Coplymerization of Aleuritic Acid with L-Lactic Acid and Study the Aggregation Behavior in Different Solvents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Coplymerization of Aleuritic Acid with L-Lactic Acid and Study the Aggregation Behavior in Different Solvents IJRPC 2013, 3(2) Asutosh K Pandey et al. ISSN: 22312781 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com Research Article COPLYMERIZATION OF ALEURITIC ACID WITH L-LACTIC ACID AND STUDY THE AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS Asutosh K Pandey and Baijayntimala Garnaik Polymer Science and Engineering Division National Chemical Laboratory Pune, Maharashtra, India. ABSTRACT In this present work, we highlight the copolymerization of L-lactic acid (L-LA with protected aleuritic acid in presence of Lewis acid catalyst using dehyropolycondensation method. The resulted copolymers are pliable, soft, waxy or even viscous liquid copolymers influenced by the aleuritic acid content. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical properties. In addition, deprotected copolymers focus micelle -like aggregates in various organic solvents and mixed organic solvent at various proportions. INTRODUCTION some host trees. India is the major shellac Aliphatic polyesters constitute an important producing country in the world. Shellac (Lac) is class of polymers because of their known to comprise of several hydroxyl acid biodegradability1, and biocompability2a, b, that unit, aleuritic acid and its esters have great enable their use in drug delivery systems, importance in industrial domain. It is a artificial tissues3a,b, and commodity materials. valuable starting material for preparation of Polyesters are commonly produced through transparent water-clear adhesive, plasticizers9. either condensation or ring opening Aleuritic acid has been used as a raw material polymerization using various catalysts4-6. Self- for the synthesis of macrocyclic musk like organization of condensation polymer is rare in lactones such as ambrettolide, civetone and the literature. Particularly, self-organization of exaltone. There is only one literature report of amphiphilic polymers has resulted in poly aleuritic acid, where aleuritic acid has assemblies such as micelle, vesicles, fibers, been polymerized thermally and resulted helical, superstructures and macroscopic insoluble product10. We demonstrate for the tubes. These materials have potential first time that the linear homopolymer of application in areas ranging from material aleuritic acid (PAA) is obtained from aleuritic science to biological science. Thermo or pH acid (Fig 1). The change in the surface of the sensitive polymer micelles7a, b, and vesicles7c, assembly is the amplified consequence of have been reported in which the nature of the change in molecular level conformation with functionality at the corona changes in each polymer chain due to the presence of 9, response to the stimulus. A little attention has 10-hydroxy group in each monomeric unit. been paid to realize an environment- These polymers with such properties could dependent switch from a micelle-type find use in the applications such as carriers for assembly with a lipophilic corona8. Here, we trafficking drugs and as components of smart report a new class of aliphatic polyester adhesives. PAA is biocompatible and superstructures that exhibit such properties. biodegradable polymer, which could find Shellac is the only known commercial resin of potential use in biological system. animal origin. It is an important natural Block copolymers are often used for a variety resinous product secreted by an insect of supramolecular assemblies, in which the (Laccifer lacca), which lives on the sap of driving force involves the mutual immiscibility 426 IJRPC 2013, 3(2) Asutosh K Pandey et al. ISSN: 22312781 of the block and/or the immiscibility of one of chain show zigzag conformation in the the blocks in the bulk solvent. In case of poly polymer molecule13. (styrene-co-acrylic acid) block copolymers The thermal polymerization of Aleuritic acid exhibit several interesting amphiphilic leads to insoluble product because both intra assemblies11-12. We aimed to synthesize and intermolecular condensation are possible aliphatic polyester by polycondensation. The leading fast to the formation of fusible ethers, hydrophilic 9, 10-hydroxy functionality, the anhydrides, lactones and esters which hydrophobic methylene moiety are stitched in ultimately become infusible and insoluble three the same polymer backbone. The methylene dimensional network structures. group’s greater than five units in a polymeric OH O HO OH OH Aleuritic acid Fig. 1: 9, 10, 16-trihydroxy, palmitic acid (aleuritic acid) These functional polymers can be post Polyesters of glycolic and lactic acids are the modified to crosslink the polymer, or to attach main group of interest due to their long history bioactive molecules such as peptides or drugs of safety. and have shown potential application in drug Lactic acid can be condensed with other delivery systems and scaffold materials. The hydroxyl acids such as 6-hydroxycaproic acid, functional