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Influence of Watershed Activities on the Water Quality and Fish Assemblages of a Tropical African Reservoir

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Influence of Watershed Activities on the Water Quality and Fish Assemblages of a Tropical African Reservoir Influence of watershed activities on the water quality and fish assemblages of a tropical African reservoir Moshood K. Mustapha Dept. of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; [email protected] Received 09-VI-2008. Corrected 22-II-2009. Accepted 25-III-2009. Abstract: Agricultural and fisheries activities around the watershed of an African tropical reservoir (Oyun res- ervoir, Offa, Nigeria) were found to contribute significantly to water quality deterioration of the dam axis of the reservoir, leading to eutrophication of that part of the reservoir. This is evident from the high amount of nitrate (6.4 mg/l), phosphate (2.2 mg/l) and sulphate (16.9 mg/l) in the water body which was higher than most other reservoirs in Nigeria. These nutrients originate in fertilizer run-offs from nearby farmlands and were found in higher concentrations in the rainy season which is usually the peak of agricultural activities in the locality. The eutrophication was more pronounced on the dam axis because it is the point of greatest human contact where pressure and run-off of sediments were high. The eutrophication altered the food web cycle which consequently affected the fish species composition and abundance with the dominance of cichlids (planktivorous group) and decline of some species in the fish population. Best management practices (BMP) to control and reduce the eutrophication and improve water quality and fish assemblages should be adopted and adapted to suit the situa- tion in the reservoir. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 707-719. Epub 2009 September 30. Key words: Reservoir, water quality, fish assemblages, watershed, management. Africa tropical reservoirs are often con- Various activities such as farming, fishing, structed for a single purpose like provision of forestry, construction, mining, urban develop- domestic and industrial water supply, irriga- ment and land pollution occurring in or near tion, hydroelectric power generation or fish the watershed of a reservoir could bring about production. With time, other functions like water quality problems and disruption in fish flood control, navigation, recreation and tour- species composition. These activities could also ism are superimposed on them, making them affect habitat structure, flow regime, food web assume multipurpose roles. The ability of the and biotic interactions in the reservoir (Karr reservoir to deliver its function(s) effectively 1991). The effects these activities produce depends largely on its watershed activities. on water quality and fish assemblages may A watershed is the land from which rain and vary with season, intensity of the activity and surface water drain into the reservoir. Reservoir magnitude of discharge of the nutrients or sedi- characteristics are a reflection of its watershed ments into the reservoir. The human activities (Holdren et al. 2001). The watershed land occurring on the watershed of Oyun reservoir cover is a major determinant of water qual- include various agricultural practices such as ity and fish community composition (Miranda farming with the use of fertilizers and cassava 2008). Therefore any alterations in the water- fermentation. Fishing activities like fish land- shed could consequently affect the water qual- ing, scaling, marketing, fishing net and canoe ity and fish assemblages. repairs are the other human activities around Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (3): 707-719, September 2009 707 the watershed of the reservoir. Municipal uses The goal of this paper is to look at various of the reservoir for washing and bathing with human activities occurring on the watershed of phosphate-based detergents and soaps as well Oyun reservoir (a tropical African reservoir) as washing of cow dung left by nomadic cattle and their effects on the water quality and fish are some of the other activities occurring in the species composition and abundance of the watershed of the reservoir. reservoir. This is with a view to managing the Effective reservoir management and sus- reservoir effectively and for sustainable exploi- tainable fish production will depend on effec- tation of its fishes. tive watershed use and management. A number of watershed management practices known as MATERIALS AND METHODS Best Management Practices (BMP) have been developed and used over the years in many Study Site Description: Oyun reservoir developed countries to protect and sustain both (Fig. 1) is located in Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria, land use and the bodies of water that receive (8º30’05’’ N, 8º15’55’’ E). It is a dam reservoir run off from the watershed. These practices on Oyun River, created in 1964, (expanded however are non-existent or totally ignored in 1983, and 1995 with further expansions in the management of many tropical African