Effects of Alloying Elements on the Microstructure and Fatigue
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Classification of Engineering Materials, and Their Properties: 1
ACS College of Engineering, Bangalore Assistant professor/Aeronautical Classification Of Engineering Materials, And Their Properties: 1] Material classification: There are different ways of classifying materials. One way is to describe five groups or families 1 ACS College of Engineering, Bangalore Assistant professor/Aeronautical Metals and alloys; Ceramics, glasses, and glass-ceramics; Polymers (plastics); Semiconductors Composite materials Metals and Alloys: Metals and alloys include steels, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, cast iron, titanium, copper, and nickel. An alloy is a metal that contains additions of one or more metals or non-metals. In general, metals have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals and alloys have relatively high strength, high stiffness, ductility or formability, and shock resistance. They are particularly useful for structural or load-bearing applications. Although pure metals are occasionally used, alloys provide improvement in a particular desirable property or permit better combinations of properties. Ceramics: Ceramics can be defined as inorganic crystalline materials. Beach sand and rocks are examples of naturally occurring ceramics. Advanced ceramics are materials made by refining naturally occurring ceramics and other special processes. Advanced ceramics are used in substrates that house computer chips, sensors and capacitors, wireless communications, inductors, and electrical insulation. Some ceramics are used as barrier coatings to protect metallic substrates in turbine engines. Ceramics are also used in such consumer products as paints, and tires, and for industrial applications such as the tiles for the space shuttle. Traditional ceramics are used to make bricks, tableware, toilets, bathroom sinks, refractories (heat-resistant material), and abrasives. In general, due to the presence of porosity (small holes), ceramics do not conduct heat well; they must be heated to very high temperatures before melting. -
Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon As Carburizer
Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, 483-487, 2009 © 2009 Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon as Carburizer Fatai Olufemi Aramidea,*, Simeon Ademola Ibitoyeb, Isiaka Oluwole Oladelea, Joseph Olatunde Borodea aMetallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria bMaterials Science and Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Received: July 31, 2009; Revised: September 25, 2009 Due to the complexity of controlling parameters in carburization, there has been relatively little work on process variables during the surface hardening process. This work focuses on the effects of the carburizing temperature and time on the mechanical properties of mild steel carburized with activated carbon, at 850, 900 and 950 °C, soaked at the carburizing temperature for 15 and 30 minutes, quenched in oil, tempered at 550 °C and held for 60 minutes. Prior carburization process, standard test samples were prepared from the as received specimen for tensile and impact tests. After carburization process, the test samples were subjected to the standard test and from the data obtained, ultimate tensile strength, engineering strain, impact strength, Youngs’ moduli were calculated. The case and core hardness of the carburized tempered samples were measured. It was observed that the mechanical properties of mild steels were found to be strongly influenced by the process of carburization, carburizing temperature and soaking time at carburizing temperature. It was concluded that the optimum combination of mechanical properties is achieved at the carburizing temperature of 900 °C followed by oil quenching and tempering at 550 °C. -
An Inventory of US Navy Courses Suitable for Use in Training Civiliam
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 118 915 CE 006 479 AUTHOR Rogers, William A., Jr.; Nisos, Michael J. TITLE An Inventory of U.S. Navy Courses Suitable for Use in Training Civiliam Personnel in Basic Technical Skills. INSTITUTION Aerospace Education Foundation, Washington, D.C.; Naval Inst., Annapolis, Md. SPONS AGENCY Maryland State Dept. of Education, Baltimore. PUB DATE 15 Apr 75 NOTE 336p. AVAILABLE. FROM For more detailed information about course contents, contact U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland 21402 (No price given) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$18.07 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS Auto Mechanics (Occupation); Aviation Technology; *Catalogs; Construction Industry; Course Content; *Course Descriptions; *Educational Equipment; Electrical Occupations; Food Service Occupations; Marine Technicians; Medical Services; *Military Training; *Technical Education; Technical Occupations; Trade and Industrial Education IDENTIFIERS *Navy ABSTRACT An inventory of courses of study developed by the United States Navy which might be useful to other private and public institutions in training civilian students in basic technological skills is presented. Individual course reports contain the following information: course description, comments, course content (including blocks of instruction and hours), support materials,, training aids, equipment, tools, and supplies and materials. Courses are listed for the following career fields: air conditioning and refrigeration, audiovisual equipment (operation), audiovisual equipment (repair) , automotive trades, aviation trades, -
