: b) 9. …………… activities transform raw materials into finished goods. a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Quinary Ans: b) 10. …………… is widely believed to be oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world. a) Rome b) Harappa c) Damascus d) Egypt Ans: c) 11. Cities with more than 50 lakh population are called …………… a) Corporation b) Megacities c) Town d) Metropolitan cities Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 211 Geography . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Loudspeaker - a) Push factor 2. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - b) Pull factor 3. Cruciform settlement - c) Noise pollution 4. Natural disaster - d) T- shaped settlement 5. Better living conditions - e) Earth Summit, 1992 Ans: 1-c 2-e 3-d 4-a 5-b

ADDITIONAL 6. Area of high density - a) Northern Russia 7. Area of moderate density - b) South Asia 8. Area of low density - c) Europe

9. Demography - d) Congo in Africa 6 10. Black death - e) Study of human population Ans: 6-b 7-d 8-a 9-e 10-c

III. CONSIDER THE GIVEN STATEMENTS AND CHOOSE THE RIGHT OPTION GIVEN BELOW. 1. Assertion (A) : Ozone layer in the stratosphere is considered as a protective shield. Reason (R) : It prevents the UV radiation from reaching the earth’s surface. a) A and R are correct and A explains R b) A and R are correct, but A does not explain R GEOGRAPHY c) A is incorrect but R is correct d) Both A and R are incorrect Ans: a) 2. Assertion (A) : In tertiary activities, instead of producing goods by themselves, they are in the process of production. Reason (R) : People in Tertiary activities are purely eco friendly. a) Both A and R are incorrect b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R c) A is correct and R is incorrect d) A and R are correct and A explains R Ans: c)

ADDITIONAL 3. Assertion (A) : Conservation and awareness are two important terms that can bring sustainability to our living. Reason (R) : The excessive usage of natural and manmade resources deplete its availability for future generation. a) Both A and R are incorrect b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R c) A is correct and R is incorrect d) A and R are correct and A explains R Ans: c) 4. Assertion (A) : Services like consultation, education and banking are the examples of Quaternary activities. Reason (R) : The activities related to research and development as well as knowledge are called Quaternary activities. www.kalvikural.com 212 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 6

a) Both A and R are incorrect b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R c) A is correct and R is incorrect d) A and R are correct and A explains R Ans: d)

5. Assertion (A) : Urban centres are thickly populated areas. Reason (R) : Better employment opportunities, suitable conditions for business, education, etc are the factors for the development of urban centes. a) Both A and R are incorrect b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R c) A is correct and R is incorrect d) A and R are correct and A explains R Ans: d) 6 IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN BRIEF.

1. What do you mean by the term ‘density of population’? • Density of population refers to the number of people living per square kilometre. • Large area with less number of people is known as sparsely populated area. • Similarly, smaller the area with a large number of people, it is said to be densely populated. Total population Population Density = GEOGRAPHY Total land area

2. What is ‘black death’? • The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 - 60 percent of Europe’s total population during the 14th century. • The dominant explanation for black death is attributed to the outbreak of plague.

3. Where do we have high and low densities of population? • We have high density (above 50 people per sq.km) in East Asia, South Asia, North West Europe & Eastern North America. • Areas of low density (less than 10 people per sq.km) are Central Africa, Western Australia, Northern Russia and Canada.

4. Write any two ways of how the locals and the government restored Palk Bay. • Mangrove trees offer coastal protection by checking erosion. • Saplings of native species of plants and trees are planted and taken care by the government. • The local communities are actively involved in the conservation and restoration of the mangroves. • Education and awareness programmes about mangrove ecosystem are being undertaken. www.kalvikural.com 213 Geography . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

5. Define. i) Population growth ii) Infant Mortality Rate iii) Census iv) Sustainable Development i) Population growth: • Population is a dynamic phenomenon where the number, distribution and composition are constantly changing. • Population growth refers to an increase in the number of people who reside in a particular area during a particular period. ii) Infant Mortality Rate: • The number of deaths under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a year is known as Infant mortality rate.

• Example - In 2016, the infant mortality rate was 17 per 1000 live births. 6 iii) Census: • Census is an official enumeration of population carried out periodically. • It records information about the characteristics of population such as age, sex, literacy and occupation. • Denmark was the first country in modern world to conduct a census. • In India, the first census was carried out in the year 1872. iv) Sustainable Development: GEOGRAPHY • Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. ADDITIONAL 6. What is Green House effect? • Global warming is caused by the increase of green house gases such as carbondioxide, methane, water vapour, Carbon monoxide. • These gases are responsible for the heat retention ability of the atmosphere. • Global warming is the main result of Green House effect. • Global warming led to climatic change, ozone layer depletion, rise in sea level and drowning of coastal inhabited land etc. 7. Define : Over population and Under population. • Over population is a condition when a country has more people than its resources to sustain. • Under population is a condition where there are too few people to develop the economic potential of a nation fully. 8. What is man-made environment? • Man-made environment has been created by man himself for the purpose of fulfilling his needs and to make his life more convenient and easy. • For example, building, transport, industries, monuments etc, are man-made environment. www.kalvikural.com 214 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 6

V. GIVE REASONS FOR THE FOLLOWING.

1. Reforestation is encouraged throughout the world. • Cutting of trees results in many effects like floods and droughts, loss of soil fertility, air pollution, global warming, spread of deserts, etc., • To avoid the entire above, reforestation is encouraged throughout the world. It involves the replanting or regeneration of areas of forest. 2. Acid rain destroys the ecosystem. • Acid rain contains the sulfur and nitrogen acids. They can cause damage to natural environments including forests and freshwater lakes. • Acid rain has many ecological effects. Its impact is heavy

6 • on lakes, streams, wetlands, and other aquatic environments. 3. The economy of the quaternary sector is called knowledge economy. • The activities related to Research and Development, as well as knowledge are called Quaternary activities. • For example, Services like consultation, education and banking. • So, the economy of the quaternary sector is also called as Knowledge economy. 4. Population growth has to be brought under control.

GEOGRAPHY • Population growth leads to unemployment problem, illiteracy, poverty and exploitation of natural resources. • It affects the standard of living and the government cannot provide the basic needs to its own people. • So, population growth has to be brought under control. 5. Sustainable development growth has been set to protect the planet. • Humans on earth are facing many problems, such as pollution, climatic changes, poverty, war and uneven distribution of resources. • These problems directly affect the survival of mankind. Therefore to sustain mankind and the planet, we have to educate people about the sustainable development. VI. DISTINGUISH THE FOLLOWING.

1. Birth rate and Death Rate.

S.No Birth rate Death rate It indicates the number of live births per It indicates the number of deaths under 1. 1000 people in a year. one year of age for every 1000 live births in a year. It is one of the reasons for the population It is one of the reason for the decrease of 2. growth. the population www.kalvikural.com 215 Geography . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Rural settlement and urban settlement S.No Rural settlement Urban settlement The settlement where the people Urban settlement is the term related engaged in primary activities is known as to cities and towns where people are 1. Rural settlement. primarily engaged in non-agricultural activities. The unique feature of rural settlements The common feature of an urban unit is 2. is the vast, open spaces with green, that they are compact, congested and pollution free environment. liable to a large number of populations.

3. Primary activities and Secondary activities.

S.No Primary activities Secondary activities 6 Primary activities pertain to the extraction Secondary activities transform raw 1. of raw materials from the Earth’s surface. materials into finished goods. For example, food gathering, hunting, For example, iron and steel industries, 2. fishing, agriculture are primary activities. automobile manufacturing, etc.,

ADDITIONAL 4. Emigration and Immigration. GEOGRAPHY S.No Emigration Immigration It means moving out or to leave a place. It means to enter or come into a new 1. country for the purpose of settling there. Events like civil war, internal disturbances Higher education and job opportunity 2. make the people to another place or area. attracts the people to that area or country.

5. Metropolitan and Mega cities.

S.No Metropolitan cities Mega cities Cities accommodating population Cities with more than 50 lakhs of 1. between 100 lakhs and 50 lakhs are population are called Megacities. metropolitan cities. 2. Example for Metropolitan city is Madurai Chennai is an example for Mega cities.

6. Push factors and pull factors. S.No Push factors Pull factors Push factors are those factors which force Pull factors are those factors that attract 1. people to move to new areas to live. migrants to a new location. War, natural disaster, pollution, etc., are Fertile land, security, education, etc., are 2. the push factors. a few pull factors. www.kalvikural.com 216 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 6

VII. ANSWER IN A PARAGRAPH.

1. Explain the factors affecting the distribution of population. Population distribution refers to the way in which people are spread out across the earth’s surface. The world population is not uniformly distributed due to the following factors -

Physical Factors: Physical factors include temperature, rainfall, soil, relief, water and natural vegetation, distribution of minerals and availability of energy resources.

Historical Factors: Regions with historical importance like river valleys, centres of war and constant invasion areas fall under historical factors responsible for population distribution

6 Economic Factors: Educational institutions, employment opportunities, manufacturing industries, luxurious amenities, trade and commerce and other facilities encourage dense population in an area.

2. Describe the patterns of rural settlement with neat diagrams. People are engaged in primary activities like agriculture, forestry, mining and fishery is known as a rural settlement. Most of the world’s settlements are rural, that are mostly stable and permanent.

Patterns of rural settlements: GEOGRAPHY

i) Rectangular pattern:

Rectangular pattern of settlements are found in plain areas or valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles.

ii) Linear pattern

In a linear pattern, the houses are located along a road, railway line and along the edge of the river valley or along a levee.

iii) Circular or semicircular pattern The pattern of settlement that is found around the lakes, ponds and sea coasts are called circular or semi circular pattern. www.kalvikural.com 217 Geography . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

iv) Star like pattern Where several metalled or unmetalled roads converge, star shaped settlements develop. In the star shaped settlements, houses are spread out along the sides of roads in all directions.

v) Triangular pattern Triangular patterns of rural settlement generally develop at the confluence of rivers. 6

vi) T-Shaped, Y-Shaped, Cross-Shaped or Cruciform settlements: T-shaped settlements develop at tri-junctions of the roads (T), while Y-shaped settlements emerge as the places where two roads converge with the third one. Cruciform settlements develop on the cross-roads which

extend in all four directions,which extend in GEOGRAPHY all four directions. vii) Linear pattern The arrangement of roads is almost circular which ends at the central location or nucleus of the settlement around the house of the main landlord of the village or around a mosque, temple or church.

ADDITIONAL 1. Migration towards cities are the main cause for the birth of slums. Justify. • Migration is defined as the permanent or semi-permanent change of home of an individual or a group of people over a significant distance from their place of origin. • The causes of migration to cities may be physical (climate, drought, flood, earthquake, volcanic eruption, epidemics etc.), social inequalities, economic opportunities, technology, education, cultural clashes, war or political issues. Birth of Slum areas: • Poverty: Urban poverty encourages the formation and demand for slums. With rapid shift from rural to urban areas, poverty migrates to urban areas. • Urbanization: The formation of slums is closely linked to the Urbanization. www.kalvikural.com 218 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 6

• Politics: Many local and government have for political interests, subverted, efforts to remove, reduce or upgrade slums into better housing option for the poor. • Poor Housing Planning: Lack of affordable low housing and poor planning encourages the supply sides of slums. • Poor Infrastructure & Social Exclusion: It’s forces people to adapt the conditions beyond his/her control. Poor families that can’t afford transportation or those who simply lack any form of affordable public transportation settle nearby their working area. VIII. MAP SKILL.

A. On the outline map of the world mark the following. 1. An area of high density of population in Europe.

6 2. An area of low density of population in Australia. 3. Palk Bay. 4. A fracking banned country. 5. England - A country affected by ‘black death’. 6. Denmark - First country where the modern census was conducted. 7. River Hwang Ho. GEOGRAPHY

England R. Hawng Ho Denmark Monaco Newyork

Palk Bay

Sydney www.kalvikural.com 219 Geography . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

B. On the outline map of Tamil Nadu mark the following. 1. A metropolitan city 2. A district with 7857 people per sq. km. 3. Gulf of Mannar 4. Palk Strait

Chennai 6

Palk Strait GEOGRAPHY Gulf of Mannar

Activity 1. The population date of the five most densely populated districts of Tamil Nadu is given below. (Find out the population density and their rank). B.P.No.223

Population Population District Area (Sq. Km.) Rank (2011 census) Density 1. Chennai 178.2 46,46,732 2. Kanchipuram 7857 39,98,252 3. Vellore 6077 39,36,331 4. Thiruvallur 3424 37,28,104 5. Salem 5205 34,82,056 IX. HOTS.

1. Study your area and write down about its settlement pattern. (Self Activity)

 www.kalvikural.com 220 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 7

GEOGRAPHY 7 MAPPING SKILLS

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The new phase in topographical surveying in the 20th century is …………… a) Toposheets b) Aerial photography c) Maps d) Satellite imagery Ans: b)

7 2. …………… indicates the purpose of theme of the map. a) Title b) Scale c) Direction d) Legend Ans. (a) 3. Standard symbols that are used in map to convey a definite meaning are called …………… a) Conventional signs and symbols b) Coordinates c) Grid reference d) Directions Ans: a) 4. Which one of the following maps show us a very large area with less details? GEOGRAPHY a) Large Scale b) Thematic c) Physical d) Small scale Ans: a) 5. GPS consists of a constellation of …………… satellities. a) 7 b) 24 c) 32 d) 64 Ans: b)

ADDITIONAL 6. A map is a basic tool of a …………… a) Mathematician b) Scientist c) Geographer d) Soldier Ans: c)

7. The art of map making is called …………… a) Cartography b) Radiography c) Oceanography d) Demography Ans: a)

8. Maps are drawn normally with …………… orientation. a) East b) West c) South d) North Ans: d)

9. The …………… of a map helps to understand the map details. a) Symbols b) Grid system c) Legend d) Direction Ans: c)

10. The ‘azimuthal’ polar projection is depicted on the flag of …………… a) United Kingdom b) United Nations c) U.S.A d) SAARC Ans: b)

11. On the map, …………… colour is used to show international boundaries. a) Red b) Pink c) Black d) Brown Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 221 Geography . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. The art and science of mapping - a) USA 2. Thematic mapping - b) Geoid 3. Actural shape of the Earth - c) Inmarsat 4. A satellite - d) Political map 5. NAVSTAR - e) Cartography Ans: 1-e 2-d 3-b 4-c 5-a ADDITIONAL 6. Bhuvan - a) India 7. GLONASS - b) Sanskrit for Earth 8. Felix Nadar - c) Russia 9. NAVIC - d) Europe 7 10. GALILEO - e) French ballonist Ans: 6-b 7-c 8-e 9-a 10-d

III. CONSIDER THE GIVEN STATEMENTS ARE CLOSE THE RIGHT OPTION GIVEN BELOW:

1. Assertion (A) : The points at which the vertical and horizontal lines of the grid intersect are called coordinates. Reason (R) : The lines that run horizontally and vertically are called Northings and Easting respectively. a) Both A and R are true; (R) explains (A) GEOGRAPHY b) Both (A) and (R) are true; but (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct; (R) is false d) (A) is false; (R) are true. Ans: a) 2. Assertion (A) : The legend of a map does not help us to underastand the information in a map. Reason (R) : It is usually placed at the left or right corner at the bottom of the map. a) (A) is false; (R) are true. b) Both (A) and (R) are true; but (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct; (R) is false d) Both A and R are true; (R) explains (A) Ans: a) ADDITIONAL 3. Assertion (A) : In Egypt, surveyors were called ‘rope stretchers’. Reason (R) : Because, they used ropes to measure distances. a) (A) is false; (R) are true. b) Both (A) and (R) are true; but (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct; (R) is false d) Both A and R are true; (R) explains (A) Ans: d) 4. Assertion (A) : Lost vehicles cannot be tracked generally by satellite or aerial photographs. Reason (R) : They can be tracked by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). www.kalvikural.com 222 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 7

a) (A) is false; (R) are true. b) Both (A) and (R) are true; but (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct; (R) is false d) Both A and R are true; (R) explains (A) Ans: b) IV. ANSWER IN BRIEF.

1. Name the different methods to represent the Earth. Maps and Globes are the different methods to represent the Earth.

2. What is a map? • A map is defined as the miniature image of the 3 dimensional earth’s surcace on a paper/ cloth or any flat surface. 7 • Maps can show a whole or part of the world. 3. What are the components of a map? The components of the map are- 1. Title 4. Grid system 7. Conventional signs 2. Scale 5. Projection 8. Symbols 3. Direction 6. Legend

4. The distance between two cities A and B is 5 km. It is represented by a line of 5 cm

GEOGRAPHY on the map. Calculate the distance and give the answer in RF. Distance on the map 5cm To find Representative Fraction (RF) = = Distance on the ground 5km 1 cm = 1 km RF = 5 cm / 5 km so, 5 : 500000 (or) 1 : 100000 Therefore, RF is 1 : 1,00,000 cm

5. Mention a few surveying instruments. A few surveying instruments are- 1. Chain 4. Dumpy level 7. Theodolite 2. Prismatic compass 5. Abney level 8. Total station 3. Plane table 6. Clinometre 9. GNSS

6. Define : Remote sensing. • Remote sensing refers to the observation and measurement of earthy objects without touching them. • ‘Remote’ means far way and ‘Sensing’ means observing or collecting information. • Remote sensing means acquiring information of things/places from a distance using a various of tools and methods. www.kalvikural.com 223 Geography . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

7. What are the components of remote sensing? The components of remote sensing are- • Energy source • Transmission path • Target • Sensor. ADDITIONAL 8. Who is a cartographer? • A cartographer is one who measures, analyzes and interprets geographical information to create maps and charts. 7 • Cartographers draw maps or political, cultural and educational purposes. 9. What is the extent of India? The main land of India extends from 8° 4’ N to 37°6’ N latitude and from 68°7’ E to 97°25’ E Longitude. Here (°) is degree and (‘) is minutes.

