DOCSLIB.ORG

Attachment Style, Empathy, and Schadenfreude

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Attachment Style, Empathy, and Schadenfreude Attachment Style, Empathy, and Schadenfreude: How Close Relationships Influence Reactions toward Others in Need Alison Baren & Claudia Brumbaugh The Graduate Center, City University of New York; Queens College, City University of New York Introduction Study 1 Results Study 2 We studied attachment style’s, how people experience close 4 Exploratory Factor Analysis relationships, impact on emotional responses toward envied and non‐envied others in need (Study 1) and developed and validated a trait schadenfreude Using a scree plot test (Catell, 1966), one clear factor emerged 3 scale (Study 2). (eigenvalue of 10.35). This factor accounts for 31.36% of variance. Of Ratings the initial 36‐items, 24 loaded strongly onto this factor. Common emotional responses toward others in need (Davis, 1983; Smith et al., 1996): 2 Items with strong loadings onto single factor. *loading values Personal Distress Empathy Schadenfreude Please rate the following statements (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree) self‐focused understanding joy from another’s Emotional 1. I can’t help but feel good when a fellow classmate doesn’t do well on an exam. (.615)* concern another’s feelings misfortune 1 High Envy 2. I feel joy when I learn of other people's breakups. (.515) 3. I feel good after learning of a celebrity who experiences a downfall. (.609) Low Envy 4. I often feel joy from witnessing others’ misfortunes. (.585) Does envy predict empathy and personal distress, as it predicts 0 Empathy Personal Distress Schadenfreude 5. I feel satisfied when a coworker fails to get a promotion. (.809) schadenfreude (Smith et al., 1996)? 6. I perk up when I find out someone has failed an exam. (.731) H1: Envy will evoke less empathy and personal distress, and more For high envied targets, people reported less empathy, personal distress, and more 7. My attitude improves when someone I know gains weight. (.620) schadenfreude, compared to low envied targets (for all comparisons, p < .01). 8. I feel satisfied when other people experience a downfall. (.718) schadenfreude. 9. I daydream about ways people I know could fail. (.605) 10.I can’t help but smile when I see someone step in a puddle. (.562) Does attachment predict schadenfreude, as it predicts empathy and personal Measure1234567 11.It makes me laugh to watch people run after the bus. (.663) 12.I seek out gossip. (.532) distress (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2005)? 1. Anxiety — 13.I remember and share details about other people’s misfortunes. (.664) 14.I am more likely to read news articles about a political scandal than a political success. (.478) H2: Because avoidant people dislike others, they will feel more 2. Avoidance .53** — schadenfreude at another’s misfortune, regardless of envy. 15.Gossip is more fun when the person I’m talking about has been negatively affected. (.752) 3. Empathy .03 ‐.03 — 16.I am more likely to click on a news article about a celebrity’s scandal than her charity work. (.459) H3: Because anxious people struggle with stressful situations, they will 17.My mindset is improved when I hear a rumor. (.683) feel more personal distress, especially toward disadvantaged (low 4. Schadenfreude .16 .21* ‐.30** — 18.When someone I know or follow on social media gets an unflattering hair cut I get pleasure out of envied) others. 5. Personal Distress .17* .10 .56** ‐.15 — talking to others about it. (.729) 19.When I see a person with a black eye, I think he must have deserved it in some way. (.430) 6. Positive Affect ‐.24** ‐.28** .05 ‐.03 .04 — 20.It’s funny to see people who have casts or who are on crutches. (.657) Do trait differences in schadenfreude exist as they do for empathy and 21.I like to see car accidents on the side of the road. (.565) 7. Negative Affect .42** .34** .08 .15 .26** ‐.05 — personal distress (Batson et al., 1983)? 22.When someone I know has lost something important to them, I laugh to myself. (.632) Correlations among variables: Anxious people reported more personal distress (β = .17, p = 23.If someone didn’t get into college, that would be kind of funny. (.662) H4: Using factor analysis, our new scale will present a single factor .042), while avoidant people generally reported more schadenfreude (β = .21, p = .01). 24.When someone throws a party and hardly anyone comes, that’s amusing. (.419) representing “trait” schadenfreude. Note. **p < .01; *p < .05. Reliability and Validity Method 5 The remaining 24 items had strong internal reliability (α = .92) and Study 1 4 good test‐retest reliability (r = .90, p < .001). We found good Ratings convergent validity with our scale and known associated traits. Using Participants: n = 144 (87 females, Mage = 21 yrs.) 3 joint factor analyses (Clark & Watson, 1995), 23 items loaded strongly Completed attachment questionnaire (ECR‐R, Fraley et al., 2000) onto 1 factor while items from the other scales loaded onto their own Distress 2 High Envy Low Envy separate factor, indicating adequate discriminant validity. 