DOCSLIB.ORG

Blastocystis and Clostridioides Difficile in IBD Patients

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Blastocystis and Clostridioides Difficile in IBD Patients 32 6 Blastocystis and Clostridioides difficile in IBD Patients ORIGINAL ARTICLE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Azimirad et al. Blastocystis and Clostridioides difficile: Evidence for a Synergistic Role in Colonization Among IBD Patients with Emphasis on Ulcerative Colitis Masoumeh Azimirad1 , Sara Mohammad Ali Gol2 , Ehsan Javanmard1 , Hamed Mirjalali1 , Abbas Yadegar1 , Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei3 , Shabnam Shahrokh4 , Hedieh Balaii4 , Amir Sadeghi4 , Mohammad Reza Zali4 1Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Behbood Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Cite this article as: Azimirad M, Mohammad Ali Gol S, Javanmard E, et al. Blastocystis and clostridioides difficile: Evidence for a synergistic role in colonization among IBD patients with emphasis on ulcerative colitis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2021; 32(6): 500-507. ABSTRACT Background: Regarding the controversial role of Blastocystis in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients, it seems that this protozoan may lead to an overgrowth of some non-beneficial bacteria. The current study aimed to investigate the co-existence of Blastocystis and Clostridioides difficile in IBD patients. Methods: Stool samples of 102 IBD patients were collected and cultivated for C. difficile and Blastocystis. DNA extraction was performed on positive samples and C. difficile and Blastocystis were toxinotyped and subtyped, respectively. Fisher’s exact test and logistic regres- sion were employed to calculate the correlation between the existence of Blastocystis and its subtypes (ST) with C. difficile and its type of toxins. Also, the co-existence of Blastocystis and C. difficile with the frequency of defecations was evaluated. Results: Blastocystis and C. difficile were observed in 17 (16.7%) and 26 (25.5%) of stool samples, respectively. From 26 C. difficile- positive isolates, 24 (92.3%) and 2 (7.7%) were tcdA+/B+ and tcdA+/B-, respectively. Also, 10 (58.8%) and 7 (41.2%) were Blastocystis ST1 and ST3, respectively. Statistically significant correlations between co-existence of Blastocystis and C. difficile and co-existence of these microorganisms and frequency of defecation (P < .035) were seen. There was no statistically significant correlation between subtypes of Blastocystis and colonization of C. difficile or its toxinotypes. Conclusion: The co-existence of Blastocystis and C. difficile in IBD patients was observed in the current study. Moreover, it can be pro- posed that these microorganisms may have synergistic effects on their colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. Keywords: Blastocystis, Clostridioides difficile, co-existence, inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis INTRODUCTION discussed to be important in the deterioration of the clin- Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is a chronic multi- ical symptoms in these patients.7,8,9,10 factorial disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that its main causative agent has not yet been specified. Crohn’s Blastocystis is a eukaryotic intestinal parasite that is disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are relaps- mostly reported from a broad range of animals and human ing inflammatory conditions responsible for most IBD subjects.11,12 This parasite is transmitted via either fecal cases.1,2,3 The increased number of IBD patients during contamination of food and water resources or close con- the last 2 decades4 has grouped this disease as the recent tact with animals.12,13,14,15 Many reports have indicated the global trends. According to available data, genetics, envi- low frequency of Blastocystis in IBD patients compared ronmental, diet, and microbial agents have been signified to healthy controls.8,16,17 It was shown that Blastocystis in the occurrence and flaring up of IBD.5,6 However, the is able to alter both the composition and diversity of the role of some eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorgan- gut microbiota. In other words, this parasite decreases isms through dysbiosis of the gut microbiota have been the protective bacteria by changing the composition Corresponding author: Hamed Mirjalali, e-mail: [email protected] and Abbas Yadegar, e-mail: [email protected] Received: August 28, 2020 Accepted: September 8, 2020 Available Online Date: July 30, 2021 © Copyright 2021 by The Turkish Society of Gastroenterology • Available online at turkjgastroenterol.org DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2021.19644 500 Azimirad et al. Blastocystis and Clostridioides difficile in IBD Patients Turk J Gastroenterol 2021; 32(6): 500-507 and increasing the diversity of the microbial commu- and the parasitology laboratories to cultivate and iso- nity in the human gut.18,19 Moreover, it was hypothesized late C. difficile and Blastocystis, respectively. A por- that Blastocystis prefers a specific composition of the tion of stool samples was kept out at -20°C for DNA microbiota to favor its colonization in the intestinal tract; extraction. therefore, in IBD patients who mostly represent dysbiosis, 16 Blastocystis is not able to be colonized in the gut lumen. Cultivation and Isolation of C. difficile All samples were cultivated on cycloserine cefoxitin On the other hand, it was proven that this protist could fructose agar medium (CCFA) (Mast, London, United increase the permeability of the cell tight-junctions Kingdom). Briefly, a portion of samples was homoge- throughout the host intestine via the secretion of pro- nized with 1 mL of 5% yeast extract broth and directly 20,21,22,23 teolytic enzymes such as metalloproteases. It was inoculated onto C. difficile medium supplemented with also suggested that increasing the permeability of the gut 7% horse blood. The same volume of samples was also barrier can lead to the subsequent induction of inflam- treated with 1 mL of methanol for 1-2 min before inocula- 24,25 matory cascades like what is seen in IBD. tion on the CCFA. All the cultivated plates were incubated at 37°C for at least 48-72 h under anaerobic conditions One of the most important outcomes of dysbiosis, partic- (80% N2, 10% CO2, and 10% H2) using anaerobic gen- ularly in IBD patients, is the overgrowth of Clostridioides eration system (Anoxomat-Mart, Microbiology, Holland). 26,27,28 difficile. C. difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic The suspected colonies were characterized based on the bacterium that can cause C. difficile infection (CDI) in IBD colony morphology and Gram staining. patients.26,29,30,31 However, the increasing rate of morbidity and mortality is the most important concern of physicians accounting with IBD patients who suffered from CDI.7 Cultivation of Blastocystis In order to cultivate and purify Blastocystis, approxi- A couple of studies suggested the bilateral effects of mately 200 mg of stool samples was inoculated into Blastocystis and the gut microbiota.18,32,33 However, Dulbecco’s modified egg medium supplemented with the main hypothesis here was the possible correlation 20% fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin between co-existence of Blastocystis and CDI in IBD (1000-unit penicillin and 4 mg/mL streptomycin). All patients. Moreover, it was worthy of studying whether samples were incubated at 37°C and anaerobic con- Blastocystis alters the gut microbiota composition ditions. The samples were parasitologically examined toward overgrowth of C. difficile, or lack of Blastocystis for growth of the parasite every 48 h for 10 days—the as one indicator of the healthy gut microbiota compo- samples with no growth for Blastocystis after 10 days are sition lead to providing a suitable niche for developing considered as negative. CDI. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the possible co-existence of Blastocystis and CDI in IBD DNA Extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction patients in Iran. DNA extraction from C. difficile DNA was extracted from pure colonies of C. difficile 34,35 MATERIALS AND METHODS by boiling method as mentioned elsewhere. Briefly, Patients and Fecal Samples a loop full of each suspicious colony was resolved in A total of 102 stool samples were collected from August 500 µL of distilled water and centrifuged for 10 min at 13 2016 to December 2017 from IBD patients who were 000 × g. Then, the supernatant was discarded, the pel- admitted to the IBD clinic. Informed consent was taken lets were mixed with 100 µL of distilled water, and boiled from all participants. All IBD patients were diagnosed in a water bath for 10 min. Finally, the tubes were cen- based on the clinical criteria and confirmed by colonos- trifuged for 10 min at 13 000 × g, and the supernatant copy. The patients were excluded from the study if they containing bacterial DNA was stored at −20°C for further had a previous history of cancer, liver, and autoimmune investigations. diseases. Additionally, the presence of other enteric infections was also considered as exclusion criteria. A DNA extraction for Blastocystis well-trained interviewer filled a questionnaire consisted DNA extraction was carried out for all culture-positive of demographic and clinical data.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Blastocystis Hominis Transmission by Non-Potable Water: a Case Report In
