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Unity and Diversity Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series VII, Seminar on Culture and Values, Volume 34 General Editor George F. McLean Diversity and Unity Edited by George F. McLean Godé Iwele Angelli F. Tugado The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy Copyright © 2015 by The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy Box 261 Cardinal Station Washington, D.C. 20064 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Diversity and unity / edited by George F. McLean, Godé Iwele, Angelli F. Tugado. -- first edition. pages cm. -- (Cultural heritage and contemporary change. Series VII, Seminar on culture and values ; Volume 34) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Whole and parts (Philosophy) 2. Concord. I. McLean, George F., editor. BD396.D58 2015 2015018501 111'.82--dc23 CIP ISBN 978-1-56518-311-7 (pbk.) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Part I. Theoretical Relations of Unity and Diversity Chapter I. Unity 11 George F. McLean [Appendix: The Ethical Implications of Unity and 33 the Divine in Nicholas of Cusa by David J. De Leonardis] Chapter II. Pursuit of Harmony: Contribution of 41 Chinese Philosophy Sun Shangyang Chapter III. Rielo‘s Genetic Conception of Unity: 53 Unum Geneticum vs. Unum Simpliciter Robert P. Badillo Chapter IV. Diversity 71 Hu Jun Chapter V. The Philosophical Origins and the Topical 79 Predicament of the Problem of Diversity in Unity Miloslav Bednar Chapter VI. Non-Indifference within Difference: 101 Emmanuel Levinas on the Sociality of the Face-to-Face Relation Angelli F. Tugado Part II. Contemporary Challenges of Diversity in Unity Chapter VII. Durkheim‘s Concept of Anomie in the Light 115 of the Present Problems of Change in Developing Countries Heinz Holley Chapter VIII. The Culture of Pluralism: The Dialectic of Unity 131 and Diversity in Contemporary Christianity Godé Iwele Chapter IX. Unity and Diversity: The Challenge of 151 a Cross-cultural Ministry Joseph G. Donders iv Table of Contents Chapter X. The Dynamics of the Dunamis in Collaborations, 167 Associations, and Unions Bhajan S. Badwal Part III. Cultural Forms of Unity and Diversity Chapter XI. Diversity in Unity, or the Contemporary 185 Mutual Introduction of Cultures: Some Remarks from the Point of View of Complementarity Jozef Pauer Chapter XII. Diversity as a Problem of Practical Reason, 195 with Some References to the African Experience Raphael J. Njoroge Chapter XIII Diversity and Unity in a Buddhist Cultural Context 209 Kirti Bunchua Chapter XIV. Unity in Diversity: The Polish Immigrant 243 Experience in America James S. Pula Chapter XV. Latin American Identity in Relation to 257 Unity and Diversity: A Social Work Reflection Martha Gonzalez Chapter XVI. Puerto Rico, the One and the Many 267 José A. Rivera Part IV. Diversity and Unity in the Political Order Chapter XVII. Global Unity in Multiplicity: The University as 281 Institutional Locus of an Emerging Ecumenical Culture Charles R. Dechert Chapter XVIII. Hegel and Liberalism 287 Miloslav Bednar Chapter XIX. Strife and Harmony: Remarks on the Democratic Culture of the Present Times 209 Jozef Pauer Index 307 INTRODUCTION THE PROBLEM The 20th Century could be read as a dialectic of unity and diversity. It engaged the enthusiasm of peoples in major, indeed terrorizing, campaigns of unification. Totalitarian systems took hold from the Atlantic, across Europe and Asia, to the Pacific. Even through pogroms, death camps and mass deportations when deemed opportune, all was homogenized. In North America the melting pot approach to immigrants made differences an impediment and a personal shame. Over distant lands unifying nets of empire—political and commercial—were cast. Unity came to reign so supreme and with so heavy a hand that the last 50 years have been preoccupied largely with breaking its strangle- hold over the life of humankind. These have been the major markers of our memory: the war against Fascist totalitarianism; the breakup of the empires; the recognition of the rights of minorities, whether ethnic, national or gender; and the collapse from within a forced uniformism. Where does this leave us as we proceed into the new millennium; has the 20th century been wasted in a difficult, indeed deadly and as yet unresolved, isometric of unity and diversity? In fact, the agenda of conflict at the present time: from the reactions against immigrants in Western Europe or against other races in America, to massive attacks upon whole peoples in the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Africa, India, etc., etc., could lead one to despair of human harmony. The deadly dilemma of our day is that the assertion of one’s own distinctiveness seems too easily to imply attacking others simply because they differ. This ignores and destroys all bonds of unity. Yet the effort to achieve unity is interpreted through the pretenses of