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The Stone Implements and Wrist-Guards of the Bell Beaker Cemetery ­­­..., VAMZ, 3 TUNDE HORVATH: The stone implements and wrist-guards of the Bell Beaker cemetery ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 71 TÜNDE HORVÁTH Universität Wien Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät Institut für Urgeschichte und Historische Archäologie Franz-Klein-Gasse 1 A ‒ 1190 Wien e-mail: [email protected] The stone implements and wrist-guards of the Bell Beaker cemetery of Budakalász (M0/12 site) UDK / UDC: 903.01(439.153 Budakalász)’’6373’’ Izvorni znanstveni rad / Original scientific paper In this article I investigate the stone finds of published Hungarian and European Bell the Bell Beaker cemetery of Budakalász from Beaker sites. archaeological and petrographic points of Keywords: Early Bronze Age, Bell Beaker view. For the first time in Hungary I describe Culture, Budapest-Csepel group, stone imple- the finds in the terms of international typol- ments, biritual cemetery. ogy, and compare the inventory with other 1. IntroduCTION In this article1 I investigate the stone imple- ments of the Bell Beaker site of Budakalász.2 of the cemetery from archaeological and The site consists of two parts: a cemetery macroscopicI describe and petrographic evaluate thepoints stone of view.finds with 1070 graves (biritual inhumations, Because of the large distribution area of urngraves and scattered urngraves, empty the Bell Beaker Culture, I have made my gravepits / symbolic burials or cenotaphs), analyses at the levels of the site, the region and the settlement part.3 (Budapest-Csepel group / Budapest dis- trict) and the country (Hungary) and also 1 The article was supported by the Lise Meitner fellowship considered the whole distribution area (project M 2003-G25 / AM 0200321) of FWF (Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung). (northern Africa and Europe) of the Bell 2 Site no. 12 of the M0 motorway excavation, excavation Beaker and compared the results with each campaign: 2005; excavator: Katalin Ottományi; excavated other (analysed the results at micro- and territory: 40000 m2. The topographical name of the site is 4 Budakalász–Csajerszke. macroscopic levels). 3 Czene 2008; Horváth 2013. I would like to thank András 4 Czene, who assessed the site and allowed me to work on See a similar comparison for the Late Copper Age: Horváth this assemblage and provided me with useful information 2012. on the site. 72 TUNDE HORVATH: The stone implements and wrist-guards of the Bell Beaker cemetery ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) The structure of the article follows the ty- tion area from typological and chronologi- cal points of view, researchers have intro- duced several subdivisions: Marc van der 1. Grinding equipment; 2. Pebbles (polish- pological groups of the finds: ing pebbles, choppers / hard hammers, groups;9 Marie Besse distinguished east- hand stones, anvils, whetstones made of ern,Linden southern, created northern five so-called and western polythetic Bell pebbles with minimal or no shaping); 3. Beaker domains.10 Axes and celts; 4. Polishers/Moulds; 5. Wrist-guards; 6. Chipped stones; 7. Amber. The Bell Beaker Culture is considered to be a Late Neolithic culture – or, in another in- After their description I summarize and ternational terminology, a Late Copper Age evaluate them, compare them with other culture – that survived in the transitional phase of the Early Bronze Age.11 Studies of- - ten emphasize the role of several local/na- cationspublished and finds methodologies from the inregion Europe. and the finds of Hungary, and also with finds, publi tive elements, the continuity of former and distinct Eneolithic traditions, which affect- 12 2. Short DESCRIPTION ed the formation of the Bell Beaker. The OF THE BELL Beaker Culture - ence on the emerging Bell Beaker, the pos- The Bell Beaker Culture spread on the siblevarious continuity local former of indigenous traditions, cultures their influ and coastal parts of northern Africa, in maritime their interactions with Bell Beaker com- Europe (its Atlantic and Mediterranean munities and other neighbouring cultures parts) and along larger rivers in Europe resulted in differences among the regional (Danube, Elbe, Oder, Vistula, Morava) – in groups of the Bell Beaker.13 On the Atlantic general on lowlands, but in certain cases and Mediterranean seacoasts Megalithic in mountainous regions as well (northern traditions survived; on the eastern and the Italy, Switzerland, Sardinia) (see Fig. 1 after Mediterranean borderline Bell Beakers Care 2004). adopted some steppean traditions.14 Looking at this map we can see that, as in Looking at the spread of the Bell Beaker the cases of the Boleráz and Baden Cultures Culture in Hungary, its occupation along of the Late Copper Age, this distribution is two riverlines is certain: Danube and Rába not even: smaller and larger occupational (Fig. 2). Thanks to older and more recent re- areas were separated, and are situated far search along the Rába River we have knowl- away from each other.5 The easternmost, edge of more and more sites belonging to larger occupation area is