Non-HEU Production Technologies for Molybdenum-99 and Technetium-99M No
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Technetium in the Geologic Environment a Literature Survey
Report Prav 4.28 TECHNETIUM IN THE GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT A LITERATURE SURVEY B Torstenfel t B Al lard K Andersson U Olofsson Department of Nuclear Chemistry Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden July 1981 CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 The technetium metal 2 Technetiums redox properties and complexes 3 Oxidation state +VII 4 Oxidation states +VI and +V 7 Oxidation state +IV 7 Oxidation states +1 - +111 14 The accumulation of Tc in the Pood chain 14 The chemistry of Tc in connection with the final storage of spent nuclear fuel 15 Si'"otion of Tc in rock 15 - t tion of Tc in clay and soil 20 yjtion of Tc in sea bottom sediments 22 ?a "ption and migration of Tc in Oklo 22 /iferences 23 INTRODUCTION Technetium belongs to the transition metals in the second series of the d-grcup. It is a member of the VII B group together with manganese and rehnium.1»2'3'4.5 According to the common behaviour of the elements in the periodic system, Tc would have an electron structure of the outer shell like Mn and Re, given as 4d55s2 1, but Tc is one of the exceptions and, unlike Mn and Re, have the structure 4d653! (= supereiectron configuration of the krypton atom).2 This electron structure makes it possible for Tc to have VIII oxidation states,from +VII to -I. The most stable oxidation states are +VII, +IV and 01. Technetiums chemical properties is closer to rhenium than to manganese2-3'4-5. It is characterized by a weak tendency towards reduction, formation of slow-spin complexes and cluster compounds with low degree of oxidation2. -
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water Volume 3 Assessment for Radionuclides Including Tritium, Radon, Strontium, Technetium, Uranium, Iodine, Radium, Thorium, Cesium, and Plutonium-Americium EPA/600/R-10/093 September 2010 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water Volume 3 Assessment for Radionuclides Including Tritium, Radon, Strontium, Technetium, Uranium, Iodine, Radium, Thorium, Cesium, and Plutonium-Americium Edited by Robert G. Ford Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 and Richard T. Wilkin Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Division Ada, Oklahoma 74820 Project Officer Robert G. Ford Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 Notice The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development managed portions of the technical work described here under EPA Contract No. 68-C-02-092 to Dynamac Corporation, Ada, Oklahoma (David Burden, Project Officer) through funds provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Air and Radiation and Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. All research projects making conclusions or recommendations based on environmental data and funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are required to participate in the Agency Quality Assurance Program. This project did not involve the collection or use of environmental data and, as such, did not require a Quality Assurance Plan. -
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. -
High Accuracy Measurement of Isotope Ratios of Molybdenum in Some Terrestrial Molybdenites
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector ARTICLES High Accuracy Measurement of Isotope Ratios of Molybdenum in Some Terrestrial Molybdenites Qi-Lu* and Akimasa Masuda Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan The isotope ratios of molybdenum in molybdenites were studied. A special triple filament technique was used to obtain stable and lasting signals for MO+. There are no differences bigger than ~0.4 parts per IO4 among four samples and the standard. CJ Am Sot Mass Spectrom 1992, 3, IO- 17) olybdenum is a very interesting element be- denum thus far, in spite of the potential importance cause its seven isotopes can reflect several of research in isotopic abundance of molybdenum. M effects related to nuclear physics. The nu- In this study we have established a method for clear phenomena that may affect the isotope ratios in securing stable and lasting current of MO+ and exam- question are (1) the synthesis of seven isotopes of MO ined the mass fractionation of MO isotopes during involving three processes (r, s, and p) in the standard measurement. Based on these studies, the isotope model of nucleosynthesis [I]; ($2 the nuclear hssion of ratios of MO were determined with high precision uranium-238, which produces MO, “MO, 98Mo, and for some molybdenites from a variety of locations ‘“MO; and (3) the double-beta decays of ‘“Zr and throughout the world. The present study will afford a lwMo leading to 96Mo and ‘“Ru. Another intriguing foundation for further precise studies of molybdenum property of this element is that the anomalous abun- isotopes involving meteorites and terrestrial rocks. -
Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data Iaea, Vienna, 2000 Iaea-Tecdoc-1168 Issn 1011–4289
IAEA-TECDOC-1168 Compilation and evaluation of fission yield nuclear data Final report of a co-ordinated research project 1991–1996 December 2000 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Data Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria COMPILATION AND EVALUATION OF FISSION YIELD NUCLEAR DATA IAEA, VIENNA, 2000 IAEA-TECDOC-1168 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2000 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2000 FOREWORD Fission product yields are required at several stages of the nuclear fuel cycle and are therefore included in all large international data files for reactor calculations and related applications. Such files are maintained and disseminated by the Nuclear Data Section of the IAEA as a member of an international data centres network. Users of these data are from the fields of reactor design and operation, waste management and nuclear materials safeguards, all of which are essential parts of the IAEA programme. In the 1980s, the number of measured fission yields increased so drastically that the manpower available for evaluating them to meet specific user needs was insufficient. To cope with this task, it was concluded in several meetings on fission product nuclear data, some of them convened by the IAEA, that international co-operation was required, and an IAEA co-ordinated research project (CRP) was recommended. This recommendation was endorsed by the International Nuclear Data Committee, an advisory body for the nuclear data programme of the IAEA. As a consequence, the CRP on the Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data was initiated in 1991, after its scope, objectives and tasks had been defined by a preparatory meeting. -
Isotope Production Potential at Sandia National Laboratories: Product, Waste, Packaging, and Transportation*
Isotope Production Potential at Sandia National Laboratories: Product, Waste, Packaging, and Transportation* A. J. Trennel Transportation Systems Department *- *-, o / /"-~~> Sandia National Laboratories** ' J Albuquerque, NM 87185 O Q T » Abstract The U.S. Congress directed the U.S. Department of Energy to establish a domestic source of molybdenum-99, an essential isotope used in nuclear medicine and radiopharmacology. An Environmental Impact Statement for production of 99Mo at one of four candidate sites is being prepared. As one of the candidate sites, Sandia National Laboratories is developing the Isotope Production Project. Using federally approved processes and procedures now owned by the U.S. Department of Energy, and existing facilities that would be modified to meet the production requirements, the Sandia National Laboratories' Isotope Project would manufacture up to 30 percent of the U.S. market, with the capacity to meet 100 percent of the domestic need if necessary. This paper provides a brief overview of the facility, equipment, and processes required to produce isotopes. Packaging and transportation issues affecting both product and waste are addressed, and the storage and disposal of the four low-level radioactive waste types generated by the production program are considered. Recommendations for future development are provided. This work was performed at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. A U.S. Department of Energy facility. DISTRPJTO OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED #t/f W A8 1 fcll PROJECT NEED AND BACKGROUND Nuclear medicine is an expanding segment of today's medical and pharmaceutical communities. Specific radioactive isotopes are vital, with molybdenum-99 (99Mo) being the most important medical isotope. -
VII. Nuclear Fission and Fusion Lorant Csige
