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JCE-70-2018-1-5-Himalaja.Pdf INOZEMNO GRADILIŠTE Građevinar 1/2018 PROJEKT TUNELA ROHTANG U INDIJI PRIPREMILI: Hrvatski stručnjaci na krovu Anđela Bogdan, Marko Mrazovac, Josip Sertić svijeta: iskustvo rada na Himalaji Kako bi se spriječile nesreće na opasnim planinskim cestama, ženjerstva. Zašto? Pa ekstreman je sva- indijske su vlasti donijele odluku o gradnji tunela kroz Himalaju ki pothvat za koji zdrav razum govori da koji će povezati sela odsječena od ostatka svijeta zbog ekstremnih ga je fizički gotovo nemoguće izvesti, ali stručnjaci i inženjeri to ipak nekako pre- uvjeta u zimskim mjesecima tvore u stvarnost. Jer kako drugačije opi- sati uspješno probijanje tunela Rohtang Uvodne napomene Ni jedna prometnica na svijetu nije bezopasna. Idealni vremenski uvjeti, stroga ograničenja brzine i pregledna cesta vozačima mogu pomoći tek dje- lomično. Međutim, neke ceste diljem svijeta zasigurno ne spadaju među svijetle točke prometne infrastruktu- re. Štoviše, neke od njih nose neslavan epitet najopasnijih cesta na svijetu, a na toj ljestvici prednjače ceste u Indiji, i to one koje prolaze kroz Himalaju. Kako bi se spriječile nesreće, indijske su vla- sti donijele odluku o gradnji tunela kroz Himalaju koji će povezati sela odsječe- na od ostatka svijeta zbog ekstremnih uvjeta u zimskim mjesecima, kada te ceste nisu prohodne zbog velikih snjež- Pogled na cestu preko prijevoja Rohtang nih nanosa, odrona zemlje i jakih udara vjetra. Hrvat koji s međunarodnim projektnim kroz Himalaju, na kojemu je radnicima, uz Svoja iskustva života i rada na Himalaji s timom sudjeluje u ostvarenju projekta sve ostale nedaće, najveći problem bio – nama je podijelio Marko Mrazovac, jedini koji pripada u kategoriju ekstremnog in- manjak kisika u zraku? Međunarodni projektni tim sudjeluje u ostvarenju projekta koji pripada u kategoriju ekstremnog inženjerstva - probijanje tunela Rohtang kroz Himalaju, na kojemu je radnicima najveći problem bio manjak kisika u zraku Marko Mrazovac, MBA, ekonomski je stručnjak s dvanaest godina međuna- rodnog iskustva u operativnome i fi- Marko Mrazovac na gradilištu južnog portala tunela Rohtang nancijskome menadžmentu u sektoru GRAĐEVINAR 70 (2018) 1 39 Građevinar 1/2018 INOZEMNO GRADILIŠTE građevinarstva. Profesionalnu je kari- jeru započeo 2006. u zagrebačkoj tvrtki Viadukt d.d. u Odjelu za financije, gdje je stekao stručna znanja proaktivnog po- vezivanja s operativnim menadžmen- tom, radeći na procesima financijskog poslovanja, kontrole troškova, logistike, nabave i strateškog planiranja građevin- skih projekata. Mlad, ali vrlo ambiciozan, već nakon nekoliko godina unaprijeđen je na poziciju osobe odgovorne za finan- cijsko-komercijalno poslovanje tvrtke Viadukt u Libiji. Na projektu izgradnje autoceste u zapadnoj Libiji, vrijednome 128 milijuna eura, radio je od 2008. do 2011. te je stekao međunarodno isku- stvo u organizaciji, nadgledanju i razvoju aktivnosti tvrtke u područjima financija, računovodstva, poslovnog analiziranja Položaj tunela Rohtang na zemljovidu i planiranja, pregovarajući s bankama, dobavljačima i investitorima iz cijelog iskustva i rizici s kojima su se Mrazovac njima su Rohtang La na 3978 m, Lun- svijeta. U proljeće 2016. prelazi raditi u i projektni tim suočili tijekom provedbe galacha La na 5059 m i Taglang La na austrijsko građevinsko poduzeće Stra- tog megaprojekta. 