Volume 2 The Journal of The Historical Society

PIumber 2

Fall 2002

If.'

MS- 1 41 Editors Editorial Committee Cincinnati Museum Center

Wayne K. Durrill Compton A[lyn 1)ouglass W. Mcl)(mald Christ(,pher Phillips Cincinnati Histfiry president cind CEO Deprirtilient of History Advisory Bckard John E. Fleming Univer\it· v of Cincinnal i Stephen Aron Vice President 0/Museums Umversity of

at Valerie Newell Managing Editor C]1tir Andrew R. L. Cayton Board of Trustees Ruby llc)gers Miami liniversity Cinciniltiti Milseum Tiinothy E. Holierg R. David Edinunds Center Chclir University of Texas at Cincinnati History D,illas Advisory Bom·d Editorial Assistant R. Douglas Hurt Iowa State University Kelly Wright Bruce Levine Depurtment of History University of California UniverNity of Cincinlicitj fil Santa Cruz

Zane L. Miller

Design and

Production Elizabeth A. 1trkins

Centre College Eberhard +Eherhard

Desj,vi und Typesetti:ig Steven ].Ross University of Southern Edge Graphics California

Printing Harry N. Scheiber University of Cciliforniti

at Berkeley

Joe W.Trotter, Jr. Carnegie Mellon

University

Altina Waller

University of

Connectic:ul

Ohir) Vi:lle\,6/istriry, r)hic; Valle\,History ls, 1 Fc))nic,ri·ink,rination on formerly Queen City Heritage. ct)llahorative pikilect of Cincinnitti Museum Center, LISSN 746-34721 is published by incinn.iti MliSCUm Cenlel at go ti) (,iii web page t. Cincinn.iti Museum Center, hisiciric Union Terminal and www. cincymuseum.org. bout the Cincinnati, Ohic)45201-I129. ilic I)cpartment of Ilisti,ry, Tc, ci)111.ict us , University tif Cincinnati iournal, c-mail us at Postmaver send address Cincinn. Center ti Museum is ovh@cincy,nuseum.org. changes to membership office, priv.itc non-pr(,fit organiza- Cincinnati Miiscum Center, Litin supported almost entirely ©Cincinn:iii Museum 1 EOI Western Avenue, lby gifts, grants, spi)1154rships, Center 1002. Cincinn:111, C)hil) 45103-II29. admission and membership fees.

Editoriel ffices() located at Cincinnati,hit) () 43221-0375. For membership information call C I 3-287-7000 or 1-800-7:1 2077. Cincinnati Union Terminal 1933 -2003

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Planning, Construction and Opening Cincinnati from five stations scattered around the

city. The seven companies then signed an agree- opened Cincinnati Union Terminal officially merit in I927 to construct one terminal to serve all on March 3 I, I933, with a crowd estimated at their railroads: & Railroad, 50,000 attending the dedication ceremony. The last Louisville Nashville& Railroad, Cincinnati great railroad station built in the United States, Southern Railway Company,New York Central Union Terminal is an Art Deco masterpiece. Railroad, Chesapeake Ohio& Railroad, Norfolk & Western Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

In 1[926 George Dent Crabbs completed negoti ations with the seven railroad companies that served

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Crabbs chose the York architectural firm New Terminal on March 19, I 933, twelve days before the of Fellheimer and Wagner to design the building but official dedication because flood waters once again French architect Paul Cret provided the Art Deco closed four of the five existing train stations. The elements that made Union Terminal such a signa- original construction schedule called for the ture building. Construction began in August I 929 Terminal to open in December 1933 but the project and the cornerstone was laid on November 20, I 93 I, was completed nine months ahead of schedule. in an elaborate ceremony. Trains began using Union

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German-born artist Winold Reiss designed the mosaics that lined the rotunda and the concourse.

The two large murals in the rotunda illustrate the history of transportation, westward expansion and the growth of Cincinnati. The concourse contained fourteen murals highlighting workers in significant Cincinnati industries and companies, including

Procter Gamble,& Baldwin Piano Co.,Kahn's Meat Packing, Crcisley Broadcasting, and Rookwood

Pottery. The end wall of the concourse contained a map of the United States with views of the conti nents on each side.

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Union Terminal is monumental The huge project involved over two thousand a structure. workers constructing twenty-two buildings on 287 The rotunda dome spans I 80 feet and reaches a height of feet. The feet acres. It included the Western Hills Viaduct, cooling I06 train concourse was 450 long with eight platforms that extended station, machine shop, power plant, roundhouse and station feet. a car service building. Some facts and figures: 1,600

The station could accommodate 6 trainS 300 separate contracts negotiated 2 I daily. first of the 94 miles of track laid During its year operation, station of trains each day. Amenities in 5,663,065 cubic yards of fill material saw an average Iso the terminal included newsstand, toyshop, 8,250,000 bricks new a barbershop and elegant lounges for Total cost $4 I,000,000 -almost entirely from tearoom, men and private funds through the sale of bonds (In 200 I dol- women. lars, the construction figure would be $5 I 2,I 19,484.)

8 Ohio Valley History Fulli 1 1

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Pierre Bourdelle painted murals for the dining rooms and lounges and created the jungle scenes carved from linoleum panels still seen in the women's restroom next to the dining room. 5 f 624 1 rn=.-+A. Maxfield Keck designed the large figures the two on 1 .& building facade representing transportation and 1 S 19* 37 industry .

Fall 2002 Cincinnati Union Terminal I 933 -2003 9 1

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The great flood of 1[937 crested at 79. 9 feet on January 26. Although the rotunda of Union Terminal was above the floodwaters, only two rail- road companies-ChesapeakeOhio & and

Cincinnati Southern Railway-were able to continue their service during the devastating flood.

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The War Years Cincinnati's many factories counted on rail- roads to move their products. During the war

During World War II, Cincinnati Union Cincinnati plants and warehouses unloaded and loaded of 28, railroad each Terminal was the center of rail activity for the an average 300 cars month. The Union Terminal used to region. By I944, Union Terminal averaged 34,000 war years saw capacity,the only such time in its history. passengers daily. Armed forces personnel and civil- ians coping with gasoline rationing packed the build- ing. The USO took over the Rookwood Tea Room for the duration of the war.

11 Ohio Valley History l 94

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1945 -1972 United States. In I 95 3, fifty-one trains arrived at Union Terminal daily. By 1962, passenger train traf- fic Union Terminal had shrunk only With postwar prosperity and the return of civil- at to twenty- Seeking solution the ian industry, Americans renewed their love affair four trains a day. a to enor- with the automobile. The construction of the inter- mous operathig costs, Cincinnati Union Terminal Company offered lease the building the City of state highway system and the growth of passenger to to Cincinnati for $ The City could then uti- airline service in the 19 fos and 19608 dealt an 1 a year. lize the building for other almost fatal blow to passenger rail service in the purposes.

Fall 2002 Cincinnati Union Terminal I 933 -2003 I 5 139 11=11[ 0,=--*.0 ON: 0 AS{ 4-00 01 1 0

ENTRANCE ROTUNDA A CENTER FOR SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY

A. M KINNEY ASSOCIATES · ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS · CINCINNATI. OHIO

45203 INCINNATI,243·2223 OHI UNIONTERMINAL.513- OPENING ANNOUNCINGOF THETHE CENTER LIBRARY SCIENCE be 1969.librarywill JanuaryCenter'6,s new and adults ThestartingSciencechildren. students, open to olds to thechallenge,gentleman Everyone from 3-mayyear-discoveravailable.the the 2,000 vour rightperiodicalsscience among are to onvolumesand beautyand ofonly. materials research fun' reference All browsing, the and for Shop, library is designedthe library itself. Thebe used within Discovery Located opposite the from 10:00 to 4:and30 onfrom will30beonopenSunday.andSaturdays, libraryTuesdays,1:00 to 4:Thursdays,

In June I963, the Cincinnati Planning From I968 to I970, the Cincinnati Science Commission received a report that included eight Museum operated in Union Terminal. possible uses for Union Terminal: railroad museum; transportation center for air,bus and rail lines; courts building; convention center; Air Force Museum; museum of science and industry; private industry;and a shopping center. Nothing resulted from these efforts.

I 6 Ohio Valley History all" Ii...... 1 1.'p.ill-- Ul".2...'rAL*Z

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SAVE THE TEIQMINAL

2101 Carew Tower

Cincinnati,Ohio 45202

purchased 1972 -1985 The Cincinnati Southern Railway the rail yards and planned to demolish the 450 foot- long concourse in I 973 to provide height for piggy- By I 972, Union Terminal was handling only back railroad cars. Before demolition, workers two trains each day and passenger train service removed the fourteen Cincinnati worker/industry halted on October 28, I972. The Cincinnati Union murals designed by Winold Reiss and installed them Terminal Co. put the facility up for sale for the Greater Cincinnati International Airport. A SIo million. at group called Save the Terminal raised over $400,000 the to cover the cost of removing and transporting murals to the airport.

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In August I975, the City of Cincinnati pur- proposed turning Union Terminal into a thematic chased Union Terminal for $ and its fifteen- 2. 00 acre shopping complex with everything from an ice skat- site for $ The City then began look for 1,000,000. to ing rink to a human pinball machine to a bowling for the building. Three developers uses presented alley. He called the project Oz."" Skilken's clabo- ideas for the building and Cincinnati selected the rate plans never materialized but Skilken did create plan presented by the Columbus-based firm of an urban shopping center in Union Terminal. It Joseph Skilken. Company president Steve Skilken opened on August 4, 1980 with forty tenants. At its

8 I Ohio Valley History and Industry peak, the complex had fifty-four tenants and drew The Museum of Health, Science opened in Union Terminal in August ][982. 7,800 to 8,000 customers a day. Les Palmiers, an upscale restaurant, opened in the Terminal as well. However the first tellant moved out in I 98 I and by I982 only twenty-one vendors remained. By ][985, only Loehmanns, situated in the center of the rotun- da, did business in the Terminal.

Terminal I 9 Fall 2002 Cincinnati Union I 933 -2003 Museum Centera[Cincinnati Union Terminal

Dedication Luncheon

Thursday, November 1, 1990

Program

Master of Ceremonies 2«* Nick Clooney A//9$ Trustee The Cincinnati Hiscorical Society

Invocation

Dr. Alfred Gottschalk President Hebrew Union College

Luncheon D OPEN/4, Q Musjcal Selections Vocal Arts Ensemble of Cincinnati

Introduction of Distinguished Guests

Remarks john Weld Peck President

Museum Center Foundation Honorable Stanley J Aronoff President THEMUSEUM-( Ohio Senate 0 ENTER Gale E. Peterson e418ER 199 Executive Director 2, The Cincinnati Historical Society DeVere Burt

Executive Director Cincinnatj Museum of Natural History David C. Phillips Past Presiden[ Museum Center Foundacion

Benediction Reverend John Murphy Pastor Florence Christian Church

9 t'k 411Wl' IA k

Cincinnati Museum Center in April I 98 5 had only one recommendation- 1985 -2003 Cincinnati Union Terminal. Voters of Hamilton

County approved a bond levy in May I 986; the State In the early I 9805, the Cincinnati Historical of Ohio provided 8$million; and the remainder of Society and the Cincinnati Museum of Natural the funding came from corporations, foundations, and individuals. History were both looking for new homes. In a ][98] report for the Historical Society,museum consultant E. Vernon Johnson provided three options for growth. One option proposed that the Society join forces with the Natural History Museum to form a museum complex. A site selection study completed

20 Ohio Valley History Board of Trustees

Museum Center Founda[ion Board

Mrs.Helen C. Black C. Scott Johnson.Execurge Director George H. Perbix Robert D.Lindner,Jr. Peterson, officio D.Ver,Burt. ex offic. Gale E. ex Ronald R. Roberts Wallace T Collect Jerome P.Mon,opoll. Treosuer Theodore H. Emmerich john Weid Peck.President Dr. Halloway C. Sells. Secretary

Oliver M. Gale. Vice President

Board of Trustees

The Cincinnati Historical Society

Robert W. Olson Dr. Compton Allyn jim Johnson Rober B. 05. Sr. Nick Clooney Michae! K. Kea[ing John F.Crowley Ronald A. Koetters John Weld Peck Pennington Dr. Roger Daniels Robert D. Lindner.Jr. Genevieve H. Dr.Lee Etta Powell Theodore H. Emmerich George A. Makrauer Dr. C. Sells Ashley L. Ford Cordand j. Meader Halloway Harris K. Weson Pacricia Gaines Paul D. Myers O'Donnell Ms. Sue A. Huffman Dr. Lorena

Trustees Emeriti

Dr. W.D. Aeschbacher john Diehl joseph S. S[ern.Jr.

Vincen, H. Beckman Dr. Frederick A. Hauck Mrs. Elsie H. Warring.. Charles M. Williams Wallace I Collett Louis Nipper[ M.D. Rosamond R.Wuisin J. Rawson Collns Warner A.Peck.Jr., Frank G. Davis Board of Trustees 0 Cincinna[i Museum of Natural History

Mrs. Robert L.Black. Jr. Hon. Chariesluken George Rieveschl, Jr.,Ph.D. Edwin Rigaud Henry B. Bond Mrs.James Lytle J. Gerard Roberto W. Rowell Chase Karl H. Maslowski R. Robers Mrs. MuraE Davidson Tim McEnroe Ronald H. Rowe Richard Durrell Charles S. Mechem, Jr. Brian 1 Mrs. Eugene Farny Jerome Mon,opoli John Ruthven Robert Srern Charles Fleischmann 111 Howard J. Morgens

Parricia A. Foxx. CPA Robert Muhlhauser Michael H.Stough Thomas W.Wenz Oliver M. Gale Louis Nippert Charles Westheimer Lewis G.Gatch John A. 05.en James A. D. Geier jack W.Partridge Randolph N. Wilkinson Mrs. Richard M, Wilson Reuben B. Hays George H. Perbix G. Puch' Howard Withrow lulesl. Klein. M.D. Charles a Nelsor S.Knaggs Jackson H. Randolph

Governing Members Cincinnati Museum of Natural History Wiseman Kenrech E. Caster, Ph.D. Mrs. Frederick Haffner M r. and M rs. Ahur„ Mrs. Richard Durrell Mrs.john E S[eele 1

train service returned Union The new venture opened to the public on Passenger to arrival of Terminal JUly 99 I, with the November IO, I990. At that point the museum on 29, I complex included the Cincinnati Historical Society Amtrak's Cardinal that runs from Washington, D.C., Library, the Cincinnati History Museum, the to Chicago. Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and the Robert D. Lindner Family OMNIMAX Theater. A In I 99 5 the separate entities of the Cincinnati Historical Society and the Cincinnati Museum of year later the two museums opened the first of their was on Natural merged become Cincinnati permanent exhibits. Grand Opening Day" History to The Cinergy Children' Museum November 2, I 99 I . Museum Center. s opened in October I998.

Terminal 2I Fall 2002 Cincinnati Union I 933 -2003 40-

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Cincinnati Museum Center is the largest cul- In 2003 Cincinnati Union Terminal will tural institution in the Total attendance for region. celebrate its seventieth year. In its thirteenth year, CMC for the fiscal 200I year was I. 47 million. Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal will During the 200[-2002 school year, over I 10,000 Stu- continue to educate and entertain with special dents toured Museum Center. education staff Our exhibits on Africa, Harriet Beecher Stowe, the Civil reached another 2 I,000 with presentations at local War, baseball, and treasures from the Vatican. and regional schools. In September 2002, the University of Cincinnati's Economics Center for Education and Research reported that Museum

Center had a total economic impact of $75. 6 million on the Greater Cincinnati community for the 200 I fiscal year.

22 Ohio Valley Hist()ry Rectifying the Fatal Contrast: John Purcell and the Slavery Controversy among Catholics in Civil War Cincinnati

David J. Endres

Historians who have clocumented the American teenth century was in the midst of a great struggle, Catholic response to the Civil War and slavery have weakened by sectional conflict and torn over the largely focused on the thinking of a few prominent practical and moral repercussions of slavery. For northern ecclesi:istical and intellectual leaders. Men many, slavery was not simply a question of human such as Archbishop John Joseph Hughes of New Yi,rk, dignity or personal liberty, but rather fit within the theologian Bishop Francis Patrick Kenrick, and ongoing debate over the concept ot states' rights and f labor und Cathohc newspaper editor James MeMaster dominate the appic,priate relationship (, economic the landscape of historical inquiry.' These northern gain. Americans t(, every 1(,cality and viewpoint which Catholic intellectuals adopted a consistently conser- entered into the debate, soon grew to encom- vative approach to the difficult questions of the day. pass the status of the country and its future. Many, They supported reconciliation between North and especially in the South,wished to preserve the nation South, criticized abolitionism, tired of emancipation as it was, with li,cal auton)my and the ability to quickly, and supported the Constitutioii. Though maintain or even expand the institution of slavery. such sentiments dominated the thinking of the For abolitionists ill the North, however, slavery sym- Catliolic leadership of the time, other voices did bolized all that prevented the cuntry from achieving political, social, and moral emerge throughout the war that would challenge the purity. approach of these leading thinkers. Religious belief was central to the debate and, Archbishop of Cincinnati with its language common to the North and South, ideologies w.is one of these minority v()ices, the first American often meshed with political and ethnic to Catholic bishop to offer public support for immediate lend strength to the slavery controversy. Religion emancipation of slaves. Thrc,ugh his teaching and the was used as a means of affirming the practices of both Catholic the slaveholder and the abolitionist. As President influence of his diocesan newspaper, the Telegraph, Purcell attempted to convince his readers Abraham Lincoln stated of the North and South in his of the inconsistency of slavery's existence in a trce second inaugural address,Both " read the same Bible, natioii while striking at the racial, religious, and and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid political discord that shaped the loyalties of Catholics against the other."'Consequently, religious schism in antebellum America. Historians have largely often preceded political separation as religious groups slavery. The Presbyterians and ignored Purcell's contribution to the intellectual and became polarized over moral conversatic,n of the period, mentioning him Baptists attempted to preserve institutional unity until the outbreak of the while the Methodist only in passing as an example of a divergent opinioii. war Church split into factions in 845, separation Yet his presence in Cincinnati was critical in shaping two I a the ideological climate of the Ohio Valley during the caused by some members' refusal to agree to a slave Civil War era.' holder's becoming bishop. Even when attempts to middle of the The United States in the nine- preserve unity appeared successful, internal division

F,111 2002 Rectifying the Fatal Contrast 2 3 often existed. In I 837 when the Presbyterian Church I833 and appoint- had divided inti, New and Old Schools, the former . ed leader of the became increasingly intislavery: ind: found its great- est strength an-iong New Englanders while the latter in the diocese of was composed of conservative members, mainly Cincinnati, a posi- southerners: of he held for In the midst this sectional conflict tic,n and religious distinion, the Roman Catholic Church fifty years.'As the in America attempted to bridge these divisions in number of Catholics Ohio order to be true to its model as one, holy, catholic in Church. Unlike the religic,us denominatic,ns that increased, his role failed to preserve unity, the Catholic Church official- as spokesman for ly identified with neither the aboliticmists nor the the Church in the slave holders, both of whom it considered radicals. West intensified.