a secular society as requiring the suppression of the access of peoples to the cultural and religious wellsprings of their identity and thereby the very roots of their sense of unity with others. THE CHALLENGE Must the 21st century be a replay of the last or, worse still, the perpetuation of our present quandary, marked by a collapse of mutual respect, the destruction of the roots of a person’s values, virtues and goals, and a breakdown of civil cohesion? Or is it possible to see the very diversity of persons and peoples as the resource enabling us to relate more intimately, to cooperate more actively and to create more profusely what lies within the unfulfilled agenda of human hopes. If so 2 Introduction diversity must be turned into cooperation and unity into empowerment so that the lion might lie down with the lamb, swords be beaten into plowshares, and new horizons of human progress can beckon us beyond conflict to new levels of unity. In our present condition this is not a formula but a destiny, not an ideology but a task, not a utopia but a direction. What is needed in order to take up our task and to move in the direction of our hopes is concentrated effort drawing upon both the experience and values of the many cultures and religions, and the scientific rigor of the empirical sciences. The two must be bonded through the development of theoretical interpretations which make it possible to see diversity as a key to unity and unity as enabling diversity. How can this be achieved? THEMES The Diversity of Persons and Peoples In the aftermath of forced processes of assimilation and uniformity the value and importance of diversity has come vividly to the consciousness in our times. In Central Europe, in the afterglow of the revolutions which signaled the collapse of Communist universalism, people have begun to celebrate their uniqueness and diversity. In Western Europe the project of unity is being delayed until the reality of national and even regional differences can be taken into accounted. In North America the melting pot has been followed by a recognition that at bottom it is a nation of minorities whose history has ever lain primarily in the process of assimilating new and increasingly different immigrant groups. What had been the vast empire of the Soviet Union is now undergoing a process of redefinition and reorganization according to the differences of its peoples. The unifying pressures of globalization are now forcing all peoples to search out their identity. With this celebration of freedom comes pride in the accomplish- ments of one’s people, renewed commitment to the values they have shaped and new ways of exercising the virtues they have formed. But with the good comes also evil, and this process has unearthed ancient prejudices and even antipathies, memories of oppression and even of atrocities. Close upon the flush of new awareness of freedom there has followed the fear of new menaces. Defensive reactions, in turn, now lead to failure of the will to cooperate and even to a downward spiral into a pit of suspicion, rejection and mutual attack—even preemptive—which seems without bottom. Hence, the eruption of human freedom in our day presents a double challenge. On the one hand, it means new recognition of the difference and distinctness of peoples. If peoples are to realize their Introduction 3 humanity this diversity must be not only tolerated but promoted. Progress will consist in the ability to harvest the results of the creativity this unleashes. However, this project must be realized in such manner that diversity does not end in conflict. Differences must be channeled toward interchange of peoples with a view to cooperation and mutual promo- tion. What are the ultimate cultural and religious principles for diversity which can promote such cooperation; what are its psycholo- gical and sociological mechanisms; how can these be protected and promoted in legal and political structures? All this is the urgent task of our day. The Unity of Cultures and Religions Proceeding into the new millennium we face a twin dilemma. On the one hand, the contemporary resurgence of the sense of cultural identity calls for attention to, and promotion of, the diversity of peoples. But, as the senses of freedom, distinctiveness and diversity emerge ever more vividly in human consciousness, we experience the ways in which diversity can, and indeed has already begun to degenerate into conflict— into Hobbes’ savage state in which man is wolf to man. On the other hand, the emergence of technology and the intensification of economic interchange call for ever greater unity and even uniformity. Indeed, we know that peace and harmony are the conditions of growth and development, whether of a child or of a people. But from the first half of this century we know how the call for unity can entail suppression of the freedom, identity and diversity of peoples.
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