1 “he/she gets unlimited Read target profile “he/she doesn’t get High Envy financial support…” financial support…” Personal ‐‐ Low Envy Dark Triad Short (Jonason & Webster, 2010) .51** 0 Dispositional Envy (Smith et al., 1999) .40** 0123456 Envy toward target assessed (van Dijk et al., 2006) as a manipulation check. Self‐Esteem (Rosenberg, 1979) ‐.29* Attachment Anxiety Empathy (Davis, 1980) ‐.37** Anxious people experienced personal distress toward a low envied target Read about target’s hardship: “…Ashley/Michael finished with a failing grade…” (β = .30, p < .05) but not a high envied target (β = .05, ns). Pearson correlations of schadenfreude scale with related measures*p <.01, **p <.001 Empathy & personal distress assessed via adjective ratings (e.g., compassionate, Batson et al., 1987). Schadenfreude assessed via statements ratings (e.g., “I couldn’t resist smiling”, van Dijk et al., 2006). Discussion In Study 1, as expected, envy discouraged compassionate responses toward another’s misfortune. Findings also confirmed that attachment impacted Study 2 feelings toward distressed strangers. Notably, avoidant people felt more schadenfreude, regardless of envy, likely because they harbor more negative feelings Participants: n = 94 (74 females, Mage = 31 yrs.) toward others. Anxious people especially fretted over low‐envied others’ misfortunes (a novel finding), likely because of their hyper‐concern for fairness Participants rated (agreed or disagreed with) 36‐questions relating to (Koleva et al., 2013). In Study 2, we developed a new scale of “trait” schadenfreude, as no such scale currently exists. The scale had good reliability. While their enjoyment of others’ misfortunes. They completed related measures related to dark triad traits, empathy, envy, and self‐esteem, the 23 final items represented a distinct construct. (e.g., empathy) so we could assess validity, and completed the Marlowe and This work provides novel information on why people sometimes gain pleasure from others’ hardships and illustrates how attachment style corresponds Crown Social Desirability Scale (Reynolds, 1982). To evaluate test‐retest to helpful versus callous responses toward strangers. Whether or not people feel compassion toward distressed others is important, as it likely relates to reliability, 27 participants completed the schadenfreude and dark triad scales helping behavior (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 2010) . Future researchers could benefit by using our new scale to investigate individual differences in schadenfreude again (2 weeks later). and attachment style on actual behavioral responses toward another in need. For more information, please email [email protected].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Schadenfreude and Decisions
    Schadenfreude and Decisions Johanna Katarina Blomster Submitted as a Master Thesis in Cognitive Neuroscience Department of Psychology UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May 2015 II III IV © Author Year: 2015 Title: Schadenfreude and Decisions Author: Johanna Katarina Blomster http://www.duo.uio.no V VI Abstract Schadenfreude is the pleasure derived from another person’s misfortune, and several antecedents for schadenfreude has been identified, such as envy, self-enhancement, and deservingness. However, little is known about the effect of feeling schadenfreude on subsequent decisions. The present thesis investigates in four studies the effect of schadenfreude on decisions, which aimed at extending the previous research of Kramer, Yucel-Aybat, and Lau-Gesk (2011). It was expected that participants feeling schadenfreude would choose more conventional options compared to controls because the feeling of schadenfreude informs people of the possibility that a misfortune can befall them. Schadenfreude was induced either through a video clip chosen based on the results from the pre-test (Study 1 and 2) or through an affective priming task (Study 3 and 4). The decision tasks were the ultimatum game (Study 1 and 2), an economic version of the Asian disease problem (Study 3), and a consumer choice task involving compromise and extreme options (Study 4). Study 1 through 3 showed no effect of schadenfreude on decisions. However, Study 4 showed that schadenfreude increased the choice of unconventional (i.e., extreme) options (p = .037), which is the opposite of the predicted effect. These results are discussed in relation to the importance of replication studies and future studies. VII Summary Name of Author: Johanna Katarina Blomster Name of Supervisor: Anine Riege Title of Thesis: Schadenfreude and Decisions Schadenfreude is the pleasure at another’s misfortune.