Marked by its conservatism, the Catholic Church In I837, as a Archbishop John Baptist Purcell during this peric,d spoke in favor of moderatic,11 and young bishop, he compromise, not rash action. Most American took part in a Catholic bishops rallied for unity and reconciliation, week-long public debate on the nature of the Catholic hoping to act as witnesses to peace and calm in a religion with Alexander Campbell, a Baptist revivalist troubled nation: minister and founder of the Disciples of Christ. In

One episcopal voice that pierced the silence of reporting the debate, Cincinnati:s secular press agreed the Catholic hierarchy was that of Archbishop John that Purcell had helped to encourage Catholic tolera- Baptist Purcell of Cincinnati. By publicly supporting tion and to correct various falsehoods held about the the immediate abolition of slavery, Purcell faced con- faith. Newspapers throughout the country closely followed the debate and caused Purcell becoiie siderable opposition frc)m numerous fronts. Clergy and to better known the nation' Catholics and 1.iymen throughout the country, his fellow American to s non- Catholics.- bishops, as well as religious and secular publications discc,uraged his meddling in what many considered a Early in his episcopacy, Purcell pronounced his political matter, unrelated to religion. Even when own moral distaste for slavery yet seemed unwilling these views the Catholics of America opposition w.is not overt, Purcell fc,und it necessary to to assert to or beconie associated with the abolitionist contend with an ambivalent immigrant Church, large- to niove- ly disinterested in the slavery question frc,in the stand- ment. At a speech given iii I838 in his hometown of point of morality yet aware of the potential fc,r slav- Mallow, County C{)rk, Ireland, Purcell spoke of the between the Declaration of cry's demise to affect the ecc,nomic balance of com- inanisistency munity life in both the North and South. Independence and the existence of slavery. He later Beginning with mild protestations against slav- termed this inconsistency the" fatal acknowledging his belief that could tol- cry, Purcell eventually became an outspoken propo- America not of if be faithful nent f(,the war and emancipation. Purcell worked to erate the institution slavery it were to speech, howev- temper anti-war sentiment, to help purge Catholics of tc, its ideals. At the time of his I 838 their racist tendencies, and to convince his flock of the er, Purcell blamed the "virus"of slavery less on the moral and practical necessity of emancipation. Americans as much as the English, who had estab- Purcell Though largely unsuccessful, Purcell helped ease ten- lished it during the colonial period. Clearly, sions, curb discrimination,ind : bring attention to the found it safer to be anti-English than to level charges moral and social ramifications of the slavery question. against his fellow countrymen. The Catholic Telegrciph, the official of the diocese of Acting as one of the few who bonded their Catholic newspaper faith with abolitionist views, Purcell heralded emanci- Cincinnati, reported Purcell's speech but quickly added that the Bishop understo(}d that there pation as a position consistent with the example of were a" however desir- Christ and integral to the Church's mission of bringing great many political imprc,vements, able, that could from prudential i,nity, hope, and salvatic,n to all people. a 64)verilment not duce : wished."During» the Irish by birth, Purcell was ordained a bishop in niotives, intrc, is soon as it

24 C)hio Valley Hist(,ry Cath()lic three be detestable assaults their of life. ', years leading up to the Civil War, the to upon way Abolitionists often nativists and the union of Telegraph remained silent on the subject except fc,r in. were occasional condemnation of abolitionism: Purcell, these ideals was not incidental. The Know-Nothing literature of the asserted that the Roman Catholic too, refrained from t.lking a vocal stand in the decades era before the war. Church and slavery were both founded" and support- The climate and makeup of his dic,cese and the ed on the basis of ignorance and tyranny"and that the position of Catholic bishops throughout the country two were natural co-workers iii their Oppusition to 14 Following contributed to Purcell's lack of outspoken oppositioii freedom and republican institutions. to slavery. The diocese of Cincinnati, which had the demise ot the Know-Nothing party, the included only sixteen churches and fewer than seven Republican party received many former Know- thousand Catholics when Purcell arrived in I 833, Nothings into its ranks and this close association of swelled with German and Irish immigrants during abolitionism and nativism resulted in solid support Catholic the next three decades. In recognitic,n of its increased for the Democratic party aniong the immi- population, Cincinnati became in: archdiocese in grant population." Chief the fears the aho- 1850 and Purcell was elevated to the role of archhish- ainong immigrants' was litionist goal of the slaves. op. Ten years later, in I 860, the irchdiocese. f(, emancipating Cincinnati, spanning approximately the southern Emancipation, they believed, would result in the for- slaves' exodus froin the South clailn two-thirds of Ohio, claimed I 50,000 Catholics. mer mass to jobs in Cincinnati. As irly ten- Nearly 5 9,000 of the Catholics in the archdiocese iminigrants' e: as I 84»I, lived in Cincinnati, accounting for thirty-five percent sion between immigrants and free persons of color of the city's population. resulted in three days of mob violence in which both killed. In the decades leading up to the Civil War, Irishmen and African Americans were During multitude of nativist sentinient was widespread in the Ohio Valley the summer of that year a ruinors, region and especially in Cincinnati. Anglo-Protestant including the reported sexual advances of two black toward respectable lady,"fueled the empl()yers and leaders often denied employment and men a very" ten- The blamed tlle participation in community affairs to Catholics and sion. Cathojic Telegrilph nativiSt fc,reigners because they believed that these newconi- white populatic,n for the ric,ting and absolved the though admitted that ers sought to undermine American ideals thrc,ugh city's African Americans, it have been " three Irishien" their allegiance to a foreign dictator, the Pope. The there iii:iy two or among Rev. Lyman Beecher, president of the Lane the trc,ublemakers."However sporadic, these inci- Theological Seminary iii Cincinnati, warned fellow dents of violence were indicative of the overarching Pri,testants in I 834 of a Pc)" pish plot"to take over the prejudice and fear on the part of the Irish that black region in his tract, A Pleti for the West:'Pears such migrants would surpass them economically. The general less as this gave rise to the American Party, popularly Germans in Cincinnati were in called the Know-Nothing party, which sought to bar prejudiced toward the city's African Americans. As Catholics from political involvement and delay natu- carly as the I 8 jos, Cincinnati's German population ralization for immigrants. Anti-Catholic hysteria included some abolitionists and by the ISios the reached its peak in Cincinnati in I853 when a visit by majc,rity of Germans opposed the westward expan- Archbishop Gactano Bedini resulted in rioting. Over sion ()f slavery. A number of German radicals in five hundred protesters attempted to march to the Cincinnati called for the repeal of the I 8 so Fugitive episcopal residence behind the where Slave Law and an end to slavery throughout the United the of abolitionist Bedini was staying. Police, however, blocked the States."Despite presence route and arrested sixty-five individuals." Germans in Cincinnati, the city's Germans and Occupying the lower classes of society and sub- African Americans also clashed, though to a lesser ject to discrimination, tile Irish and German extent than with the Irish, suggesting less direct Catholics in general identified with the Democratic occupational competition with the Generally, the Irish lived closer party, a natural affiliation, given many in the in Cincinnati in prox- black residents; they subject Republican party's support for prohibition, abolition, imity to its were to and nativism. Catholic immigrants considered all lower literacy rates and property ownership than

Fall 2002 Rectifying the Fatal Contrast 2 5 silent the Church historian other groups in the city; and they competed fc,r the were on issue. Peter same 1(,w-paying j(,bs." Guilday has written that the council helped solidify the The fear that black migrants would take jobs role c,f the Church in America: Catholics" real- typically held by European immigrants only increased ized more acutely than ever the real meaning of the in the years before the Civil War as African Church's place in American life, and non-Catholics Americans trickled north the Ohio River. The acrc,ss appreciated the fact that there was a body of Cincinnati Enquirer warned its readers of the perils Americali spiritual leaders who meant to bring to the t{)conk: disturbed condition of the (,ne asset the

Hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of slaves colintry needed: peace and calm. will come North and West and will either be Not only did the Church hierarchy, which feared

competitors with our White mechanics and the ruin of its own ecclesiastical institution, express laborers, degrading them by their coinpetition, the Church's conservative position but Catholics ill i,r they will have to be supported as paupers and every locality echoed it, fearing that the slavery ques- criminals at the public expense. tion could rip apart their states, comiunities, ind.

At the same time as Cincinnati Catholics feared families. The bishops of the Cincinnati Province, emancipation for economic reasons, the Catholic composed of neighboring dioceses in Michigan, Ohio, bishops in the United States feared that the issue of Kentucky, and Indiana, met iii Cincinnati twice dur- slavery could destroy the unity of the Church. The ing the years preceding the war. At each meeting the Vatican in I839, through Pope Gregi}ry XVI's letter, In bishi,ps issued i: pastoral letter instructing the clergy Stipremo Apostohittls, had asked Catholics through- and laity of their dioceses. When the local ordinaries vincial Council of Ollt the world to refrain from engaging iii the slave convened the First Prc, Cincinnati trade. The letter stated: We" do admonish and adjure in I85 5, the bishops followed the precedent set at the in the Lord 111: believers in Christ that... no one here- First Plenary Council of Baltimore in I852 ind: after may dare unjustly to molest Indians, Negrocs, or refrained from taking up the slavery issue. Instead, other men...ort(}exercise that inhuman trade by the bishops advised their people tc) fervently" pray to which Negroes, as if they were not men, but mere God that He would bless and preserve the Union. the Second Provincial Council of Cincinnati held inim:tls, are reduced into slavery. The Pope had At clearly written against the trading of slaves, but three years later, the bishops made 110 mention ot debate swirled about whether he disapprcived of all slavery, seeking to distance the Church frc,m what fc,rms of slavery. they perceived to be a political discussion. Despite this 201117(. inishnient froiii the Pope, In Cincinnati, tlic Cti tholic Telegraph mirrored

American bishops iii general supported the status quo the opinion of the church hierarchy and the local cit- iii regard to slavery. A few bishops like John England izenry by maintaining its desire for peace and unity. of Charleston, South Carolina, wrote that Catholics In an editorial on the topic of "Unioii and that the Church should not interpret the papal letter as a condemna- Catholicity,"the editor wrote was the tion of slavery in the United States."For the most not to blaine fc,r America's disunion because " part the bishops agreed that iholitionists: were f:inat- Catholic Church has never lent any strength to the excitement. She has said both North and South lie ics, yet it: the same time only a few southern prelates to overtly defended the peculiar" institution."Even the just, be nioderate, patient, charitable. If the Union most c()mmitted southern bishop recognized the falls to pieces, now it will not be through her influ- 2M Though abuses of slavery, believed that African Americans ence but through her want of influence. committed and the Church' desire were htiman beings with souls, and advocated their to patience peace, s natural right to maintain their families.''Bishop for c.1 hii could not quiet the impending storm that southern and rebellion would bring. England, though i: supporter of slavery, opened a secession school for black children in his diocese although The storm of politics, religic,n, economics, and Purcell fc,reed him intense local opposition later fc)reed him to close it.'4 race that swirled around to recon- sider his deaf the influence of the Most bishops occupied n middle ground that valued response. Not to people of dic, and his fellow bishops, Purcell peace over justice as evidenced by the First Plenary his cese allowed those individuals who clcisest him Council of Baltimore 1 18 52) in which the ordinaries were to to

26 Ohic, Valley Histc,ry Purcell attacked rad- shape his opinions on slavery and emancipation. His icalism wherever he chief advisors were his brother, Edward Purcell, and 4. believed it existed, Sylvester Rosecr:ins, who became auxiliary bishop of It- Cincinnati in March 862. Both men held positions I r both in the North of influence in the diocese. As editors of the Cathi)lie and theAs South.of the Telegraph, the two were directly responsible for the one expression of local Catholic opinion during the war 0 . I few Cathc,lic news- papers published years. Purcell was editor of the official newspaper of of , the dic,cese of Cincinnati for almost forty years, west the Catholic beeinning in I 840, and acted as the financial manag- all Telegraph' reader- er of the archdiocese, and pastor of the Cathedral." 4 s ship extended Rosecrans, the yc,unger brother of Union General 1 81,7 L- 3. throughout the William S. Rosecr:ins, was co-editor of the newspaper S 11*. west- with Purcell until he was named auxiliary bishop." ern states. By INfo Both favored the Union and emancipation and the 1.£ had received the opinions expressed in never Sylvester S. Rosecrans the weekly paper episcopal approval t(, strayed far trc,m Purcell's sentiments. and the the dioceses of At the time of Lincoln's election in I 860 beginning of southern secession, Purcell, the Chicago, Cleveland, Detic,it, Vincennes, and Ctitholic Telegrciph, and the Catholics of Cincinnati Louisville, represctiting most (,f thir dic,ceses in the and northward. The dio- were generally united in their belief that comproniise Ohio Valley region points of Kentucky, later its approval was necessary to preserve the Union. Politically, cese Covington, gave by November, Cathcilics were an important source of support for the to the paper but withdrew its support result of what it perceived the Deniocratic party and oppc,nents accused theni of i 86 I, as a as paper's failure political neutrality. " Though tainting the electoral process by voting consistently to maintain with those who shared their religious and ethnic affil- published in Cincinnati, the Catholic Telegraph intiotis. Many believed that Democratic party bosses clearly depended 11(,both southern and northern sub- scribers before the and its fact that or,even worse,their religious leaders, controlled their war up to onset, a votes.' Most of the Catholic community in may explain the paper's equal treatment of both Cincinnati supported the Democratic candidate, northern and southern abuses prior to the rebellion. he Stephen Douglas, for the presidency in I 860, even as As Purcell's opinion on the topic evolved, Purcell himself publicly supported the Republican became increasingly critical of the South as it became party and Lincoln. Despite their political leanings, apparent to him that the states in rebellion sought to the immigrant populace remained supportive of the destroy the Unioii. Little more than a week after with the Union and optimistic that the nation's leaders cotild mentioning the possibility of compromising rebellic, southern Purcell addressed the offi- achieve a peaceful comprc,mise. ' At" least, let us beg us states, of the Cath(,lic short-lived local edu- if we cannot have Union, we may have peace," cers Institute, a cational and condemned the rattlesnake" Purcell wrote on January 4, 1861, and" that if these institution, of sccession."The Cincinnati Commercial quoted States cannot be sisters, they may be allies."' The Catholic Telegrciph itself employed its edi- him: When" you look around this hall, and see the torial column to denounce both northern abolitic)n- beautiful stars and stripes which adorn it, pray, oh editorial ists and southern extremists. An on pray! that the hideous rattlesnake may never sting them, but that the rattlesii:ike of sccession be December I, I 860, +which quoted a sermon that may Blessed Mother Purcell offered while preaching at the Cathedral, con- crushed to death, even as the Ever demned Harriet Beecher Stowe's distortions in her crushed the serpent that caused our fall."' At the well issued : controversial novel, Uncle Toni 's Ctibjil, 15. as same time,the Catholic Telegraph i more con- Preston Brooks' brutal attack on Charles Sumner in servative response in favor of peace, cautioning,It "is the chambers of the Senate and the violat ion of hoped that in these times of excitement no Catholic the Constitution by the secessionist states: will so far lose his reasoning powers as to suppose

