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Response by Anglers to a Differential Harvest Regulation on Three Black Bass Species at Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma

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Response by Anglers to a Differential Harvest Regulation on Three Black Bass Species at Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma 9 Response by anglers to a differential harvest regulation on three black bass species at Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma James M. Long U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 007 Agriculture Hall, Oklahoma State Uni- versity, Stillwater, OK, 74078 Randy G. Hyler Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078 Present address: Iowa Department of Transportation, Office of Location and Environment, 800 Lincoln Way, Ames, IA 50010. William L. Fisher U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 007 Agriculture Hall, Oklahoma State Uni- versity, Stillwater, OK, 74078 Present address: U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Angler responses to a differential harvest regulation on black bass, Micropterus spp. at Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma was assessed from 1997 to 1999. This regulation al- lowed anglers to harvest 15 spotted bass, M. punctulatus (Rafinesque) of any size and six largemouth bass, M. salmoides (Lacepède) and smallmouth bass, M. dolomieu Lacepède greater than 356 mm (in aggregate) per day. Anglers’ ability to differentiate spotted bass increased after the first year of the study, but their willingness to target or harvest spotted bass declined. Mean angler catch rates (number of fish per angling hour) for all three species remained steady throughout the study. Total harvest of largemouth bass and smallmouth bass was reduced by 1999 while total harvest of spotted bass remained steady throughout the study period. Despite the more liberal regulations as incentive, the regulation failed to accomplish the primary objective of increasing angler harvest of spotted bass because of high rates of voluntary catch and release. © 2012 Oklahoma Academy of Science. INTRODUCTION fisheries biologists (Kornman 1990; Buynak et al. 1991; Buynak 1995) have found that Size limits are popular among fisheries certain species, especially spotted bass, tend management agencies to affect changes to to “stockpile” (an overabundance of small the population structure of sport and forage individuals) under minimum-size limits. fish (Fox 1975; Novinger 1984; but see Wilde With a common minimum-size limit 1997). In the southeastern USA, many res- and subsequent stockpiling, density- ervoirs contain a combination of black bass dependent processes, such as competition species Micropterus spp., such as largemouth for resources, result in slower growth and bass, M. salmoides (Lacepède), smallmouth a decrease of larger fish in the fishery. As a bass, M. dolomieu Lacepède, and spotted result, Novinger (1987) suggested the use of bass, M. punctulatus (Rafinesque) that are a differential black bass harvest regulation managed concurrently, often with a com- to control the abundance of slow-growing mon minimum size limit. However, some spotted bass. For such a regulation to work, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 92: pp 9-20 (2012) 10 J. M. LONG, R. G. HYLER and W.L FISHER however, anglers have to be able to correctly smallmouth bass ≥ 356-mm TL could be identify each black bass species. harvested per day. Previously, all black bass Differential black bass harvest regula- had to be ≥ 356-mm TL to be harvested at the tions have rarely been used, presumably rate of six, in aggregate, per day. The objec- because anglers have difficulty correctly tives of this study were to estimate catch identifying spotted bass. However, such a and harvest of black bass and to evaluate regulation was successfully implemented the attitudes and opinions of anglers after on black bass in Cave Run Lake, Kentucky implementation of the differential harvest (Buynak et al.1991), and subsequently regulation on black bass at Skiatook Lake, statewide (Buynak 1995), by using presence Oklahoma. of a tooth patch on the tongue to differenti- ate between largemouth bass and spotted METHODS bass. Although 10% of the largemouth bass in Cave Run Lake also had a tooth patch, Study site Buynak (1995) presumed that informing Skiatook Lake is a 4,266-ha flood con- anglers of the tooth patch characteristic to trol reservoir, created in 1984 when the distinguish spotted bass from largemouth U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USCOE) bass was sufficient information to allow impounded Hominy Creek, and is located them to distinguish the two species. Buynak 8 km west of Skiatook, Oklahoma (ODWC et al. (1991) found the number of largemouth 1995) (Figure 1). The lake was filled in bass that anglers misidentified as spotted stages from October 1984 to July 1989 to bass to decrease in the years following the increase productivity (ODWC 1995) and regulation change. As a result, the differ- public fishing was allowed beginning in ential harvest regulation at Cave Run Lake May 1986. Largemouth bass occurred was considered very successful because naturally, but were supplementally stocked it met the goals of increased spotted bass during (1985-1986) and after (1990-1991) harvest, decreased largemouth bass harvest, reservoir filling and non-native smallmouth and increased largemouth bass population bass were stocked in 1990 and 1991 (ODWC abundance (Buynak et al. 1991; Buynak 1995; