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PANAMA Important Bird Areas of the Neotropics: Panama

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PANAMA Important Bird Areas of the Neotropics: Panama NeoBird2-070713.qxp 7/13/2007 2:02 PM Page 12 >> FEATURE IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS OF PANAMA Important Bird Areas of the Neotropics: Panama Selenidera (Karl W. Kaufman) Male Yellow-eared Toucanet spectabilis Darién Montañez and George R. Angehr In the first of a series on the Important Bird Areas of the Neotropics, ornithologists from the Panama Audubon Society introduce us to the Important Bird Area concept, then explain how they were among the first in the Neotropics to use it to identify Panama’s most important sites for birds and bird conservation. 12 Neotropical Birding 2007 NeoBird2-070713.qxp 7/13/2007 2:02 PM Page 13 The Important Bird Area started in 1993. BirdLife initiated the Americas Programme in 1995. To date, 21 countries in the Programme: the concept Neotropical realm are implementing IBA irdLife International’s Important Bird Area programmes, on a national or regional level, (IBA) Programme aims to promote the long- and these have, to date, identified more than Bterm survival of the birds of the world by 2,000 sites. establishing a global network of sites which, taken together, will preserve the habitat needed. An IBA The Republic of Panama is defined as a priority site for the conservation of globally threatened, range restricted and/or The Republic of Panama is a small country congregatory birds. IBAs are chosen using situated on the southern end of the Central standardised, clearly-defined and scientifically- American Isthmus. Its surface area is 2 based criteria, and are intended to be practical approximately 76,000 km —about the size of the tools for developing conservation strategies. Czech Republic or the U.S. state of South Because many endemic plants and animals may Carolina. Its small population (about three million also be found in IBAs, their protection will also inhabitants) is mostly concentrated around the help promote the conservation of biodiversity on a major urban centres, so 38% of the country 6 global level. maintains some type of forest cover . These range IBAs are often located within Endemic Bird from the small patches of deciduous dry forests of Areas (EBAs), which are global centres of bird the Pacific Slope through the virgin, greener and endemism: areas that encompass the overlapping rainier Caribbean, to the cooler, mistier and lusher breeding ranges of two or more restricted-range cloud forests of the foothills and highlands. bird species (birds with total world ranges of less Panama, as a meeting point for the faunas of than 50,000 km2). BirdLife has identified 218 EBAs North and South America, has an extraordinary worldwide, most of them located in the tropics wealth of birds for a country of its size, with 972 2 and subtropics5. species recorded . Panama contains portions of The Important Bird Area Programme was five EBAs (Central American Caribbean Slope, initiated in Europe in the early 1980s; 1991 saw Costa Rica and Panama Highlands, South Central the launching of the Middle Eastern IBA American Pacific Slope, Darién Lowlands, and Programme, and the African Programme was Darién Highlands); these hold a total of 103 Figure 1. Panama’s Important Bird Areas. Areas mentioned in the text are highlighted in yellow. For other areas, green = Globally important, protected; pink = Globally important, unprotected; light pink = Nationally important, unprotected; grey = Potential IBA. Sites are referred to in the text. Neotropical Birding 2007 13 NeoBird2-070713.qxp 7/13/2007 2:02 PM Page 14 >> FEATURE IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS OF PANAMA restricted-range bird species, the ninth-highest international conservation and scientific total of any country in the world. A total of 12 organizations attended, and nominated 83 sites as restricted-range species occur in Panama alone, potential IBAs. including the Escudo Hummingbird Amazilia The early stages of the programme also handleyi, which has one of the smallest ranges of included the establishment of a computer database any species. on the distribution of birds in Panama, which is Panama has 63 protected areas of various still in use today. The database incorporates denominations including 12 National Parks and records from scientific publications historical and nine Forest Reserves; together, these cover almost present, PAS fieldtrips, Christmas bird counts and a third of the national territory3. Still, other reports submitted to the PAS records deforestation rates are depressingly high, and over committee, as well as surveys carried out by PAS 44,000 ha of forest are lost each year4. as part of the IBA programme. These surveys, 23 in total, included expeditions to several areas that had not previously been visited by ornithologists, The Panama Important Bird such as Cerro Chucantí in the Serranía de Majé Area Programme and the Serranía de Jungurudó, both in Darién Province. The Panama Audubon Society (PAS), BirdLife This work documented additional sites for Partner in Panama, was established in 1968 with several endemic species of the Darién Highlands. the