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Triehosantfies Ccioica "Roxb., Triefiosantfies Cucumerina L. Chapter VI Trichosanthes Dioica Roxb

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Triehosantfies Ccioica PmgMACC^^GNpSTlC and MOLECULAR STUDIES ON TrieHosantfies cCioica "Roxb., Triefiosantfies cucumerina L. Chapter VI Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. & Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Introduction 'Patola' is used in the traditional system of medicine for curing wide array of disorders (Raghunathan & Mitra, 1982). It is one of the ingredients of ayurvedic preparations like Gulgulutiktakam kasayam, Mahatiktaka ghrtam, Mahatiktakam kasayam, Vijrakam kasayam, etc. Ayurvedic text recognizes two kinds of'Patola'' namely small fruited 'Patola'' and large fruited 'Svadupatola\ In different parts of India, sources of this drug is vary for example in north India Trichosanthes dioica used as 'Patola'' where as in south India T. cucumerina used. This creates ambiguity in correct identity of 'Patola'. Non bitter species T. dioica and variety T. cucumerina var. anguina are edible and occasionally admixtured with bitter variety. This has necessitated the development standardization parameters for correct identification of these species. 6.1 Taxonomic details 6.1.1 Trichosanthes dioica Roxb., Fl. India 3: 701.1832; Jeffrey in Kew Bull. 34:798.1980; Chakrav. in Fasc. Fl. India 11: 114.1982; K. M. Rao in Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra State 2:66.2001; Renner & Pandey in PhytoKeys 20:92.2013 Vernacular names: Bengali - Potol; English - Pointed gourd; Gujarati- Patal; Hindi- Parwal; Karmada- Kaadu-padavala; Malayalam - Patolam; Marathi - Perval; Sanskrit - Putulika, Patolah, Kulakah, Pandukan, Karkasacchadan, Rajiphalah, Panduphalah, Rajanama, Amrtaphalah, Viryagarbha pratanah, Kusthaha, Kasamuktidah; Tamil - Kombu-pudalai; Telugu - Kommupotla Large, dioecious climbers, stem softly pubescent 5-angIed twine branched, with trifid tendrils. Leaves simple, petiolate, I -4 mm long, slender, striate, shortly villose-hirsute. Leaf lamina 6-12 x 3-9 cm, cordate, ovate to oblong, acute, sinuate or dentate, rigid, sparsely scabrous, basal lobes narrow round, 1.5-2.0 cm deep. Tendrils slender, short, trifid. Flowers white, male flowers in pairs, one flower shorter than the other, calyx tube up 3-4 cm long, subcylindric, petals oblong, fimbriate; anthers free, subsessile, oblong, 3.5 x 1.5 mm. Female flowers solitary; ovary oblong, villose, petals similar to male flowers. Fruits 5-8 x 2-4 cm, spindle aped, glabrous, smooth, green with white stripes when young. Scarlet red at ripening. Seeds ovoid, black. Flowering and fruiting: July- September Distribution in India: Cultivated throughout country for its fruits. Chapter VI Thchosanthes dioica Roxb. & Trichosanthes cucumerina L. 6.1.2 Trichosanthes cucumerina L., Sp. PI. 1008.1753; Chakrav. in Fasc. Fl. India 11: 112. 1982; K. M. Rao in singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra State 2: 66. 2001. T. cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.) Haines, Bot. Bihar Orissa 388.1923; Jeffrey in Kew Bull. 34:797. 1980; Renner & Pandey in PhytoKeys 20: 91. 2013. Annual, monoecious, climbers to 5 m (to 8 m in var. anguina); stem 1.5-5 cm diameter, branched, softly pubescent, grooved. Tendril 3 branched. Leaves simple, unlobed, or sub palmately 3-7 lobed; petiole 2-12 cm; blade membranous, pubescent, few times faintly scabrous, subcircular or broadly reniform in outline, 5 - 20 x 5 - 25 cm, base cordate with broad sinus, apex acute. Flowers white, male flowers in raceme sometimes with co-axillary a solitary male flower or female flower, raceme 8 - 25 cm log, pubescent, pedicel 5-20 mm long. Bracts sub-persistent, membranous, ellipsoid, without gland, entire or rarely with few lobes. Pedicel of male flowers 5-20 mm, receptacle tube 15 - 20 mm long, apex 3-5 mm diameter, sepals linear, 2-3 mm long, margin entire, petals ovate- oblong, fimbriate, 6-10 mm long, threads 10 mm long, synandrium 2- 3 mm long, filaments short. Female flowers: pedicel 5-12 mm long; ovary elliptic- oblong, 3-10 mm long, hairy, petals as described in male flowers. Fruits, ovoid- oblong, narrow toward apex, 2.5 - 6 x 1.5 - 4 cm, green when young turning bright orange to red. Seed pale or dark brown, flat, elliptic-oblong, 6-18x4-9 mm, margin broad, edge undulate. la. Plants wild, delicate, leaves 3- 15 cm diameter; fruits 2.5 - 6 cm, beaked, 9-10 seeded; Seeds 6-10 mm long var. cucumerina lb. Plants cultivated, robust, leaves 8- 25 cm diameter; fruits elongated, snake like, some times coiled, 35- 150 cm long, containing many seeds; seed 16-18 mm long var. anguina Chapter VI Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. & Trichosanthes cucumerina L. a. var. cucumerina Annual, growing in wild, stem delicate, 1-2 cm in diameter, stem and petiole with or without scattered hairs. Petiole 2- 6 cm long. Fruits 2.5- 4.6 cm, containing few (up to 8-10) seeds; pulp bitter. Seed oblong, 6- 10 mm long. Vernacular names: Bengali - Ban-patal; Hindi - Jangli-chahinda; Marathi - Patola; Sanskrit - Patolah, Amrtaphalah, Kashlhhanjan; Tamil - Adavi-poda; Telugu - Adavi-patla, Chedupotla Flowerig and fruiting: June- October Distribution in India: Warmer parts of the country in forest edges, scrub, disturbed, open areas b. var. anguina (L.) Haines, Bot. Bihar Orissa 388.1923; Jeffrey, Jeffrey in Kew Bull. 34:797. 