National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
NFS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multipler Propertyr ' Documentation Form NATIONAL This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ____Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania, 1716-1945_______________ B. Associated Historic Contexts_____________________________ ~ ___Pennsylvania Iron and Steel Industry. 1716-1945_________________ C. Geographical Data Commonwealth of Pennsylvania continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, J hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requiremerytS\set forth iri36JCFR PafrfsBOfcyid the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date / Brent D. Glass Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple -
History of the Hardening of Steel : Science and Technology J
HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY J. Vanpaemel To cite this version: J. Vanpaemel. HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1982, 43 (C4), pp.C4-847-C4-854. 10.1051/jphyscol:19824139. jpa- 00222126 HAL Id: jpa-00222126 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00222126 Submitted on 1 Jan 1982 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Colloque C4, suppZ4ment au no 12, Tome 43, de'cembre 1982 page C4-847 HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3. Vanpaemel Center for historical and socio-economical studies on science and technology Teer EZstZaan 41, 3030 Leuven, SeZgim (Accepted 3 November 1982) Abstract. - The knowledge of the hardening phenomenon was achieved through a very cumulative process without any dis- continuity or 'scientific crisis' . The history of the hardening shows a definite interrelationship between techno- logical approach (or the application-side) and academic science . The hardening of steel appears to have been an operation in common use among the early Greeks The Greek and Roman smiths knew, from experience, how to control the. -
Argyle Police Department
ARGYLE POLICE DEPARTMENT Policy 1.1 Mission, Values, and Written Directive System Effective Date: 02Feb12 Replaces: Reference: TBP 1.04.1 I. POLICY Law enforcement agencies provide essential services to foster safe communities through crime reduction and deterrence. Administrators of these law enforcement agencies are obligated to train, supervise, and guide personnel in performing the variety of tasks which create safe communities. At the same time, these administrators seek to improve employees' confidence and competence in performing tasks while reducing vulnerability to liability. To meet these obligations, agencies must manage themselves according to written directives. A manual of policies and procedures guides the day-to-day legal and ethical functioning of a law enforcement agency. To that end, this manual furnishes a blueprint for the performance of this agency’s activities in accordance with established state and national standards. Providing all members of the department with an understanding of the department’s mission and values provides guidance for decision making when situations are not covered by direct policy or procedure. II. PURPOSE This document outlines the organization of the Department, its Policy and Procedure Manual, its authority, and defines three kinds of statements that appear in these documents: policy, rule, and procedure. It also states the department’s mission and core values. III. AGENCY MISSION AND VALUES A. Mission The mission of the Argyle Police Department is to work with the citizens of Argyle to maintain effectively and efficiently provide for the protection of lives and property, preserve the public peace, and promote individual responsibility and community commitment with the highest level of professionalism and ethical standards. -
Guide to Non-Ferrous Metals