    [Show full text]
  • Emotion and Intuition: Does Schadenfreude Make Interns Poor Learners?
    EMOTION AND INTUITION: DOES SCHADENFREUDE MAKE INTERNS POOR LEARNERS? OLIVER H. TURNBULL, RICHARD B. WORSEY, AND CAROLINE H. BOWMAN ________________________________________________________________________ While emotion has often been regarded as a negative force for human decision making, there are times when emotion is essential in order for human beings to make sensible choices.The basis for the phenomenon appears to be the ‘hunches’ that we often generate about complex problems, typically described as intuition —- a source of knowledge that has a vital role to play in creativity and imagination. In this study we describe an attempt to investigate the indirect, or empathic, experience of these intuitive phenomena, in a context akin to an ‘intern’ relationship. Using a well-established tool (the Iowa Gambling Task), we attempted to establish how intuition was empathically experienced by an observer. Critically, we also measured the extent to which this process was helpful in the observer’s later performance, measuring the phenomena using behavioral, subjective experience and video-monitoring methods.The most remarkable finding is that, even where the observers have ample opportunity for observation, they later perform very poorly when required to demonstrate the extent of their learning -– at levels worse than those of a naïve player. Based on an analysis of video-captured material, a plausible account of these data is that the experience of schadenfreude (a feeling of pleasure at someone else’s mis- fortune) might account for this surprisingly poor performance. A series of control experiments allow us to examine this hypothesis in more detail, primarily by making it possible to rule out a range of plausible confounds.The additional experiments also allow us to establish some of the boundary conditions for this phenomenon, and make it clear that when human beings can work together towards a common goal, in which they both have some degree of investment in the process, the disruptive (schadenfreude-based) effects are no longer observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Envy: an Adversarial Review 1
    ENVY: AN ADVERSARIAL REVIEW 1 Crusius, J.*, Gonzalez, M. F.*, Lange, J.*, & Cohen-Charash, Y.* (in press). Envy: An adversarial review and comparison of two competing views. Emotion Review. accepted manuscript before copyediting Envy: An adversarial review and comparison of two competing views Jan Crusiusa, Manuel F. Gonzalezb, Jens Langec, & Yochi Cohen-Charashb a University of Cologne bBaruch College & The Graduate Center, CUNY c University of Amsterdam Author Note Jan Crusius, Department of Psychology, University of Cologne; Jens Lange, Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam. Manuel F. Gonzalez and Yochi Cohen-Charash, Department of Psychology, Baruch College & the Graduate Center, CUNY, All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jan Crusius, Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Cologne, Germany, E-mail: [email protected], or Yochi Cohen-Charash, Department of Psychology, Baruch College & the Graduate Center, CUNY Box B8-215, 55 Lexington Ave, New York, NY 10010, E-mail: [email protected]. ENVY: AN ADVERSARIAL REVIEW 2 Abstract The nature of envy has recently been the subject of a heated debate. Some researchers see envy as a complex, yet unitary construct that, despite being hostile in nature, can lead to both hostile and non-hostile reactions. Others offer a dual approach to envy, in which envy’s outcomes reflect two types of envy: benign envy, involving upward motivation, and malicious envy, involving hostility against superior others. We compare these competing conceptualizations of envy in an adversarial (yet collaborative) review.