Fall 2002 Rectifying the Fatal Contrast 27 that our glorious institutions can be preserved and might be construed as political activism. Throughout transmitted to posterity by fighting ainong our- the conflict, the army was in dire need of priests to selves. S Cincinnati Catholics remained hopeful serve as army chaplains and Purcell helped fill the that peace would prevail and that the dark clouds of ranks of the Union chaplaincy by encouraging priests secession would eventually dissipate. tc)volunteer. Some bishops refused to send chaplains After the attack c,n Fort Sumter, the hope fc,r and consequently only forty priests, often called peaceful The Catholic compromise vanished. Holy Jocs"by the soldiers, were available to minis- Telegraph came c,ut in complete support ot the Union ter to the Union's two hundred thousand Catholic soldiers." and President Lincoln. The paper publicized a Union" Meeting"at Cincinnati's Catholic Institute to be held In late April I 86I, the Third Prc,vinci:11 Council on April 20, I 86 i . An estimated fc,ur thousand Irish" f Cincinnati held a meeting of the bishops from patriots"attended and pledged their lives," fortunes, eight neighbc,ring dioceses. Among the items dis- and sacred honor" the of the to 111:zinten:ince cussed was the political situaticm of the country. The Constitutic,n."Many c,f these Cincinnatians would be pastoral letter drafted at the council spoke of the need among the two hundred thousand Cath(,lic Americans t(,r unity and peace. While" many of the sects have who served in the war." Purcell also wri,te in suppi,rt divided into hostile parties on an exciting political of the Union cause. He was no doubt aware that per- issue,"the letter stated, the" Catholic Church has ceived disli,yalty on the part of Catholics, especially carefully preserved her unity of spirit in the bond of immigrants,would only increase nativist fervor. Rising peace, knowing no North, no South, no East, and no to the challenge, Purcell prc,claimed to his flock that West."#'The letter specifically advised priests not to the President" has spoken and it is our duty to obey become involved in the political debate. The " spirit him as he:id of the natioii....It is then our solemn duty of the Catholic Church is eminently as gc)(id and loyal citizens to walk shoulder to shoulder the bishops wrote, and" while her ministers rightful- with all our fellow citizens in support f(, ly feel a deep and abiding interest in 111: that concerns honor.""T) display public support for the cause, the the welfare of the country, they do not think it their priests of St. Peter in Chains Cathedral in downtown prc,vince to enter into the political arena."+'The pas- Cincinnati hung a large Star-" spangled banner, ninety toral letter did not assign blame for the political crisis feet in length, froni its spire on April 23." but highlighted wrongs by both the North and South. Though the ecclesiastic hierarchy in America Bishop Martin Spalding of Louisville, Kentucky, had among its ranks a number of strong Union men rather than Purcell, was the primary author of the like Purcell, Rosecrans, and Hughes, their collective pastoral, which explains its failure to support the effort Catholic enlistinent achieved minimal President and the well to bc,c,st Union cause as as its uncriti- cal results. Irish Catholics were the most under-repre- stance on secession. 4' sented ethnic grc,up in the Union army in proportion After the conclusion of the council in June I86 I, Purcell left fc, and did tc) populatic,n, with German Catholics ranking just Cincinnati r Rome not return behind. As non-citizens, many Catholics were until September of that year. During his visit Purcell exempt from the draft, some opposed the war aim of requested permission to retire, a request possibly emancipating the slaves, while others had little con- born of the tension that accompanied his support of cern for what they perceived as a contest for econom- the Unic,n. The Pope, however, did not accept the ic power by the nation's affluent. Most Catholics sixty-one-year-old archbishop's request.+'Upon his who served in the Union forces either did so unwill- return, Purcell again spoke in favor of the Union ingly or enlisted to obt.iin hig]1 enlistmciit boutities.' cause, a position consisteiit with the general senti- During the war Purcell proved his loyalty to the ments of the pcc,plc of Cincinnati, though some had Union not only in word but also in decd. Purcell and already sided with the Copperhe:" ids,"the wing of Rosecrans willingly visited Unic)11 army encamp- the Democratic party that opposed the Republican ments where they preached, administered the sacra- war effort and supported peace with the ments, and met with ariny chiplains:+Purcell's jour- Cotifederacy.' The Carly months of the war brought of but the fervor began neys to the field set him apart hotii other bishops with it a surge patriotism, to who were often unwilling to act in a manner that die out as Cincinnati plunged into an economic reces-

28 Ohio Valley History sion that resulted from the cessation of trade with the widespread and emancipation was an inconceivable southern states, the city's traditional market." war aim among the immigrant population. On July Cincinnati's economic growth having been stunted, IO, I862, violence erupted in Cincinnati after German the recession put financial pressure on business own- and Irish riverhands decided to strike for higher wages ers and laborers who hoped for a quick end to the and emplc,yers hired black laboiers in their place." Irish- homes fire war. As the prospects fc,r a quick northern victory Americans set on and assaulted diminished, Union support often turned to cries for inh:ihitants of "Bucktown,"the black section of the peace, even if that meant Confederate independence. city located just cast I,f downtown. African Americans Anti-war sentiment, especially prevalent in the Ohio retaliated in the section of Cincinnati known as Valley, certainly weighed on Purcell but did not cause Dublin,"enacting similar violence."Sympathizing him to waver in his support of the Union. with the rioters, the Catholic Telegraph wiote that The Catholic Telegraph supported the war effort black labor was fast" undermining white labor along throughout the conflict, failing to ally with the the Ohio. It is a question of bread and butter or star- Peace Democrats"and the local anti- war movement vatic,n to thousands and nothing is more easily under- The that gained in popularity and influence under the stood than iealousy in such a vital manner. leadership of James Faran, the Irish-American editor newspaper clearly supported the interests of immi- of ."As a staunch Deinocrat, grant laborers, a position that it would try to maintain F:iran opposed Lincoln from the start, but gave quali- even while supporting emancipation. fied support tc) the northern cause at the beginning of Almcist is: reprehensible as emancipation to the the Later he criticized the in which the war. manner imiigrant population w.,s the suggestion of con- Republican administration and Congress were con- scription. The Catholic Telegraph wrote iii favor of ducting the war and finally denounced the war effort the drcift Inonths before the goveriiment instituted it, coinpletely in I863: The other Catholic newspaper though nearly every Catholic newspaper in the coun- in Cincinnati, the German-language weekly try denounced the plan for conscription."If you " are Wahrheits-Freund,exhibited an editc,rial position dis- drafted,"the paper proclaimed, go you inust. When tinct from both the official diocesan newspaper ind: you talk of resisting the draft...you make yourself the Cincinliati Enquirer. The Wilhrheits-Fretind not only ridiculous but criminal. Fortunately,riots stressed neutrality, maintaining itself as a religious did not crupt in Cincinnati as they had in New York and not political newspaper.<+ City and elsewhere in response to the Conscriptic,n Though the Catholic Telegraph supported the Act of March 3, I 863.*Though not responsible for a war, tt Con- complete change in opinion, Purcell's leadership and dem ned cinanci- the attitudes voiced in the dioces:iii newspaper f the slaves pation (, helped Cincinnati's immigrant populatic,n accept this fc, the as an aim r prerogative of the government. war. The Upon returning from a second trip to Europe on prop()Sltlon to September I, I 862, three weeks before Lincoln issued emancipate the the Emancipatic,n Proclamation, Purcell delivered 21VCS IlS .1 W.11 one of his most important speeches of the war. the measure," paper Reiterating the content of his I 838 speech delivered declared,seems " to in Ireland, Purcell said that he believed people us incendiary and could not long survive the fatal contrast between the stupid.Do ...the Declaratic,n of Independence and the Constitution of American people the United States, the one asserting that all men arc believe th.lt we born free, sovereign and independent, that the other could be a nation millions may be slaves."Purcell further proclaimed with 4,000,000 free that war could have been avoided if only the South

11-1 oUr negrocs had compromised, abolishing slavery after" 1: given midst? : period, say fifty, seventy, or a hundred years...and Negrophobia was James Faran in the meantime, as the Northern States had done,fit

Fall 2002 Rectifying the Fatal Contrast 29 1 her slaves, by education, to be men. Since coinpro- wrote,Wle "[ do not shape our cause to please any par- misc was then out of the question, Purcell went so far ticular class of men, but we endeavor to follow the as to advocate emancipation of the slaves as a means dictates of truth and justice as they present them- of ending the wkir within three months' time. While selves to our minds. not demanding immediate emancipation, Purcell's Though no Catholic newspaper other than the address stood in stark contrast to the beliefs and Quarterly Review,published by Catholic convert and actions of his fellow Irish Catholics, sonic of whom abolitionist Orestes Brownson, supported the had participated in racial rioting just months earlier.' Telegral,h's advocacy of immediate emancipation, the

toward the 110t Culll- These statements in favor of even gradual eman- reaction Cath(,lic Telegraph was cipation drew criticism from both Catholic:ind secu- pletely negative. Edward Purcell claimed that he had lar newspapers and helped to shape the 01,inions received letters froin every part of the country expressed in the Catholic Telegnii,h. At the time of expressing satisfaction with a Catholic newspaper Purcell's September I address, the diocesan newspa- that was unafraid to support the" most oppressed Archbishop Purcell per was not seen as friendly to abolitionism. people on earth. Iii writing to However, it began to change its pc,licy shortly there- on May 28, I 863, Father William O'Higgins, chaplain after, fiercely debating the journalists who were to the Tenth Ohic) Volunteer Infantry stationed in attacking the archbishop. Baltimore's Catholic Murfreesboro, Tennessee, voiced his agreement. Mirror reprimanded Purcell for his demands for God" bless Father Edward for the triumphant vindi- dubbed him of dear old Mother Church from the emancipation and the Freoran 's /()tirllti j cation our The a pc," litical abolitionist. Cjiicinntiti Enquirer, advancing 1110tch of slavery,"Father O'Higgins trumpeting the slogan,The " Constitution as it is, the exclaimed. Yes," she always hated it. She hates it the world' such Unic,n as it was, and the Negroes where they are, now, and would give s treasures to see also accused General Rosecrans of being an abc,lition- a rank smelling sin blc,tted from the face of the ist. Ironically, the Catholic Telegraph became more earth. The Catholic Telegraph, though abolitionist, outspoken against slavery as it attempted to defend the archbishop and General Rosecrans by qualifying attempted to maintain the precarious balance of sup- the positic,11 of each in regard to emancipation." porting both the interests of Cincinnati's immigrant Not uitil April I 863 did the diocesan paper offi- population and the rights of slaves to be free. It cially join with Purcell in support of emancipation, argued that emancipation would be beneficial to though it had slowly been moving in th:it direction slaves as well as laborers, reversing the position it had since September I 862. The editor, presumed to be taken is: late is: It{62.'1 The paper favored limitations Father Edward Purcell, wrote 011 April 8 that slavery" on African American migration to northern states fam- in every shape is condemned and reprobated by the and assured its readers that countless immigrant Church."What " the Church would not or could not ilies would be able to make claims on southern lands do,"he continued, the " politicians have done. The after the fall of slavery and the plantation system."It of white laborers and the free labor door is now made open...and those who wish to wrote in support despise the venerable Pontiffs and be the jailors of ideal. The restoration of peace would bring about a" his bread their fellow men, may endeavor to close and lc,ck and peace profitable to the white man who earns wish him bolt it. We take no part in any such proceeding." by the sweat of his brow. We to see not so With this proclamation the Ctitholic Telegraph low, but that he may have one foot n(,the ladder by which he ascend fc, 1 bec:ime the first diocesan newspaper to support can to rtune."' The also affirmed the dignity of African emancipatic,n. The newspaper, in effect, wished tc) paper wash its hands of the peculiar institution that it h:id Americans. Tho, " se coli,red men,"it proclaimed, previc)usly supported. Having asserted its abolitionist have" a right to life and liberty as much as the white them without ind views, the paper boosted, If " for telling these plain men, and they who oppress reason, : gratify insatiable and disgraceful prejudice, truths any subscriber wishes to withdraw his patron- only to an the face of the enemies of order and religion."'+The age, we hope he will do so at once. In are newspa- sharp criticism from the New York Frenumi s' foill'litil per proclaimed its unique new identity as the" largest and the Metropolitan Recorcl, the Catholic Telegraph Catholic journal iii the United States; opposed to

30 Ohio Valley History slavery and disunion; of justice and free- and his flock during the years of the Civil War? dom. Its abolitionist views, it maintained,were for Clearly,only a minority of his fellow bishops and the the greater good of all peoples, black and white. Catholic press embraced his opinions. Similarly, the Irish and In a pastoral letter written to the people of his vast majcirity of Cincinnati's German resi- diocese on January 27, 1864, Purcell stated his posi- dents were unreceptive, retiiaining committed to the tion in the clearest of terms: We" go with our whole Democratic party, opposed to abolitionism, and fear- heart and soul the of the ful of fc,r maintenance Unic,n and an African American exodus intc) Ohio." the abolition of slaveryagainst - neither of which The experience of Cincinnati's Catholics does the Supreme Pontiff of Christendom utter a sin- throughout the Civil War years indicated that local 1. {' gle wi,rd. Bishol,Spalding of Louisville, in particu- ethnic lc,yalties and economic realities probably 1.11, coiidemned the letter,saying that if Purcell could influenced them niore than the moral and rational not prc,duce a non-partisan pastoral letter,it would be persuasion undertaken by their bishop and the best not to issue one. In fact, the opposition to Catholic Telegraph. Purcell was so great that the bishops of the surround- Though Purcell may have been unsuccessful in ing dic,ceses refused to attend the Provincial Cozincil garnering widespread support fc,r his ideals among the that Purcell had planned to take place in Cincinnati Catholic population of his diocese, he was successful the fourth Sunday after Easter, I 864. in bringing attention to the moral and social ramifi- Later that year Purcell issued a Thanksgiving cations of the slavery question. In emancipating the pastoi.11 message in which he prayed for the abolition slaves, America resolved its "fatal contrast" and diminished conflict between of slavery, voiced support for the draft, and specifical- Cincinnati's own race ly condemned two Catholic New York newspapers, and religion. Purcell's leadership strengthened loyal- the Freemcin:s lourncil and Metropolitan Recorci, for ty to the Union in the city, especially among its opposing the war ind: emancipation.=»He blamed Catholics, and draft riotS that other cities with large these newspapers for instigating their readers to" evil immigrant populations experienced did not occur iii words and deeds"through deliberate duplicity and Cincinnati. Purcell also increased the visibility of the deception.-'In Purcell's correspondence c:in be found Catholic Church throughout the cozintry, demon- two letters of support for his Thanksgiving message strating that some Catholics were willing to stand in from clergy outside the Cincinnati diocese, which the support of emancipation and the honor of the nation. very newspapers that he had denounced printed. Rev. The climate of extreme Negrophobia began to William Everett thanked the Cincinnati ordinary for" change in Cincinnati under the archbishop's guid- the noble expression of patriotic sentiment" in ance. Near the end of the war, Purcell assisted in the formation denouncing those" impudent ind: wicked newspapers of a Catholic church and school fc,r African knc, published in this city."Everett further argued that Americans wn is: St. Ann's Colored Church and

0]ur people have been put ill a false, disloy.11, and School. Founded in I866 under the leadership of a essentially uncatholic position by the politicians Jesuit priest, Francis Xavier Weninger, the parish was whose lead they have followed like sheepaided - by one of only several Catholic parishes for African such 'religious' papers as those you have named. Americans in the United States. In September 1868, Similarly, Rev. W B. Sprague of Albany, New York, the Catholic Telegraph announced the formation of wrote to Purcell that he was" previously aware c,ff the the Blessed Peter Claver Society, an organization honorable position you had taken on this subject, and founded for the support of St. Ann's School.' Purcell was the more deeply impugned by it fri,iii the fact wrote that the students of St. Ann bore the fruits of that nearly 2111 our Roman Catholic population in this their training and prove" this every year by public part of the country have gone in the opposite direc- examinations and exhibitions to the astonishment tion. Your proclamation, my dear sir, will, of itself, I and delight of the citizens of Cincinnati."'+ am sure, render your naine imperishable iii history. The words of Orestes Brownson might best sug- The predicticm of Father Sprague begs the ques- gest the legacy of Purcell and his contribution to the tion of Archbish()p Purcell's legacy to America, the debate over slavery Peace is a good thing," Cathi,lic the of Church, and archiliocese Brownson wrote, but" justice is better...Give us the

Cincinnati: what was Purcell's impact on the Church noise and contention of life, rather than the peace and