10. What are the three methods of projection? Protections are drawn to maintain the shape, area and directions. The three methods are – • Projection on the surface of a cylinder

• Projection on to the surface on a cone GEOGRAPHY • Projection directly onto a flat plane 11. What are the three types of map symbols? • Point symbols - Buildings, dipping tanks, trigonometrical beacons • Line symbols - Railways, roads, power lines, telephone lines. • Area symbols - Cultivated lands, ponds, orchards and vieyards. V. GIVE REASONS:

1. Satellite imageries stimulate map making. • Satellite images which are accurate photographs of the Earth’s surface allow cartographers to precisely determine the location of roads, cities, rivers, and other features on the Earth. • These images help cartographers create maps that are more accurate than ever before. • Satellite images are great tools that allow cartographers to stay up-to-date. 2. Map is the basic tool of a geographer. • Map is a two-dimensional drawing of the earth’s surface. It can be very simple or very detailed. • It shows natural landmarks like mountains and lakes and also show man-made boundaries like state lines or roads and trails. • For centuries, maps have been the primary way to record geographic information and the primary way to get around. www.kalvikural.com 224 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 7

3. Grid references are essential to find the exact location of places on a map. • The local of a place can be simply defined by its latitude and longitude. • In normal practice, latitude is started first and then comes the longitude. • The latitude and longitude of a place can be expressed in units of degree, minutes and seconds. ADDITIONAL 4. Web cartography is one of the modern making techniques. • The term Web cartography is associated with the design, production, display and use of maps over the Web. • The computer revolution transformed cartography replacing the traditional map with a

7 digital spatial database. • The arrival of the World Wide Web in the early to mid 1990’s has changed the way in which maps are created, published and used. VI. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING.

1. Globe and Map.

S.No Globe Map Globe is the three diamentional of the Map is a two dimensional presentation of GEOGRAPHY 1. Earth. Earth. 2. Globe is not portable and use Map is easy to use and portable. Rotation and revolution of the Earth can Map can not be used for these purposes. 3. be taught with the help of globe. Conventional symbols cannot be shown Convention symbols are useful in the 4. on the globle. maps

2. Large scale map and Small scale map:

S.No Large scale maps Small scale maps Large scale maps show a small area in Small scale maps show a larger area in 1. greater detail less detail. 2. They are guide maps or topographic maps They are wall maps or atlas maps. Details of cities, towns and villages are They show important features like 3. shown in these map mountains, plateaus, continents and countries. 4. The scale may be 1cm = 50 m or 1 km The scale may be 1cm = 100 km. www.kalvikural.com 225 Geography . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

3. Aerial photographs and Satellite imageries:

S.No Aerial photographs Satellite imageries It covers a small area normally a few It covers a very large area which ranges 1. square kilometers. from 3,500 to 30,000 Square Kilometers. These photographs are taken from an Satellite imageries are taken from an 2. altitude of a few hundred metres. altitude of a few hundred Kilometers. Surveys are highly expensive. Much less expensive compared to aerial 3. survey. Surveys are adversely affected by bad It is not affected by bad weather. 4. weather. 7 4. GIS and GPS

S.No GIS GPS GIS stands for Global Positioning System. GPS stands for Geographical Information 1. System. GIS is a software program that helps GPS uses satellites that orbit Earth to 2. people use the information that is send information to GPS receivers that collected from the GPS satellites are on the ground GEOGRAPHY

VII. ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH.

1. What do you mean by the term ‘scale of the map’? Explain its classifications. A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground. Scale makes it possible to reduce the size of the whole Earth to show it on a piece of paper. Scales can be represented in three methods. They are-

Statement scale: • The statement scale describes the relationship of map distance to ground distance in words. • For example, one centimeter is to ten kilometers. It is expressed as 1 cm = 10 km. Representative Fraction: • It describes the proportion or ratio of the map distance to ground distance. • It is usually abbreviated as R.F. • It is stated as 1/100000 or 1:100000. This means that one unit on the map represents 100,000 of the same unit on the ground. Liner (or) Graphical scale: • Liner Scale is represented by a straight line divided into equal parts to show what these markings represent on the actual ground. • This scale helps in the direction measurement of distance on the map. www.kalvikural.com 226 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 7

2. Write a note on directions with relevant diagram. • Maps are drawn normally with north orientation. • North direction in a map is always towards the North Pole of the Earth. • The top of the map always show the North and the bottom is the South. • The Four directions such as East, West, North and South are called the Cardinal directions. • Direction is usually indicated on a map by a North-South line with the North direction represented by an arrow head 3. Explain the major uses of GPS? Explain about any one. Major uses of GPS: • Helps in providing accurate transport data 7 • Helps in minary searches and rescue in wars • Acts as a reliable tourist guide • Helps rescue efforts at the time accidents • Speeding the delivery of emergency services • Useful to find the lost vehicles Disaster relief: Weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring and environment protection can be done effectively

GEOGRAPHY by using GPS. During the time of disaster, relief measures can be taken at the right time and right direction with the help of GPS.

4. Bhavan has tremendous uses for scientists, policy makers and the general public Justify. • Bhuvan (Sanskrit for Earth) is a free internet based computer application launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation. • It was launched in 2009 which enables visualization of Indian Remote Sensing images taken over a year ago. • The Remote sensing images are taken by ISRO’s seven satellites including CartoSat-1 and CartoSat – 2. • Using Bhuvan, one can explore the places of interest, scenes of events in the news and parts around the world by entering the names or places or co-ordinates. • Bhuvan has tremendous used for scientists, academicians, policy makers and the general public. ADDITIONAL 5. Write the colour codes that are used with the map symbols. The following colour codes are used with the map symbols-

Brown: To mark the land or earth features such as contour lines, prominent rock, sand areas, dunes, secondary of gravel roads brown colour will be used. www.kalvikural.com 227 Geography . Unit 7 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Light blue: This is colour is used to mark water features such as canals, coastlines, dams, lakes, ponds rivers and water towers.

Dark blue: National waterways are marked with dark blue colour.

Green: This colour is used to mark the vegetative features such as golf course, nature boundaries, orchards, recreation grounds woodland etc.

Black: Construction features like roads, trcts, railways, buildings, bridges, cemeteries, wind pumps communication towers, excavation sites, mines & boundaries are marked with black colour. 7 Red: It is used to mark construction features such as national, arterial and main roadsm light houses and marine lights.

Pink: Pink colour is used to show international boundaries.

6. Differenciate the Satellite remote sensing and Aerial photography.

S.No Satellite remote sensing Aerial photography GEOGRAPHY High cost of satellite systems. Takes at Surveying can be planned and executed 1. least 10 years to plan, construct, test in a short time economically. and launch Satellites collect large amount of data of Takes more time to capture an area. Air 2. the entire area in a short span craft needs to fly back and forth. It allows global coverage and does not It covers a small area and needs 3. require permission permission from authorities. Satellite cicle the Earth. They can repeat Revists or repeatability involves extra 4. and revisit easily cost. Wheather does not affect the functioning Adversely affected by bad weather 5. of satellite . All information is digital. It can be easily It is an analogue record. So, no further 6. integrated with software for image improvement is possible after obtaining improvement photographs.

VIII. MAP EXERCISE. 1. With the help of an atlas, mark the following on the outline map of Tamil Nadu. a) The latitude and longitude of Chennai. b) Mark the city located at 10° N and 78° E c) Locate the city approximately on 11° N and 78° D d) Find the latitude and longitude of Kanyakumari and mark it. www.kalvikural.com 228 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 7

Chennai 13.0827o N– 80.2709o E

Kozhikotu 9o N – 96o E 7 Madurai 10o N – 78o E

Kanyakumari 8.0883o N – 77.5385o E GEOGRAPHY

IX. HOTS.

1. Can you imagine a world without satellites? • It is very tough to imagine the world without satellites and people have to forget about the usage of GPS without satellites, which all of us are used to. • If you have to go anywhere, you should know the route, as no GPS will be available to show you the route map. You would go way back to 20th century technology. • The system that is used to check the weather conditions by the airline people would not be available. No broadband, 4G/5G services would be available.

2. Imagine you are a cartographer. Draw the map of your area. If I were is cartographer, I would know the physiography of my village. According to that, I design my village and I safeguard the water Reservoirs like ponds, lakes, rivers, wells, canals and also I increase the ground water level. Then I protease my village as sustainable development village.

 www.kalvikural.com 229 Geography . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

GEOGRAPHY DISASTER MANAGEMENT: 8 RESPONDING TO DISASTERS

I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. One among the following is the first responder in case of a disaster. a) Police officers b) Firefighters c) Insurance agents d) Emergency medical Ans: a)

2. ‘Drop, Cover, Hold’ is a mock drill a vowal for …………… 8 a) Fire b) Earthquake c) Tsunami d) Riot Ans: b)

3. When you happen to see a fire break out, you will make a call to …………… a) 114 b) 112 c) 115 d) 118 Ans: b)

4. Which of the following statements are untrue? a) ‘Stop, Drop, Roll’ is for fire. b) “Drop, Cover, Hold’ is for an earthquake.

c) ‘If sea water recedes back, run to higher places’ is for flood. GEOGRAPHY d) ‘If gunshots are head, drop to the ground and cover the head with hand’ is for riot. Ans: c)

5. Which of the following statements belongs to responding to earthquake? a) Avoid, any place where police or security forces action is in progress. b) Know the height of your street above sea level and the distance of your street from the coast. c) Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls and anything that could fall. d) Before opening a door, feel it with the back of our hand. Ans: c) ADDITIONAL 6. …………… is in a very active seismic area. a) India b) China c) Japan d) Russia Ans: c)

7. The country that actually has more number of earthquakes is …………… a) Japan b) Malaysia c) Australia d) Indonesia Ans: d)

8. Wildfires are common during hot and …………… periods. a) Winter b) Vacation c) Dry d) Autumn Ans: c)

9. …………… tops in riot in the world followed by Nigeria, Iraq and India. a) Pakistan b) Srilanka c) Egypt d) Syria Ans: d) www.kalvikural.com 230 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 8

II. ANSWER IN BRIEF.

1. Who are the community’s first responders to disaster? The community’s first responders to disaster are Police officers, Firefighters and Emergency medical technicians.

2. What are the four phases of the Disaster Management cycle? The four phases of the Disaster Management cycle are Planning, Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness

3. Though Japan has the densest seismic network, Indoneisa has the most number of earthquakes. Why? • Japan has the densest seismic network in the world.

8 • But, Indonesia has the most number of earthquakes because it is larger than Japan. 4. How many males and females per day die to fire in India? • In India, every year about 25,000 on an average die due to fires. • In this, it is estimated that about 42 females and 21 males die every day due to fire. 5. What should you do after a Tsunami? • Tuned a local radio or television station for updated emergency information. • Check ourself for injuries and get first aid if necessary.

GEOGRAPHY • If someone needs to be rescued, call professional with the right equipment to help. • Stay out of the building (house) if water remains around it. III. Answer the Paragraph :

1. Write a short note on Tsunami. • Tsunami is a Japanese word which means ‘harbour wave’. It is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water generally in an ocean or a large lake. • Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. • It can travel 700-800 km per hour with waves 10-30 meter high. • It causes flooding and disrupts transportation, power, communication and water supply. • Tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and infrastructure. 2. What do you do if you are indoors during earthquakes? • DROP to the ground, take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. • Protect by staying under the lintel of a inner door, in the corner of a room, under a table or even under a bed. • Stay away from glass windows, outside doors and walls and anything that could fall. • Stay inside until the shaking stops and go outside. www.kalvikural.com 231 Geography . Unit 8 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

3. How do you respond to Tsunami? • First of all, should find out the home, school, workplace or other frequently visited location are in Tsunami hazard areas along the sea shore. • Plan evacuation routes from the home, school, works place where tsunami poses a risk. • Use a weather radio or stay tuned to a local radio or television station to keep informed of local watches and warnings. • Discuss tsunamis with the family members. Everyone should be aware of what to do when tsunami strikes. • Review flood and safety and precautionary measures with the family members. 4. Write three sentences about what to do during fire.

• Stay calm and pull the nearest fire alarm or call 112. 8 • Give the name, address and location of the fire. • Donot hang up until the police dispatcher tells to do so. • Walk, don’t run to the nearest exit • Leave the building immediately.

ADDITIONAL

5. What should you do if you are trapped in a car during a civil unrest? GEOGRAPHY • Stay in the car as long as possible • Unbuckle seatbelt, and those of any passengers, to be prepared to exit car quickly • Keep the car moving as far as possible, whilst checking for possible escape routes • Avoid hitting any protestors with the vehicle as this may turn the mob against me • Do not mock the protestors by shouting, signalling or roar at them • Remain as calm as possible to ensure what is going on around the area. • Seek assistance or safety from the police as quickly. • Listen to police instructions • If the situation seems to be turning, leave my car and get out of the area on foot. • Remember the life is more valuable than my car or any possessions inside • Once personally safe (with or without your vehicle), call family or friends to rescue. 6. What to do during an earthquake if you were i) in outdoors ii) in moving vehicle. Earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur later. Minimize the movements to a few steps that reach a safe place nearby and stay indoors until the shaking has stopped.

Out doors: • Move away from buildings, trees, street lights and utility wires. • The greatest danger exists directly outside buildings at exists and alongside exterior walls. www.kalvikural.com 232 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography . Unit 8

• Most of the earthquake related casualties result due to collapsing walls, flying glass and falling objects. So, move to open space and stay there until the shaking stops. Moving vehicle: • Stop as quickly as safety permits. • Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses and utility wires. • Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake. HOTS.

1. Why should you cut off all the branches of trees below 3 meteres of height standing near your house? B.P.No.245 8 • Avoid to touch the power lines and the disturb the power supply to the house. • Not to fall on our house at the time of cyclone. • Not to a disturbance to the neighbours. • If the leaves of the tree fall on the street and make the environment unclean.

 GEOGRAPHY www.kalvikural.com 233 Civics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE CIVICS FORMS OF GOVERNMENT 1 AND DEMOCRACY

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. 1. A system of government in which one person reigns supreme, usually a king or queen, is Called …………… a) autocracy b) Monarchy c) Democracy d) Republic Ans: (b) 2. A system of government with absolute power is …………… a) Aristocracy b) Theocracy c) Democracy d) Autocracy Ans: (d) 3. Former Soviet Union is an example for …………… a) Aristocracy b) Theocracy c) Oligarchy d) Republic Ans: (c) 4. Select the odd one a) India b) USA c) France d) Vatican Ans: (d) 5. Abraham Lincoln was the President of the …………… a) USA b) UK c) USSR d) India Ans: (a) 6. Kudavolai system was followed by ……………

a) Cheras b) Pandyas c) Cholas d) Kalabhras Ans: (c) 1 7. Direct Democracy in olden times existed …………… a) In the republics of ancient India b) Among the USA c) In the city-state of ancient Athens d) Among the UK Ans: (c) 8. From which language was the term “Democracy” derived? a) Greek b) Latin c) Persian d) Arabic Ans: (a) 9. In democracy, the final authority rests with …………… a) The Parliament b) The People CIVICS c) The council of Ministers d) The President Ans: (b) 10. Which one of the country has Presidential form of government? a) India b) Britain c) Canada d) USA Ans: (d) 11. The largest democratic country in the world is …………… a) Canada b) India c) USA d) China Ans: (b) 12. Assertion (A) : Direct democracy is practised in Switzerland. Reason (R) : People directly participate in decision making. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) www.kalvikural.com 234 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 1

c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true Ans: (a) 13. Assertion (A) : India has parliamentary form of democracy. Reason (R) : Indian parliament comprises two houses. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true Ans: (b) 14. The meaning of Franchise is …………… a) Right to elect b) Right to vote for the poor c) Right to vote d) Right to vote for the rich Ans: (c) 15. The grant of universal franchise creates …………… a) Social equality b) Economic equality c) Political equality d) Legal equality Ans: (c) 16. Prime Minister of India is appointed by …………… a) Lok Sabha b) Rajya Sabha c) Speaker d) President Ans: (d) 17. The President of India can nominate a) 12 members to Lok Sabha b) 2 members of Rajya Sabha c) 12 members to Rajya Sabha d) 14 members of Rajya Sabha Ans: (c)

1 18. The First general elections after independence in India were held in …………… a) 1948 – 49 b) 1951 – 52 c) 1957 – 58 d) 1947 – 48 Ans: (b) ADDITIONAL 19. When a country is governed by a few privileged, the form of government is called …………… a) Oligarchy b) Parliamentary c) Democracy d) Republic Ans: (a) 20. In which country has democracy originated? CIVICS a) India b) Switzerland c) USA d) Athens Ans: (d) 21. The term ‘republic’ was first coined in 500 BCE in …………… a) India b) Rome c) Greece d) England Ans: (b) 22. Arthashastra written by …………… tells us autonomous village committee was the basic unit of local government. a) Megasthanese b) Chankaya c) Alexander d) Ashoka Ans: (b) 23. In India, elections are held once in …………… years. a) Three b) Four c) Five d) Six Ans: (c) 24. …………… is the dominant form of government in the contemporary world. a) Monarchy b) Republic c) Democracy d) Dictatorship Ans: (c) www.kalvikural.com 235 Civics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

25. Two …………… members can be nominated by the President of India to the Lok Sabha. a) Sports b) Foreign c) Scientist d) Anglo-Indian Ans: (d) II. FILL IN THE BLANKS: 1. The Constitution of India was finally adopted on ………… Ans: 26th January 1950 2. The two types of democracy are ………… and ………… Ans: Direct democracy and Indirect democracy 3. An example for direct democracy is ………… Ans: Switzerland 4. India has a ………… form of democracy. Ans: Parliamentary 5. ………… was the first Prime Minister of independent India. Ans: Jawaharlal Nehru 6. The first general elections were held in British India in the year Ans: 1920 7. The Parliament House in India was designed by ………… and ………… Ans: Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker ADDITIONAL 8. Democracy is a form of government that allows ...... to choose their ruler. Ans: People 9. India became an independent country on ...... Ans: 15th August 1947 10. The first President of India is ...... Ans: Dr. Rajendra Prasad 11. In India, the general elections are conducted by the ...... Ans: Election Commission 1 12. The Upper House of the Indian Parliament is ...... Ans: Rajya Sabha

III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Autocracy - a) 18 2. Right to vote - b) Arthashastra 3. Chanakya - c) Vatican 4. Theocracy - d) North Korea Ans: 1-d 2-a 3-b 4-c

ADDITIONAL CIVICS 5. House of People - a) President of America 6. Council of State - b) Lok Sabha 7. Abraham Lincoln - c) The power of the people 8. Democracy - d) Bhutan 9. Monarchy - e) Rajya Sabha Ans: 5-b 6-e 7-a 8-c 9-d

IV. GIVE SHORT ANSWERS. 1. Give Abraham Lincoln’s definition for democracy. Abraham Lincoln, one of the President of USA, defined democracy as ‘The government of the people by the people and for the people. www.kalvikural.com 236 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 1

2. Mention the forms of democracy. • Direct democracy • Indirect democracy 3. Distinguish between direct and indirect democracy.