polyesters have tunable mechanical glycolic acid, and hydroxybutyric acid or in the properties with in vivo degradability14. presence of diols, diacids, and diamines. Polyesters syntheses have been explored by Direct condensation usually resulted in low both chemical synthesis and enzymatic molecular weight copolymers that can then be approaches. Several hydroxyl functional further linked to yield high-molecular-weight polyesters15-21, and poly (carbonate esters)22, polymers. In the second step, linking have been synthesized. Polymers with vicinal molecules such as diisocyanates, bis (amino- diols were prepared by chemical ethers), phosgene, phosphate, and anhydrides polymerization of L-lactide with protected takes place33-35. sugars23,24, followed by deprotection25-27. Use There is no report available so far, where the of monomers, initiators with unsaturated bond 9, 10 secondary vicinal diol is protected and enabled the introduction of epoxide groups by the hydroxy and carboxylic acid groups are post modification reaction with m- free to undergo dehydropolycondensation chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA), while reaction to produce a linear high molecular treatment of allylic side chains with NMO/OsO4 weight homopolymer. resulted in dihydroxylation of side chains28. Fatty acids are suitable candidates for the Chemical polymerization of unprotected preparation of biodegradable polymers36,37, as hydroxyl functional caprolactones29, and they are natural body components and they hydroxymethyl substituted 1, 4-dioxan-2-ones are hydrophobic, and thus they may retain an 30,31, resulted in hyper branched structures with encapsulated drug for longer time periods comparable molecular weights and degree of when used as drug carriers. Aleuritic acid (9, branching. 10, 16-trihydroxy palmitic acid) is common The biodegradable polymers are intensively C16 fatty acids with two secondary hydroxyl aliphatic polyester of both natural and groups at 9, 10 positions and a primary synthetic origin. Polyesters can be synthesized hydroxyl group in the 16th position. It is by polycondensation of hydroxyl acids or by produced from resin (Shellac). ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters The objective of this study is to incorporate (lactones), grafting, chain extension, or aleuritic acid in lactic acid based polymers for transesterification32. A wide range of the purpose of altering its physical properties. monomers has been used to produce The trifunctionality of aleuritic acid (9, 10, 16- biodegradable polyesters. Their trihydroxy palmitic acid) does not allow forming polymerizations can be carried out either in the the linear polymer. Previous study in our bulk or in solution. The most useful monomers laboratory focused on the synthesis aleuritic used for polycondensation are lactic, glycolic, acid (9, 10, 16-trihydroxy palmitic acid) hydroxybutyric acid and hydroxycaproic acids. homopolymer. The homopolymer synthesized 427 IJRPC 2013, 3(2) Asutosh K Pandey et al. ISSN: 22312781 from aleuritic acid by protecting the 9, 10 (Aldrich, USA), sodium sulphate, chloroform hydroxyl groups with dimethoxy propane and methanol (S.D Fine Chemicals, India), (DMP) to make –COOH and 16th position – mesitylene (Aldrich, USA), decaline (Aldrich, OH group free for reaction to make linear USA), and diphenyl ether (Fluka, Germany). polyester38. These copolymers have pendent All solvents were dried by using standard hydroxyl groups for aggregation to form micro procedures for example toluene by distilling scale morphologies. Molecular self-assembly over metallic sodium. All liquids were of organic molecules has generated a wide transferred by syringe under dry argon variety of objects with nanoscale or atmosphere. micrometer-scale morphologies including micelles39,40, vesicles41,42, ribbons43, films44, EXPERIMENTAL fibers45, 46, and tubules47-48. Synthesis of methyl ester of aleuritic acid: Crude aleuritic acid was converted to methyl The copolymerization of L-lactic acid (L-LA ester by using tetraphenyltin (TPT) as a with protected aleuritic acid in presence of catalyst in dry methanol solution at reflux Lewis acid catalyst using temperature. The reaction mixture was dehyropolycondensation method. The refluxed for 9 h, during which reaction was resulted copolymers are pliable, soft, waxy or monitored using TLC (solvent system; even viscous liquid copolymers influenced by chloroform/ methanol 9/1). The ester was the aleuritic acid content. The purpose of this dried using rotavapour and further purified by study is to investigate the physical properties. column chromatography (chloroform/ methanol In addition, deprotected copolymers focus
Recommended publications
  • A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds
    polymers Review A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds M. Sai Bhargava Reddy 1 , Deepalekshmi Ponnamma 2 , Rajan Choudhary 3,4,5 and Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni 2,* 1 Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad 500085, India; [email protected] 2 Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; [email protected] 3 Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Riga Technical University, Pulka St 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; [email protected] 4 Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia 5 Center for Composite Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine integrate information and technology from various fields to restore/replace tissues and damaged organs for medical treatments. To achieve this, scaffolds act as delivery vectors or as cellular systems for drugs and cells; thereby, cellular material is able to colonize host cells sufficiently to meet up the requirements of regeneration and repair. This process is multi-stage and requires the development of various components to create the desired neo-tissue or organ. In several current TE strategies, biomaterials are essential compo- nents. While several polymers are established for their use as biomaterials, careful consideration of the cellular environment and interactions needed is required in selecting a polymer for a given Citation: Reddy, M.S.B.; Ponnamma, application.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodegradation of Polymers
    Indian Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4, April 2005, pp 186-193 Biodegradation of polymers Premraj R1 and Mukesh Doble2* 1Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India 2Departmemt of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600 036, India Received 9 January 2004; revised 14 May 2004; accepted 25 May 2004 Exhaustive studies on the degradation of plastics have been carried out in order to overcome the environmental problems associated with synthetic plastic waste. Recent work has included studies of the distribution of synthetic polymer-degrading microorganisms in the environment, the isolation of new microorganisms for biodegradation, the discovery of new degra- dation enzymes, and the cloning of genes for synthetic polymer-degrading enzymes. Under ambient conditions, polymers are known to undergo degradation, which results in the deterioration of polymer properties, characterized by change in its molecular weight and other physical properties. In this paper mainly the biodegradation of synthetic polymers such as polyethers, polyesters, polycaprolactones, polylactides, polylactic acid, polyurethane, PVA, nylon, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyacrylamide, polyamide, PTFE and ABS have been reviewed. Pseudomonas species degrade polyethers, polyesters, PVA, polyimides and PUR effectively. No microorganism has been found to degrade polyethylene without additives such as starch. None of the biodegradable techniques has become mature enough to become a technology yet. Keywords: biodegradation, polymer, biodegradable polymers IPC Code: Int. Cl.7 A01N63/04; C08C; C08F10/02, 12/08, 18/08, 114/26, 120/56; C08G18/00, 63/00, 64/00, 65/00, 69/00, 69/14, 73/10 Introduction Some types of plastics have been shown to be Approximately 140 million tonnes of synthetic biodegradable, and their degradation mechanisms polymers are produced worldwide every year.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Biodegradation and Biodegradable Polymers – a Review
    Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 19, No. 2 (2010), 255-266 Review Polymer Biodegradation and Biodegradable Polymers – a Review Katarzyna Leja*, Grażyna Lewandowicz Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland Received: 3 June 2009 Accepted: 2 November 2009 Abstract Synthetic polymers are important in many branches of industry, for example in the packaging industry. However, they have an undesirable influence on the environment and cause problems with waste deposition and utilization. Thus, there is a tendency to substitute such polymers with polymers that undergo biodegrad- able processes. Increasing interest in applying polymers based on natural materials such as starch has been observed. This review describes biodegradation processes of xenobiotics such as aromatic compounds, plastics (PVA, polyesters, polyethylene, and nylon), and polymer blends (Starch/Polyethylene, Starch/Polyester, and Starch/PVA). Moreover, this review includes information about biodegradable polymers such as mixtures of synthetic polymers and substances that are easy digestible by microorganisms (chemically modified starch, starch-polymer composites, thermoplastic starch, and biodegradable packing materials), synthetic materials with groups susceptible to hydrolytic microbial attack (polycaprolactone), and biopolyesters (poly-β-hydrox- yalkanoates). Production of this kind of material and introducing it to the market is important for the natural environmental. It may result in decreasing the volume of waste dumps. Keywords: biodegradation, biodegradable polymers, xenobiotics Introduction pollution of groundwater and surface water. Synthetic poly- mers are recognized as major solid waste environmental Developments in science and technology, especially pollutants. Another problem is disposal of agricultural plas- over the last two decades, have increased the amount of tic wastes.