    NEW MICROBIOLOGICA, 41, 2, 173-177, 2018, ISN 1121-7138 CASE REPORT Blastocystis hominis transmission by non-potable water: a case report in Italy Maria Cristina Angelici, Chiara Nardis, Riccardo Scarpelli, Paola Ade Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy SUMMARY In the reported case, a 41-year-old Italian man came to the clinician’s observation reporting cramps, bloat- ing and watery diarrhoea a few days after drinking water indicated as unpotable from a fountain in a farm area. The medical suspicion was directed at both gluten intolerance and enteric infection, eventually of waterborne origin. Gluten intolerance was investigated by intestinal biopsy and excluded, while stool analyses ruled out infective bacteriological or viral agents and parasites. Subsequently, a persistent eo- sinophilia was revealed and a parasitological analysis was again suggested, planning for a more sensitive molecular method. Therefore, a multiplex-PCR of enteric protozoa species DNA was performed on an intestinal biopsy and faecal samples revealing only Blastocystis hominis protozoa, subsequently typed as subtype 1 by RFLP-PCR method. B. hominis is an anaerobic protozoa found in the human and animal intestinal tract, recently associated with a pathogenic role characterized by chronic development. Since blastocystosis has been demonstrated as a waterborne infection, a sample of water matrix was analysed, revealing the B. hominis subtype 1 DNA inside. A probable water transmission of Blastocystis infection has been demonstrated in this case report. Only a probiotic treatment based on Saccharomyces boulardii was administered to the patient and this apparently resolved the infection. In summary, the case described here is a chronic blastocystosis of possible waterborne origin, controlled by assuming a yeast treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Blastocystosis in Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms: a Case
    Cekin et al. BMC Gastroenterology 2012, 12:122 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-230X/12/1/122 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Blastocystosis in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms: a case–control study Ayhan Hilmi Cekin1*, Yesim Cekin2, Yesim Adakan3, Ezel Tasdemir3, Fatma Gulsun Koclar4 and Basak Oguz Yolcular5 Abstract Background: Blastocystosis is a frequent bowel disease. We planned to to evaluate the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in patients who applied to the same internal medicine-gastroenterology clinic with or without gastrointestinal complaints to reveal the association of this parasite with diagnosed IBS and IBD. Methods: A total of 2334 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms composed the study group, which included 335 patients with diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease and 877 with irritable bowel syndrome. Patients without any gastrointestinal symptoms or disease (n = 192) composed the control group. Parasite presence was investigated by applying native-Lugol and formol ethyl acetate concentration to stool specimens, and trichrome staining method in suspicious cases. Results: Blastocystis spp. was detected in 134 patients (5.74%) in the study group and 6 (3.12%) in the control group (p = 0.128). In the study group, Blastocystis spp. was detected at frequencies of 8.7% in ulcerative colitis (24/276), 6.78% in Crohn’s disease (4/59), 5.82% in irritable bowel syndrome (51/877), and 4.9% in the remaining patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (55/1122). Blastocystis spp. was detected at a statistically significant ratio in the inflammatory bowel disease (odds ratio [OR] = 2.824; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.149-6.944; p = 0.019) and ulcerative colitis (OR = 2.952; 95% CI: 1.183-7.367; p = 0.016) patients within this group compared to controls.
