Multimodalność Transportu Publicznego W Filadelfii

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Multimodalność Transportu Publicznego W Filadelfii Multimodalność transportu publicznego w Filadelfi i Filadelfi a położona jest na północno-wschodnim wybrzeżu USA, w stanie Pensylwania, u ujścia rzeki Delaware do Oceanu Atlantyckiego. Za transport publiczny w tym ponad 1,5-milionowym mieście i jego okolicach odpowiada zasadniczo spółka o nazwie Southeast Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), utrzymująca rozległy system, obejmujący autobusy, trolejbusy, tramwaje, lekką kolej miejską, metro i kolej podmiejską. Jest to jedno z zaledwie dwóch przedsiębiorstw komunikacyjnych w Stanach Zjednoczonych, które oferuje tak szeroki wachlarz usług (drugim jest spółka bostońska). Przyjrzyjmy się mu zatem bliżej. Tekst i zdjęcia PIOTR T. NOWAKOWSKI utworzeniu SEPTA zadecydowały wła- cza4. Blisko dwie trzecie pasażerów to kobiety (zo- dze stanowe w dniu 18 lutego 1964 roku bacz zestawienie 5). w celu zapewnienia usług transportowych SEPTA pokrywa obszar 3544 kilometrów kwadra- O 5 hrabstwu Filadelfi a, sąsiadującym z nim towych, zamieszkały przez 4 miliony osób . Na mul- hrabstwom Bucks, Montgomery i Delaware, jak też timodalny system transportu publicznego w Filadel- położonemu tuż za dwoma ostatnimi – hrabstwu fi i składają się 144 stałe trasy, mające długość 2993 Chester1. Dzisiaj przedsiębiorstwo należy do najwięk- kilometry. Mieści się w tym 117 linii autobusowych szych pracodawców w regionie, zatrudniając przeszło o łącznej długości tras 2326 kilometrów, obsługiwa- 9 tysięcy pracowników2, wśród których dominują nych przez fl otę 1390 pojazdów; 3 linie trolejbuso- mężczyźni (zobacz zestawienie 1) i Afroamerykanie we – 24 kilometry i 38 pojazdów; 8 linii tramwajo- (zobacz zestawienie 2). Chronologię rozrostu spółki wych i lekkiej kolei miejskiej – 109 kilometrów i 158 przedstawia zestawienie 3. pojazdów; 13 linii kolei podmiejskiej – 451 kilo- Z komunikacji nadzorowanej przez SEPTA ko- metrów, docierających na północ do Trenton (stan rzystają codziennie setki tysięcy pasażerów3. Ostat- New Jersey) i na południe do Newark (stan Dela- ni spis ludności wskazuje, że 35,7 procenta fi ladel- ware), a wykorzystujących 412 wagonów i 153 sta- fi jskich gospodarstw domowych nie ma własnego cje. Dodajmy do tego metro: Market-Frankford Line pojazdu, a 70 procent osób zatrudnionych w cen- o długości 21 kilometrów i potencjale 218 wago- trum miasta dociera do pracy transportem publicz- nów, Broad Street Line – 16 kilometrów i 123 wago- analizy i opinie nym. Na koniec roku podatkowego 2015 obciąże- ny, wreszcie Norristown High Speed Line – 22 kilo- nie połączeń obsługiwanych przez SEPTA wyniosło metry i 26 wagonów6. ogółem 330,1 miliona osób (zobacz zestawienie 4), 36 co daje piąty wynik w ciągu ostatniego ćwierćwie- Autobusy SEPTA obsługuje 117 linii autobusowych i bli- 7 ZESTAWIENIE 1. PŁEĆ PERSONELU SEPTA30 sko 15 tysięcy przystanków w całej południowo- wschodniej Pensylwanii. Część autobusów kursu- /2015-2016 Płeć Kobiety Mężczyźni je 24 godziny na dobę (usługa Night Owl), choć Ogółem 19% 81% większość zjeżdża z trasy przed nocą. Wyróżniamy tu trzy sektory: miejski (City Division) – ogranicza- ZESTAWIENIE 2. RASA PERSONELU SEPTA31 Rasa Murzyni biali Latynosi Azjaci Ogółem 56,61% 39,12% 2,84% 1,43% komunikacja publiczna nr 4 komunikacja jący się do Filadelfi i, sektor zwycięstwa (Victory Di- Na multimodalny system transportu publicznego vision), zwany też Red Arrow Division, który obej- w Filadelfi i składają się 144 stałe trasy, mające muje hrabstwa Chester, Delaware i Montgomery, długość 2993 kilometrów. Mieści się w tym 117 linii autobusowych o łącznej długości tras 2326 kilome- oraz sektor przygraniczny (Frontier Division) – za- trów, obsługiwanych przez fl otę 1390 pojazdów warty w hrabstwach Montgomery i Bucks. Pierwszy z nich obsługują autobusy oznaczone przeważnie li- Po lewej terami (na przykład linia K z Ridge-Midvale do Ar- SEPTA obsługuje 117 linii autobusowych i blisko 15 ty- sięcy przystanków w całej południowo-wschodniej Pen- rott Transportation Center) albo liczbami jedno- bądź sylwanii. Część autobusów kursuje 24 godziny na dobę dwucyfrowymi (na przykład linia 2 z 20th-Johnston do Pulaski-Hunting Park), drugi i trzeci zaś – au- tobusy oznaczone „dziewięćdziesiątkami” (na przy- z pociągami podmiejskimi, obsługiwanymi przez kład linia 92 z Exton do King of Prussia) i „setkami” SEPTA (na przykład linia 205 z Chesterbrook (na przykład linia 118 z Newtown Square do Che- do Paoli Station), „trzysetki” oznaczają wyspe- ster Transportation Center)8. cjalizowane usługi lub trasy zlecone innym pod- Pozostałe linie autobusowe wykraczają poza miotom, a „czterysetki” to autobusy czarterowane sektorowy podział: „dwusetki” stanowią łącznik przez inne podmioty, włącznie ze School District of Philadelphia9. ZESTAWIENIE 3. analizy i opinie CHRONOLOGIA ROZROSTU SEPTA32 ZESTAWIENIE 4. LICZBA PASAŻERÓW KORZYSTAJĄCYCH Z KOMUNIKACJI Z biegiem lat SEPTA wchodziła w posiadanie OBSŁUGIWANEJ PRZEZ SEPTA33 37 następujących fi rm: 1968 → Philadelphia Transportation Company (PTC) Średnie obciążenie w dniu roboczym ‚ 628 tysięcy – transport miejski 1969 → Philadelphia Suburban Transportation 58 tysięcy – transport aglomeracyjny /2015-2016 ‚ Company (inaczej Red Arrow) 130 tysięcy – kolej podmiejska 1976 → Schuykill Valley Lines (Frontier) Średnie roczne obciążenie ‚ 270,7 miliona – transport miejski 1983 → Regional Rail (Conrail) 22 miliony – transport aglomeracyjny ‚ 37,4 miliona – kolej podmiejska 1984 → Center City Commuter Tunnel (CCCT) 330,1 miliona – ogółem komunikacja publiczna nr 4 komunikacja Trolejbusy ostatniej stacji Arrott Transportation Center, z kolei Pierwszą w Filadelfi i linię trolejbusową uruchomio- linia 66 dociera do wspomnianej kolei podziem- no w październiku 1923 roku w południowej części nej na jej końcowej stacji Frankford Transportation miasta, a miała ona długość 9 kilometrów i korzy- Center. W przeszłości zamiast trolejbusów jeździ- stała z 10 pojazdów10. Spośród przeszło trzystu sys- ły na tych trasach tramwaje. Na linii 75 zmiana na- temów trolejbusowych na świecie, system fi ladelfi jski stąpiła z kwietniu 1948 roku, a w przypadku linii jest drugim co do długości funkcjonowania, ustępu- 59 i 66 miało to miejsce kolejno w czerwcu 1950 jąc wiekiem jedynie szanghajskiemu, utworzonemu roku i we wrześniu 1955 roku12. w 1914 roku11. Obecnie SEPTA obsługuje trolej- Podobną ewolucję przeszły linie 29 i 79, lecz w lu- busy