Scottish Observatory for Work and Health
University of Glasgow
Year 1 Summary and Key Findings
June 2009
Judith Brown David Webster James Arnott Ivan Turok Ewan Macdonald Richard Mitchell
Contact: Judith Brown Public Health & Health Policy 1 Lilybank Gardens University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8RZ [email protected]
1 Scottish Observatory for Work and Health Year 1 Summary and Key Findings
1. The bath water diagrams detail the incapacity benefit (IB) stock population (those claiming IB at any given time), the on flow (those starting to claim IB) and the off flow (those whose claim has terminated) in a given year. The stock population are represented by the amount of bath water. The on and off flow populations are represented by the tap water and the outflow respectively. Bath water diagrams are shown for 2000 and 2007 for Scotland, local authorities (Glasgow City, North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire, East Lothian, Edinburgh City, Midlothian and West Lothian) and community health (and care) partnership areas (East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, Inverclyde, Renfrewshire, West Dunbartonshire and East, North, South East, South West and West Glasgow). They show that the decrease in the stock population is mainly due to decreases in the on flow rather than increases in the off flow.
IB stock, on flow and off flow in Scotland
2000 2007
83,480 66,480
335,770 305,800 (-9%)
81,870 74,760
2. IB rates are shown from 2000 to 2007 in Scotland, Glasgow, North Lanarkshire and South Lanarkshire and are expressed as the number of IB claimants as a percent of the working age population (WAP). In 2000 Glasgow had the highest IB rate at 18.8% which fell to 14.4% in 2007.
IB rates in Scotland, Glasgow, North & South Lana r kshire
20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 % 10 .00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Scotland Glasgow Noth Lanarkshire South Lanarkshire
2 3. On flow rates are shown from 2000 to 2007 and are expressed as percent of the WAP not on IB. The rate of on flow has decreased across the four geographies. Glasgow had the highest on flow in 2000 at 5.1% but this decreased to 3.4% in 2007.
IB On Flow in Scotland, Glasgow, North & South Lanarkshire
6.00
5.00
4.00
% 3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year
Scotland Glasgow North Lanarkshire South Lanarkshire
4. Off flow rates are shown from 2000 to 2007 and are expressed as a percent of the total stock population. The off flow rates are much more variable across the four geographies. Lanarkshire has higher off flow rates than Glasgow and Scotland. However Glasgow’s off flow rate has increased from 21.3% in 2000 to 24.6% in 2007.
IB Off Flow Rates in Scotland, Glasgow, North & South Lanarkshire
30.00
29.00
28.00
27.00
26.00
% 25.00
24.00
23.00
22.00
21.00
20.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Scotland Glasgow North Lanarkshire South Lanarkshire
5. There are more males claiming IB than females. The percent working age males claiming IB in Glasgow is much higher than Scotland.
IB claimants can be divided into two groups – ‘Payment’ IB claimants and ‘Credits only’ IB claimants. Together these two categories make up what is commonly understood to be a single IB claiming population however there are clear distinctions
3 between the two groups. The key difference is that ‘payment’ IB claimants have a good recent work history and receive IB payment. ‘Credits only’ claimants will not have made sufficient NI contributions but fulfil all the other qualifying conditions for IB and so receive financial support from other sources. They are credited with pension contributions and gain access to other benefits like Income Support with a disability premium. These claimants have less good recent work histories.
Females are over-represented in the credits only group, particularly in Glasgow. For example in 2007 the percentage of female credits only was 50.8% and in Scotland 37.8%.
Male Payments and Credits only IB Female Payments and Credits only IB claimants in Scotland claimants in Scotland
10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0
80.0 80.0
60.0 60.0 % % 40.0 40.0
20.0 20.0
0.0 0.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Year
Pay ments Credits Pay ments Credits
Male Payments and Credits only IB Female Payments and Credits only IB claimants in Glasgow City claimants in Glasgow City
100.0 100.0
80.0 80.0
60.0 60.0 % % 40.0 40.0
20.0 20.0
0.0 0.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Year
Payments Credits Payments Credits
6. Glasgow has a higher proportion of the working age population on IB compared to Scotland in every age group. For example, in 2007 17% of 55-59 year olds in Scotland were claiming IB compared with 32% in Glasgow.