VII.VII. NuclearNuclear FissionFission andand FusionFusion LorantLorant CsigeCsige LaboratoryLaboratory forfor NuclearNuclear PhysicsPhysics HungarianHungarian AcademyAcademy ofof SciencesSciences NuclearNuclear bindingbinding energy:energy: possibilitypossibility ofof energyenergy productionproduction NuclearNuclear FusionFusion ● Some basic principles: ─ two light nuclei should be very close to defeat the Coulomb repulsion → nuclear attraction: kinetic energy!! ─ not spontenious, difficult to achieve in reality ─ advantage: large amount of hydrogen and helium + solutions without producing any readioactive product NuclearNuclear fusionfusion inin starsstars ● proton-proton cycle: ~ mass of Sun, many branches ─ 2 + ν first step in all branches (Q=1.442 MeV): p+p → H+e +νe ● diproton formation (and immediate decay back to two protons) is the ruling process ● stable diproton is not existing → proton – proton fusion with instant beta decay! ● very slow process since weak interaction plays role → cross section has not yet been measrued experimentally (one proton „waits” 9 billion years to fuse) ─ second step: 2H+1H → 3He + γ + 5.49 MeV ● very fast process: only 4 seconds on the avarage ● 3He than fuse to produce 4He with three (four) differenct reactions (branches) ─ ppI branch: 3He + 3He → 4He + 1H + 1H + 12.86 MeV ─ ppII branch: ● 3He + 4He → 7Be + γ 7 7 ● 7 7 ν Be + e- → Li + νe ● 7Li + 1H → 4He + 4He ─ ppIII branch: only 0.11% energy of Sun, but source of neutrino problem ● 3He + 4He → 7Be + γ 7 1 8 8 + 4 4 ● 7 1 8 γ 8 + ν 4 4 Be + H → -
Nuclear Power Systems for Space Applications
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Master Program in Computational Physics Nuclear Power Systems for Space Applications Department of Nuclear and Elementary Particles Physics Laboratory of Atomic and Nuclear Physics Professor: Christos Eleftheriadis Dimitrios Chatzipanagiotidis Acknowledgments The presented work is for my thesis in master degree in Computational Physics at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. This effort combines my two favorite fields of interest, Nuclear Physics and Space Physics. Firstly, I want to thanks my supervisor, Professor Christos Eleftheriadis, who help and support me all those years from my bachelor degree until now for my thesis with his unique way of teaching and explain Nuclear Physics. Also, I want to thanks Professor Pavel Tsvetkov of Texas A&M University Engineering as he offered to help and guide me for my thesis about RTG. Finally, I would like to thanks my family and my friends for supporting me in my life all these years. Dimitrios Chatzipanagiotidis, Thessaloniki, October 2019 Abstract As the solar energy for space applications put some significant limitations about missions be- yond Jupiter and planetary surface rovers, the use of nuclear energy is the future of space explo- ration. Plutonium 238 is the most desirable fuel for Radioisotopes Thermoelectric Generators (RTG) but is limited on the planet and the production is a highly cost procedure. New techniques of Plutonium 238 production are developed in order to enable new space missions. Other radio- isotopes can be used instead of Plutonium 238, like Strontium 90, but the shielding considera- tions or the half-life make them undesirable for space applications. Although Plutonium 238 offer great designs of power sources still we have some limitations about the amount of power that can be produces by those devices and the profile of a space mission. -
Stable Isotopes of Molybdenum Available from ISOFLEX
Stable isotopes of molybdenum available from ISOFLEX Isotope Z(p) N(n) Atomic Mass Natural Abundance Enrichment Level Chemical Form Mo-92 42 50 91.906810 14.77% 75.00-98.70% Metal Mo-92 42 50 91.906810 14.77% 75.00-98.70% Oxide Mo-94 42 52 93.905087 9.23% >98.00% Metal Mo-94 42 52 93.905087 9.23% >98.00% Oxide Mo-95 42 53 94.905841 15.90% ≥94.30% Metal Mo-95 42 53 94.905841 15.90% ≥94.30% Oxide Mo-96 42 54 95.904678 16.68% >95.00% Metal Mo-96 42 54 95.904678 16.68% >95.00% Oxide Mo-97 42 55 96.906020 9.56% ≥96.60% Metal Mo-97 42 55 96.906020 9.56% ≥96.60% Oxide Mo-98 42 56 97.905407 24.19% >98.40% Metal Mo-98 42 56 97.905407 24.19% >98.40% Oxide Mo-100 42 58 99.907477 9.67% 90.00-99.86% Metal Mo-100 42 58 99.907477 9.67% 90.00-99.86% Oxide Molybdenum was discovered in 1781 by Carl William Scheele. Its name originates with the Greek word molybdos, meaning “lead.” It does not occur free in nature, and it is a necessary trace element in plant nutrition. Molybdenum is a silvery-white metal or grayish-black powder with a cubic crystalline structure. It has high strength at very high temperatures and oxidizes rapidly above 1000 °F in air at sea level, but it is stable in an upper atmosphere. -
PSI • Scientific Report 1999 /Volume I
