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Paeonia Lactiflora Paeonia (Paeonia lactifl ora, L.) Traditional and Empirical Use Paeonia is named after the mythical Greek fi gure Paeon, who was said to be a student of Aesculapius, the great physician. Paeon used the peony plant (various species also grow in Europe) to heal a wound for the god Pluto. Peonies have a long and varied history in both the eastern and western worlds. Paeonia has a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine – dating back to 1000BC. The bark, red peony root, and white peony root all have somewhat different properties in TCM. Dried versus charred roots also have been viewed as having different properties. In China, peonies were acclaimed for their medicinal and horticultural value. The best varieties commanded huge prices and peonies were often part of a dowry settlement. Family Medicinally, paeonia was traditionally used in China to treat Paeoniaceae nervous complaints and those that involve spasm such as epilepsy, muscular cramps and hypertension. It was also Parts Used used for painful periods or menstrual irregularity in women. Root It is thought to be bitter, salty and cold and has an affi nity for the liver meridian. It is more nourishing than red peony Description and can supplement the spleen, nourish the liver blood Paeonia is a herbaceous perennial fl owering plant and drain liver fi re. popular with gardeners due to its appealing fl owers. In the West, peonies were fi rst grown for their medicinal Paeonia is native to central and eastern Asia from uses, but their popularity quickly spread and they became eastern Tibet across northern China to parts of Siberia. a prized garden fl ower. People have used peonies as Paeonia is now widely found outside Asia and grown sources of inspiration for their artwork and in their gardens. in many countries as an ornamental plant, with many During the middle ages in Europe peonies were used for cultivars available. everything from childbirth to warding off evil spirits. Paeonia Paeonia has attractive fl owers and foliage and decorative was recommended to cure gall stones, control epileptic seedpods. The leaves are large, alternately arranged on seizures, soothe teething pain and cure jaundice. the stems, and divided into oval to lance-shaped linear leafl ets. The foliage is often tinted bronze when new and Constituents takes on reddish tones in the fall. The blossom is very Paeonia contains proanthocyanidins, fl avonoids, tannins, fragrant with fi ve or more wide petals arranged in a single terpenoids, triterpenoids, and complex polysaccharides. row around a centre of pollen bearing stamen. It contains gallotannin and the unique glycosides paeonifl orin, benzoylpaeonifl orin, albifl orin and oxypaeonifl orin as well The roots of peonies are tuberous and are the part used as paeonol, pentagalloylglucose, hexagalloylglucose, medicinally. The tuberous roots are fl eshy and plentiful and attached to a mass of underground tissue usually heptagalloylglucose, octagalloylglucose and a range of referred to as the crown. Also known as white peony or paeonilactones. Bai Shao in Traditional Chinese Medicine, the root is harvested from cultivated Paeonia lactifl ora and is Actions provided by the root without the bark attached – giving a Antioxidant, antiinfl ammatory, antispasmodic, characteristic white colour to the bark – hence its name. anticonvulsant, analgesic, antithrombotic, steroid hormone modulator, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator, neuroprotective. More full monographs available on: The www.herbalextracts.com.au Version: Apr15/01 Herbal ExtractCompany of Australia Paeonia (Paeonia lactifl ora) full monograph Pharmacological Activity Paeonol was examined for its role in anaphylactic reactions Paeonia contains a unique glycoside called paeonifl orin and its mode of action. Paeonol signifi cantly inhibited that has been most extensively studied. Much of the other histamine release and IgE production in B cells and research into paeonia looks at it in combination with other effectively downregulated the expression of IL-4. The study herbs as part of traditional Chinese formulas. confi rmed that paeonol effectively inhibited anaphylactic shock in mice by 90%, suggesting that paeonol has anti- Hepatoprotective anaphylatic activity by regulating histamine and TNF- alpha.8 Glucosides from paeonia have been shown to have benefi cial effects on induced hepatic fi brosis in rats. The antiallergic effects of paeonifl orin and paeonol were The extracts were able to inhibit collagen synthesis and evaluated in vivo for their inhibitory effects against passive decrease oxidative stress.1 cutaenous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and scratching behaviours induced by various compounds. The paeonia Paeonifl orin was shown to signifi cantly protect against compounds potently inhibited PCA