    [Show full text]
  • Awareness Regarding Blastocystosis Disease
    AWARENESS REGARDING BLASTOCYSTOSIS DISEASE; A NEGLECTED ZOONOTIC DISEASE SAFILA NAVEED1* NIMRA WAHEED1 AND SIDRA GHAYAS1,2 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for women, Karachi, Pakistan, 2University of Karachi, Email: [email protected] Received -01-06-14; Reviewed and accepted -15-06-14 ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate awareness regarding blastocystosis, its cause, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Blastocystis hominis is a microscopic parasite found in the stools of healthy people as well as in the stools of those who have diarrhea, abdominal pain or other GI gastrointestinal problems. Infection which is caused by blastocystosis is called blastocystosis. Method: The survey is conducted which is based on questionnaire, in which students of pharm D and microbiologist were questioned regarding blastocystosis disease. Results: At t-test reveal a statistically reliable difference between the mean number of awareness percentage that the microbiologist has (M=4.12, s=1.995) and that the pharmacist has (M=2.76,s=2.42),t(94)=3.084 ,p=1.66, ,∞=0.05. Conclusions: From this survey we found that awareness regarding blastocystosis disease microbiologist have more awareness than pharmacist about blastocystosis. Keyword: Blastocystosis, Awareness, Microbiologist, Pharmacist INTRODUCTION Blastocystis hominis is a microscopic Zoonotic parasite it found in length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of PCR-amplified small- stools of healthy people as well as in those who have diarrhea, subunit (SSU) rRNA Techniques currently in use include abdominal pain or any other GIT gastrointestinal problems. molecular detection, microscopy and xenic in vitro culture test. Infection with blastocystis hominis is called blastocystosis. Different subtypes of blastocystis may be more likely to cause Direct smear, formaline-ethyl acetate sedimentation symptomatic infection when combined with other types of concentration, stool culture, kinyon carbol-fuchin stain, enzyme infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic Organisms Chart
    Parasitic organisms: Pathogen (P), Potential pathogen (PP), Non-pathogen (NP) Parasitic Organisms NEMATODESNematodes – roundworms – ROUNDWORMS Organism Description Epidemiology/Transmission Pathogenicity Symptoms Ancylostoma -Necator Hookworms Found in tropical and subtropical Necator can only be transmitted through penetration of the Some are asymptomatic, though a heavy burden is climates, as well as in areas where skin, whereas Ancylostoma can be transmitted through the associated with anemia, fever, diarrhea, nausea, Ancylostoma duodenale Soil-transmitted sanitation and hygiene are poor.1 skin and orally. vomiting, rash, and abdominal pain.2 nematodes Necator americanus Infection occurs when individuals come Necator attaches to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on host During the invasion stages, local skin irritation, elevated into contact with soil containing fecal mucosa and blood.2 ridges due to tunneling, and rash lesions are seen.3 matter of infected hosts.2 (P) Ancylostoma eggs pass from the host’s stool to soil. Larvae Ancylostoma and Necator are associated with iron can penetrate the skin, enter the lymphatics, and migrate to deficiency anemia.1,2 heart and lungs.3 Ascaris lumbricoides Soil-transmitted Common in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Ascaris eggs attach to the small intestinal mucosa. Larvae Most patients are asymptomatic or have only mild nematode America, Asia, and the Western Pacific. In migrate via the portal circulation into the pulmonary circuit, abdominal discomfort, nausea, dyspepsia, or loss of non-endemic areas, infection occurs in to the alveoli, causing a pneumonitis-like illness. They are appetite. Most common human immigrants and travelers. coughed up and enter back into the GI tract, causing worm infection obstructive symptoms.5 Complications include obstruction, appendicitis, right It is associated with poor personal upper quadrant pain, and biliary colic.4 (P) hygiene, crowding, poor sanitation, and places where human feces are used as Intestinal ascariasis can mimic intestinal obstruction, fertilizer.
    [Show full text]
  • INFECTIOUS DISEASES of HAITI Free
    INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF HAITI Free. Promotional use only - not for resale. Infectious Diseases of Haiti - 2010 edition Infectious Diseases of Haiti - 2010 edition Copyright © 2010 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-1-61755-090-4 ISBN-10: 1-61755-090-6 Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER: Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. © 2010 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 314 Free. Promotional use only - not for resale. Infectious Diseases of Haiti - 2010 edition Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series Infectious Diseases of Haiti is one in a series of GIDEON ebooks which summarize the status of individual infectious diseases, in every country of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research
    Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Online Submissions: http: //www.ghrnet.org/index./joghr/ 3Journal of GHR 2019 December 21; 8(6): 3041-3048 doi: 10.17554/j.issn.2224-3992.2019.08.880 ISSN 2224-3992 (print) ISSN 2224-6509 (online) ORIGINAL ARTICLE Alterations in Oxidative Stress Activities and Trace Elements Levels on Experimental Blastocystosis Azza M. Fahmy1, Rabab S. Zalat1, Amany M. Hegab2, Wafaa A. Wafy3 1 Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, treatment for assessment of the intensity of Blastocystis infection. Imbaba, Giza, Egypt; Measurement of antioxidant enzymes activities in the liver and 2 Developmental pharmacology Department National Organization determination of serum zinc, iron, and copper were established. for Drug Control and Research, Egypt; Results: The greatest infection intensity was reported in the third 3 Public Health Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, week of Blastocystosis reaching 48.6 vegetative forms/field and Imbaba, Giza, Egypt. 186.2×103 cysts/gm. Treatment with metronidazole after three weeks of infection disclosed a decrease of about 60 percent and 83 percent Conflict-of-interest statement:The authors declare that there is no in the amount of Blastocystis. Blastocystis infection significantly conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. enhanced lipid peroxidation in the liver while SOD, CAT, and GSH were significantly reduced. The altered values of MDA, SOD, CAT, Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was and GSH tend to be standardized compared to normal values by selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external using antiparasitic drug; MTZ. Serum zinc and iron levels in mice reviewers.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2016 Vol. 37 No.1
    FEBRUARY 2016 FEBRUARY VOL. 37 No. 1 Pages 1 - 32 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 1 - 32 AUSTRALIAN 37 No. 1 Pages VOL. ORIGINAL ARTICLE ORIGINAL ARTICLE HAEMATOLOGY UPDATE Blastocystis hominis: the What are the potential outcomes A case of hairy cell leukaemia in fascinating enigma of allowing Australian consumers a 39 year old male direct access to community pathology services? HISTOLOGY UPDATE Small bowel diverticulum February 2016 Vol. 37 No.1 Vol. Australian Journal of Medical Science ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS AIMS National Office February 2016 Vol. 37 No. 1 Chief Executive: Mr Edward Fraser MBA BAppSc GAICD AFCHSM Administration: Mr Keith Done Email: [email protected] Website: www.aims.org.au Original Articles Telephone: 61 7 3876 2988 Blastocystis hominis: the fascinating enigma Facsimile: 61 7 3876 2999 Address: PO Box 1911 Milton Qld 4064 Australia James B Sinclair 2 Editorial Board Editors Mr John Stirling, BSc(Hons) MLett AFRCPA MAIMS FRS-SA What are the potential outcomes of allowing Australian consumers Honorary Lecturer direct access to community pathology services? Flinders University, South Australia A review of patient initiated testing Assoc Prof Tony Woods, BA BSc(Hons) PhD MAIMS FFSc(RCPA) Associate Head, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Sue Drummond 14 University of South Australia Board Members Haematology Update Dr Ross Brown, PhD MSc MBA FAIMS FFSc(RCPA) Principal Hospital Scientist A case of hairy cell leukaemia in a 39-year-old male Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Gillian Rozenberg 20 Ms Robyn Wells,
    [Show full text]
  • Infectious Diseases of Rwanda
    INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF RWANDA Stephen Berger, MD 2015 Edition Infectious Diseases of Rwanda - 2015 edition Copyright Infectious Diseases of Rwanda - 2015 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2015 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN: 978-1-4988-0605-3 Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or etiologic grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application.
    [Show full text]
  • Blastocystis Hominis Infection (BLASS-Toe-SIS-Tiss HOM-In-Iss)
    Blastocystis hominis Infection (BLASS-toe-SIS-tiss HOM-in-iss) What is Blastocystis hominis? Blastocystis hominis is a common microscopic parasitic organism found throughout the world. Infection with Blastocystis hominis is called blastocystosis (BLASS-toe-SIS-toe-sis.) What are the symptoms of infection with Blastocystis? Watery or loose stools, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anal itching, weight loss, and excess gas have all been reported in persons with Blastocystis infection. Many people have no symptoms at all. How long will I be infected? Blastocystis can remain in the intestines for weeks, months, or years. Is Blastocystis hominis the cause of my symptoms? It is hard to be sure, and experts disagree on this point. Whether or not B. hominis is the primary cause of your symptoms is unknown. Finding Blastocystis in stool samples should be followed up with a careful search for other possible causes of your symptoms. Symptoms may be caused by infection with other parasitic organisms, bacteria, or viruses. Often, B. hominis is found along with other such organisms that are more likely to be the cause of your symptoms. Sometimes symptoms are not caused by an infection at all. Antibiotics, some cancer drugs, and medications used to control high blood pressure may be causing your symptoms. Hormone or endocrine diseases, diseases like Crohn’s, colitis, or hereditary factors may be the cause of illness. Food additives or food allergies may also be a cause of abdominal discomfort. Is having blastocystosis common? Yes; in fact many people have Blastocystis, some without ever having symptoms. What should I do if I think I have blastocystosis? See your health care provider who will ask you to provide stool samples for testing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Microbiome and Its Therapeutic Potential in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The microbiome and its therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel diseases Rossen, N.G.M. Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Rossen, N. G. M. (2016). The microbiome and its therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel diseases. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:02 Oct 2021 4 LOW PREVALENCE OF BLASTOCYSTIS SP. IN ACTIVE ULCERATIVE COLITIS PATIENTS Noortje G. Rossen, Aldert Bart, Nienke Verhaar, Els v Nood, Ruud Kootte, Pieter F. de Groot, Geert R. D’Haens, Cyriel Y. Ponsioen, Tom v Gool European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases - 2015 May;34(5):1039-44 Chapter 4 Abstract Purpose Ulcerative colitis (UC) is thought to originate from a disbalance in the interplay be- tween the gut microbiota and the innate and adaptive immune system.