Fall 2002 Rectifying the Fatal Contrast 3 I ll. silence of the charnel-house. Purcell preferred live- Publication, I837); Alfred Stritch, Political" Nativism in Cincinnati, 830- 860,"Recorck of the Anierictin Cath<,lic ly democratic debate to peaceful in justice, seeing it as I I Historical Society of ihiltidelpliia 48 ISeptember Ii)37),239- the best hope fc,r both America and the Church. 40;John Ncrone, The Culture of the 1,1-ess ill the Early Republic Moreover, as evidenced by his words and actions, Cincilinati, 1793-IN48 (New Yc)rk: Garland Publishing, Purcell preferred justice and noise silence to peace to Ic)89),I 89-91. if it cciuld stir and examine the men women to most 8 Catholic Telegral)11, Oct(,ber Ii, i838. perplexing questions of the age. In the face of (,pposi- 9 1)eye, Archhishc," p John Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," 62. tion, Purcell added his own voice to the rhetorical Io Deye, Archhishop" john Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," cacophony ot the Civil War era and committed him- 4-5. self to following the dictates of truth and justice Tir See Tyler Anliinder's Nativism alid Slavery: The Northern wherever they led him. As the lone episcopal voice Kiic,w Nothiiigs und the Politics of the I Sf 0.5 COxic,rd: Oxic,rd supporting emancipation, Purcell represents an University Press, I 992) fc,r infc,rmaticin on the rise and f.111 of important minority within the Church in America the party ziid. its connection tc,slavery See James C)nnelly, The Visit of Arclibishop Gaetallo that deepens our understanding of the ccintributions 12 Bedini t{)the Jnited{ Slutes of America. 1 853- IN54 of Catholics to the national political dialogue of the Rome: P<,ntificia Universitasregoriana, (; I 960) fc,1 a descrip- Civil War era. tion of Bedini's receptic,n in various localities. I 3 Frank L. Klement, Cath<," lies as Copperheads during the David J. Endres is a graduate student in church Civil War,"Cath(}lic Historictil Review 80 (1994),36. Catholics history at Catholic University of America in 14 Quoted in James Hennesey, S.J.,Ailierictin INew York: Oxfc,rd University Press, 1981),14i Washington, D.C. He is a graduate of Xavier il. Labor, The See Eric Fc,ncr, Free Sc, Free Free Men: University. 1 5 Ide>logy of the Republican Party Befc}re tlic Civil War INew Y(,rk: Oxford University Press, I 99 5 1, 226-60 for a discussion of the link betweeli the Republican party and nativism. Fcmer Two studies that focus Northern Cathc,lic (,pinion i on argues that Republicans viewed nativism as a political liability include Walter G. Sh.irrow's "Nc,rthern Latholic( Intellectuals ancl tried tc) dissi,ciate the party from anti-immigrant policies and the Conii of the Civil War,"New 7,) k Historical Society ng 1- while courting the vote f(,former Knc,w-Ncithings. Catholics Ollarterj\' 8 11974|, FA, and Charles P. Connor' The 9 34- s " reci,gnized that cultural imtivism lingered in the Republican Nc,rthern Catholic Pc,sition Slavery and the Civil War: on party even after pcilitical nativism had been disavowed. Archbishop Hughes as Test Case,"Recorils of the Americtin a ICI 1)eye, Archbishop" 14)hn Baptist Purcell ot Cincinnati, pre- of Philtidelphic! fith<,lic Hist(,rical Society 96 Ii)( 86\,35 48.- Civil War Years' h, September [ 25 5 3 tholic Telegnil? 1, 1 84 I. The nly(, pricir attempts elucidate Purcell' contribution 2 to s I, tgruce Levine, Community" Divided: Gernian Inimigrants, tc,the period are Anthony H. Deye's "Archhishop John Iaptist Social Class, and Political Conflict in Antebellum Cincinnati," Purcell and the Civil War" CM. A. thesis, University of in Ethnic Diversity and Civic Iclentity: Patterns of Conflict Cincinnati, and Anthony H. Deye' Archbishop john I 944) s " and Cohesion in Cinciiitiati Since I 820, eds.,Henry Shapiro Baptist Purcell cif Cincinnati, pre-C:ivil War Years" Ph.( 1).dis- and Jonathan Serna (Urbana: University of Press, I9921, scrtatic, University f(,Nc, Dame, n, tre I949) 70, 76-8 I. Ray P. Basler, ed.,The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, red Citizens: 1 i 8 Wendell P. Dabiicy, Cilicirintlti's C<)](} vol. 8 (New Brunswick, N. I.:Rutgers University Press, I959), Historical, Sociol<,gical tind Bic,graphical Cincinnati: Dal,ney 333 Publishing Co.,1926),40, 49 Philip Paludan, A l'cople ' Contest (Lawrence, Ks. 4 s Ig Nancy Bertaux, Economic" Change and Occupational University Press of Kansas, I 9881, 343-45· Sce also Eugene Decline,"in Race anci the Cily: Work, Cominunity, und

Genovese,Religion " in the Collapse of the American Union" 8. Prtilest iii Cincinnati. I 0-7970, ed. Henry Louis Taylor, Jr. in Religion and the Americtiii Civil War, eds.,Randall Miller, Urb:Ina: University of Illinois Iress, I 903),140. Harry Stout, and Charles Wilsi, New York: Oxford n, ( 20 Quoted in Lyle Koehler, Cincirinciti's Bltick Peoples: A University Press, Genovese that the I 998), 78-79. argues Clirt,nology and Bibliography, 1787-I 96'-2 (Cincinnati: Presbyterian split primarily slavery but in was not over was University of Cincinnati, T986),5 6-97 thcological disputes and questions of ecclesiastical response to 2 I Quoted in Davis, The Hist(,ry of Black Ciltholics,39 governance. 89 22 Kenneth J. Zanca, Americtin C,Litholies rind Slavery, 17 The of Blcick Ccitholics in the United F Cyprian Davis, History I866: An Anthology of Primciry Dectizzlents (Lanham, Md. New Y(}rk: Ci- sroad, 19901, States ( c), TI7. University Press f(,America, Ig94),128-29

6 hn llicell and the Civil IO-IT. Deye, Arc]" 1bishop Jc, Baptist I' War,"3. 23 Zanca, American Catholics and Slavery, I 7 Alexander Campbell and John B. Purcell, A Debate cm the 24 Hennesey, Anierictin Cath(,lics, 146. lic,milii citlic)](: ic ReligionSt. ( Louis, Mo.:Christian 13(,ard of

3 2 Ohic,Valley Histc,ry 2 5 Peter Guilday, A Hist(,ry of the Councils of Baltimore, University c,f Chicago Libraries, I934),4, 8 7797-/884 (New York: Arno Press, 1969),I 69-70. 54 Deye,Archbishop " Jc,hn Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," 16 Past(,ral Letter of the First Provincial Council of Cincinnati 88. to the Clergy and Laity Cincinnati: John R Walsh, I85 5 ),I2. F F Deye, Archbishop" JI,hn Baptist Purcell and the Civil War,"

17 Pastoral Letter of the Second Provincial Council of 6i-66.

Cincinnati tc,the Clergy and Laity ICincinnati: Ic,]in P. Walsh, 6 Koehler, C.inciilizati's Bltick l'cople.5, 57 I8581 57 Klement, Sound" and Fury: Civil War Dissent in the 18 Catholic Telegraph, December I, I 860. Cincinnati Area,"Ioo. 29 Deye, Archbishop John Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," Fs Catholic Telegraph, Uly 23, I862. 57, 82. 59 Klement, Catholics" as Copperheads,"48. 10 Deye, Archhishop John Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," 60 Catholic Telegraph, August 20, I 862. 60. 6I Klement, Catholics" as Copperheads,"Go-FI.

3 I Michael Holt, The" Politics of Impatience: The Origins of 62 Quoted in Deye;Archbishop " John Baptist Purcell and the Know NothinKism,"Journal of American History 60 lig-73\, Civil War,"32-33

323· 63 Deye,Archhishop " John Baptist Purcell and the Civil War,"

32 Deye, Archbishop" Iohn Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," 35· II. 64 Madeleine Hooke Rice, American Catholic Opinion in the

33 Catholic Tele'gnilih, Janitary 5, 1 86 I. Slavery Controversy IG](,ucester, Mass.:Peter Smith, I 964),

34 Deye, Archhishop" John Baptist Purcell of Cincinnati, pre- 127. Civil War years,"434 6 i Deye, Archhishop " Jolin Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," 3 5 Deye, Archbish(," p John Baptist Purcell of Cincinnati, pre- 34-35· Civil War years,"438. 66 Deye, Archbishop" Ji,hn Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," 36 Deye,Archbishop " John liaptist Purcell and the Civil War," 68. that 57, Hennescy, American Catholics, I 53 asserts 67 Cathohe Telegraph, April 8, I863. Covington's Bishop George Carrell, S.J.,withdrew his support 68 Citholic Telegraph, lanuary I 3, I 864 of the Catholic Tele,graph as a result of the paper's political 69 Catholic Telegraph, june Io, 1863. 1 C tlvls nl. 70 William O'Higgins to Archhishop John Purcell, May 18, 37 Cincinnati , lanuary I6, INGI. I863, Historical Archives of the Chancery, Archdiocese of

38 Ctitholic Telegralih, January Ic),I 861. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio {hereinafter cited as HACAC). 39 Catholic Telegraph, April 20, 186I; April 27, I861. 71 Deye, Archhishop" John Baptist Purcell and the Civil War, 40 Klement, Cathcilics" as Copperheads,"F7 73· 41 Quoted in Sr. Mary Agnes McCann, Archbishop Purcell 72 Rice, American Cath(,lic Opinion in Lhe Slavery and the Archdiocese of Cincinnati: A Study Based on Original C.(Jiltrovers\;,11£). Sources (Washington, D. C.,IgI 81, 78. 71 Catholic Telegraph, January 20, I 864. 41 Catholic Telegraph, April 27, I86I. 74 Catholic Telegraph, May ii, I864. McPherson, 43 Jilines Battle Cry of Freecloin: The Civil War 7F Ctitholic Telegraph, January I I, (86 1. EM New York: Oxford University Press, I 9881, 606-607. 76 Catholic Telegraph, January 27, I 864. 44 Roger Fortin, Faith and Actioii: A History of the Catholic 77 Deye,Archbishop " Ic,lin Baptist Purcell and the Civil War,"4I. Archdic,cese of Cincinnati. IRRI-1996 Columbus: The Ohio 78 Catholic Telegraph,November IC),I864.

State University Press, 2002),I 43-44· 79 Quoted in Rice, American Catholic Opinion in the Slavery 45 Miller, Catholic" Religion, Irish Ethnicity, and the Civil Controver,Gy, I 27. War,"in Religion and the Anierican Civil War, 265-66. 80 William Everett to Archbishop John Purcell, November 2 I, 86 46 Catholic Telegral,h, May I I, I I. 864, HACAC. 47 Pastoral Letter of the Third Provincial Council 01 8 I W.B. Sprague t(,Archbishop John Purcell, November 2 I, Cincinnati ti,the Clergy ancl L(lily Cincinnati: John R Walsh, 864, HACAC.

86I),6. 82 Klement, Catholics" as Cc,pperheads,"40. 48 Deye, Archbishcip John liaptist Purcell and the Civil War," 83 Joseph Lackner, S. M., St. " Ann'ss Colored Church and 29-30. Schc,01, Cincinnati, the Indian and Negro Collectic,n fc,r the 49 Fc,rtin, Ftlith and Actioil, I43 United States, and Reverend Francis Xavier Weninger, S.J.,"

Go Deye,Archbishop " John Baptist Purcell and the Civil War," U. S. Catholic Historiall 7 1][988),I45-47

31. 84 Archbishop John Purcell, Circular Letter to the Reverend

5 I Frank L. Klement,Sound " and Fury: Civil War Dissent iii Clergy alid the Faithfu]eople ], of the Diocese of Cincinnati, the Cincinnati Area,"Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin I 877, HACAC.

3< (I977),IOT 8 5 Quoted in Christopher Lasch, The True und Only Heaven 5 2 Klement, Catholics" as Copperheads, 37 INew York: W.W. Norton and Co.,I 99 Il, I 89. H Charles Wilson, The Cincinnati Daily Enquirer and Civil War 14,litics: A Study iii "Copperliead"Opinion Chicago

Fall 2002 Rectitying the Fatal Contrast 33 Review Essay

Zane L. Miller and Bruce Tucker. Chaiiging Plans for Cincinnati. Its population fell dramatically from America' Inner Cities: Cincinnati' Over-the-Rhine s s 44,475 in I900 to 9,75 2 in Iggo by which time seven- anti Twentieth-Century Urbanism. Columbus: Ohic) of ty-one percent the neighborhood's residents were State University Press, 998. 248 ISBN: I PP. African American. The reiiiainder consisted of poor 08 I42O7626 (cloth), $ 32.00; ISBN: 08I42O7634 whites migrants fri,m Appalachia. Along the way, the paper),15. $95 area was repeatedly subjected to an assortment of futures"designed by planners who viewed urban Zane L. Miller. Visions of Place: The City, neighborhoods like civil engineers view terrains: Neighborhood, Suburbs, Lind Cincinilati's Cliflon, challenges to be handled ind: tackled with tuthority.. I 8 50-2000. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, Changjng Plans opens with 1. brief histoiy f(,planning 2001. 2 I 7 pp. ISBN: 08 i 4208592 Ccloth),37. $ 50. theory, both nationwide and 1(,cally, froni the earliest years of the twentieth century thrc,ugh its last Scholarship in American urban history has tra- decades. Over-the-Rhine's relationship to its neigh- ditic)noilly fc)(Lised on settlcinent patterns, immigra- bor, the Central liusiness District and, in turn, the tic) experiences, technolc,gical advances, and liti- 11 pc, CBD's place in the metropolitan area played a key cal intrigue, usually during the years preceding World role in how planners wanted to rework that commii- The history War II. of urb:in affairs during the pst- nity. The I 925 City Plan, fc)r example, promoted period left largely social Of war was to scientists. removal off the nineteenth century's residential rem- late, however, planning ind. policy issues after 1945 nants iii Over-the-Rhine thlough accretic,n; leading have increasingly intrigued historians who now seem planners hoped to future development focused on prepared to investigate the times during which they business and industry. Later, the I948 14(10 advoc:it- have lived as well is: events in which they have par- ed a postwar f urban renewal-tear down and ticipated. Accordingly, Miller from Zane the redevel(,p. Interestingly, Over-the-Rhine seems to University of Cincinnati and Bruce Tucker from the have survived intact, according to the authors, University of Windsor have chosen the to examine becazise of nagging questions that center on racial Over-the-Rhine community of Cincinnati during the relocation to other areas of the city. I 970s and 198os seeking inswers. to soine fundamen- By the sixties, residential input during the plan- tal questions in the field i,f urban planning: who ning process took on particular import.ince in the Sliould live in a particular area of the city and who Queen City,ind : th:it had 1. considerable impact on should decide the direction of change within a com- Over-the-Rhine. Reacting to Jane Jacobs's sanctifica- mitnity? Answers can be fc,und, the authors argue, in tion of neighborhc)(,d preservation over metropolitan debates that ranged across Over-the-Rhine as its planning in the style of Robert Moses, and anticipat- future was contested by three groups: residents, city ing the role that maximum lc,cal participation would officials, and potential newcomers which included play iii Great Society programs, Miller and Tucker historical prescrvationists and developers. In the end, argue that Cincinnati came to emphasize 1(,cal iden- the 1(,cals- least version of the carried or it: one same- tity and neighborhood pride. For example, in 1963, 1: the day. neighborhood planning service was established by the German in demography,culture and institutions city ti, work with lc,cal entities. Subsequently, the during the nineteenth century, Over-the-Rhine for a self-serving preferences of locals took (}n added signif- time became the city's premier entertainment dis- icance whenever public officials considered munici- trict. But, by 1945, however the community's land- pal or metropolitan needs. scape had aged with little new develcipment and even Given its prc,ximity to the CED, Over-the-Rhine less promise iii spite of its proximity to downtown kept planners and their consultants busy. Everything

34 Ohic) Valley Hist)ry caine into focus iii the I 980s with battles over the of neighborhoods to the well-being of the whole city, And, next edition f(,a master plan fc,r Cincinnati, but one as did their colleagues nationwide. once again replaced that was intentionally designed as a mosaic of indi- according to the author, this philosophy was vidual wish-lists from the city's communities rather in the post-Wc,rld War II era with an approach iii than as a top-down, comprehensive, municipal-wide which the part reigned supreme over the whole. As a perspective. In Over-the-Rhine, a key player in these result, Clifton fought its battles during the I 96os battles was Buddy Gray, an alcohol rehabilitation thr(}ugh the I 9805 over issues that centered on its council(,r who becaine in: ubiquitous gadfly objecting own turf, ignoring larger city-wide problems includ- to nearly every proposal that suggested Over-the- ing racial justice. Rhine change its face,"whether that countenance Unlike Chtinging Plans wherein the historical was its physical design r(}its dem()graphic composi- development of Over-the-Rhino continually becomes tion. Historic preservationists, business interests, ent.in,412,1 With the evollitic)n (,f the city and its neigh- and developers all ran full-speed into Buddy Gray and borhoods, Visions of Place provides a smooth story- his supporters who insisted that they represented the line that stays within the confines of Clifton from its coinmunity's poorest and its citizens of colc,r. These earliest days as 1. settlement for the elite to its even- confrontatiniis, wlether over the Pl.inning Task tu:11 incorporation into Cincinnati as in: outer-" city" Force's repoit on the future of Over-the-Rhine or suburb, that is, a suburban style coninitinity with sin- efforts to have the are:i declared a historic district, gle-family hoines and minimal industrial or coinmer- were bc,isteroiis, even uncivil, with accusatioliS of cial devdopment. Miller makes skillful use of tourist clitism on one side and of indulgence to tile "sloppy books and the WPA Guide for Cincinnati ti) plot the people"Cp. I4Il (,11 the other. advance of Clifton over time. One recurring problem, Miller and Tucker are convinced that Gray and though, is the legibility of the maps. Most of the his allies were counterproductive to positive change maps are reproductions of historic depictions, kind fc)r the community. They depict Gray as a supporter when reduced to fit a small page, many become illeg- ible. of separatisni"" tfc)rexatiiple, pp. II2 &I i 6),of turn- ing past racial djscrimincition on its head so thclt it For Clifton, the key player in shaping the future became class discrimination as Gray ind: his allies of this conimunity appears in IgAI in the fc,rm of a sought to keep wealthier individuals out of Over-the- Clifton Tc,wn Meeting. For the next thirty years Cand Rhine. Chapters seven through ten capture urban four chapters),CTM bounces froin issue to issue, democracy it. its in}st unpredictable. Foi planners, struggling to define first itself and then the commu- that was the city at its most frustrating. The authors' nity it claims to represent. Fri,m the outset, the criticism of public Ccitywide) interests losing olit to Town Meeting was a traditional neighborhood associ- individual Cneighborhood) interests is well-taken and atic,n with indigenous leadership focusing upon local their call for 1. civic loyalty that extends beyond self- concerns. Instigators of change came from outside centered also unreasonable. interests is not the community, either city officials or individual sole author Zane Miller In Visions of Place, stakeholders such as fast food chains, grocery store examines roughly the same time period in the chains, and individual land developers. But the bot- Cincinnati community of Clifton, a short distance tom line for Clifton Town Meeting lay in remaining north of Over-the-Rhine and home the author dur- to unchanged, of finding satisfaction in the status quo. ing the period under study. Originally a commuter Whereas in Over-the-Rhine, the central conflict suburb, Clifton was incorporated as a village in I 850 revolved around Buddy Gray's and his associates' and inside tile and then evolved into two distinct districts, one filled resisting change from both outside with sizable and the other with modest estates more community, in Clifton concern centered on safe- single-family residences. Even after annexatic,n by guarding what local residents already had from inter- Cincinnati in I 896, the community kept its social- ference by outsiders. The Town Meeting-and, by spatial distinctiveness, never quite losing its identity extension, the residents of Clifton-felt most keenly to a faceless metropolis. Again, Miller suggests that about traffic noise, parking, strectlights, the public Cincinnati's planning professionals in the early part library and post office, and local land-use decisions. of the last century sought to subordinate the welfare Racial issues, on the other hand, were handled with