    [Show full text]
  • Compostable Polymer Materials This Page Intentionally Left Blank Compostable Polymer Materials
    Compostable Polymer Materials This page intentionally left blank Compostable Polymer Materials Ewa Rudnik Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2008 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (ϩ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (ϩ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-045371-2 For information on all elsevier publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India www.charontec.com Printed and bound in Hungary 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface vii
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Biodegradability of Recombinant Structural Protein
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Environmental biodegradability of recombinant structural protein Yuya Tachibana1,2*, Sunita Darbe3, Senri Hayashi1, Alina Kudasheva3, Haruna Misawa1, Yuka Shibata1 & Ken‑ichi Kasuya1,2* Next generation polymers needs to be produced from renewable sources and to be converted into inorganic compounds in the natural environment at the end of life. Recombinant structural protein is a promising alternative to conventional engineering plastics due to its good thermal and mechanical properties, its production from biomass, and its potential for biodegradability. Herein, we measured the thermal and mechanical properties of the recombinant structural protein BP1 and evaluated its biodegradability. Because the thermal degradation occurs above 250 °C and the glass transition temperature is 185 °C, BP1 can be molded into sheets by a manual hot press at 150 °C and 83 MPa. The fexural strength and modulus of BP1 were 115 ± 6 MPa and 7.38 ± 0.03 GPa. These properties are superior to those of commercially available biodegradable polymers. The biodegradability of BP1 was carefully evaluated. BP1 was shown to be efciently hydrolyzed by some isolated bacterial strains in a dispersed state. Furthermore, it was readily hydrolyzed from the solid state by three isolated proteases. The mineralization was evaluated by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)‑ biodegradation testing with soil inocula. The BOD biodegradability of BP1 was 70.2 ± 6.0 after 33 days. Many commercially available polymers have some associated environmental problems1,2. Te increase in the production and subsequent disposal of synthetic polymers causes serious environmental pollution because these polymers do not degrade in the natural environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodegradable Polymers
    Chapter 6 Biodegradable Polymers Babak Ghanbarzadeh and Hadi Almasi Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56230 1. Introduction In developing countries, environmental pollution by synthetic polymers has assumed dangerous proportions. Petroleum-derived plastics are not readily biodegradable and because of their resistance to microbial degradation, they accumulate in the environment. In addition in recent times oil prices have increased markedly. These facts have helped to stimulate interest in biodegradable polymers. Biodegradable plastics and polymers were first introduced in 1980s. Polymers from renewable resources have attracted an increasing amount of attention over the last two decades, predominantly due to two major reasons: firstly environmental concerns, and secondly the realization that our petroleum resources are finite. There are many sources of biodegradable plastics, from synthetic to natural polymers. Natural polymers are available in large quantities from renewable sources, while synthetic polymers are produced from non-renewable petroleum resources. Biodegradation of polymeric biomaterials involves cleavage of hydrolytically or enzymatically sensitive bonds in the polymer leading to polymer erosion. A vast number of biodegradable polymers have been synthesized recently and some microorganisms and enzymes capable of degrading them have been identified. The objective of this chapter is to classification of biodegradable polymers. The chemical structure, sources, production and synthesis methods, physical properties (mechanical, barrier and thermal properties) and applications of most important biodegradable polymers would be discussed. 2. Classification and properties of biodegradable polymers The biodegradable polymers can be classified according to their chemical composition, origin and synthesis method, processing method, economic importance, application, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Functionalized Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