S.No Direct democracy Indirect democracy In this democracy, people themselves In this democracy, the people express 1. directly express their will on public their will on public affairs through their affairs. elected representatives. It is also known as Pure democracy It is also called as Representative 2. democracy. 3. Eg : Ancient Greek City states Eg : India, USA ADDITIONAL 4. Write the salient features of Democracy. • Elected representatives of people and final decision making power to the representatives. • Free and fair elections • Universal adult franchise with each vote having equal value. • Fundamental rights and protection of individual freedom. 5. What is the meaning of Democracy? • Democracy is a system of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people. 1 • People elected their representatives either directly or indirectly through fair and free elections which are usually held periodically. 6. Write the definition of Gandhiji about Democracy. According to Gandhiji, “True democracy cannot be worked by twenty men sitting at the centre. It has to be worked from below by the people of every village”.

V. ANSWER IN DETAIL.

CIVICS 1. What are the challenges to democracy? Explain. • Illiteracy • Poverty • Gender discrimination • Regionalism • Castes and communalism • Religious • Corruption • Criminalisation of politics • Political violence www.kalvikural.com 237 Civics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Explain the conditions necessary for the success of democracy in India. • Empowerment of the poor and illiterates to enjoy the goodness of democracy. • Willingness among the elected people not to misuse their power and public wealth. • Eradication of social evils and dangers from which democracy suffers. • An impartial and efficient press to form public opinion. • Presence of strong public opinion. • Feeling of tolerance and communal harmony among the people. • Awareness among the people of the fundamental rights that they are entitled to enjoy. • Conscious check and vigilance on the working of the elected representatives. • Powerful and responsible opposition. 3. What is your opinion about democracy in India? • Indian democracy can be successful and vibrant only when its citizens imbibe and reflect in their behaviour like equality, freedom, social justice, accountability and respect for all. • Their mindset, thinking and behaviour are expected to be in tune with the essential conditions of democracy. • They have to appreciate the opportunities for their desired roles like participation, making the system accountable, fulfilling obligations to actualize the goals of democracy.

ADDITIONAL 4. What are the merits and demerits of democracy? 1 Democracy is popular form government in the modern world. Most of the countries follow democracy including India. It also has merits and demerits. They are –

Merits of Democracy: • Responsible and accountable government • Equality and fraternity • Sense of responsibility among the people

• Local self-government CIVICS • Development and prosperity for all • Popular sovereignty • Sense of cooperation and fraternal feeling Demerit: • Indirect of representative nature of democracy • Lack of interest in democratic process. So, lower turnout in elections. • Instability in governance due to fractured mandate • Delay in decision making process. www.kalvikural.com 238 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 1

5. What are forms of Government? Explain. The governance of nations differs based on who has the power. There are different forms of government in the world such as – • Aristocracy  Theocracy • Monarchy  Democracy and • Autocracy  Republic • Oligarchy Aristocracy: • A form of government in which power is held by nobility • Example - United Kingdom (England) and Spain Monarchy: • A system of government in which one person reigns supreme power usually king or queen. • Example – Bhutan and Qatar Autocracy: • A system of government by one person with absolute power. • Example – North Korea and Saudi Arabia Oligarchy: • A small group of people having control of a country or organisation. • Example – Former Soviet Union and China

1 Theocracy: • A system of government in which religious doctrines form the basis of government headed by a priest who rules in the name of God or proclaims himself as a God. • Example – Vatican Democracy: • A system of government in which people vote and elect their ruler or representatives. The leader or the party who obtained majority form the government.

CIVICS • Example – India and France Republic: • A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representative. It has an elected or nominated President rather than a monarch. • Example – India and Australia.

VI. PROJECT AND ACTIVITY. 1. Discuss in the class what is universal adult franchise? Why is it important? India has a parliamentary form of democracy. The Indian Parliament comprises the elected representative of the people. They make laws for the country. They are elected by the process of Universal Adult Franchise. www.kalvikural.com 239 Civics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Every person who is citizen of India and who is not less than 18 years of age can exercise their right to vote in India. This is known as Universal adult franchise. There is no discrimination based on caste, creed, religion, region, gender and education when it comes to providing the right to vote.

Importance of Universal adult franchise: • It is based on the principle of equality. • It means that all adult (those who are 18 and above) citizens have the equal right to vote. • It do not discriminate on the basis of social or economic backgrounds. • It is an important aspect of democratic societies 2. “Democracy is the power of majority which respects minority.” Discuss. • Discovering and filing the paperwork you need to submit to run • Selecting candidates • Organizing caucuses • Creating a campaign • Writing speeches • Designing campaign posters • Creating polling booths • Making ballots • Voting

• Declaring the result. 1 3. Conduct a mock election in your class. A mock election is a simulated election process which is designed to give students a deeper understanding of the election process. In this popular exercise, students participate in every aspect of a national campaign and then participate in the voting process in order to get a complete understanding of the democratic process.

4. A group discussion on the merits and demerits of democracy of India in the

classroom. CIVICS The students of IX Standard can be divided into two groups. Each group can be a topic – merits or demerits of Democracy. A student from each group can present their points to strengthen their side. The subject teacher can act as a jury. At the end, he/she can consolidate and give the final touch on the topic.

Merits of Democracy: • Responsible and accountable government • Equality and fraternity • Sense of responsibility among the people • Local self-government • Development and prosperity for all www.kalvikural.com 240 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 1

• Popular sovereignty • Sense of cooperation and fraternal feeling • Guaranteed the rights of the people • No place for rebellion and revolutions. Demerit: • Indirect or representative nature of democracy • Lack of interest in democratic process. So, lower turnout in elections. • Instability in governance due to fractured mandate. • Delay in decision making process. • Expensive form of government. • Corruptions and malpractices are common. VII. HOTS. 1. Will you have the right to equality under dictatorship? What would be the attitude regarding public opinion in such a country? We have no right to equality under dictatorship. For example, Hitler, the Dictator of Germany at the time of Second World War denied the fundamental rights of the Germans. Initially, the people will be quiet because of fear. Slowly, they join together and start to protest the dictator. They won’t bother about the punishment of the government. Later, they form their own army and fight against the leader known as Civil War. At last, Dictator will be defeated and the administration come under the control of the people. 1

2. How does democracy lead to a peaceful and a harmonious life among the citizens? Explain. In today’s fast running life everyone is so much involved in their lives that they want to live peacefully. They have so many tension that they want to live peacefully and they expect it from their surroundings. But somewhere when things don’t go right person frustrates and this frustration needs to come out. If things around us become smooth then they don’t have to do so much to get their things CIVICS done and life will be much smoother. But due to corruption, and so many other things starting from rush in the bus while going office, getting stuck in the traffic, over asking rates of auto, parking issue , policeman asking for bribe etc. So many things are there. If one comes out of his house one morning and he finds a seat in the bus, smoothly going without any traffic, no horns, then available parking space, auto person going on meter rates in its own, policemen instead of asking for bribe go by the rules and advice. Some different feeling will come inside you. This is what will not frustrate you and you will lead a peaceful and harmonious life. Now the point is, what all nice things we have imagined are not being done. It is not like these are not being thought or no one has cared enough for these things. But actually some people or officers and politicians who gets elected by using their malign tactics and create a scene of disharmony between people which results into riots etc. If in a democracy people are treated www.kalvikural.com 241 Civics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

as the one whom we need to serve as we are their representative then atmosphere will be harmonious. But for personal interest and profits these democratic people do all that which could not at all maintain peace and harmony. So ‘Good Governance that is democracy can lead to this’.

VIII. LIFE SKILLS. Select a group of countries. Research each country and tell what type of government it has. Aristocracy, Monarchy, Autocracy, Oligarchy, Theocracy, Democracy, Republic. Then, provide characteristics of this country that helped you determine the type of government.

Type of Characteristics of the country’s S.No Country Name government government 1. United Kingdom Aristocracy Powers are held by nobility 2. Oman Monarchy King is the head of administration 3. North Korea Autocracy One person with absolute power 4. China Oligarchy A small group of people control the country 5. Nepal Republic Administration is controlled by the President Ruled by the elected representatives of the 6. India Democracy

people. 1 7. Australia Republic Administration is controlled by the President 8. South Africa Republic Administration is controlled by the President 9. Srilanka Republic Administration is controlled by the President 10. Egypt Republic Administration is controlled by the President Ruled by the elected representatives of the 11. New Zealand Democracy

people. CIVICS

 www.kalvikural.com 242 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 2

CIVICS ELECTION, POLITICAL PARTIES 2 AND PRESSURE GROUPS

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. 1. India has adapted the electoral system followed in the …………… a) USA b) United Kingdom c) Canada d) Russia Ans: b) 2. The Election Commission of India is a/ an …………… a) Independent body b) Statutory body c) Private body d) Public corporation Ans: a) 3. Which Article of the Constitution provides for an Election Commission? a) Article 280 b) Article 315 c) Article 324 d) Article 325 Ans: c) 4. Which part of the constitution of India says about the election commission? a) Part III b) Part XV c) Part XX d) Part XXII Ans: b) 5. Who accords recognition to various political parties as national or regional parties? a) The President b) The Election Commission c) The Parliament 2 d) The President in consultation with the Election Commission Ans: b) 6. Assertion (A) : Indian Constitution provides for an independent Election Commission Reason (R) : To ensure free and fair elections in the country. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false

CIVICS d) (A) is false and (R) is true Ans: a) 7. NOTA was introduced in the year a) 2012 b) 2013 c) 2014 d) 2015 Ans: c) 8. The term pressure groups originated in ……………. a) USA b) UK c) USSR d) India Ans: a) 9. Assertion (A) : A large number of pressure groups exist in India. Reason (R) : Pressure Groups are not developed in India to the same extent as in the USA. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 243 Civics . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 10. …………… elections are less expensive. a) Direct b) Indirect c) Nomination d) Un Opposed Ans: b) 11. People over the age of …………… years participate in the electoral process in India. a) Twenty one b) Eighteen c) Sixteen d) Twenty two Ans: b) 12. Voters Verified Paper Audit Trial (VVPAT) system was first introduced in the year …………… a) 2014 b) 2015 c) 2016 d) 2017 Ans: a) 13. The largest democracy in the world is …………… a) China b) USA c) England d) India Ans: d) 14. Kudavolai was the system of voting following during the …………… period. a) Chera b) Chola c) Pandya d) Pallava Ans: b) 15. Election Commissioners are appointed by the …………… a) Prime Minister b) Chief Justice of India c) President d) Chief Minister Ans: c) II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. The Election Commission of India is a body of ...... members. Ans: Three 2. National Voters day has been celebrated on ...... Ans: 25th January

3. In India ...... party system is followed. Ans: Multi 2 4. In 2017, there were ...... recognised national parties. Ans: Seven 5. Narmada Bachao Andolan is a ...... Ans: Pressure Group

ADDITIONAL 6. In India, there are one Chief Election Commissioner and ...... Election Commissioners. Ans: Two

7...... are the link between government and the people. Ans: Political parties CIVICS 8. There are ...... types of party system in the world. Ans: Three 9. The ...... parties reflect genuine demands and concern of the people. Ans: Opposition

III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. National Party - a) Trade Unions 2. Single-party system - b) USA 3. Two-party system - c) China 4. Pressure groups - d) Seven Ans: 1-d 2-c 3-b 4-a www.kalvikural.com 244 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 2 ADDITIONAL 6. Congress - a) Pressure Group 7. Telugu Desam - b) National party 8. Vested Group - c) Voting system 9. Kudavolai - d) Regional party 10. Lok Sabha - e) House of People

Ans: 6-b, 7-d, 8-a, 9-c, 10 - E IV. GIVE SHORT ANSWERS. 1. Explain the electoral system in India. The electoral system in India has been adapted from the system followed in the United Kingdom. • Article 324 of the Constitution provides for an independent Election commission in order to ensure free and fair elections in the country. • The Parliament may make provisions with respect to all maters relating to elections to the Parliament. 2. Give the meaning of a political party. • A political party is an organisation formed by a group of people with a certain ideology and agenda to contest elections and hold power in the government. • A political party has three components. They are a leader, active members and the followers. 2 3. Distinguish between two-party system and the multi-party system.

S.No. Two party system Multi party system In this system, two parties exist. In this system, more than two parties 1. exist. Policy decision can be taken immediately. It will take time. Policy decision cannot 2. be taken immediately

CIVICS 4. What is a pressure group? • The term ‘Pressure Group’ originated in the USA. A pressure group is a group of people who are organised actively for promoting and defending their common interest. • The pressure groups are also called ‘Interest Groups’ or ‘Vested Groups’. They are different from the political parties in that they neither contest election not try to capture political power. ADDITIONAL 5. Write the broad classification of Pressure Groups in India. The Pressure Groups in India can be broadly classified into the following categories- • Business groups  Religious organisations www.kalvikural.com 245 Civics . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE • Trade Unions  Tribal organisations • Agrarian groups  Linguistic groups • Professional associations  Ideology based groups • Student organisations  Environment Protection groups 5. Name some Pressure Groups in India. Examples for Pressure Groups in India are • All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)  Young Badaga Association • All India Kisan Sabha  Tamil Sangam • Indian Medical Association (IMA)  Tamil Nadu Vivasayigal Sangam • All India Students Federation (AISF)  Narmada Bachao Andolan • All India Sikh Students Federation 6. Write about NOTA. • The people in India who are not willing to elect any candidate can vote for the option called NOTA. • NOTA means None Of The Above. Rule 49-O in the conduct of Election Rules 1961 of India describes the procedure. • NOTA was first introduced in the General election held in 2014. India is the 14th country in the world to introduce NOTA. 7. How is the President of India elected? The President of India is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of – 2 • The elected members of both the House of Parliament and • The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of all the states and Union territories in India. 8. What are National parties? The party that has fulfilled any one of the following criteria is recognised as National Party by the Election Commission. They are-

• At least 6% votes in at least four states and members to the Lok Sabha. CIVICS • In the election of Lok Sabha, at least 2% members from at least three states are elected to Lok Sabha. • Recognition as a state party at least four states. V. ANSWER IN DETAIL. 1. Discuss merits and demerits of direct elections? Merits of Direct election: • Direct elections are considered to be a more democratic method of election. • It educates people regarding the government activities and helps in choosing the appropriate candidates. www.kalvikural.com 246 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 2

• It also encourages people to play an active role in politics. • It empowers people and makes the rulers accountable for their actions. Demerits of Direct election: • Direct elections are very expensive. • Illiterate voters sometimes get misguided by false propaganda. • Ensuring free and fair elections at every polling station is a major challenge to the Election Commission. • There are instances of some political candidates influencing the voters through payments in the form of cash, goods or services. • Election campaigns sometimes results in violence, tension, law and order problems and affects the day-to-day life of the people. 2. What are the functions of political parties? • Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates nominated by political parties. • Parties put forward their policies and programmes before the electorate to consider and choose. • Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. • Parties form and run the governments. • The parties that failed to secure majority in the elections play the role of Opposition Party.

2 They criticise the government and ruling party for its failures or wrong policies. • Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues of importance. • Parties function as the useful link between people and the government machinery 3. What are the functions of Pressure groups in India? Political Participation: Pressure groups can be called the informal face of politics. They exert influence precisely by mobilising popular support through activities such as petitions, marches, demonstrations and CIVICS other forms of political protest.