Fall 2002 Review Essay 35 caution and kept to carefully controlled discussions. Although Miller ends with a disconnected epilogue that addresses his hopes for race relations in Cincinnati, the author in this book engagingly por- trays a living, breathing c0111munity. Historians have succeeded during the past decade in recapturing the vitality of immigrant com- munities, especially in industrial cities during the carly part of the twentieth century. But studies of urban neighborhoods in the age of suburbanization that sing with the same excitement fc,r local life have been much harder to find. In Clitinging Plans for Miller and America's Inner Cities, Tucker offer a flat-

ter,less engaging record of tensions over the future of an inner city neighborhood than Miller by himself dcies in Visions of Place. Indeed, the authors' insis-

in tence Changing Plans upon explaining change through the lens of planning theory doesn't always connect successfully with the evolution of Over-the- Rhine. The author, however, while clearly disap- pointed in the self-centeredness of Cliftonites, is still able to reconstruct recent history in a manner that demonstrates how outer-edge neighborhoods can have some of the same sense of place and communi- ty that dense, pedestrian-based neighborhoods sonic- times possessed in the carly twentieth century. Visic,ns of Place does not read as a scholarly dissec- tioii so much as a vibrant review of real lives unfc,ld- ing in Cincinnati during recent decades. Historians who are willing to risk their reputations on judging contemporary developments rather than events safe- ly ensconced in the distant past would clo well to loc,k at these two works for some inspiration-specifically fc,r strategies to embrace and warnings of approaches t avoid.

Thonias J Jablonsky Mcirquette University

36 Ohio Valley History Reviews lives of the migrants examined in the case studies. All suf- fered iii one way or another because of the lingering influ- ences associated with slavery and the virulent mid-nine- teenth century racism it bred. Philip J. Schwarz. Migrants against Slavery: Virgillialls and Schwarz's book, it should be noted, is a finely crafted the Nation. Charlttesville: University Press of Virginia, work of schc,larship. The author's research is well-ground- ed, making of both and secondary looI. 288 pp. ISBN: 08I 3920086 {cli,th),38. $90. extensive use primary source materials, and the argument throughout is judicious and carefully ned. The author might have bri,adened In recent decades histi,rians have expressed renewed reasc, his discussicin of white kintislaveiy ctiiigrants ind: cleepened interest in migratic,n and settlement among Eurc,pean and African Americans in the Trans-Appalachian West between his study with more informatic,n on the migration of the Revolution and the Civil Quakers and other religiously-driven of slavery War. Philip Schwarz's opponents This, hc, is minor criticism given the hoc,k' overall Migrmits against Sitivery, While 11(,t focused exclusively (111 wever, a s strengths, especially its insightfully drawn studies. either the Ohic, Valley or the West, is a welcome, innova- case tive,and fresh addition to that literature. Stephen Vincent Schwarz's bc,I)k tells the stciries of those Virginitins who intentionally"" left the Old Dominion because of their Universitv of Wisconsin, Whitewater oppositic,n to slavery. Excluded by Schwarz's definition are those who opposed slavery on more lukewarm, passive terms, including those merely seeking a "white man's James Sinicone. Democracy and Slavery iii Frontier land"that would be free of slave labor and/or African Illinois:The Bottomland Republic. DeK:ilb, Ill.:Northern Aineric.ins. Thus the book primarily emphasizes fugitive slaves, staunch white antislavery activists, and free blacks Illin()is University Press, 2000. 189 pp. ISBN: 0-8758-0263- X (cloth),S40. driven from their native land. This, as the reader comes tc) 00. see, is by no means a small or insignificant group and includes a broad range of pc(,plc. Sonic are familiar, such as In his well-researched and provocative book, James John Mercer Langston, Anth(,ny Burns, and Henry Box Simeone argues that the Illinois convention crisis of I822- Brown, while others, indeed most, are exceedingly obscure. 1824 served as the crucible through which po)r white farm- The bulk of Migrants against Slavery is broken into ers initiated the region's transitic,n from a deferential to a two sections. The first three chapters offer broadly drawn democratic political culture. Perceiving themselves as an assessments, including overviews of fugitives slaves' effc,rts endangered middle-class, threatened from below by to escape Virginia, the cumulative impact of ftigitive slaves' enslaved and free blacks and fri,m above by overbearing actions on Virginians. northerners, and Canadians, and the elites, Illinois's poor white men articulated a distinctively efforts of antislavery and free black Virginians to escape western brand of republicanism that emphasized economic slavery and/or reenslavement through emigration to other prosperity and political equality. More importantly for 1(,cati(}tls, including the areas directly north of the Ohic, Simeone, the transfc,rinations in Illinc,is's political culture River. The final four chapters then offer case studies of spe- during the I8ios anticipated similar changes that would cific individuals and groups in order to illustrate more fully occur on the national level and reveal that, rather than the cc)11iplex mc,tives, character, and accomplishments t() flowing from class-based, racial, or economic cc,nflicts, the migrants against slavery These stories told by Schwarz:ire emergence of the secc)nd American party system resulted complex indeed and wrought with irony. Included are tales from a complex mixture of all three, a combination he of George Boxley, a failed white slave insurrectionary; the describes as the politics of cultural conflict. Gilliam family, light-skinned free blacks who used their Relying on personal correspondence, inemoirs, and northern move as in. opportunity to begin passing as white contemporary newspapers, Simeone reconstructs both the and of the people; the troubled mass emancipation of 3 50 bondpe,plc context content conventic,n contest in Illinois. held by the Samuel Gist estate, and complications arising From his perspective, the convention struggle centered n()t fr(,iii the efforts of ati elderly white farmer, Henry Newby, on slavery, but on democracy. The Conventionists, a to free his slave mistress and their children through reset- younger generati()n d leaders wh(i settled in Illinois after tlement the of Ohic). in irec state the War of 18 I 2, claimed to represent the interests of the Overall, Schwarz concludes, the migration against white fc,lks,"the region's mostly southern-born pc,c,r slavery produced mixed results. Though difficult to gauge white majority. By portraying their opponents as self-styled precisely, the emigration clearly had an external Cinter- and boastful elites and presenting the convention vote as an state and national) impact on the control that slave owners opportunity for the region's poorer residents to exercise hoped to maintain over their slaves and on their domina- their right to govern themselves, the Conventionists sought tic,n of Virginia politics."p. (I 74) It als(,helped fuel the to undermine and eventually destroy the political authori- national argument ver(, slavery that culminated in the Civil ty of Illinois's reigning elite. Not only, claimed the War and emancipation. Less fortunate were the subsequent Conventionists, had their opponents hetrayed their disdain

Fall 1002 Reviews 37 fc)r the region's ordinary residents by ccimmitting them- ly ign)red. In addition to the Beech and Rolierts communi- selves to an anti-slavery pc,licy, but the" big folks" also ties in Indiana, African Americans founded as many as thir- revealed their cc,ntempt fc,r the rights of the majority by ty similar settlements in Indiana, Ohic),Michigan, and pposing any reforniation of a constitutic,n riddled with Wiscoiisin. During the perioil of heaviest migration, frcim aristocratic features. Althotigh they ultimately lost the I 820 through the I 84·os, most migrants settled in the south- convention ccintest, the Cc,nventionists successfully defeat- ern areas of Ohic),Indiana, and Illinc,is. Vincent uses a cc,m- ed the big" fc,lks,"who never again exercised the pc,litical bination of documentary sources, public recv,rds, and oral colitrol they enjoyed pricir tc) 1 820. More importantly, they histi,ry interviews to piece ti,gether the history of two c,f placed at the center of Illinois politics the white" fc,lks"' tllese imp()rtailt c()11711111171ties. The founders of the Beech and Roberts settlements visic,n of an egalitarian republic that blended prosperity and Ce]111]lty. did not form typical African American communities, but While he c,ffers a refreshingly new interpretation of did settle the land in ways familiar to other midwestern the significance of the ci,nventic,n crisis and rightly seeks to migrants. Those reaching central Indiana relocated frc)m establish imp(,rtant connectic,ns between local and natic,n- mostly Virginia, Ncirth Care,lina, and Kentucky where their al pc,litical changes, Simec,iie may have civerstated the families had been free for successive generatic,ns. They had demise of the big" folks"in Illinois by ignoring the subtle long histories of land ownership in the South and were differences between rheti,ric and substance in the p(,litical most likely of mitlti-racial heritage. Paralleling other debate. Perhaps the contest in Illinois was really a battle neer conimunities, Beech and Ri,herts settlers relied on pat- ainc,ng elites. Rather than the result of political demands terns of chain migration to fil] their neighbc,rhoods with close kin ind. friends from the South. In the v(,iced by poor white men, the democratic transformatic,n ccmtrast to iii Illinois cultuic may have enierged because politicians on majoi·ity of African Americans in the nineteenth century each side of the divide sc,ught ti) apprc,priate a rhetoric of whc) gravitated toward emplc,yinent oppoitunities in the egalitarianisin tc) maintain their own claim to authority. nabn's cities, these Midwestern inigrants s(}light places in As they organized their campaigns and encouraged Illitic,is the ci,untryside or small towns where they coiild purchase residents to cast their votes, the pro- and anti-conventic)n land. Indeed, it was land ownership patterns that set the leaders exposed the general electorate to the mechanics of Beech and Roberts settlers apart from either African pi,litical org:inization, created the expectation of political Americans. Accc,rding to Vincent,Land, " quite simply, power,and ultimately laid the fundatic,n for a subsequent, provided Beech and Roberts families with a fc,rm of power African t],ough not necessarily directly related, emergence of the and cc)ntrol that was unavailable to most other secoiid American party system. Even with this mincir quib- Americans."Cp. xvil Although these African American ble, Simeone's bc)(,k is an essciitial read fc,r any student f(, families owned land that proved more marginal and less the ptilitical culture of the ld(,Northwest and the rise of valuable than land owned by their white neighbors, Vincent

Jacksoni:in pcilitics. contends that the ability tc) make a living h uni one's own land allowed settlers tc) avoid the oppression and discrimi- Suzanne C()oper Guasco natic,n that many African Aniericans faced in nincteenth- C{)]lege of Willicitii and Mary century America. Through the creation of clcise-knit farm- ing conimunities, the jamilies of the Beech inci. Roberts set- critical tlements were" able to control their destinies in ways ther(, African Americans did ncit."ip. 1 63) Steplien A. Vincent. Southern Seed, Northern Soil:African- The cohesiveness of the Beech and llc,hurts commii- the Midwest, Aierictin„ Ftil-111 Commitiiilies in I7(,G-1900. nities was challenged by the intruding modern world in the Bloomington: Indiana University IFess, I 999. ISBN: early twentieth century. Out-migration began with the 025 333i779 Ic|(,th), 35·$00. financial downturns 01 the I 87os and cc,ntinued through the 1920sas theyouthof Beech and Roberts families sought Norther?? il: Stephen A. Vincent's S(,t/thern Sect/, Sc) opp(,itunitics elsewhere. By the mid-19208 only a handful African-American Farm Coinmunities in the Midwest, of families remained in the Beech settlement where emi- farming I 76 s 900-/ expli,res the history of two Indiana com- gratic,n led to 1. conci,mit:int decline in sclic,(,ls and church- munities, the Beech and llc,berts settlements. Vincent es, the very institutions that hail fc,i-med the center of c C )117- argues that these midwestern settlements, fc,rmed by fami- munity life. Roberts settlement witnessed a slower but lies from the South, were unique because the pioneers of equally devastating decline as community schools fell vic- bc,th commitnities were free people of color, of mixed tim tc) rural cons(,lidatic,n plans in IgI 5. Yet ties of kinship Native American, African, and European ancestry,who " and neighborliness in these African American cc)mmunities had been trec fc,r successive generations."Ip. xiv) Alth(,ugh remain strong among residents and former residents who inade less than in i 860 African Americans up one percent have remained in Cc,litact across the years. Fc,rmer resi- f the populatioii in the states created from the Old dents, fc,r example, now actively preserve the culture and Northwest Territory, this study provides valuable insights heritage of these settlements thrc,ligh annil.71 110mecoming into a segment f(,iidwestern society historians have large- reunions that celebrate the importance of the past. Stephen

38 Ohic, Valley Hist<,ry A. Vincent should he commended for allowing us to share schedules, records, and attend.ince of the tenms fium in the rich history of these midwestern communities. Ironton, Portsmouth, and Ashland, a compilation of fifteen years ot professional fc,otball statistics that provides a valu- Diane Barnes able resource for future sports hist(,rians. But most intrigu- of the famcius Virginia Polytechnic University ing is Becker's account Spartans-Bears game played iii i 912. Influenced by cold weather and the desire to draw a large crciwd, the Bears decided to play the game in Chicagc) Stadium. Using dirt left over from the previous week' circus, the ground' transformed the indoor Carl M. Becker. Hoine and Away: The Rise tind Fil/J c,f s s crew hockey and boxing intc, sixty-yard fix,tball field. Professional Football on the Biinks of the Ohio.1919-Ii),4. aren:i a Becker ils. shows hori the Portsiouth Sp.zi t.ins linked Atheiis: Ohio University Press, I 998. 448 PP. ISBN: Ohic, Valley football tc, the Chicago Bears and the elite 082141237X (cloth),36. $9£.ISBN: 0821412388 tpaper), ranks fessic,nal fc)(,tball in the pric) the SI9. 9G. ot prc, years 1 t{) I 9 31 game.

Home and Away dc,es t present interpretive, Holne and Away follows the rise and fall of three pro- nc, an thematic approach the history of Ohio Valley profession- fessie,nal football teams and their relationships with tc,wns to al football. Rather, it provides simple history of what hap- that supported them. Between IVI)and I934, the Ohio a pencil, where it happened, and tc) whom it liappened. His towns of Portsniouth Ithe Spartans),Iront(,n Ithe Tanks), analysis, though soinewhat and Ashland, Kentucky Ithe Arincos) entertained the Ohio season by season nionotonous, gains meaning through the importance of the Chicago Valley with pic,fessic,nal foc,thall. In this hc,c,k, the author I 9 32 Stadium and glimpses of the deepening relationship expli,res a dependent relationship between each team and game that developed between commiinities and their its c<)1munity; the Spart.ins .ind T.inks, iii p.irtictil.11, teams. Carl M. Becker's Honie Lind Awtiy deserves recognition foi depended on their conimunities fc,r inonetary suppoit, ind. revealing the role played in the history of small the coininunities depended on their football teams for civic sp(,rts co117- munities and the le communities played in the devel{) pride. Through season-by-seascin analysis, Becker commu- rc, p- f fessiona] nicates the importance of rivalry, recognition, money, and ment i, prc, sports. winning to the success of Ohic, Valley professional football. John R. Duke Frc)111 the controversial birth of professionalism in the Ohio Univer.vit ot Mississlill,i Valley tc) the innovative 1932 championship"" game r between Portsniouth and Chicago, Becker stiggests the sig- nificant place of the Ohio Valley in pr(,tessie,nal foc,tb:ill hist(,1-y. Kenneth Warren. Wealth, Waste. and Alienation: Growth Becker c(,ntends that the players dreained of big-titiic and I)celine in the Connellsville Coke Industry. focitball, but in reality only wanted to play for personal Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. 297 pp pleasure and for the crowds. Yet he undermines that ideal- ISBN: 082294I32i Ccl(,th), 3<.$00. istic perspective with constant reminders of the teams' and the players' finances, suggesting that moncy was a majoi Kenneth Wai-ren's Wealth. Waste. tind Alienation reascm fc,r playing. Becker alsi) argues that the team's rela- focuses the growth and decline of prolific coke- tionships to their sponsoring communities affected how on a pro- those small remembered later. ducing region: the Connellsville district of town teams were For exam- western Pennsylvania. Connellsville, town approximately fifty plc, Ashland's total dependence on the American Rc)]ling a miles sotitheast of Pittsburgh, the center of coal- Mill Company CArnico) for financial support, rather than was cince a mining region that supplied high quality coke to the conimunity itself, caused the memories of the Arnic<)s Pittsburgh's burgeoning steel industry. The wealth to footh:111 team to fade after it folded. By ci,ntrast, commu- which Warren refers flowed mainly to Henry Clay Frick, nity-wide financial support in Portsmouth and Ironton and who d)minated coke production the and firms the inteeration of players int(,each of those communities in region, to that transfc,rined that coke into steel. The land and labor- kept inemories of Spartan and Tank football alive long after Warren rewarded with the and each team left t(,wn. ers, suggests, were waste alienatiC)n. Becker devotes most of his book to a tedious season Ironlon Coke is coal that has been reduced to carbon by heat- by season analysis derived from reading the ing the c(,al in the absence of air. lilast furnaces consumed Register, Portsniouth Times, and other Ohic, Valley news- huge am()unts of coke in the late nineteenth century, and papers. The author also coniplements his newspaper by i 880 Pittsburgh companies proclucing pig iron purchased research with a limited number of personal recollectic,ns, approximately two million tons of coke from the drawing heavily on his conversations with fc,riner football Connellsville district yearly. For the next several decades, star Glenn Presnell-as well as selected records from the Connellsville coke remained central the Pittsburgh iron National Football League and Hall of Fame archives. This tc) and steel industry, with productic,n peaking arc,und World is supplemented by an appendix that includes year-by-year