situated along the the Bell Beaker.15 River Vistula, in the Polish Lowlands,6 but sporadic occupations appear towards the Following the flow of the upper part of the Dnieper and the catch- Danube we can find some very sporadic ment basin of the Dvina.7 Most researchers sites between Almásfüzitő and Pilismarót, 9 Van der Linden 2004, Fig. 6. agree that the Bell Beaker Culture emerged unfortunately as stray finds, connecting the 10 Besse 2004, Fig. 8. in the Iberian Peninsula and spread from 11 On the basis of its metallurgy: Bertemes, Heyd 2002: this area.8 Investigating the whole distribu- copper tools from Fahlerz, Reinecke A0 horizon, see also 5 Horváth 2009. It is possible that, if we are able to separate 12 Besse 2004; Strahm 2008. the early and the late sites from each other in the whole Reményi et al. 2006 for the Hungarian finds. 13 E.g. with Corded Ware Culture, Wien–Essling: distribution area of the Bell Beaker, we could observe Zimmermann 2003; Egeln–Bleckendorf: Müller 1999. further differences and could understand the Bell Beaker 14 better. This was the case with the Baden Culture, formerly Especially in the burial rites: e.g. tumulus/kurgan, frog position of the body, stele erection: see Turek 2006, Turek 6 Czebreszuk, Szmyt 2003. assumed to be unified. 2008; Robb 2009. 7 Czebreszuk 2003, 175. 2006a,15 In the Harrison, vicinity Heyd of Szombathely: 2007; Dimitriadis Károlyi 2008; 1972, Włodarczak 172-185; 8 Care 2004. Patay 1960. Ilon 2004, 42; Reményi, Dobozi 2012; in the vicinity of Győr: TUNDE HORVATH: The stone implements and wrist-guards of the Bell Beaker cemetery ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 73 Fig. 1. The distribution of the Bell Beaker Culture (after Care 2004, source: https://www.google.at/search?q=Bell+Beaker +culture+map&safe=active&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQjIjw27PWAhXlJ8AKHaLqC6QQsAQI Qw&biw=1024&bih=473#imgrc=PViyA5K3VExIoM). Rába region to the Csepel region with short- The Hungarian material grouped into two lived occupational areas.16 The second- parts: NW-Hungary along the River Rába largest settled area is the Budapest–Csepel region.17 According to new research, even Beaker, while the central part of Hungary though based on scattered urn-grave Bell alongwas mainly the Danube influenced (Budapest– by the westernCsepel) wasBell byBeaker-like Katalin Almássy import or and imitation Eszter vesselIstvánovits finds earlymainly Nagyrév influenced Cultures, by southernsince these cultures over- infrom 2003), Panyola–Vásármező-domb a possible distribution (excavatedor contact lapped(esp. Makó,each otherSomogyvár–Vinkovci in space and time). and In along the River Tisza can also be assumed.18 a European perspective, the Hungarian Bell Beaker shows tighter bonds with 16 Patay 1960. 17 The southern part of Szentendre Island, Gázgyár and Lower-Austrian and Moravian Bell Beaker groups.19 The Hungarian Bell Beaker is an 2003.Hajógyár Islands, the northern part of Csepel Island: Kalicz, 19 Kalicz-Schreiber, Kalicz 1999, Kalicz-Schreiber, Kalicz Schreiber18 1997; Kalicz-Schreiber, Kalicz 2001; Endrődi 1998–2000, 45, 47; Kalicz-Schreiber, Kalicz 2001. Dani, Tóth 2014. 74 TUNDE HORVATH: The stone implements and wrist-guards of the Bell Beaker cemetery ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) Fig. 2. The local distribution of the Bell Beaker Culture in Hungary with the main sites. 1. Environment of Szombathely 5. Budakalász, and 6. Panyola along the river Tisza. along the River Rába, 2. Győr in the confluence of three rivers: the Danube, Rába and Rábca, 3. Almásfüzitő, 4. Pilismarót, Early Bronze Age culture in the Hungarian BC (Budakalász–Csajerszke, M0 / Site 12), terminology.20 The Austrian Bell Beaker 23 In the sites were listed in three chronologi- cal phases without sharp boundaries.21 chronologicalSzigetszentmiklós gap between2500–2200 the BC.Bell Beaker Synchronized with the Hungarian termi- andcemetery the Early of Szigetszentmiklós Nagyrév graves: Nagyrévthere is isa nology: the Austrian I phase is the classic - Bell Beaker; second phase: Common Ware/ dence on the chronological situation of the Accompaniment pottery (EBA IIa phase in Bella little Beaker later. andThis Earlyis the Nagyrév first scientific at a com evi- Hungary); third phase: so-called Oggau– mon site without overlapping! Another date from this region is a radiocarbon date in the Reinecke Bronze Age A1, which was contemporaryWipfing–Ragelsdorf–Oberbierbaum with the Hungarian EBA group IIb Nagyrév grave.24 The Proto-Nagyrév hori- phase.22 The elements of the classic Beaker ofzon Dunakeszi–Székes-dűlő should be contemporary from with a the proto- Bell Beaker Culture according to relative chro- had disappeared, and the Common Ware nology; however, this date is much later in becamePackage dissolvedand Beaker in Setthe bylocal this Early final Bronze phase absolute chronology. cultures. Another older radiocarbon date is available The recently discovered large cemeteries in from Budapest–Farkas-rét (B-4709: 3470 BP the Budapest region are dated 2500–1900 20 ±23 80, recalibrated: 1890–1690 calBC, 1 σ), EBA IIa: Kalicz-Schreiber, Kalicz 1999, 86 and Fig.
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