Education: Many pressure groups devote significant resources by carrying out research, maintaining websites, commenting on government policy and using high-profile academics, scientists and even celebrities to get their views across, with an emphasis to cultivate expert authority.

Policy Formulation: Though the pressure groups themselves are not policy-makers, yet it does not prevent many of them from participating in the policy-making process. Many pressure groups are vital sources of information and render advice to the government and therefore they are regularly consulted in the process of policy formulation. www.kalvikural.com 247 Civics . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 4. What are the merits and demerits of Indirect Election? The people do not directly take part in the election. The people’s representatives are the voters here. They elect the members of Rajya Sabha, the Vice-president and President of the country.

Merits of Indirect Election: • Indirect elections are less expensive. • It is more suited to elections in large countries Demerit of Indirect Election: • If the number of voters is very small, there exists the possibility of corruption, bribery, horse trading and other unfair activities. • It is less democratic because people do not have a direct opportunity to elect the leader. They do it through their representatives. So, this may not reflect the true will of the people VI. PROJECT AND ACTIVITY. 1. Compare the policies, programmes and achievements of a national party and a state party. (Self Activity) VII. HOTS. 1. “Elections are considered essential for any representative democracy”. Why? In a democratic country, elections are essential. During elections, people have the opportunity

to choose the right representatives. Without elections, democracy isn’t based on the wants 2 and needs of the people. • If elections are not held, whoever is ruling may become autocratic and despotic. • Even if the ruler is compassionate, he will not have the first hand situation of the country. The needs of the people are not brought to his notice. • If elections are held periodically, the heads of the government will keep themselves side by side of the development of the economy.

• Corrective action can be taken. In an autocratic rule, there is no scope for criticism or CIVICS dissent. Hence the actual situation will not be known by the ruler. • Periodic election will incentivise the people as well as the leaders. • Rulers are afraid of the people and take up projects that help the public. They will keep aside their selfish motives. • People also have an opportunity to change or re-elect the same dispensation. Choice is that of people. 2. What is the principle of universal adult franchise? What is its importance? India has a parliamentary form of democracy. The Indian Parliament comprises the elected representative of the people. They make laws for the country. They are elected by the process of Universal Adult Franchise. www.kalvikural.com 248 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 2

Every person who is citizen of India and who is not less than 18 years of age can exercise their right to vote in India. This is known as Universal adult franchise. There is no discrimination based on caste, creed, religion, region, gender and education when it comes to providing the right to vote.

Importance of Universal adult franchise: • It is based on the principle of equality. • It means that all adult (those who are 18 and above) citizens have the equal right to vote. • It do not discriminate on the basis of social or economic backgrounds. • It is an important aspect of democratic societies 3. Discuss merits and demerits of Democracy. Democracy is a system of government in which the supreme power is vested with the people. They elect their representative either directly or indirectly through fair and free elections. The merits and demerits of democracy are-

Merits of Democracy: • Responsible and accountable government • Equality and fraternity • Sense of responsibility among the people • Local self-government • Development and prosperity for all • Popular sovereignty 2 • Sense of cooperation and fraternal feeling • Guaranteed the rights of the people • No place for rebellion and revolutions. Demerit: • Indirect or representative nature of democracy • Lack of interest in democratic process. So, lower turnout in elections.

CIVICS • Instability in governance due to fractured mandate • Delay in decision making process. • Expensive form of government. • Corruptions and malpractices are common 4. Discuss the multi-party system. In this system, there exist more than two political parties with contending ideologies and objectives. France and India come under this category. It also has merits and demerits. The merits of multi party system are: • Since, there are many parties each one will monitor the other and offer good plans for the benefit of the people. www.kalvikural.com 249 Civics . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• In this system, the ruling party gives good administration to capture the in the next election. • New leaders who may come to power could give us fresh ideas. The demerits of this system are • The ruling party care more for the welfare of the party members than common people. • They could not take concrete decisions on account of members deserting one party and joining the other • Internal problems in the party led to general deterioration of administration. • In the multi party system, the ruling party cannot give a good administration. VIII. LIFE SKILL. 1. Conduct a mock poll in your classroom. (Self Activity)

 2 CIVICS www.kalvikural.com 250 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 3

CIVICS 3 HUMAN RIGHTS

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. 1. Apartheid’ was followed by …………… a) South Sudan b) South Africa c) Nigeria d) Egypt Ans: b)

2. …………… right exercises in the formation and administration of a government. a) Social b) Economic c) Political d) Cultural Ans: c)

3. A 10 year old boy is working in a shop. Which right can you use to recover him? a) Right to equality b) Right to freedom c) Right against exploitation d) Right to freedom of Religion Ans: c)

4. What is the time limit to get the information from RTI Act 2005? a) 20 days b) 25 days c) 30 days d) 35 days Ans: c)

5. Which of the following statements are true? i) The state Human Rights commission was established in 1993. ii) It has the power of a civil count.

3 iii) It’s power extend beyond the state. iv) It can also recommend compensation to victims. a) i and ii are true b) i and iii are true c) i, ii and iii are true d) i, ii and iv are true Ans: d)

6. Consider the following statements. Assertion (A) : Rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. Reason (R) : We have a right to freedom of religions. We have to promote harmony and CIVICS the spirit of the people of other religions. a) both A and R are correct and R explains A b) both A and R are correct but R does not explain A c) A is correct but R is false d) A is false but R is correct Ans: a)

7. According to the UNO a child is a person who has not completed the age of …………… years. a) 12 b) 14 c) 16 d) 18 Ans: d)

8. Kailash Satyarthi and Malala have been awarded Nobel Prize for …………… a) Literature b) Peace c) Physics d) Economics Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 251 Civics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 9. Which one of the following rights has increased the influence of the people over bureaucracy? a) Right to equality b) Right to information c) Right to education d) Right to freedom Ans: b) 10. …………… right was removed from the fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment. a) Right to own (or) sell property b) Right to freedom of religion c) Child labour and right against exploitation d) None of the above Ans: d) 11. The United Nations Organisation was formed after the …………… World War. a) First b) Second c) Third d) Fourth Ans: b) 12. Apartheid was the highest form of discrimination that existed in …………… a) India b) England c) South Africa d) America Ans: c) 13. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone document in the history of …………… a) India b) South Africa c) World d) Human rights Ans: d) 14. It is against the law to employ children below …………… of age. a) 14 b) 18 c) 21 d) 15 Ans: a) 15. Human rights are recognized at …………… level. a) International b) National c) Regional d) Country Ans: a) 3 16. The Indian constitution came into force with effect from …………… a) April 14, 1945 b) August 15, 1947 c) January 26, 1950 d) October 2, 1948 Ans: c) 17. The Right of children to free and compulsory Education Act (RTE) was passed in a) 2005 b) 2007 c) 2009 d) 2011 Ans: c) 18. Which of the following statement/s is/are true? i) The Right to Information Act is a revolutionary act. (T) ii) It aims to promote transparency in the government institutions in India. (T) CIVICS iii) The information must be provided with in ten days. (F) iv) This act was enacted in Jan. 2009. (F) a) i and ii are true b) i and iii are true c) i, ii and iii are true d) i, ii and iv are true Ans: a) 19. Which of the following statement/s is/are true? i) Kailash Satyarthi is the founder of Bachpan Bachao Andolan. (T) ii) More than one crore children In India have been liberated by him. (F) iii) An 80,000 km long Global March against racial discrimination was led by Kailash in 1998. (F) iv) He is a Nobel Peace Prize recipient. (T) a) i and ii are true b) i and iii are true c) i, ii and iii are true d) i, and iv are true Ans: a) www.kalvikural.com 252 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 3

20. Consider the following statements. Assertion (A) : Child marriages should be avoided Reason (R) : When girls get married early, they lose many privileges thereby affecting the society as a whole. a) both A and R are correct and R explains A b) both A and R are correct but R does not explain A c) A is correct but R is false d) A is false but R is correct Ans: a) 21. Assertion (A) : The Right to Information Act is people friendly Reason (R) : A common man can demand any government organisation to provide information. a) both A and R are correct and R explains A b) both A and R are correct but R does not explain A c) A is correct but R is false d) A is false but R is correct Ans: a) 22. Assertion (A) : Every state in India has a State Human Right Commission. Reason (R) : The Protection of Human Rights Act was passed in 1993. a) both A and R are correct and R explains A b) both A and R are correct but R does not explain A c) A is correct but R is false 3 d) A is false but R is correct Ans: b) II FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Contains ...... articles. Ans: 30 2. The fundamental Duties were incorporated in the Constitution by ...... Amendment Act. Ans: 42nd 3. The National Human Rights commission was established on ...... Ans: 12th Oct. 1993 CIVICS 4. Indian state to implement women ancestral property Act in 1989 was ...... Ans: Hindu Succession Act ADDITIONAL 5. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted on ...... Ans: 10th December 1948 6...... Act came into effect on 1st April 2010. Ans: Right to Education 7. The Civil Rights movement in the United State was initiated by ...... Ans: Rosa Parks 8. Gandhiji was thrown off the train at ...... in South Africa. Ans: Pietermartizburg www.kalvikural.com 253 Civics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

9. The UNO was formed in the year ...... Ans: 1945 10. Nelson Mandela became the President of South Africa in ... Ans: 1994 11. The High court issues order to the government to restore the rights to the people are called ...... Ans: Writs 12. The Fundamental duties are incorporated in the Constitution by the ...... Amendment Act. Ans: 42nd 13. Maintenance and welfare of patents and Senior Citizens Act was passed in ...... Ans: 2007 14. The first Law Minister of India was ...... Ans: Dr. Ambedkar 15. “The rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened” was said by ...... Ans: John F.Kennedy

III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Right to vote - a) Cultural Rights 2. Right to form union - b) Right against exploitation 3. Right to preserve tradition - c) Political Rights 4. The Hindu Succession Act - d) Right to Freedom 5. Child labour - e) 2005 Ans: 1-c 2-d 3-a 4-e 5-b

ADDITIONAL 6. Gandhiji - a) Nobel Peace prize recipient 7. Nelson Mandela - b) RTI Activist

8. Kailash Satyarthi - c) Non-violence 3 9. Rosa Parks - d) Apartheid 10. Aruna Roy - e) Civil right movement in USA

Ans: 6-c 7-d 8-a 9-e 10-b IV. GIVE SHORT ANSWERS. 1. What is Human Right? The right inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, CIVICS language, religion or any other status is called as Human Rights.

2. What are the fundamental rights? Fundamental rights are required for the all round development of a human being. They are - • Right to Equality. • Right to Freedoms. • Right against Exploitation. • Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion. • Cultural and Educational Rights for minorities. • Right to Constitutional Remedies. www.kalvikural.com 254 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 3

3. What are the Child Rights defined by the UNO? The Child Rights defined by the UNO are- • Right to life. • Right to family environment. • Right to Education. • Right to benefit from Social security. • Right against sexual exploitation. • Right against sale or trafficking. • Right against other forms of exploitation like Child labour. 4. Write a short note on the Right to Constitutional Remedies. • Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Constitution. • If any right is denied to a person, the affected person can approach the court to get the right. • The court then issues orders which are called ‘Writs’ to the government to restore the rights to the citizen. • The Constitutional Remedies put to right anything which may be wrong in terms of the Constitution. This right therefore protects and safeguards all other rights. 5. Define: POCSO • It is the responsibility of the state to protect children from sexual exploitation and abuse. • To protect the children, the government passed Protection of Children from Sexual Offences 3 Act in 2012. • It regards the best interest of the child as being of paramount importance at every state. 6. Why do children need special attention? The children needs special attention because - • They don’t know what is right and what is wrong. • Interpersonal Relationship with Peers. • Due to disability. CIVICS • Changes that take place during the adolescence stage. • They are the future citizens of the country. 7. What are the contributions to labourers by B.R. Ambetkar? Dr.B.R. Ambedkar’s contributions to labourers are - • Reduction in Factory Working Hours (8 hours a day). • Compulsory Recognition of Trade Unions. • Employment Exchange in India. • Employees State Insurance (ESI). • Minimum Wages. • Coal and Mica Mines Provident Fund www.kalvikural.com 255 Civics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

8. ‘All are equal before law’. But we have enacted a separate law for women – Justify • All are equal before the law. It is not practically followed in India. Women were not treated equally with men. • So, the National Commission for Women (NCW) is formed to review the constitutional and legal safeguards for women. It recommended remedial measures to the government. • Based on that, the Tamil Nadu government passed the Hindu Succession (Tamilnadu Amendment) Act in 1989 and the Central government amended the Act in 2005. 9. Write about the Right aganist exploilation. • It is against the law of employ children below 14 years of age in mines. Factories or other occupations. • Neither contractor nor an employ can force a worker to do a job against their will. 10. Differentiate: Fundamental Rights and Human Rights.

S.No Human Rights Fundamental Rights The rights that a human being deserves The elemental rights of the citizens of a 1. to survive with respect and freedoms. country, which are listed in the constitution. Human rights are recognised at Fundamental rights are guaranteed under 2. international level. the constitution of the country.

ADDITIONAL 11. What made Gandhiji to start satyagraha in South Africa? 3 • In 1893, Gandhiji was travelling in a train to Pretoria. • A fellow passenger (white man) order Gandhiji to move to a van compartment at the end of the train which is allotted for black people. • Gandhiji who had the first class ticket refused to leave the comportment. • So, he was thrown off the train at Pietermaritzburg. • This incident made Gandhi to start satyagraha against racial discrimination. 12. What does UNO define about Human rights? CIVICS The UNO defines Human rights as “The right inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion or any other status. Everyone is entitled to these rights without discrimination”. 13. What are the types of freedom mentioned in the Constitution? Six different types of freedom are mentioned in the Constitution. They are- • Freedom of speech and expression • Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms. • Freedom to form associations and unions. • Freedom to reside in any part of India • Freedom to move freely throughout the country. • Freedom to practice any profession. www.kalvikural.com 256 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 3

14. What is ‘Writ’? • WRIT is a written order from the Supreme Court or High court or other legal authority ordering to do an act or not to do it. • The court issues orders which are called WRIT to the government to restore the rights of the citizens. • This right therefore protects and safeguards all other rights. 15. Write a note on the ‘Right of Children to free and compulsory Education Act’. • The Right of children To free and compulsory Education (RTE) Act was passed in 2009. • It means that every child has a right to formal Elementary Education. • This right of children provides free and compulsory education till the completion of elementary education in a neighbourhood school. • The child need not pay any kind of fee for completing elementary education. 16. What is ‘Kavalan SOS App’? • The Kavalan SOS App is launched by the Government of Tamil Nadu for public use during emergencies. • Anyone in a critical situation, not only women, can easily and directly access the State Police Control Room using this App. 17. What does the Article 24 and 45 deal? Article 24 – No child below the age of 14 must be employed in hazardous employment. Article 45 – Free and compulsory education for all children until they attain the age of 14

3 years. 18. What are the labour rights guaranteed by the Constitution? The Constitution ensures right to equality, equal of opportunity in public employment, right to form associations and unions, right to livelihood, prohibits trafficking, forced labour and child labour. Article 39(d) ensures equal wages to male and female workers for equal work. 19. What is Child Line? • Child Line is India’s first 24 hours free emergency phone service for children in need of

CIVICS assistance. • Special care is given for vulnerable children like those affected by child labour, child marriage and children affected by any abuse. • Phone number of the Child Line is 1098. For emergency reasons, we can conduct the officials through the phone. V. ANSWER IN DETAIL. 1. Write a paragraph about UDHR. • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone document in the history of human rights. • The Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10th December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217A). www.kalvikural.com 257 Civics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• The first time it sets out the fundamental human rights to be universally protected and the UDHR has been translated into many languages. • There are 30 articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and it guarantees freedom of expression as well as civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights. • These rights apply to all people, irrespective of their race, gender and nationality, as all people are born free and equal. Many of its guarantees have become standard norms today. • Thus, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) has played a crucial role in promoting human rights 2. What are fundamental duties? How would you follow these in your school premises? • To give respect for the Constitution and national symbols. • To follow and cherish the noble ideals which inspired our National Struggle for freedom. • To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. • To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. • To promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India. • To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. • To protect and improve the natural environment and have compassion on living creatures. • To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. • To safeguard public property and to abjure from violence. • To strive towards excellence. So, that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of

endeavour and achievements. 3 • To provide opportunities for education to the child or ward up to the age of 14 years. 3. How does the National Human Rights Commission protect our rights? Functions of NHRC: • To inquire into the violation of human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant • To intervene in court proceedings relating to human rights CIVICS • To undertake and promote research in the field of human rights • To engage in human rights education among various sections of society • To encourage the effects of NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights. 4. What are the benefits for workers provided by labour law? General benefits to workers: • Reduction in Factor working hours (8 hours duty) • Compulsory recognition of Trade Unions • Employment Exchange in India. • Employees State Insurance (ESI) www.kalvikural.com 258 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 3

• Minimum wages • Coal and Mica Mines Provident Fund. Special benefits for women workers: • Mines Maternity Benefit Act, • Women Labour Welfare Fund, • Women and Child Labour Protection Act, • Maternity Benefit for Women Labour • Restoration of Ban on Employment of Women on Underground Work in Coal Mines. 5. How do you enjoy the fundamental rights in your life? Right to equality: It implies equality before the law. No one is above the law of the country. There is no distinction between officials and private citizen and no discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion, sex, etc . Right to freedom: This right is the most significant and important for the citizens. This right confers some positive rights to promote the ideal of liberty. Right against exploitation: Right against exploitation prohibited traffic in human beings and forced labour and employment of child in factories, mines or in any other hazardous place.