Fall 2002 Reviews 39 War I. By then, however, significant quantities of coke Howard Taft: P(,litical Issue.3 and Outlcioks: Speeches also 1- were being produced from coal mined (,utside of the Delivered between August I 908 Lind Febrilitry I 909, vt) Ci,nnellsville district. Furthermore, firms began turning ume II. Athens: Ohic)University Press, 2001. 240 PP· ISBN: from the hechive used Connellsville away ovens in toward 082141395 3 (cloth),49· $95 i newer techn<)1(Wy-bypr(,duet ovens that required mcire capital but less labor and that captured valuable chemicals Textbooks in American history present a jaundiced previc,usly vented to the atiiiosphere. Significantly, firms view of William Howard Taft. The standard interpretation tended the blast furnaces to construct new ovens near argues that Tatt was at heart a jurist, but w.15 pushed out of rather than the Connellsville mines. Hence, as mines in his depth in presidential politics by his spc,nsc,r The()dore district played out, firms gradually shifted production-and Roosevelt and by his ambitic,us wife Helen. As president, capital-away fri,m the regi()n. By the I 9 los, the mines and he was politically inept, and became a tool of reactionary beehive f Cc,nnellsville had been abandoned. ovens (, forces, goes the story. Only when he became Chief Justice In many ways, Warren's book about the Connellsville in 192 I did his true ambitions and skills come to fruitic}n. cc,ke industry is an appendix to his work on Henry Clay Furthermore, Taft was a conservative whc, lire,ke with TR, Frick and U. S. Steel, and many of the same business pat- and he had nothing to do with the triumph of the New turns highlighted in that volume drive events here. One Deal. Indeed, William Howard Taft's son was Franklin gets the sense that the authcir, while researching his earlier Rc)(,sevelt's strongest foe. works, found the Connellsville district tc)be an interesting Sc, runs the traditional story line, but this portrait is and well-documented side stc)ry that he tells here. Warren no icinger useful fc,r it reflects iii. outmoded historiography structures the bc,c,k around five themes: the early develop- and needs rethinking. The old historiography assumed an ment of the region, conflicts between labor and capital, upward progression of American political history fr()111 changes in the geography of coal productic,n, shifts in the Popzilism through Pic,gressivism, culminating in the New technology of cc,king, and the environmental and social Deal. Heroic figures were those who pushed this progres- legacy of the region's peak and decline. Particularly inter- sion fc,rward; everyone else was a villain 01' tragic figure. esting were labor cc,nflicts-cc,mplete with Pinkertons and That historiography is now near death; few any longer see the Knights of Labc,r-which t(,c,k place in the regic,n sev- the New Deal as the ultimate climax of history. What's eral years befc,re the famous Homestead strike in more the Progressives themselves have cc,me under a cloud Pittsburgh. The chapter on technological change was also for their ccillectivism, their over-reliance on expertise and infc,rinative, with solid material on the shift from beehive science, their racism, and their distrust of c,rdinary fc,lks, tc) hyproduct ovens. Warren weaves into his story the ecc)- individualism, individual rights and free enterprise. Yes, nc,mics of the cc,king industry throughout, complete with Taft h.id 1. judicial temperament, 1,Lit the olci historic,graphy tables sumniarizing dat21 sllch as the ch.inging ntimber of never fully appreciated what that was or what became of c,vens in operation, the fraction of cc,ke coming fr(,m the Taftian tradition. Yes, Taft h.id less charisina and much Connellsville, and the price c,f steel and LY)ke. worse publicity than Theodore Rciosevelt, but it is wrong to of book of the A weakness the lies in its view conclude he was the lesser politician. When it came to the Connellsville regic,n through the business lens of the steel single most important battle in the history of the industry. Some of the photc,graphs do capture the grit and Republican Party, William Howard Taft confronted grime and smc,ke associated with coking iii heehive ovens, Roosevelt head-on, outsmarted him, defeated him, and he and living amongst those vens.(, But Warren ultimately forced Bull Moose supporters tc,the outer fringes of politics prc,vides more insight int c, Frick and his assciates than he for the remainder of their careers. To appreciate what Taft dc,es on the land and people and towns c,f the Connellsville accoi-nplished in Ic,I2, it is necessary to understand both region. Despite several chapters in which these alienated his presidency and his pre-presidential career. The first two actors-land, pc(,ple, and tc,wns-loom as central figures, of the eight projected volumes in the Cc," llected Works"i,f they remain a side story thc,ugh intimately linked tc, an William Howard Taft are essential for understanding the iiidustry that Warren knows well. future president's early political activities. The speeches and public papers reprinted in these vol- Hugli S. Goim,in umes highlight Taft's administrative prowess, his ability to Michigtin Techiiological University conceptualize large problems, and his prof)und respect fc,r the law. For Roosevelt, politics incant one-cm-c)ne negotia- tic,n with all the key players, fc,1 T.ift it me.int thinking out the issues and finding the one best theoretical solution. The Collected David H. Burton and A. E. Campbell, eds. These volumes show how vigcirc,usly Taft upheld his rec(,i d Woiks of William Howard of Taft: Four Aspects Civic Duty as governor of the Philippines and his controversial rulings Athens: Ohio Present Day Problems, volume I. that 1.ihor unions disliked. His defense of Roosevelt's poli- University Press, 2000. 343 PP· ISBN: 082ISII 3600 (cloth), cics regarding trusts and railri):id regulatic,n prove in()1'e 49· 95 thorciugh and deeper than Roc,sevelt's own. Expertise and David ed. The Collected Works of William H. Burton, efficiency were the catchwords of the era, and Taft believed

40 Ohic, Valley Histc,ry in them as fervently as anyone. winter cit I 924-25, she wrote Process, a bildungsroman that Most of all Taft thought c,f the judicial system, with describes growing up iii Cincinnati during that period. its coniplex interconnections of lawyers, courts, law Boyle's heroine Kerith Day searches for her identity amid reviews and appellate processes, as a masterful system fc,r working-class Cincinnati neighborhoods that had devel- genciating justice. The judges were the experts in fairness, oped befc,re and after the Great War. Burdened by a family and in their hands should rest all final decisions. By the in financial and cmc,tional decline and living above her time he canipaigned for president in I908,.15 the campaigii father's auto repair sh(,p, Kerith yearns fc,r :in escape speeches in v(,lume two demi,nstrate, Taft had comiliitted through reading, art, and politics. She experiences her sex- himself to a presidential administration that would revolve ual awakening with a French student la kindred spirit),rais- arc,und the judiciary. And indeed, once president, he carried es funds to buy her freedom by working as a stenographer, thic,Ligh in terms of anti-trust cases and the appointment of and ultimately flies from her family, from convention, and judges and justices. Taft also oppc,sed The,dore Rousevelt's fri,m her city and country in order t(,explore the new order distiust of the legal system. Talt heard Roosevelt's call foi as it was develi,ping in France. 110111181 zeferencia to oveithic,w judicial decisions as .1 ()cess h,is ii()w been published it: last, th.inks to the betra>·a] of the ccire principle of American republicanism-University of Illinc,is Press and the expert editc,rial efforts of Ecitial ]Listice Uildei L,irl'.By le)I I, it bec.11112 Taft's IlliSSiun Sandra Spanier, a specialist in LI,st Generatic,n writers who discovered to destroy Roc,sevelt's political comeback and consign his Piocess in a forgotten box at the New York 1(,yalists to oblivion. In the end, Taft's ideal triumphed-Public Library. As Sp,inier indicates in a wonderful intro- the judicial system would resolve the nation's social, eec)- ducticin that places Prc,cess in its intellectiial and artistic noinic and political problems, with the Supreme Court hav- mileau, the novel is fairly experimental and not a little rem- ing the last word. Readers of these two well-edited volumes iniscent of Joyce's Pc,rtrait of the Artist. Cliaracters qucitc will sce how Taft mcived to this pc,sition, and will condude Gertrude Stein and William Carlos Williams, and they T.itt was .1 biggei m.111 than histc,ri.ins give hiiii credit. understand America as a gented, puritanical, and stifling prison. unly this novel, unlike iTiost mc,dern novels, is Richard Jensen unabashedly feininist-Kerith and her mother zvork togeth- of Illinois, Chicago ( University Emeritus) er tc, free themselves frc,in industrial and social confines, and they retreat t(,gether to primitive, natural landscapes as an inticic,. te to lower middle class, masculine drudgeries. Though it eschews stream of LY,nsciousness and relates K. Bovle. Process: A Novel. iv Edited by Sandra Spanier. events in chronological order, Process includes lyrical pas- Uib.ina: University of Illinois Press, 1001. 0)6 pp. IS]{N: sages that contrast with the style of mainstream realistic novels: " cuil the hills 0252026683 (Cl(,th), 24·$ 95. Streets int() und wired iiiclines abc,ve them stand shaip like lc,ng-legged birds in fume. The hills What The is Great Cincinnati Novel: Nothing much lean tway: from the smoke, lean away from the river that Conics t(}tliind, does it' L.itely 1. 11ui711cl of outst.inding cleaves them."As sentences like those indicate, Process filius have been set in the Queen City-nic,st famously per- offers a taste of Cincinnati ls: it existed severity-five years haps Rain" Man" with Dustin Hoffman ind: inost infa- ag L ). mously the powerful misrepresentation Traffic."" But ()lit- The novel opens at the Tyler 1):ividson Forintain anci side of Toni Morrison's magnificent Bejoi,ed, a novel in describes cobblestoned Walnut Street. Kerith and her friend which the Queen City offers the most general of settings, it take the trolley to Mt. Auburn and the Island Queen ferry is difficult to think of an important novel set in a recogniz- from downtown tc,Coney Island. They drive into the fields able Cincinnati. and pastures around town, stop at a black man's cabin, and That has changed with the publicaticin f c, Process, a share his homebrew. Enraged by wcirking conditic,ns in her recently discovered novel by the prolific Kay Boyle, who empli,yer's factory, Kerith attends Cincinnati labor rallies spent her adolescence in Cincinnati between Ic)I 6 and I 922 at the "Labor Templepast ...the Ohic) Mechanics before becoming one of the L<,st Generation f(,American Institute"and pr()mc,tes the unic,nizing ideas of William Z. expatriate writers in Paris in the I9209. Boyle wrote for all Foster and Lincoln Steffens, her mother hosts a gathering in the hot literary magazines during the I 92OS, published a support of Sacco and Vanzetti. Iii the summer, Kerith tries wonderful menic,ir of her lost generation pals lifeing to beat the city's heat and humidity; in the last scene, she Geijjuses Together),married Latirence Vail Cwhc,se first wife runs throiigh the snow in Eden Park, laughing with her was Peggy Guggenheim) and raised a bunch of children, fiancte and her mother, and ready tc)get away. Avalanche and became well known for her I 944 best seller In I 9 IO, my grandfather, who had attended Ohic) for her New Yorker columns, 64)t blacklisted in the I 9GOS, Mechanics Institute and who was what we would call today and recmerged as a very visible S:iii Francisci) area activist a civil engineer, was working on an additic,11 to the prc,fessor and writer in the I960s and I 9709. She was still Cincinnati Art Museum. The woinan who became my writing and politicizing when she died in I 992. grandmother was a twenty-year-(,ld art student from And, it turns out, while she lived in France during tile Hudson, Michigan, who no doubt smoked, bobbed her hair,

Fall 2002 Reviews 4I Index for Ohio Valley History Volume 2, 2002

1925 City Plan, i)( 34 attacks, on African Americans, (I) No. 2 Spring 2002 i 948 City Plan, (21 34 24, 30-33, 37-39 mtomobiIe, (21 f i A.irc}n, freedman murdered, (I) 23 Avalanche, iiI 3 Sold" for My Account":The Early Slave Trade 4I abc,litic,nism 121 24, li, 30, Between Kentucky and the Lower Mississippi Baker, Joshua, Catholic views (4131 23, 24, T: IT) 7 Valley abc)litionists (2124; northern ill 27 Baldwin Piano Co., 216{ Adair, General John, (I) 6, 7, 8, 9, B.illinger, Joseph, (il i Pen Bogert 10, I 2 Baltinic)re &Ohio Railroad, 42) 3 Africa, (21 22 Banditry, in Daviess County,

African Aniericans, 12128; bishop's Kentucky, (I] Il) 17 The Rebels Are Bold, Defiant, and condemnaticn violence of Baptists, <21 23 Unscrupulous in Their Dementions of All against, (il 26; ancestry, 21( 38; Bardsti)wii, Kentucky, ti) 38 SlaveS, 21( 26; attacks Barnes, Diane, 12) 38- Men":Social Violence in Daviess County, 21% on, (]) revs. 39 24, 10' 37-39; attacked in Bath baseball, (2) 22 Kentucky, 1861-1868 County, Kentucky, (11 33; Bath County, Kentucky, African attacked J. Michael Crane in Jessainine County, Americans attacked in, (I| 33, li Kentucky, Ii! 33; attacked iii Beall, Samuel, (I) 1 Nicholas County, Kentucky, CII Beal],Walter, III 4, 5 30 We Are Mobed &Beat":Regulator Violence 33; Catholic paris]ics in U.S.,121 Becker, Carl, Honic and Away: he and Ftill of 3 I; clashes with iminigrants, IiI 7' Rise Against Free Black Households In Kentucky's 25-26; conimunities, (21 37-38; Prolessic,nal Football n(,the Bluegrass Region, 1865-1867 dignity cit, (2) 30;during the Civil unks of the Ohic),IVIV-I934, War, ( emigration, 12) revd.,21 J. Michael Rhyne I) Ir-311 39 37-38; enslaved, CI) 3, 4, 5, in Bedini, Archhish(,p Gaetano, <21 2; Kentucky, bil 3-1 2, 17-27, 30-40; Beech settlement, 12) 18 43 Reviews in militia, (I) 36; lynching of, C 11 Beecher, Reverend Lyman, |21 25 24; iiigratiOn,' 12) 26, 30, 37-38; bechive ovens, (21 40 murdered, 1 1) 23; neighliorhoc,ds Beers, FS.,III 22 iii Cincinnati, (21 20 c,Lit-migra- Being Genjuses Together, (21 4 1 tion, (21 38; petition fro!11, IT! 39; Bell, James, III 7 prciperty destroyed, 11| ii, 35, Bet],illn, ]( Ill I7 No. 2 Fall 2002 36; rape of, (I) 36; residents of Bell, William, III 23, 14 Over-the-Rhino, 12134; schciols Beloved, 12) 4I 1(,r (21 26, 3 I, 38; sch()(,ls fc)r Ben, escaped slave, 1 T) 9 3 Cincinnati Union Terminal attacked, (Il 37; violence against, Bicentennial Series, (2142; of Ohio 1933 -2003 III 17-27, 30-40; violence against University Press, (2142 in Daviess County, Kentucky, III Bishop England, 62] 26

22, 23, 25; violence against in Bishops, iliecti]ig cit at third 23 Rectifying the Fatal Contrast: Archbishop Owen County, Kentucky, CI) 35; Pa}vincial Council, 121 2,8 ting in Kentucky, III Blanke, David, Sewing the John Purcell and the Slavery Controversy vc} 39 Americkm Hc) Albany, New Ytirk, III EI Dream: w among Catholics in Civil War Cincinnati American Missionary Assi}ciation, C<)1]92]mer uhme(: Took Rocil m the Rizi·,1 Midwest, revd., ( 48 David J. Endres 1 i ) American Party, CKnow Nothing blast turnaces, (2) 39 Party!, 11( THI (21 25; Anti- Blessed Peter Claver Sc,ciety, 12) 31 34 Review Essay Catholic hysteria 12) 25; discrim- Bluegrass region lKentuckyl, befc}re inatic)11 against (21 25; literature the Civil War III 31; Frecilmen's 212i Bitreau in, 1 I ) 38; 1,bc,1- shortage 37 Reviews Anieric;in Revolutic)13 121 37 ill, {11 37; regulators ill, (I) 30; Aiinerican Ri)]ling Mill Company slave trade ill, (I) 6, Unionists IArincol, 12) 39 in, {I) 38; vic,lence in, (Il 30-40 Amtrak, Cardinal line, {21 21 Blum, Edwaid L icvs.,104i antebellitin United States, IiI 23 Bogert, Pen, Sc,Iii for My aziti-C.ithi)11,1111, 12) 43 Account':The Early Slave Trade anti-slavery,activists, 37 Between Kentucky and the anti-trtist cases, IiI 40 LI)wer Mississippi Valley,"I) (3- anti-war sentiment 121 24, 29 I 2

