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Accountability Practices in Islamic Charities in Scotland a Critical and Postmodern Perspective

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Accountability Practices in Islamic Charities in Scotland a Critical and Postmodern Perspective Accountability practices in Islamic charities in Scotland A critical and postmodern perspective Hussain Etbiga Mohamed Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Heriot-Watt University School of Social Sciences March 2017 The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author. Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information. i Abstract Some researchers in the field of accounting have studied the interrelationship between religious values and accounting. Little, however, has been conducted on the values of religions that might inspire change and development of accounting in minority contexts. The overall image that emerges from the literature is that its primary focus is on religious organisations rather than the religious values themselves. In Islamic accounting, attention has been paid to the role of accounting and its functions but not on how accounting can be changed by these values. Further, most of the literature focuses on how the Islamic business environment is influenced by Western accounting practices/standards. This thesis investigates the role of Islamic values in shaping accountability practices in the Islamic charitable sector in Scotland. Also, how the adoption of these values could help in advancing accountability practices by empowering the disadvantaged and marginalised stakeholder groups by giving them a voice in the accountability process and the power to demand accountability. As postmodern research challenges the form and the content of dominant models of knowledge, the study adopts a theological position (Islam) that has a dimension that is interested in a project of emancipation. Some forms of accounting and accountability are inconsistent with this theological position while some are. This study adopts an Islamic theoretical position that appreciates the universality of Islamic principles, as well as the particularity of these principles in practice. This theoretical position is based on the dynamic nature of shariah as a problem-solving methodology and guiding force rather than fixed (objective) rules and standards. The study has some implications for the accountability practices of Islamic charities in Scotland. The adoption of new accountability mechanisms would facilitate the participation of the public. For religion to aid the oppressed and marginalised in their struggles for a better life, these people should be consulted and engaged in the accountability process. There is still a need for improvement in terms of the form and content of Islamic charities' reporting and disclosure practices. ii Dedication I dedicate my work to my family and my friends who supported me during my research. iii Acknowledgments There are a number of people whom I am greatly thankful and without them, this thesis might not have been written. My thanks goes to my supervisors who were very supportive and they were a source of encouragement. I am also grateful to my family in the UK and Libya who supported and inspired me to finish this thesis. iv Declaration statement v Table of Contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... II DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... IV DECLARATION STATEMENT ............................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ XI ARABIC GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ XII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The motivation of the study .................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Background to research problem ........................................................................................... 1 1.4 The problem ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 The importance of the study ................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Research aims and objectives ................................................................................................. 6 1.7 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................... 7 1.8 Research methods ................................................................................................................ 10 1.9 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK; A CRITICAL AND POSTMODERN PERSPECTIVE. .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Development and main concepts ....................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Criticism and limitation ..................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Postmodernism as a possible alternative .......................................................................... 20 2.2.4 Concepts of postmodernism .............................................................................................. 22 2.2.5 Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 27 2.3 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CT AND PM .......................................................................... 27 2.4 ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR ACCOUNTING ..................................................................... 28 2.4.1 Unity of God ...................................................................................................................... 31 2.4.2 Shariah (Islamic Law) ........................................................................................................ 32 2.4.3 Summary of the theoretical position ................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ON ISLAMIC ACCOUNTING, AUDITING AND ACCOUNTABILITY ................................................................................................................... 39 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 39 3.2 ACCOUNTING AND ACCOUNTABILITY .................................................................................................. 41 3.2.1 Forms of accountability ..................................................................................................... 42 3.2.2 Mechanisms of accountability ........................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Accountability in the not‐for‐profit sector ......................................................................... 48 3.3.2 Accountability in the charitable sector. ............................................................................. 49 3.4 Accountability: an Islamic perspective .................................................................................. 52 3.4.1 Accounting Harmonisation: an Islamic perspective .......................................................... 53 3.4.2 Accounting and shariah ..................................................................................................... 54 3.4.3 Accountability: the concept in its Islamic context .............................................................. 55 3.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 67 CHAPTER 4: REFLECTIONS ON ISLAMIC ACCOUNTING, AUDITING AND ACCOUNTABILITY ................................................................................................................... 69 4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 69 4.2 CHARITIES: THEIR SCOPE, MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................... 70 4.2.1 Islamic charities ................................................................................................................ 70 vi 4.3 SHARIAH ................................................................................................................................... 73 4.4 KHILAFAH (TRUSTEESHIP) ........................................................................................................
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