3 Right to religion: Indian Constitution has adopted secularism and declared India as a secular state. There is no state religion in India. By celebrating all the festivals in the school and visiting the houses of our friends without any discrimination, we can bring unity in the society. Right to culture and education: The Constitution of India guarantees cultural and educational rights for all section of people irrespective of their religious, racial and cultural diversity.

CIVICS Right to constitutional remedies: A right without remedy is a meaningless formality. If Fundamental Rights have been violated, one can move the court for redressal. If we follow the above rights carefully, there is no need to use this. Only then, peace will be there in the country and people can enjoy the life. ADDITIONAL 6. What was Apartheid? Mention the efforts taken by Nelson Mandela to abolish this system. Apartheid was the highest form of racial discrimination followed in South Africa. It was the governing policy in the country by the minority white government over the majority black people (South Africans). www.kalvikural.com 259 Civics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Role of Nelson Mandela: • Nelson Mandela raised his voice against apartheid. • Under his leadership, the people of South Africa protested against racial discrimination. • He followed the policies of Gandhiji such as Ahimsa, Satyagaraha and non-violence in his protest. • He was imprisoned when he organised defiant campaigns against the minority government. • Amid growing domestic and international pressure and with the fear of a racial civil war, he was released from prison in 1990 after 27 years of imprisonment. • Due to his effort, Apartheid was abolished in 1990 in South Africa. • Later, in 1994, he became the First President of South Africa. 7. Write a note on Social, Economic and Cultural rights of the people. • Social, economic and cultural rights are integral part of the human rights law that developed due to the aftermath of World War II. • Social rights are necessary for full participation in the society. • Economic rights guarantee every person to have conditions under which they are able to meet their needs. • They are a part of a range of legal principles through which economic equality and freedom are preserved in a State. • Cultural rights are human rights that aim at assuring the enjoyment of culture and its

components in conditions of equality, human dignity and non-discrimination. 3 8. Write a paragraph on Civil and Political rights. Civil and political rights protect an individual’s freedom from infringement by the government, social organizations and private individuals. These rights ensure one’s ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state.

Civil rights: The term ‘Civil rights’ refers to the basic rights afforded by laws of the government, to every person regardless of race, nationality, colour , gender, age, religion etc., CIVICS

Political rights: Political rights exercised in the formation and administration of a government. They are given to the citizens by law. These rights give power to the citizens to participate either directly or indirectly in the administration.

9. What is SHRC? Write the functions of SHRC. State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) is established in all the Indian states in accordance with the power conferred on the state under section 21of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. The protection and promotion of human rights constitute the principal concern of the Commission. www.kalvikural.com 260 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 3

Functions of SHRC: • The SHRC shall enquire into violation of human rights in respect of matters specified in the state and concurrent lists. • Its objectives and duties are the same as NHRC, but confined only to the state. It has a chairman and two members. • It has the power of a civil court and can take cognizance of cases if received or in suo motu. • It can also recommend compensation to victims. 10. Mention the salient features of POCSO Act. To safeguard the children, the government passed the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) is passed in 2012. It regards the best interest of the child as being of paramount importance at every stage.

Salient features of POCSO Act: • The Act defines a child as any person below eighteen years of age, to ensure the healthy, physical, emotional, intellectual and social development of the child. • When the abuse is committed by a person in a position of trust or authority vis-à-vis the child, like a family member, neighbours or any other acquaintances. • The statement of the child is to be recorded exactly as the child narrates. • A child not to be called repeatedly to testify. An ordinance providing the death penalty for rapists of girls below 12 years of age and other stringent penal provisions for rape has been promulgated in April 2018. 3 • Another salient feature of this amendment is that the fine imposed shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim. 11. What do you known about the Right to Information Act? • The Right to Information Act is a revolutionary act that aims to promote transparency in the government institutions in India. This act was enacted in October 2005. • It is one of the most powerful laws of the country. This act is people friendly.

CIVICS • A common man can demand any government organization to provide information. All government agencies like Municipal Corporations, Government departments, Government Schools, Road Authorities, etc., come under this Act. • Through RTI one can get even copies of government documents such as records, reports, papers, etc., • Sign the Application form with your full name and address along with the date and send it through a registered post to the office of the concerned authority. • If a reply is not received within 30 days, an appeal can be filed with the Appellate Authority. • A fee will be collected as penalty from the concerned official for not providing the information. www.kalvikural.com 261 Civics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

VI. PROJECT AND ACTIVITY. 1. How do you protect yourself from Child abuse/sexual exploitation and trafficking. We teach our young children all sorts of ways to keep themselves safe. We teach them to watch the hot stove, we teach them to look both ways before they cross the street. The recent researches say that approximately 1 in 6 boys and 1 in 4 girls are sexually abused before the age of 18. So, to protect me, I should take following measures- • I should express my feelings and emotions freely without any inhibitions to my close friend or parents. • I should know the safety measures such as the emergency contact numbers – parents, family friends or police personals. • I should be aware of child protection systems and networks. This information will be handy. • Develop support systems for our age group. • Efforts should be taken to build public opinion for child protection. So that, children like me will got priority in planning the protection. • I must know the Safe and unsafe touching. 2. Write an article titled “My country, my rights”. • This words ‘My Country, My Rights’ will surely strike every heart that might not be even patriotic because Patriotism is in our blood. • India is a great cultured country, We are born with values and great morals. Further they are improved and given a final touch by our Elders. • All we are today is the great work of our parents. We must be glad to thank them or serve

them. India not only as a dwelling place, but is treated as our mother from many centuries. 3 • We still inherit the way of acknowledging our mother India in our own ways. • Being a citizen of India , We do enjoy rights. Rights are the basic needs to live a happy and comfortable life. • These rights may not be enjoyed by everyone, but Our Government must try to make sure that everyone enjoys them. • These days, Freedom of expression is also being recognized as a right. • We are given the freedom to express our thoughts. All young Indians must strive to make CIVICS their country better by their brilliant thoughts. • We had got freedom after a long struggle but it’s not over yet. • We can say that we achieved when all Indians can proudly say that they live in a developed country with no discrimination, difference between the religions, places, people and their goals. • We must also remember that, Along with rights comes righteousness and duties. • We must be humble and ourself should make sure that there’s none who loses enjoying rights because of us. • Thereby, it’s also important to make our contribution count and fulfill the duties being an Indian.  www.kalvikural.com 262 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 4

CIVICS 4 FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. ………...…, ………...… are a few examples for unitary form of government. Ans: England and France 2. The Parliamentary government is also known as ………...… Ans: Cabinet /ministry 3. In the parliamentary form of government ………...… is the leader of the majority party. Ans: Prime Minister ADDITIONAL 4. ‘Government’ refers to the ………...… functions of the state. Ans: Executive 5. The term Government is derived from old French world ‘………...…’ Ans: Governor 6. ………...… is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom. Ans: Monarchy 7. Amendments to the constitution are easy in the ………...… form of government. Ans: Unitary 8. The ………...… form of government is good for economic and cultural progress. 4 Ans: Federal 9. The ………...… form of government is basically built on the principles of separation of power. Ans: Presidential

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. S.No. Country Name of the Parliament 1. USA Congress

CIVICS 2. Norway Storting 3. Denmark Folketing

ADDITIONAL S.No. Country Form of Government 4. Switzerland Federal 5. India Parliamentary 6. Srilanka Unitary 7. Japan Parliamentary 8. Britain Parliamentary www.kalvikural.com 263 Civics . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

III. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN. 1. Unitary and federal forms of government.

S.No. Unitary form of government Federal form of government In a Unitary form of government, all the In this government, powers are divided 1. powers are vested in a single centre. between the nationa and the regional governments. England, France, Japan and Sri Lanka U.S.A., Russia, Canada and Brazil 2. are examples of Unitary form of are the examples of Federal form of government. government.

2. Parliamentary and presidential forms of government

Parliamentary forms of Government Presidential form of Government President is supreme Central Legislature is supreme Separation of power Absence of separation powers centralisation Individual leadership Collective leadership Prime minister is from the majority party President is directly elected by the people

IV. GIVE SHORT NOTE ON 1. Unitary form of government

• The Unitary form of government is a sovereign state governed as a single entity. 4 • In a Unitary form of government, all the authority and power is vested in a single centre. • England, France, Japan and Sri Lanka are examples of Unitary form of government.

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. List out the types of constitution. • Written constitution/Unwritten constitution

• Federal/Unitary constitution CIVICS • Flexible/Rigid constitution 2. What are the merits of a federal government? • Division of power between centre and states leads to administrative efficiency. • It gives rise to big states. • Distribution of powers check the despotism of the Central government. • More suitable for bigger countries. • It is good for economic and cultural progress. www.kalvikural.com 264 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 4

3. Write down the differences between unitary form of government and federal form of government.

S.No. Unitary form of government Federal form of government 1. Only one Level Government or sub units. Two Levels of Government. 2. Mostly single citizenship. Dual citizenship. Sub Unites cannot operate independently. Federal units are answerable to Central 3. Government. 4 No Division of power. Division of power. 5 Centralization of power. Decentralisation of power.. ADDITIONAL 4. Write the features of Parliamentary for of government. • Nominal and Real Executive • Majority Party rule • Collective responsibility • Dual membership • Leadership of the Prime Minister 5. What are the merits of Parliamentary form of government? • Harmony between Legislature and Executive

4 • Responsible Government • Prevents Dictatorship • Wide Representation 6. What are the demerits of the Parliamentary form of government? • Unstable government • No continuity of policies • Dictatorship of the Cabinet

CIVICS • Against separation of powers. VI. ANSWER IN DETAIL. 1. Write about the merits of Unitary form of government. The merits of the Unitary form government are- • Suitable for small countries. • There is no conflict of authority and responsibility. • A Unitary government will make prompt decisions and take speedy action. • A unitary government is less expensive. • Amendments to the constitution are easy. • There is unity, uniformity of law, policy and administration. www.kalvikural.com 265 Civics . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Write about the presidential form of government and what is the difference between presidential and parliamentary forms of government? • In the Presidential form of government, President is the head of State. • He is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure. • The President governs with the help of a cabinet or a small body called ‘Kitchen Cabinet’. • This government is also known as non-parliamentary or fixed executive system of government. • The difference between the Presidential and Parliamentary form of government are-

S.No. Presidential form of Federal form of government President is directly elected by the Prime Minister is from the majority party. 1. people. 2. President is supreme. Central Legislature is supreme. 3. Separate powers. Absence of separation powers. Independence branches. Independent branches with overlapping 4 functions. 5 President is the head of state. President is the head of state. President is the head of the government. Prime Minister is the head of the 6 government. 7 Individual leadership. Collective leadership. 8 President is not accountable to Congress. Collective and individual responsibility. 4

ADDITIONAL 3. What are the three law making lists? Explain. The government enacts laws for the better administration. They can be classed into three lists. They are Union list, State list and Concurrent list.

Union list:

• The Centre can make laws application to the whole nation on certain matters called as the CIVICS Union list. • Union list has 100 subjects. • A few examples are – i) Foreign affairs ii) Defence iii) Armed forces iv) Post and telegraphs etc. State List: • The State has the powers to make laws in some matter only application to their own state. • The State list has 61 subjects. • It include police, prisons, agriculture, local government etc. www.kalvikural.com 266 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 4

Concurrent List: • It includes the subjects on which both Centre and State governments have the power to make laws. There are 52 subjects on which both the governments make laws. • A few examples are criminal and civil procedures, marriage and diverce, newspapers, books and printing press, etc. 4. What are the demerits of Federal form of government? • Federal government is weaker when compared to the unitary government. • Federal government is more expensive. • Provincial tendencies are very common. • Lack of uniformity in administration • Threat to national unity. • Distribution of powers between centre and states lead to conflicts • Double citizenship. • Rigid constitution cannot be a mended easily for changing needs. • The state governments sometimes place hindrances in the foreign policy. 5. Mention the Unitary features of the Indian constitution. • Strong centre. • Central government’s control over state territory. • Single constitution.

4 • Flexibility of the constitution. • Unequal representation of states. • Emergency provisions. • Single citizenship. • Single integrated judiciary. • All India services. • Appointment of Governor by the central government. CIVICS

 www.kalvikural.com 267 Civics . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE CIVICS LOCAL SELF 5 GOVERNMENT

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER: 1. Which committee was appointed by the planning commission in 1985? a) Balwant Rai Mehta b) Ashok Mehta c) G V K Rao d) L.M.Singhvi Ans: c) 2. The stone inscription show evidences of prevelant local government during the …………… period of Tamil Nadu a) Chola b) Chera c) Pandiya d) Pallava Ans: a) 3. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, was enacted during the year in …………… a) 1992 b) 1995 c) 1997 d) 1990 Ans: a) 4. …………… act as the inspector of Village Panchayat. a) Commissioner b) District Collector c) Councillors d) Mayor Ans: b) 5 ADDITIONAL 5. Panchayat Union is formed by grouping of …………… a) Town b) Cities c) Villages d) Corporations Ans: c) 6. Local Self Government operates at the lowest level of …………… a) Society b) Country c) Government d) Village Ans: a) 7. Under the Government India Act of ……………, provincial autonomy was introduced. CIVICS a) 1925 b) 1947 c) 1950 d) 1935 Ans: d) 8. The Panchayatraj system was inaugurated on …………… by the then Prime Minister of Jawaharlal Nehru. a) 15th August b) 26th January c) 2nd October d) 14th November Ans: c) 9. The Uthiramerur stone inscription was issued by …………… in . a) Rajaraja Chola b) Paranthaka Chola I c) Rejendra Chola d) Kulotunga Chola Ans: b) www.kalvikural.com 268 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 5

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. …………… is known as the ‘Father of Local Government;. Ans: Lord. Ripon 2. Restoration of …………… has become an article of faith during our freedom struggle. Ans: Panchayats 3. …………… was the name of the select ballot method exercised to elect members to the village councils during the Chola period. Ans: Kudaolaimurai 4. Local Government which function in villages are called …………… Ans: Village panchayat 5. …………… will look after the administration of the Town Panchyat. Ans: Executive Officer ADDITIONAL 6. The …………… Commission conducts the election to the local governments. Ans: State Election 7. Meeting of the Grama Sabha are conducted …………… times in a year. Ans: Four 8. The Municipal Commissioner will be a person from the …………… Ans: Indian Administrative Service 9. There are …………… number of Corporations in Tamil Nadu. Ans: 12 10. The …………… of the Panchyat will preside over the meeting of Gram Sabha. 5 Ans: President.

III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Zilla Parishad - a) Villages 2. Grama Sabha - b) Mayor 3. Ward Committee - c) Chairman 4. Panchayat Union - d) District Collector

CIVICS 5. Corporation - e) Municipalities Ans: 1-c 2-a 3-e 4-d 5-b

IV. FIND OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT. i. Panchyat Union is formed by grouping of Districts. (F) ii. District Panchyat is constituted in each village. (F) iii. The Municipal Commissioner will be a person from the Indian Administration Service. (F) iv. In Village Panchayat, the President and ward members are elected by the people. (T) Ans: iv) is the correct statements www.kalvikural.com 269 Civics . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

V. ANSWER IN BRIEF. 1. Name the taxes levied by the village panchayat. • Property Tax. • Professional Tax. • House Tax. • Taxes for connection of drinking water. • Land Tax. • Taxes levied on shops. 2. List out the salient features of Tamil Nadu Panchyat Raj Act 1994. • A three tier system. • Gram Sabha. • Establishment of Election Commission. • Constitution of Finance Commission. • Reservation of seats for SC/ST’s proportionate to their population. • One third reservation of seats for women and • Constitution of District Planning Committees. 3. Mention the important functions of the Village Panchyat. • Supply of drinking water. • Maintenance and cleaning of roads. 5 • Maintenance of village libraries. • Maintenance of small bridges. • Granting permission to the housing plots. • Maintenance of drainage & street lights. • Construction of group houses. • Maintenance of burial grounds.

4. Which are the voluntary functions of the local government? CIVICS • Maintenance of street lights in the villages. • Maintenance of markets and fairs. • Implantation of trees. • Maintenance of play grounds. • Maintenance of parking vehicles, slaughter houses and cattle sheds. • Control over places of exhibition.

5. Name the urban local governments. 1. Town Panchayat 2. Municipality 3. Corporation. www.kalvikural.com 270 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 5 ADDITIONAL 6. Name the Urban local governments. The Urban Local Governments are – • Town Panchayat • Municipality • Corporation

7. When are the meetings of the Grama Sabha conducted? • January 26 - Republic Day • May 1 - Labour Day • August 15 - Independence Day • October 2 - Gandhi Jayanthi

8. What are the important functions of Mayor? • He acts as a bridge between the members of the Corporation and the government. • He presides over the meetings of the Corporation Council. • He receives the dignitaries from foreign countries.