Appalachia, (21 34 Boone County, Kentucky, (I) 34, 35 Appalachians, (21 42 14(7,)nes]„}rc)ugh, Kentucky, (I ) 3 Art Decc),12) 3, 4 bocisterism, 12) 43 Art Institute, 121 42 Booth, Stephane Elise, Buckeye Hiqtorvof Ohio' Ashland, Kentucky, 21( 39 1/Vonieii: The s ati,

44 Ohio Valley History Stiphanic, 1 Cincinnati Southlin Railway All Bt,ld, Ditiant, and 70401411'1, {2) 43 Carpent-1, rt,v'·, ,I {46 3(,itiboii County, Kentucky, III 3I 47 Company, 121 3 10, 17 Unklupulmf in Thili 1) of All Min' Sc)(-1 gouidelk, Pieric, (2) 7 Citholic bishot,4, 121 25, opposition Cincitinati Unicin Ttiminal Co , {2) emintic,ns 1. 17 linci C(, urni, W R,[I) 35 37 ti) Slavery, 212),( Of the Vit, 111 1),ivic,$ unty, minal, (21 Kintulky, III I 7 27 10xing, 121 39 Cincinnati Piovinci 12) 16, Cinittin,itt Uni()11 Til 3 I>{61 1868," 30xliy, George, 121 37 Cath(}lic Church, litte i hum hish 22, Iplitilied] 3 22 Crit P.lul, 12) 6 30ycl, Robtit, LI! 8, I[ op I,%6I (21 28, Vllbtllty (21 31 Cinitgy Chililicn'S MuLum, 12121 10.1.y Bloadcasting, 1216 Boyle C<,unt>,Kintucky, 11) 38 Cathcilic Intitute, (2127, 28 clvll entilll.el., 21£ 34 Cunningh im, Janice, 21( 41 Joyli, Kay, (214T Cath<)ili Min(,r, i 2) 30 Civil Right.Alt (I8661,(I) 36 3(,yli, Kay, 14 (R e%%A Novel, rivd, Cathohi Telegiaph, (21 2 3 17, 30, Awl Wll, (2122 1£31, 37, 43, m Damilli, Kintuckp, II) 8, 3f 37, 39 214I 42 pl],11.1,1VL pOWL!4 (}t £21 3 T, Kintulk>,Il (32 Davinpoit, Richard, (Il 7 3(,yk, Kentuck>,III 37 ie.ldit',hip (21 27, 5Upp()1 t ()f w.11 CRW11 (1,1, 12| 23, 31 David, 41,19 i toi all,. (I) II ir.iclin, III 19, The Ccillected 'horks Willitlm 1108114(,11, OIL4tes, 21( 30 31 0,1111'[VO]vunint (21 1„C.itholic of Contidilatis in, {I| 20, 4, Howed Tilit Pc,litlial I" Kintuikw, Lourtliouc burned 31ucknit, ]an toi America s unci FehindIV 1909 volume II, LII IS, Filldinin' Buriall in, 111

I.V, Inii Clt12% Cll] ONT Eli..Bitth, 1, 121 41 u ClIilall f b>ID,ivid H Button, ilid, (2) ZI, 22 23, 26, 27, guirlill,15 111, Lhe Ithine Lind Twentieth lucknu, Captain Phillip, II II 40 4 1 111 18, gUU Illl,15 ln, (Il 22, Zatic L Tht'Ctillected W[)71; (Willitim Bucktc,wn" Cincinnatil,( 12129 C entui v Z./rhanism, by 11 Kintulkj, Hcime Guard in, II) HoT,circi Ta/ F( A Sull M<)04,p,lity, (2140 Millir .ind Bitic_i Tucker, i,vd, t izir spats <,f I>!,22, 1.ihi)1 hortagl„ ln, III 20, Clrll l)[ 02 Prelent 1) 3ullitt, Bini.imin, (11 7 121 34 36 itr tiv 1>nihing in, (Il I 7, polltils in, guibank, M,11£)1 Ginli,11 Sid'll, L I) Chesapiaki 6,Ohic, Railr<,ad, 121 3, 10 tknblen] vohinie I, b D ivid III 18, 22, pOpulatl()n ln, III Ib, 37, 38, 39, 40 Chicago Stadium, gami of I932, {2139 H Multi)n and A E Campbill, RLKUlatols ln, II) 22, 25, 26, Jurnx, Anthi,np, (21 37 Chicago Stadium, <21 39 1lj'l 1, [2) 40 4I Ju, in, (I I'),Union Aim Suln,]CIL, 101111, II) 37 Chicago, (21 42, dll}CL0(t ((}21 27 6011,.CtlT'15171, 121 40 Vet(.1.18 in, II) 23, 2, Unlonists Inixted 3uitc,n, David H , The. Chiflic,lm, Ic,hn, III 6 C(,nfldl.1,1Cy, Ill 24, possibli indi 111, £Il IR, 2I, 22 vic,lc.nel ln, CI) Woiks 0/ Villicim\, Howrini Ta/t Choctaw nation, (I) I I pindince (21 29 20 jitical d PE, I%fue0 ci 11 Zit Inak\ Chnit, (2) 24, 26 Confidciates, foi mir, in D iviLSS D,vi 4, Gineral litters(,11 C, l i l l i Specihes l)elivered between Cincinnati, Catholic, Soc Count>,Kentucky,II) 20, 25, in Davii, Nathaniol, (I) 9 Auglist I 908 und Febjuill·v 1 909 Cath()11-0 111 Clillinllati", Kentucky, 011 IN, 32 L).lvi,,5,)1 1111()11 I 3 7, 9 vohilne 14 livil , 21{ 40 41, The downtown, 121 34, Lwnomic COng]LS, 62) 29 Dioldration cit Indepondince, (2) 24 C<,1] 1 Woz k W1111, e,12) 30, CO]111(1>,Plt, 2| 2 Rep[iblic, by J,11'RL, Stml.on(., 1i obleni voluine I, rivd , 12) industiii, (21 6, Iti4h pc,pul,1 I.()115Lllpt10]1, 21| 29, IT 1 C Vl 1, < 21 37 38 40 4 I m)11, 121 2 F, 3 I, Gum,in popul.1 Consuiption Act ot M.]ich 3, I863, Dcmc,ciatic Paity, (I) 39, 40, (212*, Ca/ Vt ?11 V 0 incoipor,zted Welsh tll)]1, 12 1 2 5, 3 I , 34, 177#tl 1 pl 111, 21 29 27, 28, in Davil#,Colint>, 171171Ig?(1116 011 Ohio f 121 34, Ovi] thi Rhine, (21 34 36, Con%(.ivative ll)imc){.1 itic.1 Party, Kentuiky, (I) 21, 24, in Antic Induitiial j·joilliel, by P],iniling T.isk Foit«c 1(pOlt, 121 1 Il 39, 40 Kentucky, II) I7 Killy Knowk +,i ivil ,(I) 43 44 35, 1,1(.1.11 Colillict5, 2)( 31, ll.11 C[)11%titution, c,f thi United Stat(-5, Ilipiession, 121 43 imp Nci„}n, Kentucky, (Il 32, 36, gil)11, (21 JI, SLCU.11 ple•,5, £21 24, 521 23, 27, 28, 29, 30 Ditioit, Michigan, dic,List (,f (21 27 37, 38 WPA Guide, 121 35 Contitutiona] Convintion in lil.vel<)pl.15, (2) 34, 35 2,impbill County, Kintucky, III 3I Cincinnati Alt MaLUm, 21( 41 Kintiliky (I799I, III 7 Dick, an escaped slave, (I 1 7 The Collected Cincinnati Cinti.11 1411% 3.impbill, A E, 11-1-S u)ntilbution ]11%t(,ty",12) 42 Discipli%C)f Chlist, (2) 24 W{,ikf 01 Williain 1 towardTafl ' 1)1%tlict, (21 34 COnVentl(111 (_]114, (2) 38 Di4ciintin.itiC)11, bv 1015,( 12) 30 I () CIVIL l) 1 111 A 5/Jec l of litV Cincinn,itt, City of, 121 I f, I 8 Convintionlth, 12) 37 38, The i){)<-11]-tieiililiv Heiialge1 (, 118% Cllf Day Plc,blems, vtilume C Int innall C ommenial ( 2) 27 Collylls, Tom, (1) 17, 24, 25 Oble, iditid by Philip Shrivir 4 tivd , 121 40 41 Clncl?111(ill +J?£/lille?,2 |26, 29, 30 C(}piland, J.111105, II) I8 and Clarcnic Wundi ilin, 1(.Vd, 2,inipbill, Alixandii, 121 24 Cincinnati Historical 5octity, 21( Coppithi,1(15",2) (28 III 44 4, 2.in,id 1, <21 37 20, librdry Lilli CI)uithouk, burnid 111 1),ivic,5 Dc,dgi, C.ipt,iln Ist,ic], I)( ),7 an,i] svtern,,lil 43 Cincinnati Hitory Mu4(.um, 121 iI County, Kentucky, (Il 20 I)(}uil,14, Stephen A , (Tl TS, 121 27 albon, 21( 39 Cincinnati International Alipoit, Coutt, m Kentucky,II) 36 1)ublin",121 29 Sic also Ahic< American Zardiff, T(my, Ii) 13 21 I 7 Covington, Kintuiky, (I) 34, 33, 111 wmmuni 2.irmack, Null A ,ind Kaidn Lynn Cincinnati Muscum Cintli, (2I 2, Catil(ille Lil(}c.(.+L of (2 I 27 tll," Out ( the D

Index Fall 2002 45 Eaw Bati)11 RI)ug.L, 51,1vt tidde in, Gairaid County, Kentucky, (I| 12 Illin()15, (21 37, 38, 43, 15. micic) 27, 30 40, 1(gulpt, Ill 43 Germans, 1.idicals, 121 2„river immigi.int5, ailtipathy to (11).in{.1 27, 30 40 Ellot, . 4. 1 ive in lvi,%]), County, h.indi (21 29 patioll I21 29, Suppoit f<)1 11111()1-1 ihe Ke/]lucky Rivei, b>Willi,im Kintucky, III I 9 Gilbii 1, Andii %011, <11 30, 38 Il| 27, tin41()11 with tici pcoplc E]114, Vl 1,[I) 41 Ellis, William, 7he Kentmly Gildid Agi, Ii) 43 Ot COIC)1 (2| 23 Knight,·of Lah(,1, 121 40 Rivei, tivd, (!1 43 Gilliam i.imily, (2137 117 117141.ltiC)17, (2) 37 Knowli%,AtiliC Killy, alvin?(, 5ts L]),Ginil,1] jOlin, {It 29 Cat, Samull, 123 37 Indiana, 121 38, Catholic iii(}cls,of Ii]0(>111(11 lited Welh minigianti/ 6111.1116]patic)11 411 23, 14, 25, 27, 28, Gorm,in, Hugh 5, rivs (2140 11 26 mi 1310'() 5 111(111.[lial Flolitiel, 19, 30, 37 Gould, Kailll, 12) 2 indoor hockiy, (21 39 icvl1, 1114344 Emincipatic)11 Pi(}cl,imatic}11, (I| 29, Giah.im, John S, Ii| 34, 3 5 inti]At,it i h Ighway 5>ste ]1, C21 1 F Know Nothing Patty S.l 3I C.iant County, Kentucky,(t) 31 Irish immigiant, 121 29, Cathi,lic4 Ammic,in Paity" Endil-, 1)avid J , Rectityinq" thi C.iay, Buddy,121 35 I21 28, 30 litelacy 1.ltes <21 26, Kii K lux Klan, in Kentucky, (Il 26, I.it.11 Conti.14t Aichbish{}p Jc)1111 Gicat Cincinnati Noicl, Thi, 121 rivirhands {2129 Sci a]50 3 I, 40 and Catholic." Plitcoll and thi Slav.ly 4i Cincinnati Contic,vit4y <11-11()]ig Catholies 111 Gll,lt 5061(-ty, 21( 34 il()17(()17 Re,(41%let, Ill 39 labor, 1,1]lic, 421 4.T, ihc)!t,lgi (}t in Civil W,11 Cincinn.lti,"1| (23 33 Grilitwill, Th()111,1, I 22 III)111(m, Ohic),21 ( 39 D.ivice Cotinty, Kintlilk>,III Euic)re, 12) 29 Gi iHom, Jonath.in R, III 20 I.],ind Quan Fiti>,95 41 20 Ellope,iii .lilit.tly, (21 38 Gu<1560, Suzitti Ci}unt>,Kintuiky, 11 1 3, 5, CI)nfidi],itc, (11 38 Jifters, Stephen, {Il 35, 36 Law, on J.ivii y in Kintlic.ky, III 9 6 31 Gugginhelm, Peggy,1214I Jiffil#(in Cc)unty, Kentucky, (117 8 Lawwlll, A W, lIllI, 22, 24, 2), 111} Fii, Howard, (I) 36 Guild,ly, Petil, (2126 Jin,,c n, Richaid J , (11 42, 1,(}14 26, 27 Fil]11(,initi *ind Wilinci, 121 6 A H,Volv, tcvd, IiI 42 Lic, Thorn.,4, III 4 Fittiinth Amindmilit, (I| TR It,ildtim,in, Waltii, III 39 Jinin, Richaid, 12) 43, 1 LV4 (21 40 Lcinci Gcid.1, (2142 Fil'>un Hi51{)116,11 S[}ellty, £21 2 Hall, Hinly, III 7, 9 4T Les 11(linliet.,121 Tg Fil,01, HMA)12 121,( Litcili The, X21 2 II,11, Ic,hii, CI) 6 Il.59.1]litni Count, Kentucky, (I) Lexington, Kint,icky, (I l I i, 30, 3 T, I mncy, Ii,rd.n, III 3, Hall, John, Jr,(I17 36, Alilian Amirle.,ins attlikid 34, lititch,int%in, (Il 5 Lincoln Kintucky, (TI Fii +t P]in,ity C t)zincil ot B,11 timoi l I.milt[)11 Count, Ohic),21 ( 20 in, III 33 Cunty, 30, 11852| 121 26, dihill.ion Ot slav Hampton, Lilittin,int, LI) 22 John, enlivid African Amirican, 111 38, 39 lictihil Stl)\ I 311(] ely (ll 26 Hairict Vl.'5 e 111 3 Linic,ln, Abiah,im, CI) IR, 2I, 12) 23, vilicial uncil ( 72771 exhibit Fit%t ]11(, C(, it 5 Cahill,"an Johnion, E Vii n<)4 11120 43, lichbigliop Pulcull's suppOrt Cincinnati (18„),12126 Il Ic,hnc, Pic idint Andiew, IJI 1( 11 Of Jnt-10llnClmll-lt, 49 n, 32 ir ( 27, 1%411 ©lnel Fisk, Majoi Genci.1 Clinton B, 61 ) Haiti, c,n, Ben], ( Fl)%tir, Willl.im Z , 12141 himp, in Kintucky, (I) 31 23 Lout. 1124, FI, 34, ithobc dic> Foititictith Amilidmint, III 37 hi„t(nic,11 pickivationlists), 2]( 34, Kenton County, Kentucky, 1Il 3I 2) 2, 28, C, ce,,e of 12) FlaneL, (2141 3, Kintucky Cint!,11 Raili()id, 11 1 31 27 inkfc, Kintilikv, (Il hi*, ticgraphy, 121 KentlicAT (: 1114, 8, L<,wnesd,ild, J. AII Fi, rt, 9 t<, 40 Lizette, 3, 9 imcb, 7 histoii. Flic pc<)pll (11 601or, 12i 2),37, 38, Hobl74, Lucy, IiI 42 Kentucky Ginit.11 A55imbly, I I ) Luca5, M.iion, in, 11) I.7, 33 lynihing, 111 Klnlulky (Il I7 27 Sll .ilw III,timan, Du„tin (21 4,I 34,.ind lavity, III 6 in 1),ivit', County, Kentucky, 11 kintucky, Ahii.in Amuicati%" Holy JO(-4",T) (28 Kentucky Rivei, ti.ide m,( (Il 3 1 I 7, in and The and Kintitiky, (Il 1Il 38, of Aftican Fll.Ldmc.ll' Bull,ill, iii Blulgi,i, Honic' Apkn Rise 2, 3 rl 31, 36, 39, an Ilelcin, Cl) 38, 39, in I),lvt(.5% Fall f(]Pic,tcsional j·(10[bal]cm Kintucky, Atilian Amitic,111%in, Aln,licall, LI) 24, Oppovtic)11 Clvll Counti, Kintucky, I 1 it 27, in the Bank of the hio(} 1919 Ul 3 12, 17 27, 30 40, W.11 I I ) 24, 2 5 ContldllateS III Kintucky, It) 30, 32 33, 34, 33, 934, by Cdrl Bickii, rivd, 621 111, III 32, ln, 36 39 32, Coult0 in, 11) 36, diocifi Mt Madiscin Ct,unty, Kintucky, 11 i 3I Friedmin' 11 Marshall, Humphicy, (115 tee,lt<,tl , ilriltll, 2]( 30, 3 I Hc)mi Guard, 111 1),1 ic', County, 121 26, s Buicau in, l trildpcople 1 Kentucky, Frick, Hinty Clly, 12) 39, 40 Kintuck>,CI) 18, 22 30, 32, 36, in, III I7 mattid] lw, in II) 32 putill, cd Ft(}m thi Edit,115,"by Wa>lic K Hcme.te,1,1 stilki, (21 40 27, gllutillds 111, 11| 32, hlimp in, M.try],Ind, 41.ive,4 1„ in II) 9 Dititill 'md Chiitophii Phillip'„ How,ild, Oliver 0,(,139 11) 31, intlin,11 divl51(,11 in, Ill 111,15culinit, iii Kintulky, III 36, 38 Klux Kl. III M, County, Kentucky, (I17 TJ 2, 2 2 Ic,waid, Victoi, h]4toiian, (Il 22 T 8, Ku in iii, 3!, 14on 21 Htid011, Michiian, (21 lynching 11 38, mattial Mbsillon 0) Ohio, Tugitive 51.ivi L 111 3, illan, (, 11 I3 G,illipoli, Kentucky, III) Hunter, lilly, lips, ( Il 43 44 II) 5, Ric{)tistiuction 111, 1]1 17 MiC] ine].G.u,lgl, { 21

