Advanced Wastewater Study Guide February 2016
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Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Sludge (Nazaroff & Alvarez-Cohen, Section 6.E.3)
Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Sludge (Nazaroff & Alvarez-Cohen, Section 6.E.3) nice, clean water going to disinfection and then to outdoor body of receiving water (stream, lake or sea) sludge in need of further treatment The goal is to reduce the amount of sludge that needs to be disposed. The most widely employed method for sludge treatment is anaerobic digestion. In this process, a large fraction of the organic matter (cells) is broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), and this is accomplished in the absence of oxygen. About half of the amount is then converted into gases, while the remainder is dried and becomes a residual soil-like material. What the equipment looks like The tank is capped - to prevent oxygen from coming in, - to prevent odors from escaping, and - to capture the methane produced. This methane, a fuel, can be used to meet some of the energy requirements of the wastewater treatment facility (co-generation). What the sludge looks like after anaerobic digestion and subsequent drying. It is rich in nitrates and performs well as a fertilizer. (Photos from http://www.madep-sa.com/english/wwtp.html) 1 (Originally from Metcalf & Eddy, 1991) from & Metcalf Eddy, (Originally 6.E.7) Figure Alvarez-Cohen, & (Nazaroff How the system works The treatment of wastewater sludge, from both primary and secondary treatment steps, consists of two main phases. ● In the 1st step, all incoming flows of sludge are combined, and the mixture is heated to a mild temperature (about body temperature) to accelerate biological conversion. The residence time here ranges from 10 to 20 days. -
Understanding Variation in Partition Coefficient, Kd, Values: Volume II
United States Office of Air and Radiation EPA 402-R-99-004B Environmental Protection August 1999 Agency UNDERSTANDING VARIATION IN PARTITION COEFFICIENT, Kd, VALUES Volume II: Review of Geochemistry and Available Kd Values for Cadmium, Cesium, Chromium, Lead, Plutonium, Radon, Strontium, Thorium, Tritium (3H), and Uranium UNDERSTANDING VARIATION IN PARTITION COEFFICIENT, Kd, VALUES Volume II: Review of Geochemistry and Available Kd Values for Cadmium, Cesium, Chromium, Lead, Plutonium, Radon, Strontium, Thorium, Tritium (3H), and Uranium August 1999 A Cooperative Effort By: Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 Office of Environmental Restoration U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 NOTICE The following two-volume report is intended solely as guidance to EPA and other environmental professionals. This document does not constitute rulemaking by the Agency, and cannot be relied on to create a substantive or procedural right enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. EPA may take action that is at variance with the information, policies, and procedures in this document and may change them at any time without public notice. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. ii FOREWORD Understanding the long-term behavior of contaminants in the subsurface is becoming increasingly more important as the nation addresses groundwater contamination. Groundwater contamination is a national concern as about 50 percent of the United States population receives its drinking water from groundwater. -
Sewage Secondary Treatment After Primary Treatment, the Sewage Water Is Subjected to the Next Phase Called Biological Treatment Or Secondary Treatment
Sewage secondary treatment After primary treatment, the sewage water is subjected to the next phase called biological treatment or secondary treatment. Dissolved and suspended biological materials are removed by indigenous microbial decomposition in a managed environment. In this treatment, BOD is reduced up to 90-95%. Biological treatment is carried out in two important phases: 1. Aerobic phase: oxidation lagoons trickling filters, activated sludge 2. Anaerobic phase: sludge digestion A. Oxidation lagoons /oxidation ponds / stabilization ponds 1. It is outdoor, simple, suspension type aerobic treatment. 2. It is suggested for small societies in rural areas where sufficient low lying land of little real state value is available. 3. It is oldest of the sewage treatment systems used in most of developing countries due to its low cost. 4. In this shallow pond is required which should be maximum of 10 feet depth having inlet and outlet. 5. It consists of three different zones as shown in the following diagram: Requirements of Oxidation pond: 1. Presence of algal growth which produces oxygen. 2. Oxygen is also available from atmosphere. 3. Heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic microbes for decomposing sewage. 4. Sunlight required for photosynthesis, also has bactericidal properties (UV). Advantages of oxidation pond: 1. Simple 2. Inexpensive 3. Low maintenance Disadvantages of oxidation pond: 1. Effected by environment: low temperature, cloudy sky lowers efficiency 2. Takes longer time(Long retention time) 3. Gives bad odour(H2 S) 4. Not hygienic 5. Just lowers BOD by 25%to 60% B. Trickling Filter Method 1. It is also outdoor, aerobic, relatively simple but of film flow type. -