    Review Functionalized Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Xiaohua Liu, Jeremy M. Holzwarth, Peter X. Ma* Scaffolds (artificial ECMs) play a pivotal role in the process of regenerating tissues in 3D. Biodegradable synthetic polymers are the most widely used scaffolding materials. However, synthetic polymers usually lack the biological cues found in the natural extracellular matrix. Significant efforts have been made to synthesize biode- gradable polymers with functional groups that are used to couple bioactive agents. Presenting bioactive agents on scaffolding surfaces is the most efficient way to elicit desired cell/material interactions. This paper reviews recent advancements in the development of functionalized biodegradable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering, emphasizing the syntheses of functional biodegradable polymers, and surface modification of polymeric scaffolds. 1. Introduction scaffold serves as a template for tissue regeneration and plays a pivotal role in cell adhesion, proliferation, As a multi-disciplinary field, tissue engineering integrates differentiation, and new tissue formation in three dimen- materials science with regenerative medicine by applying sions (3D). Ideally, a scaffold should be designed to possess the principles of engineering and biology to clinical the following characteristics: (i) a biocompatible and issues.[1] A typical tissue engineering strategy can be biodegradable substrate with controllable degradation separated into three components: a scaffold [an artificial rates;
    [Show full text]
  • Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites Applied to Technical Textiles: a Review
    DYNA ISSN: 0012-7353 ISSN: 2346-2183 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites applied to technical textiles: a review Caicedo, Carolina; Melo-López, Leticia; Cabello-Alvarado, Christian; Cruz-Delgado, Víctor J.; Ávila-Orta, Carlos A. Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites applied to technical textiles: a review DYNA, vol. 86, no. 211, 2019 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49663345033 DOI: 10.15446/dyna.v86n211.80230 PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Artículos Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites applied to technical textiles: a review Nanocompuestos poliméricos biodegradables aplicados a textiles técnicos: una revisión Carolina Caicedo a [email protected] Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia Leticia Melo-López b [email protected] CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Mexico Christian Cabello-Alvarado b [email protected] CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Mexico Víctor J. Cruz-Delgado c [email protected] CONACYT-Unidad de Materiales, Mexico Carlos A. Ávila-Orta b [email protected] CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Mexico DYNA, vol. 86, no. 211, 2019 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Received: 08 June 2019 Revised document received: 24 October Abstract: Based on the results of research papers reflected in the scientific literature, 2019 the main examples, methods and perspectives for the development of technical textiles Accepted: 15 November 2019 are considered. e focus of this work is to concentrate the results obtained for different DOI: 10.15446/dyna.v86n211.80230 textile applications (technical textiles) through the use of biodegradable polymers modified and improved with nanoparticles.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II
    materials Article Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II Janusz W. Sikora 1,*, Łukasz Majewski 1 and Andrzej Puszka 2 1 Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, ul. Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-8153-84-222 Abstract: Four different plastics were tested: potato starch based plastic (TPS-P)–BIOPLAST GF 106/02; corn starch based plastic (TPS-C)–BioComp BF 01HP; polylactic acid (polylactide) plastic (PLA)—BioComp BF 7210 and low density polyethylene, trade name Malen E FABS 23-D022; as a petrochemical reference sample. Using the blown film extrusion method and various screw rotational speeds, films were obtained and tested, as a result of which the following were determined: breaking stress, strain at break, static and dynamic friction coefficient of film in longitudinal and transverse direction, puncture resistance and strain at break, color, brightness and gloss of film, surface roughness, barrier properties and microstructure. The biodegradable plastics tested are characterized by comparable or even better mechanical strength than petrochemical polyethylene for the range of film blowing processing parameters used here. The effect of the screw rotational speed on the mechanical characteristics of the films obtained was also demonstrated. With the increase in the screw rotational speed, the decrease of barrier properties was also observed. No correlation between roughness and permeability of gases and water vapor was shown.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents PAGE POC 2012 Organizing, Scientific 6 and International Advisory Committees Message from the Conference Chair 7 Message from our Premier Sponsor 9 Welcome to Qatar 11 Discover Qatar! 