Standardised IB rates have been calculated. The standardisation takes account of any differences in the claimant rate between areas which might be due to difference in age structure. If, after taking account of any differences in age structures, there was no difference in the IB rate in a given area and that among the Scottish population as a whole, the standardised rate would be 100. The figure for Glasgow in 2000 was actually192, indicating a 92% higher rate than expected, given the age structure of the population there. The standardised rate decrease to 166 in 2007. In
4 North Lanarkshire and South Lanarkshire the age standardised IB rate decreased from 148 to 130 and 118 to 110 respectively.
Glasgow has higher on flow rates in all age categories compared to Scotland.
Rate of On Flow by age in Scotland Rate of On Flow in Glasgow City
8.0 8.0
7.0 7.0
6.0 6.0
5.0 5.0
% 4.0 % 4.0
3.0 3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 Age category Age category 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Off flow rates are higher for people under 30. There has been a particularly striking increase in Glasgow.
Rate of Off Flow by age in Scotland Rate of Off Flow by age in Glasgow City
100.0 100.0
90.0 90.0
80.0 80.0
70.0 70.0
60.0 60.0 % 50.0 % 50.0
40.0 40.0
30.0 30.0
20.0 20.0
10.0 10.0
0.0 0.0 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 Age category Age category 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
7. Other funded CH(C)P and local authority IB rates have been determined. In Glasgow East Glasgow CHCP had the highest IB rate in 2000 at 23.8%, followed by North Glasgow at 21.1%, South West Glasgow at 19.4% and South East Glasgow at 15.9%. West Glasgow CHCP had the lowest rate in 2000 at 14.4%. All rates have fallen over the seven year period.
IB rate in CH(C)Ps
30.0
25.0
20.0
% 15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year
East Dunbartonshire CHP East Glasgow CHCP East Renfrewshire CHCP Inverclyde CHP North Glasgow CHCP Renfrewshire CHP South East Glasgow CHCP South West Glasgow CHCP West Dunbartonshire West Glasgow CHCP
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All the authorities in the east (East Lothian, Edinburgh City, Midlothian and West Lothian) have lower IB rates than Scotland as a whole. Even in 2000 the IB rate was under 10% for all four local authorities. In Edinburgh City the rate had fallen to 7.1% in 2007.
IB rates in other Local Authorities
12.0
10.0
8.0
% 6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year East Lothian Edinburgh City Midlothian West Lothian
8. DWP has provided us with data that shows the first destination for those coming off IB in 2007 in Scotland, Glasgow City, North Lanarkshire and South Lanarkshire. At this stage the data has restricted access and can not be placed in the public domain. The specific research questions we have been able to answer include; a. What is the first destination of the IB off flow claimants? b. How may IB claimants return to work after leaving IB? c. What characteristics delineate those who enter work after leaving IB?
9. The main reason for claiming IB is ‘mental and behavioural disorders’ which has increased across the four geographies from 2000 to 2007. Glasgow has the largest proportion of claimants claiming because of mental health (MH) problems increasing to from 41% of the total in 2000 to 52% of the total in 2007.
Those with a poor employment history (credits only claimants) are more likely to claim IB because of a MH problem.
Those claiming IB because of MH problems can be broken down into 25 categories. Of the different MH diagnostic categories used in 2007 66% were either depressive, neurotic and anxiety disorders in Scotland, compared with 74% in Glasgow. Severe mental health problems such as schizophrenia and psychotic disorders were relatively small in numbers and did not change as a proportion of the whole over the seven years. The numbers claiming due to alcohol and drug abuse have also been determined.
Those claiming because of MH health problems make up the largest category coming onto IB across the four geographies. Overall there have been steady increases in this category from 2000 to 2007. Glasgow’s on flow is made up of more MH claiming IB claimants (52% in 2007).
The highest off flow rates are for the injury group.
6 The Scottish Observatory for Work and Health is funded by the Glasgow Centre for Population Health, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, NHS Lanarkshire, Scottish Centre for Healthy Working Lives and the Scottish Government Health Directorates.
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