Water Quality: a Field-Based Quality Testing Program for Middle Schools and High Schools
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 433 223 SE 062 606 TITLE Water Quality: A Field-Based Quality Testing Program for Middle Schools and High Schools. INSTITUTION Massachusetts State Water Resources Authority, Boston. PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 75p. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom - Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Bacteria; Environmental Education; *Field Studies; High Schools; Middle Schools; Physical Environment; Pollution; *Science Activities; *Science and Society; Science Instruction; Scientific Concepts; Temperature; *Water Pollution; *Water Quality; Water Resources IDENTIFIERS pH ABSTRACT This manual contains background information, lesson ideas, procedures, data collection and reporting forms, suggestions for interpreting results, and extension activities to complement a water quality field testing program. Information on testing water temperature, water pH, dissolved oxygen content, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, total dissolved solids and salinity, turbidity, and total coliform bacteria is also included.(WRM) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** SrE N N Water A Field-Based Water Quality Testing Program for Middle Schools and High Schools U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL -
Oxygen Concentration of Blood: PO
Oxygen Concentration of Blood: PO2, Co-Oximetry, and More Gary L. Horowitz, MD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA Objectives • Define “O2 Content”, listing its 3 major variables • Define the limitations of pulse oximetry • Explain why a normal arterial PO2 at sea level on room air is ~100 mmHg (13.3 kPa) • Describe the major features of methemogobin and carboxyhemglobin O2 Concentration of Blood • not simply PaO2 – Arterial O2 Partial Pressure ~100 mm Hg (~13.3 kPa) • not simply Hct (~40%) – or, more precisely, Hgb (14 g/dL, 140 g/L) • not simply “O2 saturation” – i.e., ~89% O2 Concentration of Blood • rather, a combination of all three parameters • a value labs do not report • a value few medical people even know! O2 Content mm Hg g/dL = 0.003 * PaO2 + 1.4 * [Hgb] * [%O2Sat] = 0.0225 * PaO2 + 1.4 * [Hgb] * [%O2Sat] kPa g/dL • normal value: about 20 mL/dL Why Is the “Normal” PaO2 90-100 mmHg? • PAO2 = (FiO2 x [Patm - PH2O]) - (PaCO2 / R) – PAO2 is alveolar O2 pressure – FiO2 is fraction of inspired oxygen (room air ~0.20) – Patm is atmospheric pressure (~760 mmHg at sea level) o – PH2O is vapor pressure of water (47 mmHg at 37 C) – PaCO2 is partial pressure of CO2 – R is the respiratory quotient (typically ~0.8) – 0.21 x (760-47) - (40/0.8) – ~100 mm Hg • Alveolar–arterial (A-a) O2 gradient is normally ~ 10, so PaO2 (arterial PO2) should be ~90 mmHg NB: To convert mm Hg to kPa, multiply by 0.133 Insights from PAO2 Equation (1) • PaO2 ~ PAO2 = (0.21x[Patm-47]) - (PaCO2 / 0.8) – At lower Patm, the PaO2 will be lower • that’s -
How Is Wastewater Treated (PDF)
FOLD FOLD FOLD We Need Your Help Industrial Service Area How is Pretreatment Here are three easy things you can do to protect The City of Everett’s wastewater treatment Wastewater water quality and minimize treatment cost. plant, called the Everett Water Pollution Control unicipal treatment plants like the EWPCF are Facility (EWPCF), is located on Smith Island 1. Keep trash out of the system. designed to treat residential and commercial in North Everett. The EWPCF serves more than Treated? ■ M Put hair, feminine hygiene products, wastewater. However, some industrial 133,000 people including all of Everett and cotton swabs and grease in the wastewater contains pollutants that primary and parts of Mukilteo, Silver Lake and Alderwood. garbage. secondary treatment cannot remove. The plant treats an average of 20 million 2. Reduce your water consumption. This wastewater requires industrial pretreatment gallons of wastewater per day, although the ■ Conserving water saves money and to remove metals, acids or other chemicals, influent volume to the plant can increase to protects the environment since the less or in the case of food services, most fats almost 100 million gallons on rainy days. water you use, the less wastewater we and grease. City staff work with industrial have to treat. customers to remove these pollutants before the 3. Keep hazardous waste out of the system. wastewater is sent to the treatment plant. ■ Never put hazardous waste down the drain. Hazardous waste includes pesticides, herbicides, solvents, paint thinners and engine oil. Hazardous Biosolids waste is any material that can catch fire, Port explode, corrode or is toxic. -