    [Show full text]
  • Schadenfreude)
    doi:10.1093/brain/awm093 Brain (2007), 13 0,1663^1678 The green-eyed monster and malicious joy: the neuroanatomical bases of envy and gloating (schadenfreude) Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory,1, 2 Ya s m i n T ib i - E l h a n a ny1,2 and Judith Aharon-Peretz2 1Department of Psychology,University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel and 2Cognitive Neurology Unit, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel Correspondence to: Simone Shamay-Tsoory PhD, Department of Psychology,University of Haifa, Haifa 31905 Israel E-mail: [email protected] Facing a protagonist’s emotional mental state can trigger social emotions (or ‘fortune of others’ emotion), such as envy or gloating, which reflect one’s assessment of the consequences of the other’s fortune. Here we Downloaded from suggest that these social emotions are mediated by the mentalizing network. The present article explores the notion that the understanding of social competitive emotions is particularly impaired in patients with ventro- medial (VM) prefrontal lesions. By manipulating a simple Theory of Mind (ToM) task, we tested the ability of brain.oxfordjournals.org patients with localized lesions to understand ‘fortune of others’ emotions: envy and gloating (schadenfreude). Patients were also assessed for their ability to recognize control physical and identification conditions. While envy is an example of a negative experience in the face of another’s fortunes, gloat is thought to be a positive experience in the face of another’s misfortune.Whereas in schadenfreude and envy the emotion of the self and the protagonist may be opposite, identification involves matching between the protagonist’s and the at Medical Center Library, Duke University on August 25, 2011 observer’s emotions.
    [Show full text]
  • Observing Schadenfreude: Expressing Pleasure at Others' Misfortune
    Il Mulino - Rivisteweb Stefano Pagliaro, Marco Brambilla, Francesco Di Prinzio, Manuel Teresi Observing schadenfreude: Expressing pleasure at others’ misfortune predicts avoidance (doi: 10.1482/94943) Psicologia sociale (ISSN 1827-2517) Fascicolo 3, settembre-dicembre 2019 Ente di afferenza: Universitgli studi di Milano Bicocca (unibicocca) Copyright c by Societ`aeditrice il Mulino, Bologna. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Per altre informazioni si veda https://www.rivisteweb.it Licenza d’uso L’articolo `emesso a disposizione dell’utente in licenza per uso esclusivamente privato e personale, senza scopo di lucro e senza fini direttamente o indirettamente commerciali. Salvo quanto espressamente previsto dalla licenza d’uso Rivisteweb, `efatto divieto di riprodurre, trasmettere, distribuire o altrimenti utilizzare l’articolo, per qualsiasi scopo o fine. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Observing schadenfreude: Expressing pleasure at others’ misfortune predicts avoidance Stefano Pagliaro, Marco Brambilla, Francesco Di Prinzio and Manuel Teresi n the daily life, we continuously In two studies, we examined how individuals who I express schadenfreude – that is joy at an other’s witness situations that foster mis- suffering – are perceived by the observers. Study 1 fortune and pain to other people. (N = 90) showed that actors expressing schaden- Despite when facing these situa- freude elicit a more negative impression and tions we may experience empathy, more avoidance intentions than those who display in particular when they happen to a general negative behavior. Study 2 (N = 90) our relatives or friends, abundant showed that such an effect did not depend upon participants’ competition with the target of the literature has highlighted that observed schadenfreude. Together the findings an opposite reaction may arouse showed that observing the public expression of as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Locke, K. D., & Horowitz, L
    Agency and Communion 1 Running Head: AGENCY AND COMMUNION IN SOCIAL COMPARISONS Agency and Communion in Social Comparisons Kenneth D. Locke University of Idaho This chapter was published as: Locke, K.D. (2014). Agency and communion in social comparisons. In Z. Krizan & F.X. Gibbons (Eds.), Communal Functions of Social Comparison (pp. 11-38). Cambridge University Press. Agency and Communion 2 My aim in this chapter is to explain and extend the following ideas. Most broadly, agency and communion are cardinal axes of social life and thus are principal themes defining and shaping what social comparisons mean to people. During a social comparison people may focus more on agency or more on communion, depending on various factors such as whether or not they know the other people with whom they are comparing. Experimental studies of social comparisons have tended to direct attention more towards agentic themes than communal themes; however, these same studies have often highlighted how perceiving connections or divides between ourselves and others governs whether we continue to compare with them and, if so, how those comparisons influence our self-concepts. Finally, the agentic and communal aspects of social comparisons can have widespread effects on our thoughts, feelings, and actions; some effects are relatively direct (e.g., perceiving others as similar can enhance liking), but others involve complex interactions between agency and communion (e.g., perceiving others as simultaneously similar and superior can enhance others’ influence on us as well as our own sense of status). Social Comparisons are Intrinsically Social Social comparison involves juxtaposing information about the self with comparable information about other “target” individuals or groups (Wood, 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • The Reward of Others' Pain: the Morality of Schadenfreude And
