International Maritime Security Law
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International Maritime Security Law International Maritime Security Law By James Kraska and Raul Pedrozo LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kraska, James. International maritime security law / by James Kraska and Raul Pedrozo. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-23356-0 (hardback : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-90-04-23357-7 (e-book) 1. Freedom of the seas. 2. Law of the sea. 3. Security, International. 4. Maritime terrorism— Prevention—Law and legislation. 5. Merchant marine—Security measures. I. Pedrozo, Raul A. II. Title. KZA1348.K73 2013 341.4’5—dc23 2012049101 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISBN 978-90-04-23356-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-23357-7 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xxiii List of Annexes and Appendices ................................................................................ xxv Chapter One Introduction to Maritime Security Law ..................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 What is “Maritime Security Law”? ............................................................. 5 1.2.1 The Protean Nature of Maritime Security Law ........................ 7 1.2.2 The Influence of Law on Sea Power ............................................ 11 1.2.3 Influence of Law on Maritime Security ..................................... 12 1.3 Building a Public Order of the Oceans ..................................................... 15 1.3.1 From Westphalia to Montego Bay ............................................... 16 1.3.2 Building a Global Maritime Partnership .................................... 19 1.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Two American Maritime Security Policy and Strategy ................... 25 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 25 2.2 U.S. Maritime Security Policy ...................................................................... 27 2.3 National Strategy for Maritime Security .................................................. 30 2.4 National Strategy for Global Supply Chain Security ............................ 33 2.5 U.S. Maritime Strategy for Homeland Security ...................................... 35 2.6 Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power ................................. 36 2.6.1 Naval Operations Concept ............................................................. 38 2.6.2 Expeditionary Sea Power ................................................................ 40 2.6.3 Pivot to Asia and the Air-Sea Battle Concept .......................... 42 Chapter Three European Maritime Strategy and Policy ................................. 47 3.1 North Atlantic Treaty Organization .......................................................... 47 3.1.1 NATO Alliance Maritime Strategy ............................................... 49 3.1.1.1 Collective Defense .............................................................. 50 vi contents 3.1.1.2 Crisis Management ......................................................... 50 3.1.1.3 Cooperative Security ...................................................... 51 3.1.1.4 Maritime Security Operations ..................................... 52 a. Nato Maritime Organization .................................. 53 b. Operation Active Endeavor .................................... 54 c. Ocean Shield: Counter-piracy ................................. 55 3.1.1.5 Promotion of International Law ................................. 57 3.2 European Union .............................................................................................. 58 3.2.1 Blue Book—Integrated Maritime Policy .................................... 62 3.2.1.1 Maritime Surveillance .................................................... 62 3.2.1.2 Naval Capabilities ............................................................ 64 3.2.1.3 Anti-piracy Operations .................................................. 64 3.2.1.4 A Security Strategy for the Global Maritime Domain ............................................................................... 66 3.3 Chiefs of European Navies Maritime Operational Concept .............. 66 3.4 U.K. Future Maritime Operational Concept ........................................... 70 Chapter Four Peacetime Zones and Control Measures .................................. 75 4.1 Temporary Suspension of Innocent Passage .......................................... 75 4.2 Offshore Installation Safety Zones ............................................................. 76 4.2.1 IMO Safety Zones .............................................................................. 78 4.2.2 U.S. Safety Zones ............................................................................... 82 4.2.3 U.K. Safety Zones ............................................................................... 84 4.3 World-Wide Navigational Warning Service ............................................ 85 4.3.1 U.S. Navigational Warnings ............................................................ 88 4.3.1.1 HYDROPAC: Strait of Hormuz—Iranian Naval Exercises ............................................................................. 88 4.3.1.2 HYDROLANT: Mediterranean Sea—Hazardous Operations ......................................................................... 89 4.3.1.3 Special Warning: Cuba ................................................... 90 4.3.1.4 Special Warning: Papua New Guinea—Political Unrest .................................................................................. 90 4.3.1.5 Special Warning: Morocco—Aggressive Maritime Enforcement ...................................................................... 91 4.3.1.6 Special Warning: Persian Gulf—UN Security Council Enforcement Action ....................................... 91 4.3.1.7 Special Warning: Sri Lanka—Combating Terrorist Threats ................................................................................ 92 4.3.1.8 Special Warning: Yemen—Threats to U.S. Citizens 93 4.3.1.9 Special Warning: Iran—Danger to Shipping .......... 93 4.3.1.10 Special Warning: Sierra Leone—Dangerous Port ... 94 4.3.1.11 Special Warning: United States—Worldwide Defensive Measures ........................................................ 94 contents vii 4.3.1.12 Special Warning: Persian Gulf—Military Operations .......................................................................... 95 4.3.1.13 Special Warning: East Africa—Terrorist Threat .... 96 4.3.1.14 Special Warning: Yemen—Terrorist Threat ............ 96 4.3.1.15 Special Warning: Somalia—Piracy ............................ 97 4.3.2 U.S. Maritime Administration Advisories .................................. 97 4.3.2.1 Reporting Terrorist Incidents ...................................... 98 4.3.2.2 Regional Terrorist and Piracy Threat ........................ 98 4.3.2.3 Vessels Transiting High Risk Waters (HRW)— Maritime Piracy ................................................................ 99 4.3.2.4 Japan Tsunami Radiological Threat and Debris Field ..................................................................................... 102 4.4 Aeronautical Information Services ............................................................ 103 4.4.1 ICAO Aeronautical Information Service .................................... 103 4.4.2 U.S. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) .................................................. 105 Chapter Five Marine Environmental Protection and Control Measures ... 113 5.1 The Marine Environment ............................................................................. 113 5.1.1 Evolution of Marine Environmental Law .................................. 113 5.1.2 Framework Agreements to Protect the Marine Environment ....................................................................................... 116 5.2 Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas ................................................................. 117 5.2.1 Western Europe PSSA and the 2005 Guidelines ..................... 121 5.2.2 Malpelo Island PSSA (Colombia)—Regulation without Protection ............................................................................................ 126 5.2.3 Baltic Sea Area PSSA—Regulation without Concurrence .... 130 5.2.4 Papahānaumokuākea