It Is Not Difficult to Love Europe. but It Is Really Hard to Love the EU”

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It Is Not Difficult to Love Europe. but It Is Really Hard to Love the EU” ”It is not difficult to love Europe. But it is really hard to love the EU”. A qualitative content analysis of the Sweden Democrats’ presentation of the European Union between two European elections. KURS: Examensarbete, 15 hp PROGRAM: Internationellt Arbete – inriktning Globala studier FÖRFATTARE: Sandra Karlsson & Irma Lundin EXAMINATOR: Radu-Harald Dinu TERMIN: VT19 JÖNKÖPING UNIVERSITY Examensarbete 15 hp Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation Globala studier Vårterminen 2019 Internationellt Arbete SAMMANFATTNING Antal sidor: 28 Sandra Karlsson & Irma Lundin ”Det är inte svårt att älska Europa. Men det är riktigt svårt att älska EU.” En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av Sverigedemokraternas framställning av Europeiska Unionen mellan två Europaparlamentsval. Sverigedemokraterna har på kort tid lyckats etablera sig i Sveriges riksdag och är därför i högsta grad delaktig i den samtida politikens utformning. Precis som Sverigedemokraterna har likasinnade partier fått ökat stöd i större delen av Europa och har numera större möjligheter att kunna påverka EU:s utformning. Mot bakgrund av den ökade framgången för nationalistiska och främlingsfientliga partier syftar denna studie till att undersöka Sverigedemokraternas framställning av EU mellan Europaparlamentsvalet 2014 och Europaparlamentsvalet 2019. Studien har utförts genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av texter som Sverigedemokraterna och dess företrädare har publicerat. Genom studien kan det konstateras att Sverigedemokraternas framställning av EU utgörs av i stort sett samma kritik genom det aktuella tidsspannet, men att det har skett en förändring i form av att partiet inte längre kräver en folkomröstning för Sveriges medlemskap i EU utan numera anser att det finns en möjlighet att reformera EU inifrån tillsammans med likasinnade partier i Europa. Studien knyter an till en teoretisk referensram som tar avstamp i Margaret Canovans samt Paulina Ochoa Espejo teoretiska redogörelser om populism. Genom dessa presenteras populism som oundvikligt i en demokrati vilket gör det viktigt att förstå hur dessa rörelser uppstår. Nyckelord: Europeiska Unionen, EU, Sverigedemokraterna, Europaparlamentsval, populism, radikalhöger, högerextremism Postadress Gatuadress Telefon Högskolan för lärande Gjuterigatan 5 036–10 10 00 och kommunikation Box 1026 551 11 Jönköping Innehållsförteckning 1 Inledning ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Syfte och frågeställningar .......................................................................................................................... 2 2 Bakgrund och tidigare forskning ....................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Sverigedemokraterna - vägen från utomparlamentariska högerextremister till Sveriges tredje största parti ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Redogörelse för begrepp – högerextremism, radikalhöger och populism ........................................ 3 2.2.1 Högerextremism och radikalhöger ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.2.2 Populism ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.3 Sverigedemokraternas politiska hemvist ............................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Ett skifte i Europas politiska landskap - ökat stöd för högerpopulister och högerextremister ..... 6 2.4 EU - från fredsprojekt till politisk arena ................................................................................................ 7 2.4.1 Sverigedemokraternas delaktighet i Europaparlamentet ................................................................................. 8 2.4.2 De högerradikala partiernas inställning till EU ................................................................................................. 8 2.5 Teoretiska utgångspunkter ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.5.1 Margaret Canovan - Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy ................................ 8 2.5.2 Paulina Ochoa Espejo - Populism and the Idea of The People .................................................................... 9 3 Metod och material ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Textanalytiska metoder .......................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Val av metod & metoddiskussion ........................................................................................................ 11 3.3 Urval och avgränsningar ........................................................................................................................ 11 3.3.1 Debattartiklar ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.3.2 SD-Kuriren .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.3.3 Valmanifest och valplattform ........................................................................................................................... 12 3.4 Kodning av data och analysmodell ...................................................................................................... 13 3.5 Validitet och reliabilitet .......................................................................................................................... 13 4 Resultat ................................................................................................................................................ 14 4.1 Sverigedemokraternas framställning av EU ......................................................................................... 14 4.1.1 Överstatlighet och krypande maktöverföring ................................................................................................ 15 4.1.2 Nationalstatens suveränitet ............................................................................................................................... 17 4.1.3 EU är byråkratiskt och vilseleder folket .......................................................................................................... 18 4.1.4 Konstlad EU-identitet ....................................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Sverigedemokraternas företrädare om förhållandet mellan Sverige och EU ................................ 20 4.2.1 Dyr avgift utan valuta för pengarna - Sverige är nettobetalare till unionen .............................................. 21 4.2.2 EU har för mycket inflytande och Sverige är underordnat EU .................................................................. 22 4.2.3 Fri rörlighet utan kontroll skapar problem för Sverige ................................................................................ 23 4.3 Sverigedemokraternas syn på samarbete med andra medlemsstater i EU ..................................... 23 4.3.1 Frivilligt samarbete i vissa frågor ..................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.2 Minska EU:s makt med hjälp av likasinnade .................................................................................................. 25 4.4 Jämförelse av valmanifestets och valplattformens visuella budskap .............................................. 26 5 Diskussion och slutsatser .................................................................................................................. 26 6 Referenser ........................................................................................................................................... 29 7 Bilagor .................................................................................................................................................. 33 1 Inledning Under de senaste två decennierna har det återigen börjat blåsa nationalistiska och främlingsfientliga vindar i Europa. Partier på den yttersta högerkanten har haft medvind i Europa och de har genom historiskt visat ett starkt missnöje gentemot Europeiska Unionen (EU). Till en början var Sverige ett undantag till denna trend, men under senare år syns en klar framfart även i Sverige i och med att Sverigedemokraterna (SD) har gått starkt framåt (Rydgren, 2006). Få anade hur framgångsrikt Sverigedemokraterna skulle bli vid bildandet 1988 och idag är de Sveriges tredje största parti. Från att ha varit ett skandalomsusat parti som inte fått stort utrymme i den etablerade politiken, har de idag värvat ett tillräckligt stort väljarstöd för att kunna ta plats i Sveriges riksdag. Samarbetet med övriga partier går dock fortfarande trögt eftersom de till stor del har stängts ute av både höger- och vänsterblocket. Även om de inte är en del av något partisamarbete har de kunnat påverka den politiska agendan, inte minst genom att driva invandrings- och integrationsfrågan
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