    The Reward of Others’ Pain: The Morality of Schadenfreude and Neural Correlates of Latent Preferences for Out-Group Harm Kelsey Ichikawa | Class of 2020 | Neurobiology and Philosophy | Advisors: Mina Cikara and Susanna Siegel Abstract Divisions between social groups often produce violent conflict. Yet we know relatively little about the neural mechanisms underlying intergroup harm. There is also minimal interdisciplinary work addressing how our neuroscience knowledge should impact our moral evaluation of inherent yet “ugly” emotions like schadenfreude (pleasure in another’s misfortune). To explore these questions, this thesis brings experimental work in dialogue with normative claims. I investigated the brain regions involved in preferences for two kinds of rewards: a benign one that benefits the participant’s political in-group, and a spiteful one that does the same and also harms the political out-group. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess neural activity while participants made choices to pursue these rewards. After modeling their behavior with a reinforcement learning algorithm, we found that ventral striatum activity significantly tracked reward prediction error. Past experiments indicate that schadenfreude also recruits regions from the subcortical reward circuitry. This convergence of evidence suggests that schadenfreude potentially elicits a positive reward signal that disposes a person to aggress against those whose misfortune she enjoyed—passive pleasure in another’s pain can subsequently facilitate first-person harm. In light of this, I argue that schadenfreude has morally bad consequences and can also be morally ill-fitted. Behavioral Task Neuroimaging Results Moral Philosophy of Schadenfreude Inter-trial Image Credit: John McNamee interval (jittered, - 49 participants, 39 after exclusion mean=3 sec) + - Earn vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Tilburg University When Envy Leads to Schadenfreude Van De Ven, N
    Tilburg University When envy leads to schadenfreude van de Ven, N.; Hoogland, C.E.; Smith, R.H.; van Dijk, W.W.; Breugelmans, S.M.; Zeelenberg, M. Published in: Cognition and Emotion DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.961903 Publication date: 2015 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): van de Ven, N., Hoogland, C. E., Smith, R. H., van Dijk, W. W., Breugelmans, S. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). When envy leads to schadenfreude. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1007-1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.961903 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. sep. 2021 Running head: When Envy Leads to Schadenfreude Formatted: Line spacing: At least 14 pt When Envy Leads to Schadenfreude Niels van de Ven Tilburg University Charles E. Hoogland, Richard H.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Schadenfreude on Decision- Making
    Better Than My Pride is Your Misfortune: The Impact of Schadenfreude on Decision- Making. Autoria: Bruno Farias Mendes, George dos Reis Alba The paper aims to investigate the impact of schadenfreude (pleasure in another’s misfortune) on decision-making. The first study showed that people preferred to send news about one’s favorite team victory (pride) over one’s rival team loss (schadenfreude) when the outcome of the game displayed small score differences and select the schadenfreude option when the score differences were large. The second study, conducted in the field, showed that supporters of a rival team increased their probability of betting against the target team when the target team was praised prior to the game. 1 Introduction Ireland was out of the World Cup because of a hand goal scored by France striker Thierry Henry. The Irish now seemed to have a lot of reasons to root against France during the World Cup and expected to feel happy to see them eliminated. Aware of this possibility, two companies developed rather unique promotional tactics. One famous pizzeria offered all the Irish consumers free pizzas for each goal that France suffered in the World Cup using the slogan "Pizzas 1, France 0". The other company gave a discount on their TV sets when France was knocked out of the World Cup with the phrase: “When the French lose, the Irish win”. It is not of today that we feel pleased when someone suffers, especially when this emotion is activated by resentment - wish to correct a perceived injustice (Feather & Sherman, 2002) or envy (Smith et al., 1996); both of which commonly experienced in sports context (Leach et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Schadenfreude As a Mate Value Tracking Mechanism Within Same-Sex Friendships