goals of promoting the appreciation and Surveys in western Chiriquí obtained the first preservation of Panama’s birds and their habitats. records of the globally Endangered Yellow-billed By the early 1990s, PAS had evolved from a small Cotinga Carpodectes antoniae in Panama in 15 club for birdwatchers into a budding years, discovering the only known significant conservationist association, and was ready to take population in the mangroves near David. Surveys on bigger, better projects. In late 1995, PAS of the remnant forest fragments in the western secured financial support from Fundación Natura, Pacific lowlands documented the remaining a Panamanian conservation funding agency, to Panama distributions of such nationally initiate an IBA programme for Panama, thus threatened endemics as Baird’s Trogon Trogon becoming one of the first countries in the bairdii and Golden-naped Woodpecker Neotropics to do so. The objective of the project Melanerpes chrysauchen. Another component of was to identify the most significant areas for bird the Panama IBA programme was a series of six conservation in the country, and, in particular, to training courses in bird identification for park determine the unprotected areas that were of the rangers and other natural resource professionals, highest priority for protection or management. held in 1997 at National Parks and other protected The Panama Important Bird Area Programme areas throughout the country. The 71 participants kicked off with a national workshop, held in then contributed bird lists and reports to the ever- Panama City in February 1996, to present and growing database. discuss BirdLife’s international IBA programme, The second national IBA workshop was held identify available sources of information, and in Panama City in April 1998, with 53 discuss criteria for IBAs at the national level. representatives from 20 organisations. Participants Thirty-one representatives from 11 national and reviewed the results of the programme and provided additional information on 91 proposed IBAs. That same year PAS published a report listing the preliminary results of the programme ~ and, in 2003, published the final Directory of “As a meeting point for the Important Bird Areas in Panama1, with the faunas of North and South financial support of Vogelbescherming, BirdLife Partner in the Netherlands. America, Panama has an The directory identifies 88 sites as IBAs, with five additional sites included as potential IBAs. extraordinary wealth of Each IBA has its own detailed account that birds for its size includes a description of site geographical data ” (surface, elevation, etc.), information on threatened or endemic birds and other fauna ~ present, conservation status and threats. Also 14 Neotropical Birding 2007 NeoBird2-070713.qxp 7/13/2007 2:02 PM Page 15 included is a list of 216 bird species of national limited distributions—Glow-throated concern (those that are globally and/or nationally Hummingbird Selasphorus ardens and Yellow- threatened, endemic, or restricted to a biome), green Finch Pselliophorus luteoviridis—and 20 background information on the IBA programme other bird species of national concern. This region and detailed explanations of the criteria used to is also a centre of subspecific endemism: 12 evaluate the sites. subspecies are apparently restricted to it, five of which are known from the Cerro Santiago IBA. About 20 km offshore on the Caribbean Sea is IBAs in Panama Escudo de Veraguas Island (site 3), whose 400 ha Criteria for IBAs at the global level (as developed surface is mostly covered with forest. It is home to by BirdLife International) include the presence of: the endemic Escudo Hummingbird and a number globally threatened species; restricted-range of endemic mammals and amphibians. Also species; biome-restricted assemblages; and forested, for the most part, is the 50,000-hectare congregatory species in globally important Coiba National Park (site 4), the largest island on concentrations. Criteria for IBAs at the national the Pacific coast of Central America. Coiba Island level for Panama (as established during national holds Panama’s only significant population of the IBA workshops) include the presence of: nationally endangered Scarlet Macaw Ara macao, nationally threatened species and subspecies; is the only site for the globally Near Threatened congregatory species in nationally important endemic Coiba Spinetail Cranioleuca dissita and is concentrations; and rare, threatened, or unique one of the very few sites for the globally habitats with characteristic bird communities. Of Vulnerable Brown-backed Dove Leptotila battyi. Panama’s 88 IBAs, 49 are of global importance, Nineteen of its approximately 100 species of while 39 are of national importance only. Twenty- landbirds are represented by endemic subspecies, seven IBAs are formally protected at the national and genetic analyses could reveal some to be level in their entirety, while four others are distinct at the species level. Also on the Pacific is protected in part. Of the globally important sites, Cerro Hoya National Park (site 5), on the 26 are protected at the national level, in whole or southwestern tip of the Azuero Peninsula.
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