reaction and scratching immunological liver injury induced by the bacillus Calmette- behaviours in mice. Paeonifl orin exhibited the most potent Guérin (BCG) and lipopolysaccharide in mice. The inhibition against scratching behaviours and the acetic acid- protective mechanism of paeonifl orin was partially related induced writhing syndrome in mice. Paeonol most potently to modulation of TNF-alpha, IL-6, lipopolysaccharide inhibited PCA reaction and mast cells degranulation.9 binding protein and CD14 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in mouse liver.2 In a study, the effects of paeonifl orin on infl ammatory and immune responses in adjuvant arthritis in rats were Paeonifl orin’s role in preventing hepatic granuloma investigated. The administration of paeonifl orin signifi cantly formation and fi brosis in mice infected with Schistosoma diminished the secondary hind paw swelling and arthritis japonicum was examined. Paeonifl orin can exert anti- scores, reversed the changes of cytokines, and further fi brogenic effects by inhibiting the proliferation of hepatic decreased the lowered proliferation of lymphocytes in rats. stellate cells and down-regulating gene expression and Other results suggested that paeonifl orin might induce the phosphorylation through transforming growth factor Th1 cells immune tolerance, which then shift to Th2, Th3 3 (TGF)-beta1 signalling. Paeonifl orin was also shown cells mediated activities to take effect the anti-infl ammatory to signifi cantly reduce hepatic granuloma formation and immunoregulatory effects.10 and fi brosis due to schistosome eggs. It decreased the expression of TGF-beta1 and alpha smooth muscle actin Paeonia combined with dong quai and cnidium was found in mice when it is given before praziquantel administration, to be effective for the restoration of impaired immune which may be associated with the activation of hepatic functions in aged mice. Aging is known to reduce the Th1- stellate cells and the expression of TGF-beta1 in liver like function, but not the Th2-like function, resulting in a tissue.4 Th1/Th2 imbalance. The herbal compound restored the Th1/Th2 balance in the aged mice. The overall results The effects of paeonifl orin on liver fi brosis in rats induced by suggest the herbs could be a good recommendation for carbon tetrachloride has also been examined. Paeonifl orin immune restoration in elderly humans.11 signifi cantly inhibited the progression of hepatic fi brosis induced by carbon tetrachloride. The inhibitory effect Paeonol has been found to be useful in resisting many on hepatic fi brosis might be associated with its ability to species of bacteria and fungi. A study on rats showed that scavenge free radicals, decrease the level of TGF-beta1 paeonol could enhance specifi c cellular immunity. These and inhibit collagen synthesis and proliferation.5 enhancing effects of the specifi c cellular immunity and the nonspecifi c phagocytosis functions of the immune A study found that the extract prepared from the roots of system were thought to be one of the mechanisms of the both Paeonia lactifl ora and Astragalus membranaceus antibacterial effects of paeonol.12 demonstrated more effi cient hepato-protective activity Another study examining herbal antifugal agents found than the single herbs used individually. 6 that paeonia was effective against Candida spp.13 Immunoregulatory Activity Paeonifl orin was found to induce apoptosis in both Anti-infl ammatory and Antioxidant murine T-lineage cells and human T-cell leukaemia cells. Paeonia has been found to have anti-infl ammatory and The apoptosis was mediated through the reduction of antioxidant actions. mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of enzymes Paeonia suppressed the damage to DNA induced by and fragmentation of DNA. Paeonifl orin also induced a chemical agent, and scavenged the superoxide and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydroxy radical generated by the chemical.14 a reducing agent and a ROS scavenger which successfully attenuated the apoptosis.7 The ethanol extract of the paeonia root as well as its major active components including gallic acid and methyl gallate were evaluated for their protective effects against free radical generation and lipid peroxidation. All components 2 of 7 Paeonia (Paeonia lactifl ora) full monograph exhibited a signifi cant free radical scavenging effect and muscle relaxant activity of the formula was thought to an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. The protection relieve the pain associated with colonoscopy.21 against oxidative DNA damage occurred without exhibiting Paeonia was examined for its vasodilator effect and any pro-oxidant effect.15 mechanisms of action in vitro and was found to relax Another study indicated that different extracts of paeonia prostaglandin F2a-precontracted
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