    SCHADENFREUDE AS A MATE VALUE TRACKING MECHANISM WITHIN SAME-SEX FRIENDSHIPS Leisha A. Colyn A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2007 Committee: Anne K. Gordon, Advisor Harold Rosenberg Howard Casey Cromwell ii ABSTRACT Anne K. Gordon, Advisor Friends provide many benefits. However, same-sex friends may also compete with us for mates. Schadenfreude is the feeling of pleasure that occurs when another person experiences a misfortune. I view schadenfreude as a psychological mechanism designed to help us deal with the problems associated with intrasexual competition. In this research, I focus on competition between same-sex friends. Participants described a time when they experienced schadenfreude toward a same-sex or opposite-sex friend and completed a survey regarding schadenfreude in friendships. The primary hypothesis was that schadenfreude would be elicited within same-sex friendships by events that lowered one's friends' mate value. Results showed that schadenfreude is ubiquitous within college students’ friendships. The most common themes present in participants’ narrative accounts were competition within work, sports, and academic contexts, justice restoration, and misfortunes that occurred after a friend had rejected or betrayed the participant. Schadenfreude does appear to track physical attractiveness among women. However, schadenfreude does not appear to track status for men. The Discussion focuses on the ubiquitous nature of schadenfreude within friendships, highlighting a potential dark side of friendship. iii I dedicate this work to my family for their unwavering support through all of my academic pursuits. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to first acknowledge my advisor, Anne Gordon, for the direction and guidance she provided to me on this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Preference for Hierarchy Is Associated with Reduced Empathy And
    Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 85 (2019) 103871 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Social Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jesp Preference for hierarchy is associated with reduced empathy and increased ☆ ☆☆ T counter-empathy towards others, especially out-group targets , ⁎ Sa-kiera Tiarra Jolynn Hudsona, , Mina Cikaraa, Jim Sidaniusb a Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA b Department of Psychology & African and African American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The capacity to empathize with others facilitates prosocial behavior. People's willingness and capacity to em- Social dominance orientation pathize, however, is often contingent upon the target's group membership – people are less empathic towards Race those they categorize as out-group members. In competitive or threatening intergroup contexts, people may even Empathy feel pleasure (counter-empathy) in response to out-group members' misfortunes. Social dominance orientation Schadenfreude (SDO), or the extent to which people prefer and promote group-based inequalities, is an ideological variable that is associated with a competitive view of the world, increased prejudicial attitudes, and decreased empathy. Thus, higher levels of SDO should be associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy in general, but especially towards those whose subjugation maintains group inequalities. Across three studies we show that among White individuals, higher SDO levels are associated with less empathy, and more counter-empathy in response to others' good and bad fortunes. More importantly, these reductions in empathy and increases in schadenfreude as a function of SDO were significantly stronger for Asian and Black targets than for in-group White targets when group boundaries were made salient prior to the empathy ratings.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitigating Malicious Envy: Why Successful Individuals Should Reveal Their Failures
    Mitigating Malicious Envy: Why Successful Individuals Should Reveal Their Failures Karen Huang Alison Wood Brooks Ryan W. Buell Brian Hall Laura Huang Working Paper 18-080 Mitigating Malicious Envy: Why Successful Individuals Should Reveal Their Failures Karen Huang Alison Wood Brooks Harvard Business School Harvard Business School Ryan W. Buell Brian Hall Harvard Business School Harvard Business School Laura Huang Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-080 Copyright © 2018 by Karen Huang, Alison Wood Brooks, Ryan W. Buell, Brian Hall, and Laura Huang Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Running head: MITIGATING MALICIOUS ENVY 1 Mitigating Malicious Envy: Why Successful Individuals Should Reveal Their Failures Karen Huang, Alison Wood Brooks, Ryan W. Buell, Brian Hall, Laura Huang Harvard Business School Author Note We are grateful for feedback on earlier versions of this research presented at the Society for Affective Science, International Association for Conflict Management, and Academy of Management conferences, and for feedback from Elliot Larson, Yochi Cohen-Charash, Maurice Schweitzer, Donald Gibson, and Steve Worthington on earlier versions of the manuscript. For each study, we report how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions, all manipulations, and all measures. The data, analyses, and materials from each study are available as online supplementary materials at https://osf.io/hxpfy/?view_only=5a99d1c6179c4f1daee4ac550e2d1ca5. Correspondence concerning this manuscript should be addressed to Karen Huang, Wyss House, Harvard Business School, Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163.
    [Show full text]