linii 59, 66 i 75. Pierwsza i trzecia z nich łą- tym 2003 roku zastąpiono je autobusami z silnikiem czą się z linią metra Market – Frankford na jej przed- Diesla, a w październiku 2006 roku zarząd SEPTA podjął decyzję, aby nie zamawiać dodatkowych tro- ZESTAWIENIE 5. PŁEĆ PASAŻERÓW lejbusów na rzecz obsługi tych linii, przez co prze- KORZYSTAJĄCYCH Z SYSTEMU kształciły się one trwale w połączenia autobusowe. OBSŁUGIWANEGO PRZEZ SEPTA34 W lipcu 2002 roku diesle wprowadzono też na trzy wspomniane wcześniej linie: 59, 66 i 75, ze względu Płeć Kobiety Mężczyźni na konieczność czasowego usunięcia przewodów trak- Ogółem 64,2% 35,8% cyjnych na potrzeby prac remontowych. Szczęśliwie jednak w kwietniu 2008 roku przywrócono na tych ZESTAWIENIE 6. LINIE TRAMWAJOWE trasach usługi trolejbusowe13. Linia 66 oferuje rów- nież usługę nocną Night Owl14. Linie Subway – Surface Trolley lokalizacja: Philadelphia, Yeadon i Darby (stan Tramwaje Pensylwania) 10, 11, 13, 34 i 36 to numery pięciu tramwajowych liczba linii: 5 uruchomiono: 1906 linii podziemno-naziemnych (Subway – Surface Trol- położenie: podziemna i naziemna ley Lines), zwanych liniami zielonymi (Green Lines). Obsługują one trasy w West Philadelphia i hrab- Linia 10 stwie Delaware, zajmują też dwa zewnętrzne tory długość linii: 18,7 kilometra; liczba przystanków: 8; metra Market – Frankford, biegnące wewnątrz śród- zajezdnia: Callowhill Carhouse; miejskiego tunelu o nazwie Center City Commuter stacje końcowe: Overbrook (od zachodu), Connection (z dwóch wewnętrznych torów korzy- 13th Street Station (od wschodu) sta kolej podmiejska). Tak jak w przypadku Green Line w Bostonie i Muni Metro w San Francisco, fi la- Linia 11 delfi jski system tramwajów bazuje na infrastruktu- długość linii: 21,4 kilometra; liczba przystanków: 10; za- rze przedwojennej. jezdnia: Elmwood Carhouse; th stacje końcowe: Darby (od zachodu), 13th Street Station Pojazdy wyruszają w drogę przy stacji 13 Street (od wschodu) i zatrzymują się przy kolejnych podziemnych stacjach, aż do 33rd Street. Między 15th Street a 30th Street ich Linia 13 trasa biegnie w tym samym korytarzu, co wspomnia- długość linii: 18,3 kilometra; liczba przystanków: 12; na Market – Frankford Line. Tam też, na wybranych zajezdnia: Elmwood Carhouse; postojach, istnieje możliwość sprawnej przesiadki stacje końcowe: Yeadon lub Darby (od zachodu), między tramwajem a metrem. Podziemnymi koryta- 13th Street Station (od wschodu) rzami z 13th Street i 15th Street można się też dostać do stacji kolei podmiejskiej: Jeff erson Station i Sub- Linia 34 urban Station. Z kolei stacja 30th Street, przy której długość linii: 16,3 kilometra; liczba przystanków: 10; zatrzymują się tramwaje i Market – Frankford Line, zajezdnia: Elmwood Carhouse; stacje końcowe: Angora (od zachodu), znajduje się po przeciwległej stronie ulicy niż główny th th dworzec kolejowy Pennsylvania Station – 30 Street. analizy i opinie 13 Street Station (od wschodu) Przejście podziemne między tymi dwiema stacjami Linia 36 jest obecnie zamknięte. długość linii: 26,1 kilometra; liczba przystanków: 11; Tramwajowa linia 10 wychodzi na powierzchnię 38 zajezdnia: Elmwood Carhouse; przy 36th Street, a następnie kieruje się na północ-
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