    [Show full text]
  • Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma Longifolia): a Possible Therapeutic Candidate Against Blastocystis Sp
    Girish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2015) 8:332 DOI 10.1186/s13071-015-0942-y RESEARCH Open Access Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia): a possible therapeutic candidate against Blastocystis sp. Sonal Girish1, Suresh Kumar1* and Norhaniza Aminudin2 Abstract Background: In the local Malaysian context, herbal plants such as Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali), Orthosiphon stamineus (MisaiKucing), Ficus deltoidea (Mas Cotek), Zingiber officinale (Halia Bara) and Barringtonia racemosa (Putat) are known and widely used for its therapeutic properties. The first part of this study aims to screen for the anti-protozoal activity of these herbal plant extracts against Blastocystis sp. isolate subtype (ST) 3. Herbal extract with the highest efficacy was further fractionized into water and ethyl acetate fractions and tested against ST1, ST3 and ST5 Blastocystis sp. isolates. These isolates were also exposed to allopathic drugs, Metronidazole (MTZ), Tinidazole, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX), Ketoconazole and Nitazoxanide for comparison purpose. Methods: Blastocystis sp. isolates from human-derived stool samples were exposed to herbal extracts and allopathic drugs at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml and 1.0 mg/ml and were incubated at 37 °C. Growth profile studies were carried out. After 72 h of treatment, the viability of Blastocystis sp. as a result of the effects of the drugs and herbal extracts were assessed. Results: Based on the screening process, amongst all the extracts, Tongkat Ali exhibited the highest anti-protozoal activity at 1.0 mg/ml. Between the water and ethyl acetate fractions of Tongkat Ali, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited a slightly higher percentage of anti-protozoal activity at 1.0 mg/ml across subtypes, ST1 (94.9 %), ST3 (95.1 %) and ST5 (94.3 %).
    [Show full text]
  • Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
    Beyond the Bloodwork: Diagnostics for Liver Disease Scott Owens, DVM, MS, DACVIM MedVet Indianopolis Carmel, IN The liver is a vital organ necessary for many functions in the body, including nutrient metabolism and detoxification of various substances. As a result, liver dysfunction due to many different etiologies can be potentially life threatening. The powerful regenerative capability of the liver, however, makes early disease detection critical when considering a favorable long term prognosis. Liver diseases can be divided in to two broad categories: hepatocellular injury and hepatocellular dysfunction / failure. Clinical signs may overlap between these two groupings, and in general will typically be non-specific with liver disease. These categories can frequently be differentiated based on initial laboratory work, including a serum chemistry panel, complete blood count, and urinalysis. More often, however, baseline blood work will be suggestive of generalized liver disease but more information will be required to make informed decisions on treatment and prognosis. Serum biochemistry profile ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT are all liver enzymes that can be elevated with liver injury or dysfunction. The pattern of elevation can be helpful in determining the source of the injury. For example, if ALT and AST are substantially higher than ALP then damage to hepatobiliary cells should be suspected. If, however, GGT and ALP are more elevated compared to ALT then biliary obstruction or cell membrane damage should be suspected. Elevated total bilirubin would also be expected with the latter (Center SA 2007). With severe liver disease (ie. chronic active hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, toxicity-induced failure, etc.) all four of the previously mentioned enzymes may be markedly elevated due to multifactorial cellular injury.
    [Show full text]