CH0000002 PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7296 March 2000 PSI • Scientific Report 1999 /Volume I Particles and Matter 3 1/28 An international collaboration of radiochemists led by the Laboratory for Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry of PSl and Bern University succeeded for the first time to experimentally investigate the chemical properties of bohrium (element 107) and to establish it as a member of group 7 of the Periodic Table. During a one-month long experiment, a total of only six bohrium atoms were gaschromatographically isolated in the form of volatile bohrium oxychloride molecules and identified by registering their unique decay sequence of alpha particle emissions via dubnium (element 105) to lawrencium (element 103). The short-lived bohrium atoms, decaying with a half-life of about 20 s, were produced by bombarding a very rare, highly radioactive berkelium target supplied by the US department of energy with an intense beam of neon ions at the PSl injector 1 cyclotron. PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7296 March 2000 \} Scientific Report 1999 Volume I Particles and Matter ed. by: J. Gobrecht, H. Gaggeler, D. Herlach, K. Junker, P.-R. Kettle, P. Kubik, A. Zehnder CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland Telephone:+41 56 310 21 11 Telefax:+ 41 56 310 21 99 http://www.psi.ch TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .1 Laboratory for Particle Physics 3 Foreword 4 Particle Physics Theory Theory (I) 5 Theory (II) 6 Ring Accelerator Experiments Particle Properties and Decays A precise measurement of the Jt+-^7t°e+v decay rate 7 Measurement of -
Spontaneous Fission
13) Nuclear fission (1) Remind! Nuclear binding energy Nuclear binding energy per nucleon V - Sum of the masses of nucleons is bigger than the e M / nucleus of an atom n o e l - Difference: nuclear binding energy c u n r e p - Energy can be gained by fusion of light elements y g r e or fission of heavy elements n e g n i d n i B Mass number 157 13) Nuclear fission (2) Spontaneous fission - heavy nuclei are instable for spontaneous fission - according to calculations this should be valid for all nuclei with A > 46 (Pd !!!!) - practically, a high energy barrier prevents the lighter elements from fission - spontaneous fission is observed for elements heavier than actinium - partial half-lifes for 238U: 4,47 x 109 a (α-decay) 9 x 1015 a (spontaneous fission) - Sponatenous fission of uranium is practically the only natural source for technetium - contribution increases with very heavy elements (99% with 254Cf) 158 1 13) Nuclear fission (3) Potential energy of a nucleus as function of the deformation (A, B = energy barriers which represent fission barriers Saddle point - transition state of a nucleus is determined by its deformation - almost no deformation in the ground state - fission barrier is higher by 6 MeV Ground state Point of - tunneling of the barrier at spontaneous fission fission y g r e n e l a i t n e t o P 159 13) Nuclear fission (4) Artificially initiated fission - initiated by the bombardment with slow (thermal neutrons) - as chain reaction discovered in 1938 by Hahn, Meitner and Strassmann - intermediate is a strongly deformed -
Stable Isotopes of Niobium Properties of Niobium
Stable Isotopes of Niobium Isotope Z(p) N(n) Atomic Mass Natural Abundance Nuclear Spin Nb-93 41 52 92.906376 100% 9/2+ Niobium was discovered in 1801 by Charles Hatchett. Its name comes from the Greek name Niobe, meaning “daughter of Tantalus” (tantalum is closely related to niobium in the periodic table of elements). Because the niobium was discovered in an ore called columbite, it was known temporarily as columbium. Niobium, a gray or silvery soft metal, is ductile and very malleable at room temperature and does not tarnish or oxidize at room temperature. It only reacts with oxygen and halogens when heated. It is less corrosion- resistant than tantalum is at high temperatures. Niobium is not attacked by nitric acid up to 100 °C but is vigorously attacked by the mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. It is unaffected at room temperature by most acids and by aqua regia. It is attacked by alkaline solutions, to some extent, at all temperatures. Niobium becomes a superconductor at 9.15 °K. It is insoluble in water, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and aqua regia; soluble in hydrofluoric acid; and soluble in fused alkali hydroxide. At ordinary temperatures niobium does not react with most chemicals; however, the metal is slowly attacked by hydrofluoric acid and dissolves and is attacked by hydrogen fluoride and fluorine gases, forming niobium pentafluoride. Niobium is oxidized by air at 350 ºC, first forming a pale yellow oxide film of increasing thickness, which changes its color to blue. On further heating to 400 ºC, it converts to a black film of niobium dioxide.