1980 Plant sub-perennial, cultivated; stem 2-5 cm diameter, grooved or angular. Petiole 2- 12cm long. Fruits long, snake- like, 30- 150 cm long or more, containing up to 50 seeds, pulp rather sweet. Seed 14-18 mm long Vernacular names: Bengali - Chachinga; Hindi- Chachinda; Marathi - Padwal; Sanskrit - Chachinda, Svadupatola; Tamil - Pudal; Telugu - Lingapotla Flowering and fruiting: May - August Distribution in India: Widespread in cultivation 6.2 Collection and voucher deposition Male and female plants of TD were collected from Bardoli and Anand (Gujarat). Both the varieties of TC i.e. TCC and TCA were collected from different parts of Maharashtra (Table 6.1 & Map 6.1). Different crude drug markets were screened and eight market samples were procured from Akola, Dhule, Kolhapur, Pune, Mumbai, Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Anand (Gujarat) and Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) under name of Patolah / PotoU Padval /Ran padval /Jangli padval (Map 6.1). Chapter VI Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. & Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Table 6.1 Details of collection Species Date of Locality Herbarium Repository collection number Vouchers AHMA T. dioica 28/09/2010 Anand 25488, 25489 WP-087, 088, 30/09/2010 Bardoli 27026, 27027 F-170 15/09/2009 Shivapur 27001 WP-086, T. cucumerina 27/08/2010 Akola 27002 F-169 var. cucumerina 26/08/2011 Kankawali 27096 27/08/2011 Amboli 27023 T. cucumerina 04/08/2009 Junnar 27412 WP-89 var. anguina 26/08/2009 Kankawali 27477 F-171 24/08/2011 Kolhapur 27003 Map 6.1. Area of collection and market survey (Map was prepared using DIVA GIS Version 2) Chapter VI Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. & Trichosanthes cucumerina L. 6.3 Pharmacognosy 6.3.1 Macroscopy Comparative investigation of TD and both the varieties of TC were carried out. In case of TD, both female and male plants were studied. Similarities in both plants are highlighted in bold (Table 6.2 and Figure 6.1). Table 6.2 Macroscopic characters of TD and TC TD TCC TCA Occurrences • Extensively cultivated •Wild • Extensively cultivated Throughout the warmer part of India Plant • Dioecious • Monoecious Aerial part Stem • 3-6 m long, climbing. • 4-5 m long. • 5-8 m long. promintly grooved. distances distances sturdy, branched. between inter- between inter- pubescent, with node 10- 12 cm node 15-17 trifid tendrils, cm distances between • Climbing, slender, grooved, inter-node 3-4 cm branched, pubescent, with trifid tendrils Leaves • Petiole 2-5 mm. • Petiole 2.2 - 3 • Petiole 5 - 7 channeled, shortly cm. cm. villose-hirsute. Lamina 9-13 x Lamina 10- lamina 3- 12 x 3-9 10-13, with 5-7 15 X 12- 18, cm, cordate, ovate- lobed with 3- 5 oblong, sparsely lobed scabrous, apex • Petiole cylindrical, villose- hirsute. acute, margins Leaf orbicular- reniform. dentate, basal lobed margins denticulate, apex acute. narrow round, 0.5- villose-hirsute on both side, 1.5 cm deep, palmate venation villose-hirsute, palmate venation. Continued on next page. Chapter VI Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. & Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Table 6.2 Continued Male • Peduncles, 0.8- 1.5 cm. • Length of peduncle • Length of flowers paired, flowers white, 8-15 cm; Pedicels peduncle 10- single on each of each flower 25 cm; peduncles, one short 0.5- 2 cm; Calyx Pedicels of and other long, calyx tube 1.5-1.8 cm each flower tube 4-5 cm long. long 2.5- 3 cm; subcylindric, teeth Calyx tube approximately 2mm 2.5- 3 cm long, reflexed, linear. • Peduncles in pair, single flowered, later dilated, petals oblong. become racemed, 8 -15 flowered, fimbriate, anther free. pedicels erect, bracteate, filiform. subsessile, oblong. calyx tube dilated at apex, apex 2.5 3.5- X 1.5 mm mm across, teeth approx. 2 mm long, reflexed, petals across 8-9 x 3 mm, oblong, 3 nerved, staminal filaments slender, across 2mm long; anthers ovoid, pistillode 15-17 mm Female • Peduncles 5- 8 mm • Peduncles 5- 20 • Peduncles 3- 5 flowers long, flower white. mm; ovary mm; solitary; ovary oblong. narrowly fusiform ovary villose, petals oblong, elongated fimbriate same as • Flowers white, solitary, style 16-18 mm explained in male long, filiform, ovary villose-hirsute flower Fruits • Fruits, 5-8x2-4 cm. • Fruits, with stalk, 5- • Fruits very long oblong- ovoid. 6 X 3.5-4 cm. up to 1.5- 2 m. spindale shaped, ovoid, conical/ cylindrical. glabrous, smooth. beaked, green often twisted. prominent remnant of with white stripes surface petals at one end. when young smooth, often green when young and become orange to 7-8 white. become red at maturity scarlet red on stripes along maturity the length Seed •5-8x5- 6mm, 5 mm • 11- 12 X 6-6.5 mm • 14-17 X 7-9 mm across, thick, globose. and 4 mm thick. and 3-5 mm black in colour ovate- oblong.
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