12 Our Proud Sponsors 14 Our Keynote Lecturer: Dr. Robert H Grubbs 19 POC 2012 Session Chairs 20 Schedule of Events 24 Oral Presentation 32 Poster Presentations 114 Index 197 POLYOLEFINS (32-41) Olefin polymerization with metallocene and “post metallocene” derivatives of zirconium. J. Bercaw Single site catalysis for olefin polymerisation, polyolefin depolymerisation and related reactions. J. Basset Approaching olefin polymerization from first principle. T. Ziegler Stereoselective (co)polymerizations of styrene with single-site mono-component and binary lanthanidocene catalysts. J. Carpentier Influence of combination of fillers and fibers on the morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of recycled polymers. M. Al-Maadeed New polymers by metallocene catalysed ofefin polymerization. W. Kaminsky The activation of soluble olefin polymerization catalysts. M. Bochmann Comprehensive approach from active sites to particle for the next generation Ziegler-Natta catalysts. M. Terano Single site catalyst molecular design and multicomponenet catalyst engineering for production of non-commodity polyolefins; case study. A. Razavi ORTHOGONAL CHEMISTRY: ORGANIC AND POLYMER SYNTHESIS (43-52) Efficient and catalyst free polymer functionalization and coupling. R. K. O’Reilly Functionalized polymers for functional materials. R. B. Grubbs Synthesis of new functionalized polythiophenes for organic biosensors. C. Suspène Metal-catalyzed multicomponent polymerization – a new method for the construction of conjugated materials. D. C. Leitch Phase transfer activation of Grubbs’ ROMP catalyst systems. R. Tuba Macromolecular material design via modular synthetic strategies. C. Barner -Kowollik Starch-derived 1,4-3,6:dianhydrohexitol stereoisomers: Versatile platform for the design of original polymers using robust, efficient and orthogonal chemistries.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Homochirality of Dipeptide to Polymers' Degradation
    polymers Article Effect of Homochirality of Dipeptide to Polymers’ Degradation Xinqiang Xu 1,2, Fuyan He 1,2, Wenke Yang 1,2 and Jinshui Yao 1,2,* 1 School of Materials Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; [email protected] (X.X.); [email protected] (F.H.); [email protected] (W.Y.) 2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Processing & Testing Technology of Glass and Functional Ceramics, Jinan 250353, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 18 September 2020; Published: 22 September 2020 Abstract: As natural polymer materials, proteins are readily biodegradable, interestingly, the synthetic polyamides (PAs) that are based on the same amide bonds (also called peptide bonds in proteins) are barely degradable. Whether did the chirality and configuration of the amino acids play an important role. By using different configuration of amino acids, 4 types of polyamide-imides (PAIs) containing dipeptides of LL, DL, LD, and DD configurations, respectively, were synthesized. It was found that the PAIs based on natural LL configuration of dipeptide structure are much more readily biodegradable than those based on non-natural LD, DL, and DD configuration of dipeptides. It was confirmed that the natural L-configuration of amino acids play a critical role in degradability of proteins. And it also suggested that different type and amount of peptide fragments can be introduced in polymer to create series of polymer materials that can be biodegraded at controllable speed. Keywords: chiral amino acids; dipeptide; polyamide-imides; biodegradability 1. Introduction With the growing problem of white pollution, degradable polymer materials are attracting more and more attention because polymer materials that can be degraded at controllable speed could be used in every kind of fields [1–6].
    [Show full text]
  • Degradable Materials with Biological Recognition
    Lecture 3: Degradable Materials with Biological Recognition Last time: Theory of hydrolytic polymer erosion Enzymatic degradation of polymers Designing Biodegradable Macromolecules Today: Biological recognition in vivo Engineering biological recognition of biomaterials: cell adhesion/migration Reading: S.E. Sakiyama-Elbert and J.A. Hubbell, ‘Functional Biomaterials: Design of Novel biomaterials,’ Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 31, 183-201 (2001) J.C. Schense et al., ‘Enzymatic incorporation of bioactive peptides into fibrin matrices enhances neurite extension,’ Nat. Biotech. 18, 415-419 (2000) Supplementary Reading: ‘The Extracellular Matrix,’ pp. 1124-1150, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Lodish et al. Biological Recognition in vivo Interactions of cells with their environment at the molecular level ECM = extracellular matrix Motivation: • Cell interactions with simple synthetic materials are governed by nonspecific interactions: o e.g. surface energies; hydrophobic interactions, charge-charge interactions o DRAW OXIDE SURFACE, POLYMER SURFACE • …but this is not how cells interact with ECM • Cells use receptor-receptor/receptor-ligand interactions to guide their functions, including: o Adhesion, migration o Growth o Differentiation Secretion of molecules Binding of molecules Specialized functions Functions of ECM: • Mechanical Support • cues for cell survival/function o anchorage-dependent cell growth o differentiation cues • organization of tissue o control of tissue morphology, localization of cell types Lecture 3 – Biological Recognition 1
    [Show full text]