14 Manufacturing Processes CHAPTER 2 Ferrous Materials and Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys 2.1 INTRODUCTION Ferrous materials/metals may be defined as those metals whose main constituent is iron such as pig iron, wrought iron, cast iron, steel and their alloys. The principal raw materials for ferrous metals is pig iron. Ferrous materials are usually stronger and harder and are used in daily life products. Ferrous material possess a special property that their characteristics can be altered by heat treatment processes or by addition of small quantity of alloying elements. Ferrous metals possess different physical properties according to their carbon content. 2.2 IRON AND STEEL The ferrous metals are iron base metals which include all varieties of iron and steel. Most common engineering materials are ferrous materials which are alloys of iron. Ferrous means iron. Iron is the name given to pure ferrite Fe, as well as to fused mixtures of this ferrite with large amount of carbon (may be 1.8%), these mixtures are known as pig iron and cast iron. Primarily pig iron is produced from the iron ore in the blast furnace from which cast iron, wrought iron and steel can be produced. 2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON STEELS Plain carbon steel is that steel in which alloying element is carbon. Practically besides iron and carbon four other alloying elements are always present but their content is very small that they do not affect physical properties. These are sulphur, phosphorus, silicon and manganese. Although the effect of sulphur and phosphorus on properties of steel is detrimental, but their percentage is very small. -
The Importance of Proper Inspection
The Importance of Proper Inspection Rocky Capehart How Do We Help Prevent: PROPER INSPECTION All of the below should be performed as specified in the contract documents: •product specified is being used, •specified surface preparation has been completed, •product is applied as per manufacture’s recommendation, •AND Post application INSPECTION Manhole Preparation Quality Assurance and Testing •Substrate surface preparation requirements – Hydroblasting, Sand blasting, Grinding •Inspection before material application – Clean, dry, sound, surface profile, pH Test – Equipment KEY FACTORS FOR PREP SUCCESS Obtain a clean, dry and sound surface! • Understand repair procedures: • infiltration or substrate loss • Understand preparation procedures • Know how to test preparation results Coating • Know common termination methods of: keys • cleaning power • abrasive choices • coating removal Moisture Level Definition Saturated Surface Dry describes the condition of the aggregate in which the pores in each particle of the aggregate particle are filled with water and no excess water is on the particle surface. This allows the absorption and the specific gravity of the aggregate to be measured. Moisture content of aggregate is described by four categories: pH Test Complications with a product application may occur if pH levels (number designation) are: – too high (alkaline) or too low (acid). EQUIPMENT • Equipment is product dependent • Some can be mobilized into underground structures as necessary • Material output is meeting proper ratio Manhole Preparation -
Titanium, Aluminum Or Steel?
Titanium, Aluminum or Steel? Thomas G Stoebe Professor Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA and National Resource Center for Materials Technology Education Edmonds Community College 20000 68 Ave West Lynnwood, WA 98036 425-890-4652; [email protected] Copyright Edmonds Community College 2008 Abstract: Testing of metals is usually undertaken with sophisticated instruments. However, you can demonstrate to your students the basic differences between certain classes of metals using the simple spark test, presented here. You can even have your students test their “titanium” sports equipment to see if it really titanium! In many cases, they will find that the name “titanium” is used for marketing but little will be found in the product. In the process, students see the visible result of the carbon content in steel, and the lack of carbon in other materials, plus realize the reactivity of titanium metal. Module Objective: This simple demonstration provides an introduction to materials and materials testing. Even though this technique is limited to certain metals, it helps the student understand that different materials are different, and that materials that look alike are not necessarily the same. It also provides an opportunity to describe ferrous and non-ferrous materials and their basic differences, and one effect of heating on these different materials. Titanium is sufficiently reactive in air that it gives off sparks even with no carbon present. Since so many products today indicate that they are made of titanium, this test also provides a simple means to test for titanium in a product. This demonstration can also be expanded into a lab experiment to identify unknown materials. -
Comparative Properties of Wrought Iron Made by Hand Puddling and by the Aston Process
