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Compilation of Technical Notes on Less Studied Elements.Pdf SCK•CEN/12201513 SCK•CEN ER-0323 2016/Ssa/Pub-10 Compilation of Technical Notes on less studied elements 1st Full version Sonia Salah1, Norbert Maes1, Christophe Bruggeman1, Lian Wang1, Richard Metcalfe2, James Wilson2 1SCK•CEN, 2QUINTESSA Publication date: January 2017 Contract naam: Contrat de R&D “Gestion à long terme des déchets radioactifs” (2015-2020) Contract nummer: CO-90-14-3690-00 / CCHO 2015-0304/00/00 Contract information: RS 15-SCK-MIG-29: Finalisation of technical notes on less known elements SCK•CEN Boeretang 200 BE-2400 Mol Belgium © SCK•CEN Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie Centre d’étude de l’énergie Nucléaire Boeretang 200 BE-2400 Mol Belgium Phone +32 14 33 21 11 Fax +32 14 31 50 21 http://www.sckcen.be Contact: Knowledge Centre [email protected] COPYRIGHT RULES All property rights and copyright are reserved to SCK•CEN. In case of a contractual arrangement with SCK•CEN, the use of this information by a Third Party, or for any purpose other than for which it is intended on the basis of the contract, is not authorized. With respect to any unauthorized use, SCK•CEN makes no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, and assumes no liability as to the completeness, accuracy or usefulness of the information contained in this document, or that its use may not infringe privately owned rights. SCK•CEN, Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie/Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire Stichting van Openbaar Nut – Fondation d'Utilité Publique - Foundation of Public Utility Registered Office: Avenue Herrmann Debroux 40 – BE-1160 BRUSSEL Operational Office: Boeretang 200 – BE-2400 MOL SCK•CEN/12201513 Page 2 of 208 Compilation of Technical Notes on less studied elements Table of Content Configuration Control ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Table of Content ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Keywords...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Group I: Reference element for non-retarded transport: Tritiated water (HTO) .......... 18 1.2 Group II: Elements characterized by anion exclusion ............................................................. 18 1.3 Group III: Elements characterized by cation exchange sorption ........................................ 19 1.4 Group IV: Elements characterized by transport behavior linked to DOM ...................... 19 1.5 Subgroup IVa: Transition metals (+ Be and Sn) ........................................................................ 20 1.6 Subgroup IVb: Trivalent lanthanides and actinides (La/Ac) ................................................. 21 1.7 Subgroup IVc: Tetravalent lanthanides and actinides (La/Ac) ............................................. 22 1.8 References ............................................................................................................................................... 22 2 GROUP II: Elements characterized by anion exclusion .................................................................... 24 2.1 Subgroup IIa: Monovalent anions .................................................................................................. 24 2.1.1 Technical note for Carbon (C) ................................................................................................ 24 2.1.2 Technical note for Chlorine (Cl) ............................................................................................. 35 2.1.3 Technical note for Selenium (Se) ........................................................................................... 40 2.2 Subgroup IIa: Divalent anions ......................................................................................................... 53 2.2.1 Technical note for Molybdenum (Mo) ................................................................................ 53 3 GROUP III: Elements characterized by cation exchange sorption ............................................... 60 3.1 Subgroup IIIa: Monovalent cations (alkali metals) .................................................................. 60 3.1.1 Technical note for Rubidium (Rb) ......................................................................................... 60 3.2 Subgroup IIIb: Divalent cations (alkali earth metals) .............................................................. 63 3.2.1 Technical note for Calcium (Ca) ............................................................................................. 63 3.2.2 Technical note for Radium (Ra).............................................................................................. 68 4 GROUP IV: Elements characterized by DOM linked transport ...................................................... 74 4.1 Subgroup IVa: Transition metals (+ Be and Sn) ........................................................................ 74 4.1.1 Technical note for Silver (Ag).................................................................................................. 74 4.1.2 Technical note for Beryllium (Be) .......................................................................................... 79 4.1.3 Technical note for Niobium (Nb) .......................................................................................... 90 4.1.4 Technical note for Nickel (Ni) .............................................................................................. 100 4.1.5 Technical note for Palladium (Pd) ...................................................................................... 109 4.1.6 Technical note for Tin (Sn) .................................................................................................... 112 4.1.7 Technical note for Zirconium (Zr) ...................................................................................... 117 4.2 Subgroup IVb: Trivalent lanthanides and actinides .............................................................. 122 4.2.1 Technical note for Actinium (Ac) ........................................................................................ 122 4.2.2 Technical note for Curium (Cm) .......................................................................................... 130 4.2.3 Technical note for Plutonium (Pu) ..................................................................................... 144 4.2.4 Technical note for Samarium (Sm) .................................................................................... 162 SCK•CEN/12201513 Page 4 of 208 Compilation of Technical Notes on less studied elements 4.3 Group IVc: Tetravalent lanthanides and actinides (+ pentavalent Pa) .......................... 166 4.3.1 Technical note for Neptunium (Np) .................................................................................. 166 4.3.2 Technical note for Thorium (Th) ......................................................................................... 176 4.3.3 Technical note for Protactinium (Pa) ................................................................................ 195 5 ANNEX I .......................................................................................................................................................... 206 SCK•CEN/12201513 Page 5 of 208 Compilation of Technical Notes on less studied elements Abstract The current report represents one of the documents intended to substantiate the assessment basis to be used within the scope of SFC 1 and represents a compilation of literature, speciation, solubility, sorption, and migration data for 21 less studied waste and safety relevant radionuclides discriminated by ONDRAF/NIRAS. The preparation of the so-called Technical Notes for 21 elements presented herein has been a common effort of SCK•CEN and QUINTESSA, with the former summarizing the knowledge on elements for which in-house data (experimental and modeling data) were available, while QUINTESSA mainly focused on gathering literature information on the elements for which no or only limited data existed. As compared to the “reference elements”, i.e. HTO, Cs, Sr, Am, Tc, and U for which so-called Topical Reports (TR’s) are available, the above mentioned radionuclides are considered to represent “less studied elements”, due to which O/N requested a specific report synthesizing the available and safety relevant information for these radionuclides. In this context, it should be referred to the research strategy developed by the Waste & Disposal Research Unit at SCK•CEN together with ONDRAF/NIRAS during the last years in preparation of the Safety and Feasibility Case 1. As studying all waste relevant radionuclides in detail was impossible, due to safety
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