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Proquest Dissertations Penelope Speaks: Making the Mythic Specific in the Works of Five Contemporary Caribbean and Italian Writers - Lorna Goodison, Juana Rosa Pita, Derek Walcott, Silvana La Spina and Luigi Malerba by Lisa Kathleen Pike-Fiorindi A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Comparative Literature Women and Gender Studies Institute University of Toronto © Copyright by Lisa Kathleen Pike-Fiorindi (2008) Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-39792-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-39792-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Penelope Speaks: Making the Mythic Specific in the Works of Five Contemporary Caribbean and Italian Writers - Lorna Goodison, Juana Rosa Pita, Derek Walcott, Silvana La Spina and Luigi Malerba Lisa Kathleen Pike-Fiorindi Centre for Comparative Literature Women and Gender Studies Institute University of Toronto 2008 Abstract Using a combination of literary, postcolonial, and gender theories, the following study looks at the figure of Penelope in works of various genres by five contemporary Italian and Caribbean writers. It is a synchronic analysis with the aim of addressing each representation of Penelope within its socio-historical and cultural location at the same time that it examines common themes and approaches to her figure. The introduction traces the importance of the figure of Penelope the weaver to European theoretical discussions about narrative and subjectivity as well as her significance to feminism as a metaphor for Western women's writing and to the notion of violence against women in particular. Within the Caribbean, the figure of Penelope as weaver is significant insofar as it embodies an inter- relational notion of subjectivity; her figure is also linked to resisting a logic of domination and ii objectification. The first chapter presents an analysis of the figure of Penelope as mother. The chapter brings together the poetry of Jamaican-born Lorna Goodison (Guinea Woman 2000), the Italian author Silvana La Spina's novel Penelope (1998), and Cuban-born poet Juana Rosa Pita's long poem Viajes de Penelope (1980). Each author's engagement with the figure of Penelope as mother accomplishes things particular to their individual cultural contexts and histories: Goodison's work is invested in outlining an African maternal geneology; La Spina's novel rises out of an Italian feminist context, concerned with issues such as violence against women and how particular forms of violence are institutionalized; La Spina's writing seeks to create a non-hierarchical model of being between mother and son to challenge both the gender hierarchy as well as the sacrificial notion of motherhood that lies at the centre of Catholicism which in some ways informs her work. Chapter two examines Penelope as wife in the St. Lucian author Derek Walcott's The Odyssey: A Stage Version (1993) and in the Italian writer Luigi Malerba's novel Itaca per sempre (1997). A renegotion of the conjugal bond where each spouse configures as equal partner in a non-hierarchal, inter- subjective relationship serves as the axis of analysis. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Rocco Capozzi for his continual support and encouragement throughout the composition of this project. His open-door policy and his willingness to discuss and read my work in all of its various stages of development helped to propel the writing and nourish my ideas. Thank you. I would also like to acknowledge my other committee members' unwavering support: Dr. J.E. Chamberlin, for the amiable discussions which always helped me to see something in a new light; Dr. Nestor Rodriguez for his thorough feedback, words of encouragement and helpful suggestions; and Dr. Ricardo Sternberg, for all his support and advice throughout. I would also like to thank Dr. Edward Baugh, external examiner for this project, for his close reading, attention to detail and questions aimed at furthering the research. Thanks to the Centre for Comparative Literature, the Women and Gender Studies Institute, University of Toronto, for providing a supportive place to write and research. Sincere thanks and acknowledgement to my family members - especially to my mother Sharon Judith Johnson - for all the acts of support in all their various forms. iv And, last but not least, I want to give thanks to my daughter Caterina and my son Luca for all they have taught me about language, listening, and love. v Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgments iv Introduction 1 The Penelope Theme 2 i: The importance of Joyce 2 ii: Penelope as a metaphor for Western women's 7 writing iii: Women's Rights as Human Rights: the issue 10 of women and violence iv: Ulysses 15 v: History as histories 19 vi: Myth and history in the Caribbean 20 Chapter 1: Penelope as Mother in the works of Lorna Goodison, Silvana La Spina, and Juana Rosa Pita 28 i. Situating Maternal Identities 28 ii. Lorna Goodison: Guinea Woman 31 iii. Silvana La Spina: Penelope 55 iv. Juana Rosa Pita: Viajes de Penelope 84 Chapter 2: Penelope as story-teller, wife-lover in the works of Derek Walcott and Luigi Malerba 10 6 i. Cultural Contexts 106 ii. Derek Walcott: The Odyssey: A Stage Version 111 iii. Luigi Malerba: Itaca per sempre 132 Afterward: Penelope into the new millenium 15 9 End Notes 163 Works Consulted 167 INTRODUCTION There are diachronic studies of the figure of Penelope outlining how she has moved through time and also how her representation is part of the values and ideologies of different periods (Grigar; Mactoux). Rather than establish a genealogy for the figure of Penelope from classical Greece into twentieth century Europe, this analysis proposes a synchronic study of five contemporary texts of various genres from the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. These two particular geographic regions are brought together through Derek Walcott's concept of the echo as expressed in "A Sail on the Horizon". Presented at the 1996 conference "Ulisse: il mito e la memoria" held in Rome, Walcott's essay affirms a relationship between the regions that is grounded in the notion of simultaneity and echo rather than in a margin-centre dichotomy whereby the Caribbean rewrites a classical, European past. This synchronic study also aims to suggest the different influences and criss-crossings of ideas that provide a ground for a particular emergence of Penelope in the 1980s, 1990s, and into the new millennium. 1 The Penelope Theme i: The importance of Joyce In looking at Penelope in this particular context, the Ulysses of James Joyce is an important starting point. It is with Joyce that there is a movement away from the universal toward the particular. But this movement toward the particular is also a challenge to the universal insofar as it asks, much like the French critic Roland Barthes will do in Mythologies (1957), later translated into English in 1971, to recognize that which has been called universal, myth, and archetype as the prevailing ideology of the moment. To recognize myth as "depoliticized speech" (Barthes 145) and to know the archetype as disguise for the dominant narrative is to free the story from its mythic and historical weight. Freed from this weight, Ulysses is no longer the hero of epic, a tradition that is one of the founding blocks of Western literature and civilization, passed down as something fixed from generation to generation, but rather, he becomes a man wandering the streets of early twentieth-century Dublin where Ireland still lives as a colony of England. Penelope, too, is freed from this weight; she is no longer the static 2 symbol of patience and virtue, but rather, she becomes a woman called Molly with speech and desires.1 Hand in hand with the unhinging of the characters and their story from the mythic universal which may also in this case be called the dominant historical and cultural narrative, the experimental form and language of Joyce challenges dominant modes of writing in Europe. Joyce's use of language and form in Ulysses influences discussions about language, subjectivity and the novel throughout the twentieth century.
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