5328 m nadmorske visine. Prelazak tih bag AG, u kojem i danas radi na provedbi prijevoja pravi je izazov i za najspretnije projekta izgradnje tunela Rohtang u In- Indijski prilaz krovu svijeta vozače. Planinski su vrhovi pod snježnim diji. Mrazovac je glavni i odgovorni vodi- pokrivačem čak i usred ljeta, a bogata telj tzv. komercijalnog dijela poslovanja Himalajska je cesta duga približno 475 raznolikost raslinja i krševit krajolik pre- koje obuhvaća financije, računovodstvo, km, a nalazi se na najsjevernijemu kraju tvaraju svako putovanje u fascinantnu nabavu, skladište te upravljanje ljudskim indijskoga potkontinenta. Ona povezuje pustolovinu, koja, nažalost, ponekad za- potencijalima, a rukovodi multinacional- gradove Manali i Leh u središtu pokrajine vrši s tragičnim posljedicama. Uostalom, nim timom kojeg čini 191 zaposlenik ra- Ladakh. Cesta prelazi preko pet najviših naziv toga planinskog prijevoja "Roh- znih profesija. U radu su prikazana neka prohodnih prijevoja na svijetu, a među tang" u prijevodu znači "gomila leševa", Planinski krajolik na Himalaji 40 GRAĐEVINAR 70 (2018) 1 INOZEMNO GRADILIŠTE Građevinar 1/2018 što slikovito dočarava izuzetno opasne uvjete vožnje na takvim cestama. Himalajska cesta povezuje gradove Manali i Leh u središtu pokrajine Ladakh, a prelazi preko pet najviših prohodnih prijevoja na svijetu, a među njima su Rohtang La na 3978 m, Lungalacha La na 5059 m i Taglang La na 5328 m nadmorske visine Prijelaz Rohtang nalazi se na sjeveroi- stoku Indije, na visini od 4000 metara u himalajskome gorju, a povezuje dolinu Kullu s dolinama Lahaul i Spiti. Svake godine indijska služba za održavanje ce- sta Boarder Roads Organization koristi se Opskrba zabačenih sela zalihama hrane traje od lipnja do rujna Ideja o gradnji tunela ispod prolaza Roh- tang potječe još iz 1983. godine, među- tim indijska je vlada tek u rujnu 2009. odlučila pokrenuti taj strateški građe- vinski pothvat, kada je potpisan ugovor za izvođenje radova s konzorcijem tvrt- ki Strabag i Afcons (Strabag Afcons Joint Venture – SAJV). Investitor projekta jest Ministarstvo obrane Republike Indije, odnosno njegov tehnički odjel BRO (engl. Boarder Roads Organisation), a u projekt se ulaže pri- bližno 235 milijuna eura. Projekt tunela Projektni tim konzorcija Strabag Afcons izradila je tvrtka SMEC International Pty. GPS-om kako bi nakon lavina i odrona ponovno pronašla put i opet ga iskopala. Usred prolaza mogući su iznenadni odro- ni zemlje i snježne oluje. Iako je vrlo opa- san i nepredvidiv, Rohtang privlači turiste radi prekrasnoga planinskog pejzaža. Od listopada do svibnja, a ponekad i do sredine lipnja, cesta nije prohodna zbog visokih snježnih nanosa. Utrka u opskrbi zabačenih sela zalihama hrane traje od lipnja do rujna kada neprekidna rijeka ka- miona, autobusa, kamioneta i automo- bila prolazi tom cestom. No, kada tunel Rohtang bude otvoren za promet, ta će se ruta zatvoriti, a odsječena će sela ko- načno imati komunikaciju s ostalim indij- Nakon što budu dovršeni tunel i nova cesta; vožnja između gradova Manali i Keylong