Anaerobic Digestion of Primary Sewage Effluent
Anaerobic Digestion of Primary Sewage Effluent Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-EE0003507 Hawai‘i Energy Sustainability Program Subtask 3.4: Biomass Submitted by Hawai‘i Natural Energy Institute School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai‘i September 2014 Acknowledgement: This material is based upon work supported by the United States Department of Energy under Cooperative Agreement Number DE-EE0003507. Disclaimer: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference here in to any specific commercial product, process, or service by tradename, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. SUMMARY A hybrid system comprised an up-flow packed bed anaerobic reactor and a down-flow trickling-filter reactor connected in series was shown to effectively treat primary clarifier effluent. When a clarifier and sand filter were added to the system, the effluent water quality achieved values of BOD5 and TSS that were below the EPA’s water discharge limits of 30 mg/l and equivalent to highly efficient activated sludge systems. -
Oxygenation and Oxygen Therapy
Rules on Oxygen Therapy: Physiology: 1. PO2, SaO2, CaO2 are all related but different. 2. PaO2 is a sensitive and non-specific indicator of the lungs’ ability to exchange gases with the atmosphere. 3. FIO2 is the same at all altitudes 4. Normal PaO2 decreases with age 5. The body does not store oxygen Therapy & Diagnosis: 1. Supplemental O2 is an FIO2 > 21% and is a drug. 2. A reduced PaO2 is a non-specific finding. 3. A normal PaO2 and alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (A-a gradient) do NOT rule out pulmonary embolism. 4. High FIO2 doesn’t affect COPD hypoxic drive 5. A given liter flow rate of nasal O2 does not equal any specific FIO2. 6. Face masks cannot deliver 100% oxygen unless there is a tight seal. 7. No need to humidify if flow of 4 LPM or less Indications for Oxygen Therapy: 1. Hypoxemia 2. Increased work of breathing 3. Increased myocardial work 4. Pulmonary hypertension Delivery Devices: 1. Nasal Cannula a. 1 – 6 LPM b. FIO2 0.24 – 0.44 (approx 4% per liter flow) c. FIO2 decreases as Ve increases 2. Simple Mask a. 5 – 8 LPM b. FIO2 0.35 – 0.55 (approx 4% per liter flow) c. Minimum flow 5 LPM to flush CO2 from mask 3. Venturi Mask a. Variable LPM b. FIO2 0.24 – 0.50 c. Flow and corresponding FIO2 varies by manufacturer 4. Partial Rebreather a. 6 – 10 LPM b. FIO2 0.50 – 0.70 c. Flow must be sufficient to keep reservoir bag from deflating upon inspiration 5. -
101 Lime Solvent
Sure Klean® CLEANING & PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS 101 Lime Solvent Sure Klean® 101 Lime Solvent is a concentrated acidic cleaner for dark-colored brick and tile REGULATORY COMPLIANCE surfaces which are not subject to metallic oxidation. VOC Compliance Safely removes excess mortar and construction dirt. Sure Klean® 101 Lime Solvent is compliant with all national, state and district VOC regulations. ADVANTAGES • Removes construction dirt and excess mortar with TYPICAL TECHNICAL DATA simple cold water rinse. Clear, brown liquid • Removes efflorescence from new brick and new FORM Pungent odor stone construction. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.12 • Safer than muriatic acid on colored mortar and dark-colored new masonry surfaces. pH 0.50 @ 1:6 dilution • Proven effective since 1954. WT/GAL 9.39 lbs Limitations ACTIVE CONTENT not applicable • Not generally effective in removal of atmospheric TOTAL SOLIDS not applicable stains and black carbon found on older masonry VOC CONTENT not applicable surfaces. Use the appropriate Sure Klean® FLASH POINT not applicable restoration cleaner to remove atmospheric staining from older masonry surfaces. FREEZE POINT <–22° F (<–30° C) • Not for use on polished natural stone. SHELF LIFE 3 years in tightly sealed, • Not for use on treated low-E glass; acrylic and unopened container polycarbonate sheet glazing; and glazing with surface-applied reflective, metallic or other synthetic coatings and films. SAFETY INFORMATION Always read full label and SDS for precautionary instructions before use. Use appropriate safety equipment and job site controls during application and handling. 24-Hour Emergency Information: INFOTRAC at 800-535-5053 Product Data Sheet • Page 1 of 4 • Item #10010 – 102715 • ©2015 PROSOCO, Inc. -
Chapter 4: Aqueous Solutions (Chs 4 and 5 in Jespersen, Ch4 in Chang)