46 Ohio Valley Histoiy iducah, Kilitucky, Qu,iki 12) McD,inlil, Walter, ,Henry, (21 37 Annsylvant.1, Wistlin (21 39 40 Rape, accuation of, £Il I 7, Of ville This Mitialti, 411109, 1 I l 22 Nichola%County, Kultulki, peirE Giand Ha\,ot 0/ African Amirican cimin,# 111 36 Mithodiit Chuic]1, {2123 Afiic,in Amcilccil15 ittackid. in, Battle, br Kintlith W Noi, The Ribils AIL Bc,ld, Difi,int, and Metiop(,ham Recoid, 121 30, 3 I Rvd, 11146 Unscrupulous in Thiti of All Social Mich.iux, F A, III , Nichol,isvilli, Kintucky, CI! 37, 38 Porzigi,in, Anthony, £21 2 Dc.mentions Men' Noc, kinnith W, PeTI vville This Michii,an, 121 38, Cathohi illoil.%i Pittit, Thorn.1*,III I),24 Vic,li nci in D lm ILSS County, I)t 12| 26 iand Htivoc of Battle, rivd, ( Il Phillips, Chit.tophit .ind W.ivni K Kintuck> I 861 1868,"bi I middle cl,155, 12) 37 46 Duirill, Fic}" m thi Editor,"III Michail Crane, {I| I7 27 Midwist, 121 42 Nolan, Phillip, (Il 5 2, Eli 3 Reconstiuction, in Kentucky, (Il Mdwiumi Landvqc N(,th)11<6, Wittin R.1111(i,id, 121 3 Pinklit{)119, 42140 17 27, 30 40 Aichitec iditid by Willi. ph, 111 thl. 11 ture, im N()1114, 104. III 24, 2 3 pl()11,-L15, 38 Rictifi ing Filt. Contl.2.t H Tishlit, ll\L1, ( I| 4748 Noith lnoithun tati51, 12) 23, 30 l'itt41,utih, Plnns>h,inia, 12) 39, 40 Aichhishop lohn Pulcill ind, thi Migi tliit agcii/1 5t 61£1,m Noith Carcilin,1, 121 38 pl,inning th,01, (21 36 Slaveri Contioversy among Civil Vizginitim and the Nation, by N,Il ( 36, in Kintuckp, 0,ikw(,(}d, Tinnieci, (Il 23 1'(,pi Gilgoi XVI, 121 26 tigion (Kintuck)1, (I) 30, 32, 34, 117111, 51. idllS, 1'( plot"Ill 36, Daviess II| 7 Dfilltt i. 116 tl, II) II 1110, Ll) 25, 26, 30, " 2 1, 35, 37, 40, in Militi.1, Mitti, Goveinot, II} 4 Ohio Mechanics Intituti, (21 -:I divpploval i(, ,1.iiry |21 26, County, Kintuckv, (I) 22, 25, 26, litusal of PllrCL11' Millii, Tam,11,7 Gaskill, riFs 11) 42 Ohio River, 121 37 5 ll,1,11dtlOn in Klntulky, III 30 40 Millit Zani L, Changilig Plans for Ohio Valle, Histor\,I 3 (2, 12| 2 Ill 28 Ri154, Winold, 121 6, I 7 Amelica ,Innei Cities Ohic) Valley, (21 2, 23, ind. womin'% Pc,pu114]n, 121 40 Republican Party, (I) 18, (21 23, the Rhino tind Cincinnoti Over tudies (21 41, nlwspaplr% 21( 39, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Roosevilt veisus Tatt, 121 40, W,31 Iwentieth frbanism Centurv ( piofesional football in (21 39, Man, 121 41 effort 42) 28 Vi51()110 Of Place The City, Lttillnlnt J2137 Portsmouth Times, 12| 39 ilpublicanism, (2) 37,.ind William Neighboihood Stiburbi tind Ohio, 121 38, intibillum Ei()min in P(,itxmouth, Ohic), 2)( 39 HI,w,lid T,ift <214I, 111%titlltl,)11, C,17(Innall %Clifton INo 2000, 121 42, Catholics (2124, dic)ciSC povilty, 12143 12) 2, rivd 12| 34 36 cit (21 26, honticr 12| 43, hitc,iv Piciliptillan Chuich, (2124, Nizi re5istanci, b>Joives, III 7, 9 Mii,ippi Riii, ti.id,on, (Il 4 AOmCn 111 12 42, 111LW ami ind Old Schoc)1, C21 24 tivolt, 11> 51,1Il*„ I)( 9 Mi,THippi Tillit(liy, and avel>,,] mlinitils (21 42, 9011 (2143, ft,ltl 111.,hitill,ini, {2123 Rhvne, 1 Michael,Wl "' Ali M(ibid III 2120, Statihixld (2143 snell, Glenn, (21 Regul. 1( h ot ( Pl. 39 6.Biat' itc,1 Vic) 11(.C W,litcl Mi%%1sippi Valley, slave ti,idc 111, Ohic, A j litory,by I'zincitcm Kintlickv, |I] I# A<,2111.t Fice Black Houkliolds 11 3 12 H,iliqhuist, tevd (2142 43 111<,ce54 A Novel, bv Kay Boyli, in Kintillky' Blill.gl.,45 Regic,n, M()111„on, Tim, (214[ Old DI,minion, (21 37 ILVC1 (214[ 42 186, 1867/'Il #30 40 MoALS, RC)belt, 121 34 Old N,12) 38, 42 111()ctil &Gamble, Ill 6 Rill, Lllutlnant J.1111£5 H, 11) 37 f the Blcid.Patcli The Mt Aitbilin, (Cincinnati), 2141( C)lit (, Pli,gleive u.11.2(11]-nf, W 4; 11()ting, 121 25, 30 Mt Stitling, Kentucky, I)( 34 Aillcibiogitiplivf (,El fic Maique 1'1()gle•,%1vlrn, (21 40 Rittii, B C, lIllI milicils, M) 6, 17 CalinticA, Folk Musiclaii Aillst, l'tohibition, 42) 2i 1-1Vll Sy'tlmS, 21 43 mutdit, of Atill,in AmiliC,11%,I) ( and Wiiter, editid by Ni,cl A prcipetty, opposition tc, dotruction Rc,buit D Lindner Family OMNI 23, 24, 01 1. Unlon 501(ller, I I I 22 Carmack

revi Multicishorc),Tcnni45(«i, (21 30 David.on, 1,(1) 4647 Puicill, Arihbihop John Baptist , Rcibcit sittlemint, (2) 38 Muicuin ot He.ilth, SCIL.nic, and utl ]WA, in Kintucky, (I) 32 Li) 23 33, Ill 4. [pici,,ind iholi Roman Catholic Chutch, <2124,

Indii'.ti>,121 19 olit migiation, of Atilian tic,n (21 3 T, bil 38 dibati (21 3 I, attack on iddical Rookwoc,d Pc)ttily, Ill 6 Nain, J N, 11137 Owen Cc,unty, Kentucky, vil,lincl ism (2) 27, 1%Union man (21 28, Rt)okwoHd Ti.1 RI)()in, 42| I 2 Natchdz, Missis'>ippi, (I| 3, 4, 9, against Ahic,in Ami]16,1115, (Tl Lne{}Ulaglnli tc)|Ll 2)[ 24, l.ll.V,ltl()11 to Roosevelt, Thcodoti, (2140 Il, pllel Of 91,1Vl.4 111, (I' 5,

Index Fall 2002 47 RI)·, Hannilh, (11 Scild in, 36 toi My Account' The Eally Tolido, Ohio, (21 42, 43 Vilgilila Lizet(. te, 1 Il 4 R(} Capt, Trade ] Kentucky llk, 1111 1111(-]< 5, II) 26 5],ive 1(twl(-11 Toin, 01.lvt who wed clwnii, IT) 7 8 Visi[)175 c)/place The City Rouii, Rebece, init thi Lowei Miitippi 121 h..d fuburl) 1, 13) 42 Ti iftic", 4.T Ve,g/7 11(,1 9 (md Ritnk] L, Binjamin P, (I) 38, 39 Vallcy,"b>Pin Bogitt, (11 3 12 Tllplitt, C.LC)lgl W, (I) 21, 22, 27 Cj;]C,Ilizati 5 C li/1()11, IN,0 2000, South utlicin 1, 11( I H, state 23, 27, Ti tic, C 1, IT; 3£ by Zani L Miller, ievd, 21 34 Sacci)ind . V.inzitti, (21 41 tlu't.,12' 40 5, Flancist(),Calitornia, 621 South 21 111 41 C.irC)]ina, ( 2 Tuckli, Bruce, Changing Pitilih foi Wah/helle Fietti?d <21 29,

S,iundii Harli'·, Wuthlin America 1111721 (lt1(7 5, i)11, II) 27 ixtlimist,,2) (17 1 Walnut ftle lt, (Clnell-111,ittl, (2| 41 5.lundels, W.11161, ( 5,)Lithein Seed Ncitihein 5011 Cincinnati' Over the Rhine mid I) 39 Walton, Kentucky, (I) 35 Save the Teimill 11, £21 AD Alpit, Faini I 7 litil] j ic a/7 Twentieth Century Lfibitill,/11, Wa 4 18[ 2, 121 37 schooh, toi Aftic, Anill 12) C()111111111111183 the Miciwmi ILVL WN]th in le,1114, in 1 (2I 34 W.illin, Klnnith, V/1%le, attaikid, and Ahellation Groiith and 16, JI, 38, Ii) 37 I763 1900, by Stephen A Tylei D.]vid'.01-1 Fozint«iin, hil 4I Schw, Philip Dechne the ( liz, J , Migi ants aiditi,1 Villeent, levd, 121 38 39 111 7(,nnellsVIlle Slave/ mid he 6( the Anie? I' VUglmilm iwinf IC ali 3/)ed/77 Pic,w U S Aimy, Ikpaitmint f(, Coke hiclustiv, tivil, 21 39 40 C<) Cli] T<)(11·.i<()()[ Ntil'()j 1, icvd , 621 37 11521?ne? 11119 111 Kintitikv, 1 1 1 32 Wahington County, Kintucky, 111

Scottild, Abih, David I 0 1, I 1 1 36 the Rtiral Midwew, by US Aimy, troop%ittackid, . (I) 37 Scott County, Kintucky, iII 7, 30, 11 1,3 11 ki, 1LVL1, IiI 48 U $Still, <2140 P/Elt'l 1% Wide The, MIl ilding, il Sp. Iii„liop Maitin, 42| 28 l Jm le T<,in C. abill, W l i t.1111-1.1 t iC 1 11 WL All Mobid Blat'& Rigul.lt<}1 H.,Micni, c,f outhil n At,lt{-A (2 1 26, Spalding, 131011(,p ot Louisville, (21 of, 12) 27 Violince AK,illist FilL Black lattlinake 3I 27, 28, " Clt"12) 27 Unit,n 62| 26, 27, 28, 30, 3[,Ohic)'5 Housiholds in Kentucky' ind Sic< Amille,in p{67," 38 37 Sp,jill„11 gc}virnillint, pollill.5 Of, (I) Union Aimy, (21 28, and inliencnt hv I Mit-h.iii Rhyni, 111 30 40 d 11/Cal/ji V\'(/ ind Alienili Sc um Cont 1,6.it ion Ait, (I ) I I 4, 5 Of hlave, 1) 10, vltel,11-1 111 te 101} The Rc>(,of topkth aini line the Slic)lill in,lugul 11 iddic„. 0, by Sp.irk4, Eldei Ic,hit, t I),ivic.5 County, Kilitillky, (i) De, iii Abl,111.1111 Litict,Iii, (21 23 Al)imlitchitin CLIAtianitj, The 23, 25 Conzielhville C<,ke Imitistiv,hy 5Llzlr, Jack, rev , (2141 42 Life and Legticy of Eldel Shubct] Unionist„at Ciah Oichaill, Kinnith Wartin, tivd 2139 40 pal,lt[ 5111, 121 h Steains, rivil, (114, Kintucky, LI) 39, iii thi Winingii, Fathil Fianci.Xaviir, 2]( Shilby County, Kintitiky, Eli 7 5plit3lls, 4.1 39 Billl,ir,16 legion, 11138, in Shilbv, Jc,hn, iII 39 Spait,111%Bi.114 G.ime of I932, (23 39 D.lvic5%County, Kintucky, III WL',t, ilttltll-!Cllt, <21 37 Shrivit, Philip ind. Clatinel pecill.itor, in J.ives, (116 IN, 2I, 22, in Kclitiliky, (I) I7, Wistlin Hil15 Vidduct, £217 The Wundililli, L.(Ill()15, Splagul, Rlillind W B, 12131 18, 3 I, 32, 33, in Owifiboto, Withilington, 1)1 Maik, 12) 2 St Ann',C<)1(,id Chuteli and 1)(lizilitenle e leillage[ <)1 Ohiti, i Kintlicky, 111 20, White H<11'>i Cc,inpany, 111 26 CVE 1. 1114446 Schi)01, (21 31 United Stati Colotid Tioopx Whitlock, Brand, +2143 1) and 51nli()Ill, I,lini, enicxrniv St Lout, Miss<,Liri (2) 42 IUSCT),fornici i)]. dic!9, (I) 34, Wilkinson, Genticil James, III 3, 4, Shiverv Fiontier Ilhnois The St Pitu iii 111 Ch,110%C.ithldi,11, 21( 39, 38, in Kentucky, 11) 31 32 F, 12 28 Unltid Statl. Distlict Coult Boll(imidikl Re/Jubhe, tivd, 21 5 Willi,1111%,Willi,im C.111(}, 1214I 37 38 St,inford, Kuituckk, CI) 38, 39 Kintuckyl, III 36 W15(.(mgn, (21 38 Skill,Kintdiky, (Il Education Skilken, Stlvi, (2) TH tat.:light5, 123 23 Econ()1111Lf (clitit toi 3 I 51,1vt tl.1£14 12) 26, A "Vllti,"121 24, lill'' indliStiv 12| 39 40 alid Risi,irch, 1 21 12 m,odwi)]th, Stivin, i lv4 , 1 T) 46 dihiti ovii, 1118, i4t,ibilihliiint Stitfiti%,Lincoln, 42) 41 Univciwty t(]Illinc)10 Pil.45, (21 41 Wolid Wil I, Ill 39. 40, 41 dilling Colonial d ( pinc, 21 24, in ftiln, Litfude,(, (2) 4-I Univuslt>of Wil(1401, 12| 34 Wi,ild Wai II, Ill II I4, 34, 35, 43 Kentucky, 1, 13 12, lit Stipp, Elliah, (I) 9 uib,in affi110, (21 34 Wiight, G.LoiA, hiitc,nan, 111 17, 31 Ml1451ppl V,lilly, 1{[3 I 2, 111 Stowl, Hatilit Bilihir, (2) 22, 27 uib,in decay, 12) 43 Wund,ilin, Clall nel .ind Philip Natchiz, Mi%1sippi, 111 littli„ ubitib,inization, (21 36 ilib,111 pl,inning, 2)( 34 Shlizil, Ldituts, ihe 01111(,bit1011 tO, tI) 8, p,lpal OppI)51 Sullivan, Willi.im, iI) 7 US 0, (11 12 Dc,c zin]ent,n v Huitage of Ohio, tion to, (2) 26, protit fioni, ( 119 51111111Ct, Gil.111,5, Cl) 27 rivd, ( I| 44 41 Javi tiddili, ti om 13(li thit il Xtati., Supreme C ou]t of the United Ull],L<1111(.nel, (2) 4I III 7, in Kintuiky, (11 6, It, [2, Statl5, 121 41 ltlelll, 21 22 Y.im.ici.,w IA],Ind, W 2 3I Supienic) Apr)l)/alus, Ill 26 Vincinnis, Indivinclcil CL)Lincil Kentucky, (Il ),pp() (}01tl()11 ti), C)i in B]lle.K]«1.0 1(Kion (Kilituckvl, Ciniiniiati (18611, < 28 C D. C() 11| 8 2) T ) 30 40' 111 1 v ll.55 unt', Javi, and thi Union Army, (1120, Thii teinth Amindmint, (11 21, 21, Kintlicky, (Il 20, 22, 23, 23, 111 IM.,pld, (Il I ,),foicibli ip,, 11,1 30, 32, 33 Kentucky atter thi Clvll Wai, C Il tion t,(,41 18, in Kintulky, 11) 9, Thirty fifth Kinticky Iniantiy I7 27, in KintuckA attil th< Civil 3 1, p{)11(-l p.itti)|by, III 20, prici U!11011,

48 Ohio Valley History