RP124 COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT IRON MADE BY HAND PUDDLING AND BY THE ASTON PROCESS By Henry S. Rawdon and 0. A. Knight ABSTRACT The hand-puddling method of making wrought iron has not greatly changed for a century. More economical methods in the manufacture of thjs product is the crying need of the industry. A radically new process, recently developed, is now coming into commercial use, in which pig iron, which h>as been refined in a Bessemer converter, is poured into molten slag so as to produce intimate mingling of the two. A comparison of the properties of wrought iron made thus with that made by hand puddling forms the subject of this report. The test results failed to show any marked difference in the products of the two processes. The new product appears to have all of the essential properties usually connoted by the name—wrought iron, CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 954 1. Resume of the Aston process 955 II. Purpose and scope of the investigation 959 III. Materials and methods 960 1. Materials 960 (a) Pipe 960 (6) "Rounds" 961 (c) Slag 962 2. Methods 962 IV. Results 962 1. Composition 962 2. Density 964 3. Mechanical properties 965 (a) Pipe materials 965 (1) Tensile properties 965 (2) Torsional properties 970 (3) Flattening tests 971 (6) 1-inch rounds 972 (1) Tensile properties 972 (2) Torsional properties 973 (3) Impact resistance 973 4. Corrosion resistance 976 (a) Laboratory corrosion tests 976 (6) Electrolytic solution potential 979 5. Structural examination 979 (a) Pipe materials 980 (1) BaU 980 (2) Muck bar 980 (3) Skelp 981 (4) Pipe 981 (&) 1-inch rounds 981 (c) Slag 981 953 : 954 Bureau of Standards Journal of Research [vol. -
Historical Iron by CLARA DECK, CONSERVATOR REVISIONS by LOUISE BECK, CONSERVATOR
The Care and Preservation Of Historical Iron BY CLARA DECK, CONSERVATOR REVISIONS BY LOUISE BECK, CONSERVATOR Introduction Historical iron can be maintained for years of use and enjoyment provided that some basic care and attention is given to its preservation. The conservation staff of The Henry Ford have compiled the information in this fact sheet to help individuals care for their objects and collections. The first step in the care of collections is to understand and minimize conditions that can cause damage. The second step is to follow basic guidelines for care, handling and cleaning. Please note - this fact sheet will present a brief overview of the care of iron objects, stressing good storage as the best method of preservation. It does not address the serious problems of preserving archaeological metals excavated from land or marine sites. People who collect Un conserved archaeological artifacts should be aware that those types of objects are rarely stable if left untreated and require significant specialist intervention. Please contact a conservator if you need assistance with conservation of these materials. Iron is a common metal in historical collections. It is found in a variety of alloys, known as "ferrous metals", including wrought iron, cast iron and steel. Galvanized or tin-plated sheet is also a familiar material in historical collections. Ferrous metals are magnetic so the presence of iron can, therefore, be easily identified with the use of a magnet. Types of Damage Poor handling and inappropriate storage are the major causes of damage to iron artifacts and can result in corrosion and physical damage to the object. -
Invitation to Bid 3
,o , INFORMATION FOR BIDDERS PROPOSAL - SPECIFICATIONS FOR REPLACEMENT OF BRIDGE NO. 05012 DAVIS AVENUE OVER INDIAN HARBOR TOWN PROJECT NO. 17-16 STATE LOTCIP PROJECT NO. L056-0003 AUGUST 2020 TOWN OF GREENWICH CONNECTICUT 742 Q 0 ~E~NEERING DM»""'SIO-vN • DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS ~ .a.· Replacement of Bridge No. 05012 Davis Avenue Bridge over Indian Harbor Town of Greenwich, Connecticut Town Project No. 17-16 State LOTCIP Project No. L056-0003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page No. Invitation to Bid 3 BIDDING REQUIREMENTS Section 1 Information for Bidders 4 to 13 Section 2 Bid 14 to 43 Section 3 Bid Bond 44 to 47 CONTRACT FORMS Section 4 Agreement 48 to 78 Section 5 Performance, Maintenance and Payment Bond 79 to 83 CONTRACT CONDITIONS Section 6 General Conditions 84 to 91 OTHER DOCUMENTS Section 7 Technical Provisions 92 to 229 Section 8 State of Connecticut Prevailing Wage Rates 230 to 261 Appendix A CT DEEP Certificate of Permission License 262 to 284 Appendix B CTDOT Required Contract Provisions 285 to 311 TECHNICAL PROVISIONS List of NTCs Page No. Notice to Contractor – Use of Connecticut DOT Form 817 94 Notice to Contractor – Protection of Existing Utilities 95 to 96 Notice to Contractor – Procurement of Materials 97 Notice to Contractor – All - Inclusive Drainage 98 Notice to Contractor – Use of Municipal Police Officers 99 Special Provision Sections Page No. Section 1.05 – Control of The Work 100 to 101 Section 1.07 – Legal Relations and Responsibilities 102 to 103 Section 1.08 – Prosecution and Progress 104 Section 2.86 – Drainage Trench Excavation, Rock in Drainage Trench Excavation 105 to 108 Section 4.06 – Bituminous Concrete 109 to 131 Section 5.86 – Catch Basins, Manholes, And Drop Inlets 132 to 135 Section 6.86 – Drainage Pipes, Drainage Pipe Ends 136 to 139 Section M.04 – Bituminous Concrete Materials 140 to 159 1 Replacement of Bridge No.