Chapter 4: Aqueous Solutions (Chs 4 and 5 in Jespersen, Ch4 in Chang) Solutions in which water is the dissolving medium are called aqueous solutions. There are three major types of chemical processes occurring in aqueous solutions: precipitation reactions (insoluble product) acid-base reactions (transfer of H+s) redox reactions (transfer of electrons) General Properties of Aqueous Solutions solution – a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. solvent – usually the component that is present in greater quantity. solute(s) – the other substance(s) in the solution (ionic or molecular); present in smaller quantities. saturated solution – at a given temperature, the solution that results when the maximum amount of a substance has dissolved in a solvent. AJR Ch4 Aqueous Solutions.docx Slide 1 Electrolytic Properties electrolyte – a substance whose aqueous solutions contains ions and hence conducts electricity. E.g. NaCl. nonelectrolyte – a substance that does not form ions when it dissolves in water, and so aqueous solutions of nonelectrolytes do not conduct electricity. E.g. Glucose, C6H12O6. CuSO4 and Water; Ions present; Sugar and Water; No Ions present; electricity is conducted – bulb on. electricity is not conducted – bulb off. AJR Ch4 Aqueous Solutions.docx Slide 2 Ionic Compounds in Water Ionic compounds dissociate into their component ions as they dissolve in water. The ions become hydrated. Each ion is surrounded by water molecules, with the negative pole of the water oriented towards the cation and the positive pole oriented towards the anion. Other examples of ionic compounds dissociating into their component ions: + 2– Na2CO3 → 2 Na (aq) + CO3 (aq) + 2– (NH4)2SO4 → 2 NH4 (aq) + SO4 (aq) AJR Ch4 Aqueous Solutions.docx Slide 3 Molecular Compounds in Water Most molecular compounds do not form ions when they dissolve in water; they are nonelectrolytes. -
Drugs and Acid Dissociation Constants Ionisation of Drug Molecules Most Drugs Ionise in Aqueous Solution.1 They Are Weak Acids Or Weak Bases
Drugs and acid dissociation constants Ionisation of drug molecules Most drugs ionise in aqueous solution.1 They are weak acids or weak bases. Those that are weak acids ionise in water to give acidic solutions while those that are weak bases ionise to give basic solutions. Drug molecules that are weak acids Drug molecules that are weak bases where, HA = acid (the drug molecule) where, B = base (the drug molecule) H2O = base H2O = acid A− = conjugate base (the drug anion) OH− = conjugate base (the drug anion) + + H3O = conjugate acid BH = conjugate acid Acid dissociation constant, Ka For a drug molecule that is a weak acid The equilibrium constant for this ionisation is given by the equation + − where [H3O ], [A ], [HA] and [H2O] are the concentrations at equilibrium. In a dilute solution the concentration of water is to all intents and purposes constant. So the equation is simplified to: where Ka is the acid dissociation constant for the weak acid + + Also, H3O is often written simply as H and the equation for Ka is usually written as: Values for Ka are extremely small and, therefore, pKa values are given (similar to the reason pH is used rather than [H+]. The relationship between pKa and pH is given by the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation: or This relationship is important when determining pKa values from pH measurements. Base dissociation constant, Kb For a drug molecule that is a weak base: 1 Ionisation of drug molecules. 1 Following the same logic as for deriving Ka, base dissociation constant, Kb, is given by: and Ionisation of water Water ionises very slightly. -
Oxygen Saturation in High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
Oxygen Saturation In High-Altitude Pulmonary J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.5.4.429 on 1 July 1992. Downloaded from Edema James]. Bachman, M.D., Todd Beatty, M.D., and Daniel E. Levene High altitude, defined as elevations greater than Methods or equal to 8000 feet (2438 m) above sea level, is The 126 subjects for this study were all patients responsible for a variety of medical problems both who came to the Summit Medical Center Emer chronic and acute. The spectrum of altitude ill gency Department or to the Frisco Medical ness ranges from the common, mild symptoms of Center. Both units serve Summit County, Colo acute mountain sickness, such as insomnia, head rado. The base elevation of Summit County ache, and nausea, to severe and potentially fatal ranges from roughly 9000 to 11,000 feet (2743 to conditions, such as high-altitude pulmonary 3354 m). Between 1 November 1990 and 26Janu edema (HAPE) and high-altitude cerebral edema ary 1991, a record was maintained of the age, sex, (RACE).l room air pulse oximeter measure of oxygen satu HAPE is a noncardiogenic form of pulmonary ration (Sa 02)' chest radiograph findings, and final edema that predominantly affects young, physi diagnoses of all patients who underwent a chest cally active, previously healthy individuals who radiograph examination. arrived at high altitude between 1 and 4 days There were 152 patients who underwent chest before developing symptoms. Symptoms of early, radiography during the study period. Twenty-six milder cases include dry nonproductive cough, patients were excluded from the study: 18 had no decreased exercise tolerance, and dyspnea on ex oxygen saturation measurement taken or re ertion.