VI. ANSWER IN A PARAGRAPH: 1. Write in details about the salient features of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional

5 amendment Act (1992). The salient features of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment Act (1992) are – • Panchayats and municipalities will be institutions of self government. • Grama Sabhas (Villages) and Ware Committees (Municipalities) comprising. • Three-tier system of panchayats at village, taluk and district levels. • Seats at all levels filled by direct elections • Seats reserved for chairpersons of the Panchayats at all levels also shall be reserved at CIVICS proportion to their population • One-third of the total number of seats reserved for women. • Uniform five year term. 2. Describe the major proboems & challenges faced by the Local self governments. The problems and challenges facing the Local self Governments are – • Lack of clear demarcation of powers and functions of l0cal bodies. • Allocation of funds and needs assessment are not marched. • Role of caste, class and religion in decision making at the local self governments • Poor accountability of elected members and officials at the grass root levels of democracy. www.kalvikural.com 271 Civics . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 3. Write a note on Panchayat Union and its functions. • Panchatat Union is formed by grouping of villages. • Members of the Panchayat Union are directly elected by the people. • The Chairman of the Panchyat Union is chosen from among the members. Its functions: • Supply of drinking water. • Maintenance of Village Health Centres. • Maintenance of roads. • Establishment of Maternity Homes. • Establishment of Public fairs. • Establishment of Veterinary hospitals. • Maintenance of Social forests. • Repairing of Primary School buildings.

VII. ACTIVITY. 1. Meet your Panchayat President / Municipal Chairman and discuss with him ho the local self government is being administered. (Self Activity) 5  CIVICS www.kalvikural.com 272 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Civics . Unit 6

CIVICS 6 ROAD SAFETY

I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. What are the benefits of wearing helmet while driving? • It helps to reduce traffic accidents. • It also help us to protect our body from accident injuries. 2. List out the factors of road accidents. • Drunk and drive. • Distractions to drive. • Red light jumping. • Over taking in a wrong manner. 3. Which colour in the signal mean ‘stop’? Red colour. 4. List out any three road safety rules.

6 • Follow the traffic rules. • Don’t consume liquor and drive. • Avoid rash driving.

ADDITIONAL 5. What are the direct consequences of accidents? • Fatality (death)

CIVICS • Injury • Damage to property 6. Mention the preventive measures for accidents. • Education and awareness about road safety. • Strict enforcement of law. • Engineering – i) vehicle design and ii) road infrastructure.

II. ANSWER IN A PARAGRAPH. 1. Write the factors involved in road accidents. Drivers : Over speeding, rash driving, violation of rules, failure to understand signs and alcohol. www.kalvikural.com 273 Civics . Unit 6 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Pedestrians : Carelessness, illiterary, crossing the road at wrong places, jaywalkers. Passengers : Projecting their body parts outside vehicles, vehicles from the wrong side, travelling on foot boards, catching a running bus, etc. Vehicles : Failure of breakes or steering, tyre burst, insufficient headlights, overloading. Road conditions : Potholes, damaged roads, eroded roads merging or rural roads with highway And illiegal speed breakers. Weather conditions : Food, snow, heavy rainfall, wind storms, hail storms.

2. Explain in detail: The road safety rules. It is important to know about safety rules and regulations to avoid accidents. Here, a few basic road safety rules are given. • Know the traffic signals. • Stop, Look and Cross the road. • Pay attention – Listen. • Don’t run on roads. • Always use side walks. • Never stick hands outside the vehicle.

• Never cross road at bends. 6 • Don’t rush. • Keep left. • Crossing at zebra line.

ACTIVITIES Play is one of the best ways to make children learn important things. A few road

safety tips will help the children learn about road safety. CIVICS 1. Crosswords are excellent learning tools for older students. You can find road safety education cross words for online.

2. Play guessing games play noises or sounds that they are likely to hear on the street and ask them what it is.

3. Red light, Green light have the children run around and someone yells out, ‘red light’ and the children have to stop what they are doing until they hear ‘green light’.

(Self Activity)

 www.kalvikural.com 274 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 1 ECONOMICS UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVES, MEASUREMENT AND 1 SUSTAINABILITY

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER: 1. Assertion (A) : Development increases the quality of life.

Reason (R) : People will have higher incomes, better education, better health and nutrition, less poverty. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true Ans: a) 2. The term ‘Human resources’ refers to a) Investment on poor people b) Expenditure on agriculture c) Investment on assets d) Collective abilities of people Ans: d) 3. For comparing development between countries, their …………… is considered to be one of the most important attributes. a) Growth b) Income c) Expenditure d) Savings Ans: b) 4. …………… is considered a true measure of national income. a) GNP b) GDP c) NNP d) NDP Ans: d) 5. The …………… income is also called per capita income. a) Average b) Total c) People d) Monthly Ans: a) 6. Which one of the following country is not a G-8 country? a) Japan b) Canada c) Russia d) India Ans: d) 7. Which one of the following country is not a member of SAARC? a) India b) Pakistan c) China d) Bhutan Ans: c) 1 8. Assertion (A) : The Net National Product (NNP) is considered as a true measure of national output. Reason (R) : It is also known as national income. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true Ans: a) ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 275 Economics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

9. Assertion (A) : Human resource is necessary for the progress of any country. Reason (R) : Investment in education and health of people can result in a high rate of returns in the future for a country. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true Ans: a)

10. The Human Development Index (HDI) does not take into account the following dimension in its calculation a) Gender b) Health c) Education d) Income Ans: a)

11. Among the following states which state has the literacy rate (2011) higher than national Average? a) Andhra Pradesh b) Uttar Pradesh c) Tamil Nadu d) None of these Ans: c)

12. Sex-ratio means …………… a) The ratio between adult-male and adult female in a population b) The ratio between female and male in a population c) The relationship between male of female d) The number of females per thousand males Ans: d)

13. Inter-generational equality is ensured under the process of …………… a) Industrial progress b) Economic development c) Sustainable development d) Economic growth Ans: c)

14. Find the odd one. a) Solar energy b) Wind energy c) Paper d) Natural gas Ans: c)

15. …………… is the state with highest installed solar capacity in India. a) Tamil Nadu b) West Bengal c) Kerala d) Andhra Pradesh Ans: a)

16. …………… resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use.

a) Natural b) Renewable 1 c) Non-Renewable d) New Ans: c)

17. Thermal plant emits large quantity of …………… which pollutes the environment. a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Carbon d) Carbon dioxide Ans: d) ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 276 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 1 ADDITIONAL 18. Per capita income of all the countries are calculated only in the US …………… a) Euro b) Dollars c) Pounds d) Frank Ans: b) 19. …………… become the first largest country in term of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). a) India b) USA c) Japan d) China Ans: d) 20. Human Development Index (HDI) indicates …………… development of the people in the society. a) Economic b) Educational c) All round d) Health Ans: c) 21. Literacy rate of …………… is the second highest among the Southern states. a) Tamil Nadu b) Kerala c) Andra Pradesh d) Karnataka Ans: a) 22. …………… is an example of non-renewable source. a) Ground Water b) Sun c) Wind d) Petroleum Ans: d) II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. Economic progress of any country is known as ...... Ans: Economic Development 2. The head quarters of HRD Ministry is in ...... Ans: New Delhi 3. The state having the highest literacy rate in India is ...... Ans: Kerala 4. Human Development Report of the world prepared and released by ...... Ans: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) 5. Groundwater is an example of ...... resource. Ans: Renewable 6. The book An Uncertain Glory was written by ...... Ans: Prof. Amartya Sen ADDITIONAL 7. The enrolment for higher education in Tamil Nadu is the ...... in India. Ans: Highest 8. India depends on ...... and hydro power plants to meet its power needs. Ans: Thermal 9. Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight to ......

1 Ans: Electricity 10. Wild life Protection Act was passed in the year ...... Ans: 1972 11. Development increase the ...... of life. Ans: Quality III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING: 1. Development - a) Wild life Protection Act 2. Human resource - b) Renewable resources 3. Solar energy - c) Part of daily life

ECONOMICS 4. 1972 - d) Education Ans: 1-c 2-d 3-b 4-a www.kalvikural.com 277 Economics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

IV. GIVE SHORT ANSWERS:

1. What do you mean by development? • The world ‘development’ is used widely. It refers to the progress of a particular field of a particular person. • However, the interpretation of the concept development keeps on changing from time to time, from person to person and its meaning gets extended further.

2. What are the indicators of development? The major indicators to measure the level of economic development are - • Net National Product (NNP) • Per Capita Income (PCI) • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and • Human Development Index (HDI)

3. Why NNP is not considered as an useful measure to compare a country’s development with other countries? • The Net National Product (NNP) is considered as a true measure of national income. • For comparing the development of various countries, total income is not a useful measure. Because, countries have different populations.

4. Why human resources is considered as the foremost resource of any country? • Human resource development means the development of a person’s physical and mental abilities through education, health care and training. • In the past, economists believed that the rate of economic growth of nation could be increased only by increasing investment in physical capital. Now, they have realised that investment in human capital is an important investment.

5. Expand the following: i) PPP ii) HDI PPP: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is defined as the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as one dollar would but in the US. 1 HDI: It means Human Development Index. It indicates all round development of the people in the society.

6. Expand the following: i) NNP ii) PCI NNP : The Net National Product (NNP) PCI : Per capita income ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 278 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 1

7. What is ‘Solar Power’? Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power.

ADDITIONAL 8. What are the terms used to denote ‘Development’ The word ‘development’ is used widely. It refers to the progress of a particular field or a particular person. The other terms used to denote ‘Development’ are – • Improvement • Way of moving forward • Advance • Grows within • Bettering yourself • Freedom of grow and • Progress 9. What is GDP? Final value of total goods and services produced with in the geographic boundaries of a country during a specified period of time, normally a year is known as Cross Domestic Product (GDP).

V. ANSWER IN DETAIL.

1. Discuss the policies for sustainable development. Policies for sustainable development: • To achieve real sustainability, we need to balance economic, social and environmental sustainability in equal harmony. • In general, the question of development or progress is continuous. At all time, as a member of society and as an individual, we need to ask where we want to go, what we wish to become and what our goals are. Measures to be taken: • Addressing poverty and delivering equity. 1 • Protecting the world’s climate by redirecting energy and transport policies. • Providing food security through a global reconversion of agriculture. • Promoting the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and forests. • Protecting soils and combating desertification. • Making good the right to water and utilizing water resources sustainably. 2. Describe in detail about environmental policies in India. Environment policies in India have been evolved considerably over the past three decades. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 279 Economics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Environment policies: • The environment polices cover wide range of issued such as air, water pollution, water management and biodiversity. • The policies helped India to face challenges such as limited resources, minimum externalities and uncertain climate in the economic development. • The Supreme Court of India has interpreted and introduced new changes in environmental protection through a series of directions and judgements. • Article 51A (g) of the Constitution states that “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife”. 3. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources.

S.No. Renewable resources Non-renewable resources Renewable resources are pollution free Non-renewable resources pollute and 1. and environment friendly. damage the environment. These resources take a short time for Million of years are needed for the 2. renewal. formation of these resources. Example: Solar energy, wind energy, Example: Metals, glass and fossil fuels. 3. water and wood.

4. Mention any five environmental Acts and their action.

S.No Year Name of the Act 1. 2010 National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 2. 2002 Biological Diversity Act, 2002 3. 1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 4. 1980 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 5. 1974 Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974 6. 1972 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 1 VI. PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES.

1. List the various ways in which the problems of garbage and emissions are being dealt with around the world. There are a number of ways to reduce waste and promote green technology. They are- • One way to reduce paper waste – We can move to an online document instead of paper document. • Another means to reduce waste is to buy in bulk which lessens the use of packaging

materials. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 280 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 1

• There is plenty of food wastage going on organic waste keeps piling up, leading to costly methane emissions. Food waste can be reintroduced into the environment through compositing which can easily be carried out at home or with community composting. • An additional example of how can we reduce waste is being aware of not buying materials which we don’t need in excess. • One should opt for non-hazardous or less hazardous items. • Addition of waste to landfills is on the rise. In order to curb this, we should develop the habit of reusing materials. • Reuse not only saves natural resources, but also lessens our dependency on them. • Recycling is another process on how to reduce waste. It primarily involves three primary – collection, processing and manufacturing. VII. HOTS.

1. Write in detail what kind of environmental problems you face in your locality. Environmental Problems The list of environmental problems has grown to a great extent in the past few years. It has become very important to get these problems fixed before it is too late. Following are some of the major and serious problems being faced by the world.

Deforestation: Forests are an important part of the ecological cycle. They are a good source of oxygen, rainfall, moisture, etc. But deforestation has brought about a drastic change in the ecological balance of the earth. This has resulted in a climate shift, less rainfall, soil erosion, danger to wild animals etc. Pollution: There are many types of environmental pollution: water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, etc. All these pollutions are very harmful and can cause a serious impact on living beings. • Air pollution is related to the emission of harmful gases in the earth’s atmosphere which is resulting in global warming. 1 • Water pollution on the other hand, is related to the dumping of waste materials in the water which causes harm to the aquatic as well as terrestrial life. • Soil pollution is also related to the dumping of waste material in the soil which causes degradation of the soil. • Noise pollution is related to the high frequency sound ways which are harmful for the ears. Waste: The world has progressed a lot but with this progress, the amount of harmful

ECONOMICS and toxic wastes have increased. This problem has topped the list of environmental issues in www.kalvikural.com 281 Economics . Unit 1 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

America. Many industries which have waste materials like mercury, lead, motor oil, etc. do not process them properly and dump it in land or water which further results in the toxification of soil and water. This waste may also include radioactive waste which is very difficult to neutralize. This is a very serious current environmental issue. Overpopulation: Experts consider overpopulation to be the worst among the other environmental issues. According to the estimation of the United Nations World Population Prospects report, the current population is growing by 74 million people per year approximately. This is a very serious problem as with the increase in population their needs will also increase. Insufficient land, resources, food, and other basic necessity may give birth to many other problems and may also contribute to the existing ones. Hence, it is very important to keep an eye on the growing population not just for the sake of the environment but for the existence of our planet. VIII. LIFE SKILL

1. How is the Per Capita income calculated? • Income is considered to be one of the indicators of economic development. • The average income or per capita income is calculated by dividing the country’s total income by its total population. • Example - There are six members in your family – Father, mother, Grandfather, Grandmother, you and your sister. Father and mother are the earning members of your family. The amount you get after dividing total income by the number of members in the family (6 persons) is called as Per Capital income of the individuals.

 1 ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 282 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 2 ECONOMICS EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA 2 AND TAMILNADU

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. We take age group …………… years for computation of the workforce. a) 12–60 b) 15–60 c) 21–65 d) 5–14 Ans: b)

2. Which is the correct sequence of various sectors in GDP of India in the descending order? a) Primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector b) Primary sector, Tertiary sector, Secondary sector c) Tertiary sector, Secondary sector, Primary sector d) Secondary sector, Tertiary sector, Primary sector Ans: a)

3. Which one of the following sectors is the largest employer in India? a) Primary Sector b) Secondary Sector c) Tertiary Sector d) Public sector Ans: a)

4. Which one of the following is not in Primary Sector? a) Agriculture b) Manufacturing c) Mining d) Fishery Ans: b)

5. Which one of the following is not in the Secondary Sector? a) Construction b) Manufacturing c) Small Scale Industry d) Forestry Ans: d)

6. Tertiary Sector include/s …………… a) Transport b) Insurance c) Banking d) All of these Ans: d)

7. Which sector is not included in the occupational pattern?

2 a) Primary sector b) Secondary sector c) Tertiary sector d) Private sector Ans: c)

8. Match the List I with List II using the codes given below:

a) Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and Mining 1. Unorganised sector b) Manufacturing, Electricity Gas and Water Supply 2. Service Sector c) Trade, Transport and Communication 3. Secondary sector d) Unincorporated Enterprises and Household industries 4. Primary Sector ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 283 Economics . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

A B C D a) 1 2 3 4 b) 4 3 2 1 c) 2 3 1 4 d) 3 2 4 1 Ans: b)

9. Which Delhi Sultan of medieval India formed ‘Employment Bureau’ to solve the unemployment problem? a) Muhamad Bin Tugluq b) Allauddin Khilji c) Feroz Shah Tugluq d) Balban Ans: c) 10. …………… sector is registered and follows government rules. a) Agriculture b) Organised c) Unorganised d) Private Ans: b) 11. …………… sector provides job security and higher wages a) Public sector b) Organised sector c) Unorganised sector d) Private sector Ans: b) 12. Find the odd one. a) Banking b) Railways c) Insurance d) Small Scale Industry Ans: d) 13. The sectors are classified into Public and Private sectors on the basis of a) number of workers employed b) nature of economic activity c) ownership of enterprises d) employment conditions Ans: c) 14. Assertion (A) : The unorganised sector of the economy characterised by the household Manufacturing activity and small-scale industry. Reason (R) : Jobs here are low paid and often not regular. a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true Ans: a) 15. People who employ workers and pay rewards for their work is termed as …………… a) Employee b) Employer c) Labour d) caretaker Ans: b) 2 16. …………… continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu. a) Agriculture b) Manufacturing c) Banking d) Small Scale Industry Ans: a) ADDITIONAL 17. In developing countries, a large number of work force will be engaged in …………… a) Primary sector b) Secondary sector

c) Tertiary sector d) Government sector Ans: a) ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 284 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 2

18. In India, the employment growth has increased at an average rate of …………… since 1972-73. a) 8% b) 6% c) 4% d) 2% Ans: d) 19. Feroz Shah Thuglaq was a Sultain of …………… a) Hyderabad b) Bengal c) Delhi d) Carnatic Ans: c) 20. In the …………… sector, the employment terms are not fixed and regular. a) Organised b) Unorganised c) Tertiary d) Public Ans: b)

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS: 1. In ...... sector, the employment terms are not fixed and regular. Ans: Unorganised 2. Economic activities are classified into ...... and ...... sectors. Ans: Private and Public 3...... has always featured as an important element of development policy in India. Ans: Employment 4. Employment pattern changes due to ...... Ans: Life style of the people 5. The nature of employment in India is ...... Ans: Multi dimensional 6...... of the economy is the number of people in the country, who work and also capable of working. Ans: Labour force 7. Public sector means ...... Ans: Government undertaking ADDITIONAL 8. The nature of employment in India is ...... Ans: Multidimensional 9. The employees in the organised sector are provided with ...... and receive higher wages. Ans: Job security 10...... and ...... are the example of Public sector. Ans: BSNL and NLC 11. In unorganised sector, the jobs are ...... and often not regular. Ans: Low paid 12. The shape of the ‘Employment Structure’ diagram is ...... Ans: Triangle

III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Public sector - a) Banking

2 2. Private sector - b) Poultry 3. Primary sector - c) Profit motive 4. Tertiary sector - d) Service motive Ans: 1-d 2-c 3-b 4-a

IV. GIVE SHORT ANSWERS.

1. What is labour force of the economy? Labour force of the economy is the number of people in the country who work and also capable of working. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 285 Economics . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Why are children and old age (above 60 years) are not considered for computation of workforce? • We take age group of 15-60 years of age are excluded for the computation of workforce. • Persons who are less this 15 years are considered as children and person who have crossed 6o years of age are exclude as they are not physically fit to undertake productive occupation. 3. What are the three sectors of an economy? • Primary or agriculture sector • Secondary or industrial sector and • Tertiary or service sector 4. Agriculture, despite a sharp decline in Gross Domestic Product, continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu. Give reason. Agriculture, despite a sharp decline in gross domestic product, continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu. This is because the non-agriculture sectors are yet to generate enough employment to affect a shift of labour force. ADDITIONAL 5. What are Public sector and Private sector? Give Example. Economic activities are classified in to Public and Private sector based on who owns assets and is responsible for the delivery of services. Example: i) Private sector - TVS Motors and TATA Steel ii) Public sector - SAIL (Steel Authority of India) and BSNL

V. ANSWER IN DETAIL.

1. Explain: (a) primary sector (b) secondary sector and (c) tertiary sector. Primary sector : Agriculture, forestry animal husbandry, poultry, dairy farming, fishing etc. are Primary Sector.