skratit skim gradovima. će se za pet sati GRAĐEVINAR 70 (2018) 1 41 Građevinar 1/2018 INOZEMNO GRADILIŠTE Ltd. Nadzor nad gradnjom povjeren je konzorciju D2 Consult ICT JV in association with PEMS, koji čine austrijska konzal- tinška tvrtka D2 iz Linza i lokalni indijski partneri. Gradnja tunela Rohtang Tunel Rohtang projektiran je kao dvo- smjerni cestovni tunel u kojemu će najve- ća dopuštena brzina iznositi do 80 km/h. Gradi se na nadmorskoj visini od 3060 m, u podnožju prolaza Rohtang koji je na visini od 3978 m. Dugačak je približno 9 km i širok 10 m, a uzdužni nagib tunela iznosi 0,5 posto. Tunel je jedna od ključ- nih građevina na dionici buduće ceste Detalji poprečnog presjeka tunela Manali – Leh, koja će, kada bude otvore- na za promet, skratiti udaljenost između Organizacija gradilišta nije bila jedno- menja, pa su se tom, naizgled kratkom gradova Manali i Keylong za približno 46 stavna, a ni inženjeri nisu bili u cijelosti dionicom vozili osam sati do svojega pri- km, a vrijeme vožnje na toj relaciji bit će svjesni toga što ih ondje čeka. Projektni vremenog doma u središtu Himalaje. kraće za čak pet sati. je tim najprije iz Europe zrakoplovom Što se tiče pripreme gradilišta, električ- doputovao u Delhi, a od gradilišta usred na energija dovedena je iz obližnjeg sela, Tunel Rohtang projektiran je Himalaje dijelilo ih je još 600 km. To se i jer je cijelo to područje u Indiji vrlo dobro elektrificirano, čak i neka manja sela u kao dvosmjerni cestovni tunel ne čini tako daleko, s obzirom na to da se prvih 340 km putuje koliko-toliko funk- himalajskome gorju. Ipak, struja često u kojemu će najveća dopuštena cionalnom autocestom, no pravu noćnu nestaje, pa je gradilište opskrbljeno i di- brzina iznositi do 80 km/h, moru predstavljalo je preostalih 260 km zelskim agregatima koji omogućuju neo- gradi se na nadmorskoj visini od uspona po planinskim strmim cestama, metan rad i u trenutcima kada električna 3060 m koje su na pojedinim dijelovima široke energija nije dostupna iz javne mreže. Dio tek tri do četiri metra, pune su blata i ka- građevinske mehanizacije na gradilište se dopremao u dijelovima, i to brodskim kontejnerima, a potom su tehničari di- jelove strojeva sastavljali na licu mjesta. Kako bi gradilište moglo normalno funk- cionirati, neposredno uz sjeverni i juž- ni portal tunela montirani su betonara, skladište za građevni materijal i opremu, postrojenje za proizvodnju predgotovlje- nih betonskih elemenata, postrojenje za preradu miniranih materijala, koje obu- hvaća tehnološki postupak usitnjavanja i razvrstavanja kamena, te uredski pro- stori. Gradilište je službeno otvoreno 28. lipnja 2010., kada je postavljen kamen temeljac. Presjek tunela ima oblik potkove (engl. horseshoe), a portali tunela (sjeverni i juž- ni) podijeljeni su na tri glavna dijela: tje- meni svod (engl. heading), upornjak (engl. benching) i podnožni svod (engl. invert). Početak radova na južnome portalu za- počeo je u kolovozu 2010., a na sjeverno- Pogled na gradilište u blizini južnog portala tunela me u listopadu iste godine. S obzirom na 42 GRAĐEVINAR 70 (2018) 1 INOZEMNO GRADILIŠTE Građevinar 1/2018 Oplata za betoniranje tunelske obloge zatečene
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