proposed) by damming the Oyun River. The reservoirs thereby leading to the deteriorating reservoir was created to supply potable water water quality and inadequate fish assemblages for domestic and industrial uses to an estimated with the absence of local species, dominance of population of about 300 000 people. Subsistence one species over another, as well as decline in and commercial fishing activities is also car- commercial species in many of the reservoirs. ried out on the reservoir. The reservoir has a The relationships between watershed inputs maximum length of 128 m, maximum width of and fish assemblages in many tropical African 50m and maximum depth of 8.0 m, mean depth reservoirs are yet to be documented. of 2.6m. The surface area is 6.9 x 105m2 while Dam Reservoir r Legend Tributary Built up Areas Ijagbo-Oa Minor Roads Rivers Reservoir Sample Stn 1 Sample Stn 2 Sample Stn 3 Direction of River Oyun River Flow Scale 1:70 000 Tributary Fig. 1. Map of Oyun Reservoir Showing the Sampling Stations. 708 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (3): 707-719, September 2009 the water volume is 3.50 x 106m3. The net stor- Fish composition and abundance: Fish age capacity is 2.9 x 106m3. The water retention species composition and abundance were esti- time is between 3 – 4 months in the rainy season mated through monthly collection of fish sam- (April – October), while the water residence ples between January, 2002 and December, time in the dry season (November- March) is 2003 from the three stations. Gill nets, cast few days due to high evaporation. nets and lift nets of various mesh sizes rang- ing between 5.08cm and 17.78cm were used to Sampling and Sampling Stations: sample the fishes from all the stations. A vari- Duplicate surface water samples were collected ety of mesh sizes was used to reduce species from 10 cm depth monthly from three sta- and size selectivity characteristics of gill nets tions for two years between January, 2002 and (van der Mheen 1995). The fishes were identi- December 2003 into 50ml plastic water bottles fied using keys compiled by Holdeen & Reed that have been acid-washed prior to water (1972) and Reed et al. (1967), sorted into spe- analyses. Station 1 was at the dam axis where cies and families, and each fish was weighed to a lot of human activities such as washing, the nearest 0.1g using the mettler balance. bathing, fish landing and cassava fermentation take place. It is the highest point of human and Statistical analyses: General linear models animal contact with the reservoir. Station 2 was (GLM) procedure of statistical analysis system at the mid-section of the reservoir which rep- 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, 2003) was used to analyze resented the area of lentic water while station the results. Raw data (physico-chemical and 3 was at the head water of the reservoir which fish) were log transformed Log10(X+1) for nor- represented the lotic section of the reservoir. mality parametric statistical test requirements. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at Physico-chemical factors: Surface water P<0.05 were used to compare the averages and temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and test for significant differences in means of the total dissolved solids were measured in situ parameters in the stations, seasons and years. using Hanna portable pH/EC/TDS/Temperature Two-way (ANOVA) was also applied to fish combined water proof tester model HI 98129. species seasonal catch per unit effort (CPUE) The following factors selected as water quality and weight abundance data to determine if parameters were measured using the methods there were significant differences between the described for each factor as follows. seasons. The Proc GLM of SAS 9.1.3 was used Transparency was determined by extinc- in ascertaining if monthly abundance of all fish tion method using the secchi disc by measuring families exhibited any seasonal relationship. the mean of the depths at which the secchi disc Prior to these analyses, the fish data was log disappears and at which it reappears, dissolved transformed for normality. oxygen was determined by Azide modifica- tion of the Winkler method, chemical oxygen RESULTS demand was measured using the dichromate reaction method (Hach 2003), carbon diox- Physico-chemical factors: The mean ide and alkalinity were determined by titra- monthly variation in the surface water temper- tion (APHA 1995). Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N), ature of the three stations is presented in Fig. 2- phosphate (PO4-P) and sulphate (SO4 ) were 2. The temperature ranged between the lowest measured according to APHA (1995) stan- value of 23.10C ± 0.5 obtained from Station 2 in dard procedures using Hach spectrophotometer September and highest of 29.60C ±0.1 obtained model DR-EL/2. All the chemical analyses were from station 3 in March, 2003. Dry season done at the water quality laboratory of Kwara temperature was significantly higher than the State Utility Board, Ilorin, Nigeria, immedi- wet season (F11, 60 = 4.62, p = 0.0001).
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