Secondary sector : Manufacturing, small and large- scale industries and constructional activities. Secondary Sector.

Tertiary sector : Transport, insurance, banking, trade, communication, real estate, government and non-government services. 2

2. Explain the employment structure of India. • The economy is classified into three sectors: primary or agriculture sector, secondary or industrial sector and tertiary or service sector. • The structure of employment denotes the number of workers engaged in different sectors of the economy. One can find in developing countries like India that a large work force will be engaged in primary sector, while a small proportion in secondary and tertiary sectors. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 286 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 2

Tertiary Sector (Service)

Secondary Sector (Production of goods)

Primary Sector (basic production) Agriculture, forestry, mining

• In well-developed countries, the proportion of work force engaged in agriculture will be very small and a majority of labour force will be in the industrial and tertiary sectors. • Employment has always featured as an important element of development policy in India. Employment growth has increased at an average rate of 2% during the past four decades since 1972–73. 3. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors. Employment conditions under organized Sectors: • This sector works according to certain rules and regulations given in the law. • Organised sector has some formal processes and procedures. • The employees in this sector are provided with job security and receive higher wages than those of the unorganised sectors. • Organised sector gives good salary, fixed working hours, paid holidays and provides medical allowance and insurance also. Employment conditions under unorganized Sectors: • Jobs here are low paid and often not regular. • Mostly, they do not have paid leave, holiday, leave due to sickness and so on. • Employment is not secure. When there is no work, people are asked to leave the job. • In the unorganised sector, the employment terms are not fixed and regular. They do not enjoy any special benefits or job security.

2 • These enterprises are not registered with the government. 4. Distinguish between the Public sector and the Private sector. Economic activities are classified into public and private sector based on who owns assets and is responsible for the delivery of services. The differences between the Public and Private sectors are as follows-

S.No Public Sector Private Sector 1. Service motive. Profit motive.

ECONOMICS 2. Government owns the assets. Private individuals own the assets. www.kalvikural.com 287 Economics . Unit 2 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Wages are paid by the government. Wages are paid by the owner or private 3. enterprises. NLC, SAIL, BSNL, etc are the TVS motors, Ashok Leyland, TATA Steel, etc 4. examples of Public Sector. are the examples of Private Sector.

VI. PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES.

1. Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you. In what way can you classify them?

S.No Kinds of work Classification 1. Fishing Primary sector 2. Transport Tertiary sector 3. Agriculture Primary sector 4 Screw factory Secondary sector 5 Banking Sector Tertiary sector 6 Printing press Secondary sector 7 Poultry Primary sector 8 Textile trading shop Tertiary sector 9 Automobile industry Secondary sector 10 Cattle raring Primary sector 11 Real Estate Tertiary sector 12 Hotel management Tertiary sector 13 Dairy Primary sector 14 Handloom industry Secondary sector 15 Animal husbandry Primary sector 2. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Chennai and found the following:

Nature of Percentage of Place of work employment working people

In offices and factories registered with the 2 Organised 15 government. Own shops, office, clinics in market places with Unorganised 20 formal license. People working on the street, construction Unorganised 25 workers, domestic workers. Working in small workshops usually not Unorganised 40 registered with the government. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 288 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 2

3. Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors - Milk vendor, tailor, teacher, doctor, farmer, postman, engineer, potter, fisherman, artisans, policeman, banker, driver, carpenter. Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector Milk vender Tailor Teacher Farmer Engineer Doctor Fisherman Potter Postman Artisans Policeman Carpenter Banker Driver VII. HOTS. 1. Tertiary sector is in top position in the world now. Justify • The Tertiary Sector is actually the service sector, which involves the giving away direct services to its consumers. It supplies services to the immediate consumers and the business houses and it includes services related to retail, transportation, hotels, sales and much more. • It is seen that nearly 80% of the workers are related to this industry in sourcing out the best services and has even improved the income standards. This also helps in spending on the luxury items and tourism industry too. • People who are serving in this sector are generally the white-collar job holders and involve communication from the distant places too. • So, the Tertiary sector is in top position in the world. VIII. LIFE SKILL. 1. Discuss the sectors of your village economy. (Self Activity) ACTIVITY 1. Why did people shift from agriculture to non-agriculture jobs in Iruvelpattu? What could have been the reasons? • There is a sharp decline in agricultural production. So the people shifted from agriculture to non agriculture jobs in Iruvelpattu.

2 • It is mainly because of the failure of monsoon, water scarcity and need of labours. 2. Do you think it is easy to move from agriculture to non-agriculture job? Talk to your teachers and parents and discuss in the class. It is not an easy to move from agricultural to non-agricultural jobs. Skilled and semi-skilled persons are needed for non-agriculture jobs. But, this is not the case of agriculture. 3. Collect details of main occupations of 20 families in your locality. Prepare a table or chart as given above and discuss in the class. (Self Activity)

ECONOMICS  www.kalvikural.com 289 Economics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

ECONOMICS 3 MONEY AND CREDIT

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. 1. Certain metals like ...... (gold/iron) were used as a medium of exchange in ancient times. Ans: Gold 2. The Head Quarters of the RBI is at ...... (Chennai/Mumbai). Ans: Mumbai 3. International trade is carried on in terms of ...... (US Dollars/Pounds). Ans: US Dollars 4. The currency of Japan is ...... (Yen/Yuan) Ans: Yen ADDITIONAL 5. Barter system involved exchange of ...... (Goods/Money) Ans: Goods 6...... (Food/Money) plays a predominant and inseparable role in all our lives. Ans: Money 7. Ancient man ...... (cultivated/hunted) and gathered food. Ans: Hunted 8. The later ...... (Cholas/Pandyas) rulers allowed the traders to have their own army. Ans: Cholas 9. Morco Polo was a travellers visited from ...... (Italy/China) Ans: Italy 10. In India, all the major and important banks were nationalised in ...... (1969/1975) Ans: 1969 11. Students are the main borrowers of ...... (Housing/Educational) loans. Ans: Educational 12. One rupee and two rupee notes were first printed in India in the year ...... (1917/1947) Ans: 1917

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS: 1...... System can be considered as the first form of trade. Ans: Barter 2. Money supply is divided into ...... Ans: Four 3. The first printing press of the RBI was started at ...... Ans: Nasik, Madhya Pradesh 3 4...... act as a regulator of the circulation of money. Ans: Reserve Bank 5. The thesis about money by B.R. Ambedkar is ...... Ans: The problem of the rupee – its origin and solution. ADDITIONAL 6...... has the authority to decide the value of currency to be printed. Ans: Reserve Bank of India

7. The currency used in Malaysia is ...... Ans: Riggit ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 290 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 3

8. Money is used a ...... of purchasing power. Ans: Store 9. The ancient people made ...... when the agricultural yield was high. Ans: Handicrafts 10. The ...... Depression of USA prompted the saving habit of the people. Ans: Great Economic 11. In 1250 A.D, the ...... , a gold plated coin was introduced in Europe. Ans: Florin 12. The Credit card was invented by ...... in 1946. Ans: John Biggins 13. There is no need of security for the loan amount up to Ans: 4 lakhs

III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING 1. US Dollar - a) Automatic Teller Machine 2. Currency in circulation - b) Substitute of money 3. ATM - c) Universally accepted currency 4. Salt - d) Saudi Arabia 5. Riyal - c) 85% Ans: 1-c 2-e 3-a 4-b 5-d

ADDITIONAL 6. Pakistan - a) Dollar 7. China - b) Pound 8. Saudi Arabia - c) Rupee 9. Canada - d) Riyal 10. England - e) Yuan Ans: 6-c 7-e 8-d 9-a 10-b

IV. GIVE SHORT ANSWERS.

1. Why was money invented? • In the civilizations, barter system (exchange of goods for another one) was practiced. • In due of time, measuring the quantity and value of goods exchanged were found very difficult. • To solve these issues, money was invented. 3 • Initially, metals were used as the first form of money. Later, paper currencies were introduced. 2. What is ancient money? • In the ancient period, the rulers fixed a common item with a standard value for the effective exchange of goods. • It was usually in the form of some metals. • Gold, silver and copper were the metals used first.

ECONOMICS • These metal coins were called as ancient currency. www.kalvikural.com 291 Economics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

3. What were the items used as barter during olden days? • Barter system was followed in the ancient period to exchange the goods. • The articles which were exchanged through barter system can be termed as the first form of trade. • Leather, beads, shells, tobacco, salt, corn and even slaves were the items used as barter during olden days. 4. What is spice route? Why was it called so? • Pepper, spices, pearls, gems, rubies and muslin clothes were exported from the eastern sea of Tamil Nadu. • Pepper and spices took a major share of the exports. Thus, this route was called the spice route. 5. What is natural money? • The metals such as silver and gold gained importance gradually all over the world. • So, these metals were used as standard value in the exchange of goods. • This was called as natural money. 6. Why were coins of low value printed in large quantities? • There were insufficient reserves of gold and silver. • Mines also had a limited reserve of these metals. • An alternative was found and coins were made using metals with lesser value. • These were used to buy and sell goods of lesser value. • So, coins of low value were printed in large quantities. 7. What is meant by foreign exchange? • Currency is the medium of exchange in a country. • The Indian currency is called the Indian Rupee (INR). • In a country, the foreign currency is called foreign exchange. ADDITIONAL 8. The metals can be termed as first form of money. Justify. • The people, instead of barter system, fixed a common item with a standard value for the 3 effective exchange of goods. • It was usually in the form of some metal. • Metals were rate to find and could be maintained for a long time and never last their value. • Hence, the metals can be termed as the first form of money. 9. Write a few lines about the coins of Sher Shah. • Sher Shah (1540-1546) set up a new civic and military administration. • He issued a coin of silver weighing 178 grams which was termed as Rupiya. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 292 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 3

• This silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, the Maratha era and in British India. 10. What is ATM? • ATM means Automated Teller Machine. • One can easily withdraw the necessary amount without going to the bank. • They can withdraw the amount from ATM with the help of ATM Debit card at any time. 11. Why were the metals chosen for coins? • Metals were rare to find and could be maintained for a long time. • Metals never lost their value. • Gold, silver and copper were well known to the ancient people. • These may be reasons for choosing metals for making coins. 12. Write a note on Ambedkar’s Ph.D thesis. • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar did his Ph.D thesis on ‘The Problem of the Rupee – Its origin and solution”. • It was the reference tool and provided guidelines for the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934. V. ANSWER IN DETAIL.

1. Explain how money is transacted in the digital world. Money transaction in the digital world: • One has to visit the bank and fill in a challan or produce a cheque to withdraw money from his account. Now this practice is gradually vanishing. • Instead, one can easily withdraw the necessary amount from an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) with the help of an ATM debit card at any time. • A person can deposit money in their account without visiting the branch. Similarly, credit cards are also available, through which things are bought on credit and the amount can be paid later. • Nowadays, instead of using cheques or Demand Drafts (DDs), online transactions through net banking are carried out. Through this, money is transacted to anyone who lives anywhere across the globe. • Technology has advanced so much that even mobile banking is widely used nowadays. 3 2. Explain in detail about the role of RBI in the country. Role of the RBI in the country: • The government has the responsibility to regulate money supply and oversee the monetary policy. • Hoarding of money must be avoided at all costs in a country’s economy. Only then money can be saved in banks. • A major portion of the savings in banks is used for the development of industries, economic

ECONOMICS growth and various development schemes for the welfare of the poor. www.kalvikural.com 293 Economics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• All the major and important banks were nationalised (1969) in India. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) regulates the circulation of currency in India. • RBI was nationalized in 1949. The printed currency around 85%is let for circulation. • According to the statistics available as on August 2018, currency worth of 19 lakh crore are in circulation. 3. Write in detail about the various functions of money. The important functions of money are – • Medium of Exchange • Unit of Account • A store of Value Medium of Exchange: Money should be accepted liberally in exchange of goods and services in a country.

Unit of Account: Money should be the common, standard unit of calculating a country’s total consumer goods, products, services etc. Money is used to measure and record financial transactions of a country.

A Store of Value: Money is used as a store of purchasing power. It can be used to finance future payments. ADDITIONAL 4. What are the divisions of money supply? Money supply is divided into four:

• M1 = Currency held with the public + cash Reserves in commercial and Co-operative banks + cash reserves in the RBI.

• M2 = M1 + Money saved in Post office and bank savings Accounts

• M3 = M1 + Time Deposits in Commercial and co-operative banks

• M4 = M3 + Post office savings Money 5. Write the history of money. Money has become an inseparable part of everyone’s life today. It has changed its form in the

economic front. The history of money is as follows- 3

Barter system (9000 B.C): During this period, exchange of goods was done through barter system. People exchanged the surplus goods for other goods that they needed. Grains, cattle, salt were the goods used in Barter system.

Coins (1100 B.C): The Chinese have used small coins during this period. These coins were made in bronze. Countries bordering the Indian Ocean used shells as a medium of exchange. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 294 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 3

Currency (600 B.C): King Alyattes of Lydia (a part of Turkey) announced publically that official currency will be used for trade. This transaction of money spread throughout the Mediterranean region.

Gold Coin (1250 A.D): The Florin, a gold plated coin was introduced in Europe.

Marco Polo (1290 A.D): Paper money spread to Europe through the travels of Marco Polo

Paper currency (1661 A.D): In the modern period, paper money was printed for the first time in Sweden. It was not much welcome.

Electronic Transfer (1860 A.D): Efforts was under taken through telegram to transfer money electronically.

Credit Card (1946): John Biggins invented the credit card.

Mobile Banking (1999): European banks introduced mobile banking.

NFC (2008 A.D): Near Field Communication (NFC) was introduced in Britain. In 2016, it came to India. It takes only about 7 to 8 seconds transact money through NFC.

6. Write a paragraph on ‘Educational Loan’. • Educational loan attempts to meet the educational aspirations of the society. • A student is the main borrower. • A parent, spouse or sibling can be the co-applicant. • It is offered to students who want to pursue higher education in India or overseas. • It can be taken for a full time, part – time or vocational course and Graduation or Post Graduation.

3 • There is no security required for the loan amount up to `4 lakhs • The loan is repaid by the student generally after the employment. • Students can apply through “Vidya Lakshmi Portal Education Loan Scheme”. VI. WRITE THE CORRECT STATEMENT.

1. 1) The barter system flourished wherever civilizations thrived. 2) This was the initial form of trade. i) 1 is correct; 2 is wrong ii) Both 1 and 2 are correct

ECONOMICS iii) Both 1 and 2 are wrong iv) 1 is wrong; 2 is correct Ans: ii) www.kalvikural.com 295 Economics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. 1) Most of the international trade transactions are carried out in US dollars. 2) No other country except the US carries out trade in the world. i) Both the statements are correct ii) Both the statements are wrong iii) 1 is correct; 2 is wrong iv) 1 is wrong; 2 is correct Ans: iii) VII. PROJECT AND ACTIVITY.

1. Visit a local museum and collect information about the coins displayed there. (Self Activity)

2. Imagine you are going abroad for a Post Graduation course in architecture. Write a letter to the Branch Manager regarding an education loan. Date:...... From XXXXX, 12, Sathyam Road, Chennai.

To The Branch Manager, State Bank of India, XXXXX Branch, Chennai.

Sir/Madam,

I am writing this letter to submit my request for Educational Loan of Rs. 8,00,000/- for my Post Graduation course in architecture.

I have completed in B.Arch degree in National Institute Of Technology, Tiruchirapalli and secured A+ with 9.5 grade point out of 10.

I wish to continue my post graduation that is M.Arch in Indian Institute Of Technology, Kharagpur. Recently, I got the admit card from the institution. The fees structure for college as well as hostel is on the higher side. So, I am submitting the loan application to meet out the 3 expenses.

My guarantors are my father and mother. Father and mother are government employees. Their Salary certificate is enclosed with this application. As a security to the loan, I can pledge my house, registered in my name, situated in the heart of the city worth Rs. 80,00,000/-.

I request you to consider my application for loan at the earliest and support my studies. I have attached the Photostat copy of the admission card with fees structure sent from

the Institution and Photostat my Degree certificates. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 296 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 3

Look forwards for your response.

With regards, XXXXX.

VIII. LIFE SKILLS.

1. Observe at a 20 rupee note. What is written on it? The following lines are written on the rupee note in Hindi and English.

• The word ‘Reserve Bank of India’ is printed in English and in Hindi. • The statement ‘I promise to pay the bearer the sum of twenty rupees’ is written in English and in Hindi. • We can find the signature of the Governor of Reserve Bank both in English & Hindi FRONT SIDE OF THE CURRENCY NOTE • Serial number of the Currency note. • The word ‘Reserve Bank of India’ is printed in Hindi. • The Value of the currency ‘Twenty Rupees’ is mentioned in English and Hindi. • On the left side, the word ‘twenty rupees’ is mentioned in fifteen languages including in Tamil. REVERSE SIDE OF THE CURRENCY NOTE

2. Prepare a family budget for a month. • A family consists of six members. The members are i) Father ii) Mother iii) daughter iv) Son v) GrandFather and vi) GrandMother. • In the family, father is working in company and getting a salary of Rs.60,000/–. Mother is a home maker and children are studying in V Std and VIII Std respectively. • The budget of the family per month may be -

3 S.No Particulars Income Expenditure 1. Father’s monthly salary 60,000-00 -- 2. Amount spent for visiting temples 200-00 3. Provisions for the family & Vegetables 25,000-00 4. House rent 6,000-00 5. Rice for the month 4,000-00 6. Electrical charges (bi-monthly) 500-00 7. Water tax 500-00 ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 297 Economics . Unit 3 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

8. Phone – Land line and Cell phone 500-00 9. T.V. and Cable Connection 200-00 10. Medical expenses 2,000-00 11. Cooking gas cylinder (bi-monthly) 500-00 12. Fuel for two wheeler 1,000-00 Amount spent for Children’s’ education 13. 5,000-00 (for the whole year ÷ 12 months) 14. Travelling expenses 500-00 15. Functions and birthdays celebrations 2,000-00 16. Hotel and entertainment expenses 1,000-00 17. Snacks and biscuits 500-00 18 Magazines and daily newspaper 500-00 19 Savings in the mutual fund 3,000-00 20 Savings at home for emergency use 2,000-00 Total 60,000-00 54,900-00

The Budget is beneficial budget.

 3 ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 298 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 4 ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE IN 4 TAMILNADU

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. Irrigated land surface out of cultivation land is …………… a) 27% b) 57% c) 28% d) 49% Ans: b) 2. Out of the following, which is not a food crop? a) Bajra b) Ragi c) Maize d) Coconut Ans: d) 3. The productivity of paddy during the year 2014-15 is …………… a) 3,039 kg b) 4,429 kg c) 2,775 kg d) 3,519 kg Ans: b) 4. Both agricultural productivity and food productivity has …………… a) Decreased b) Not stable c) Remained stable d) Increased Ans: d) 5. The North-East monsoon period in Tamil Nadu is …………… a) August – October b) September – November c) October – December d) November – January Ans: c) ADDITIONAL 6. Most of the people of Tamil Nadu depended on …………… at the time of independence. a) Carpentry b) Weaving c) Agriculture d) Pottery making Ans: c) 7. Most of the cultivators in Tamil Nadu are …………… farmers. a) Micro b) Macro c) Wealthy d) Educated Ans: a) 8. Out of the total geographical area in Tamil Nadu, only …………… of land is used for agriculture. a) Half b) One third c) One fourth d) One sixth Ans: b) 9. River Cauvery is the …………… largest river in South India. 4 a) Second b) Fourth c) Fifth d) Third Ans: d) 10. In Tamil Nadu, …………… stands second in the production next to paddy. a) Wheat b) Corn c) Ragi d) Maize Ans: d) II. FILL IN THE BLANKS: 1. The major occupation of people in Tamil Nadu is ……….... Ans: Agriculture 2. Tamil Nadu receives rainfall all from the ……….... monsoon. Ans: North east

ECONOMICS 3. The total geographical area of Tamil Nadu is ……….... hectares. Ans: 1,30,30,000 www.kalvikural.com 299 Economics . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 4. The dams constructed across Cauvery in Tamil Nadu are Mettur Dam and ……….... Ans: Kallanai 5. All cultivated crops can be classified as food crops and ……….... Ans: Non-food crops 6. India is the largest global ……….... user. Ans: Fresh water 7. The ……….... is constantly monitoring the level and nature of ground water. Ans: Union Ground Water Board 8. Areas with good water facilities can be cultivated upto ……….... times a year. Ans: Three

III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Non-food crops - a) 79,38,000 2. Dhal - b) Less than 1 hectare of cultivable land 3. North-east monsoon - c) October-December 4. Small farmers - d) Urad Dal, Toor Dal, Greem grams 5. No. of farmers in 2015 - e) Coconut , Channa Ans : 1-e 2-d 3-c 4-b 5-a

IV. GIVE SHORT ANSWERS.

1. Give two examples for each food crops and non-food crops. Food crops : Paddy and maize Non-food crops : Coconut and tea

2. What are the factors responsible for the changes in cropping area? The factors responsible for the changes in cropping area are- • Rainfall • Availability of water • Weather and • Market prices. 3. Who monitors the quality and quantity of ground water? The Central Ground Water Board monitors the quality and quantity of ground water.

4. On what factors does crop cultivation depend? List out the factors on which crop 4 cultivation depend. Rainfall and climate are the main factors on which crop cultivation depend. The other factors are – • Natural factors - Climate, soil and topography • Economic factors - Market, transport facilities, labour and capital • Social factors - Shifting cultivation, Subsistence farming, extensive and mixed farming. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 300 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 4

5. Differentiate between small and marginal farmers. • Marginal Farmer means a farmer cultivating (as owner or tenant) agricultural land up to 1 hectare (2.5 acres). • Small Farmer means a farmer cultivating (as owner or tenant) agricultural land of more than 1 hectare and up to 2 hectares (5 acres). V. ANSWER IN DETAIL:

1. Give a note on the water resources of Tamil Nadu. • There is no perennial river in Tamil Nadu. • Tamil Nadu receives the required water from the Northeast and Southwest monsoons. • Karnataka dams get filled when the Soutwest monsoon rains are high in the catchment aras of the Cauvery river. • In turn, the Cauvery river in Tamil Nadu gets water. • Northeast monsoon (Oct-Dec) is a major source of water for Tamil Nadu. • The Northwest monsoon rains are stored in reservoirs, lakes, pond and well for cultivation. • Conventional water bodies like lakes, ponds and canals provide water for agriculture. • Borewells and open wells also provide water for agriculture. • Agriculture in Tamil Nadu dependent mostly on ground water. 2. What are the problems faced by using ground water for agriculture? • Agriculture in Tamil Nadu is dependent mostly on ground water. • Use of ground water for agriculture creates many hardship. • There is no sufferings if the amount of water taken from the underground and the amount of water that goes into the underground during the rainy season are equal. • On the contrary, as the amount of water taken increases, the ground water goes down resulting in complete dryness or change into unusable water. 3. Discuss about the source of irrigation for agriculture. • The Northeast monsoon rains are stored in reservoirs, lakes, pond and well for cultivation. • Convention water bodies like lakes, ponds and canals provide water for agriculture in Tamil Nadu.

4 • In Tamilnadu, 2239 canals provide water to 6.68 lakh hectares. • There are 7,985 small lakes and 3,54,000 large lakes provide water to agricultural lands. • 15 lakh open wells and 3,54,000 bore wills in the state which help agriculture. • Agriculture in Tamil Nadu is dependent mostly on groundwater. ADDITIONAL 4. Tabulate the crops grown in Tamil Nadu. • The total quantity of food grains produced in Tamil Nadu in the year 2014-15 was 1 crore

ECONOMICS 27 lakh 35 thousand tones. www.kalvikural.com 301 Economics . Unit 4 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• In this, paddy alone accounted to 80 lakhs tones. • The contribution of pady to the total amount of food production is 62%. • Maize production was 20%, corn 7% and ragi 3% and others 3%. • The amount of productionvaries depending on the amount of land being cultivated. • Production capacity of crops in 2014-15 – Crops Productivity per hectare Paddy 4,429 kg Maize 3,824 kg Cron 2,093 kg Cumbu 3,077 kg Ragi 3,348 kg Black gram 645 kg VI. ACTIVITY. 1. Analyse the cultivation of food crops and non-food crops of your village/area. (Self activity) 2. Thanjavur is famous for which crop? Why is it so? Research. • Thanjavur is famous for paddy. • Thanjavur is called the rice bowl of Tamil Nadu. • The paddy crop grows best in rich alluvial soil with good water supply. • Thanjavur is situated in the Kauvery Delta region, which provides the lands around Thanjavur with fertile alluvial soil. • The water from the rivers further helps the irrigation. • This makes it more suitable for extensive cultivation of paddy crops in and around Thanjavur. 3. Collect statistical data, where paddy is being cultivated at Thanajvur District, which is called the Nerkalanjium of Tamilnadu. • The Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu’ is given to the Thanjavur district because of its remarkable agricultural production and activities in the region of Cauvey. • Estimated rice acreage prior to harvest is very important in predicting agricultural production.

The total rice production has been estimated at 10.615 L.M.T and 7.077 L.M.T. 4 • Remote Sensing (RS) method was applied as well as Geographical Information System, GIS for acreage estimation of rice in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu. Total rice production in Tamil Nadu for 2007-08 is estimated at 5039954 tonnes. • Production reduced to about 5040 tonnes during the year 07-08 from 6611 tonnes in the year 2006-07. • Villupuram district is at the top producer with production of 480329 tonnes followed by Thanjavur district production at 479643tonnes.

 ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 302 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 5

ECONOMICS 5 MIGRATION

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. According to the 2011 census, the total population of India was …………… a) 121 crore b) 221 crore c) 102 crore d) 100 crore Ans: a)

2. …………… has recorded the maximum number of emigrants. a) Ramanathapuram b) Coimbatore c) Chennai d) Vellore Ans: c)

3. During 2015, …………… of illiterates were migrants from Tamil Nadu. a) 7 % b) 175 % c) 23 % d) 9 % Ans: a)

4. The poorer sections of the population migrate …………… a) As a survival strategy b) To improve their living standards c) As a service d) To get experience Ans: a)

ADDITIONAL 5. …………… is the major factor responsible for women’s mobility in India. a) Profession b) Education c) Marriage d) Climate Ans: c) 6. The largest migration corridor in the world in 2010 was …………… a) East Berlin - West Berlin b) India - Pakistan b) North Korea - South Koera d) Mexico - USA Ans: d) 7. ………………… has the longest migration distance of any bird in the world. a) Flemingo b) Arctic Tern d) Emu d) Sparrow Ans: b) 8. The Census of 2011 enumerated ……….…… crore people were reported as migrants. a) 45 crore b) 50 crore d) 10 crore d) 5 crore Ans: a) 5 II. FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. Migration is enumerated on ………… and ………… bases. Ans: Place of birth and place of residence 2. The mobility of population in rural areas is ………… than urban areas. Ans: More 3. In rural India, as per census 2011, ………… percent of the population are counted as migrants. Ans: 37 4. ………… is the major reason for female migration. Ans: Marriage 5. Any migrant stream would consist of ………… sub streams. Ans: Heterogeneous ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 303 Economics . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDITIONAL 6. Changes in population of an area occurs due to births, deaths and ………… Ans: Migration 7. Occupation is the major factor responsible for ………… migrants in India. Ans: Male 8. The international migration is preferred by ………… of women. Ans: 18%

III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Migration policy - a) Work 2. Female migrants - b) Low incidence of migration 3. Chennai - c) Maximum number of emigration 4. Better off migrants - d) Marriage 5. Salem - e) To reduce the volume of migration 6. Male migrants - f) To improve the living standards. Ans: 1-e 2-d 3-c 4-f 5-b 6-a IV. GIVE SHORT ANSWERS.

1. Enlist the reasons for migration. • Movement related to work an employment appears to the driving force of migration. • Apart from the above, trade, business, employment. etc in other countries are other reasons for migration. • Women migration is mainly associated with their marriage. 2. What are the major factors responsible for female migrants in India? • The major factor responsible for female migration in India is marriage. • They also migrate within the country or foreign countries because of job. 3. Name the four districts in Tamil Nadu which record low number of immigration. The following districts in Tamilnadu are recorded low number of immigration-

Dindugal Salem Krishnagiri Namakkal Dharmapuri Nilgiris 5

4. What are the factors responsible for the poorer sections and better off sections to migrate. • Poor sections of the population migrate as a survival strategy in response to distressing conditions in rural areas. • Migrants from better-off sections migrate to improve their living standards. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 304 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 5

5. List the four destinations and the percentage of migrants from Tamil Nadu. Destinations Percentage Saudi Arabia 16 % Singapore 20 % United Arab Emirates 18 % USA, Australia, Malaysia, Kuwait and Oman 13 %

6. What does the study reveal about the occupation undertaken buy migrants? • The study clearly reveals various occupations undertaken by the migrants. • Highly skilled professions on one hand and low skilled occupations on the other along with a large number of semi-skilled occupations. ADDITIONAL 7. On what bases the migration is enumerated in the Census of India? Place of birth : If the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant) Place of residence : If the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence.

8. Name the four districts in Tamil Nadu which record maximum number of immigration. The following districts in Tamilnadu are recorded maximum number of immigration- Chennai Ramanathapuram Coimbatore Tiruchirapalli

V. ANSWER IN DETAIL.

1. State the aims of migration policies. The main aims of migration policies are- • To reduce the volume of migration • The redirect the migrant streams. To reduce the volume of migration.

5 • As a large part of migration is a reflection of poverty and insecurity faced by large sections of the rural people, the focus of intervention has to be in rural areas. • Rural development policies to reduce poverty and insecurity would be essential to reduce the rate of migration. The redirect the migrant streams: • Redirection of migrant steams, away from big metropolitan cities is a desirable policy option. • This policy can help in reducing spatial inequalities by suitable strategies, such as developing a more dispersed pattern of urbanization. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 305 Economics . Unit 5 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. Discuss the patterns of migration. The pattern of migration is very complex, compressing of a number of streams. They are- • Rural to rural; rural to urban; urban to rural; urban to urban. • Short, medium and long distance migration streams. • Long-term stable migration and short-term circulatory type of movements.

3. Elucidate about some of the interesting findings on migration in Tamil Nadu. • Some of the interesting findings on migration in Tamil Nadu are- • Of the total migration in Tamil Nadu, 65 % have migrated or moved abroad while 35 % have moved within the country. • Chennai district has recorded the maximum number of emigrants followed by Coimbatore, Ramanathapuram and Tiruchirappli districts. • Cuddaore, Karur, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Namakkal, Salame, Dingual, Krishnagiri, Nilgiris and Dharmapurai districts record low number of emigrants.

4. Anyalyse the educational qualifications of migrants from Tamil Nadu in 2015. The educational qualifications of migrants from Tamil Nadu in 2015 are-

S.No Educational qualification Percentage 1. Illiterates 7 % 2. Completed 10th Std 30 % 3. Completed 12th Std 10 % 4. Vocational training 15 % 5. Graduates 11 % 6 Professionally qualified 12 % 7. Post graduates 11 %

VI. WRITE THE CORRECT STATEMENT.

1. In recent times, workers from Tamil Nadu are moving to Africa. (F) In the ancient period, works from Tamil Nadu moved to Africa. 5 2. In Tamil Nadu, the extent of migration is much high in urban areas comped to rural areas. (F) The migration is much higher in the Rural areas compared to Urban areas.

3. Any migrant steam would consist of homogenous sub-streams. (F) Any migrant steam would consist of heterogeneous sub-streams.

4. Two out of every 10 persons is reported to be a migrant. (F) Two out of every 5 persons is reported to be a migrant. ECONOMICS www.kalvikural.com 306 9 SOCIAL SCIENCE Economics . Unit 5

VII. PROJECT & ACTIVITY.

1. Prepare statistical data by interaction with your class mates and school mates and find out how many families have migrated. (Self Activity)

2. Prepare an album of pictures on rural to rural. Urban to urab, urban to rural and urban to urban migration. (Self Activity)

VIII. LIFE SKILLS.

1. Collect date on various languages spoken in your class and represent through a pie diagram. (Self Activity)

 5 ECONOMICS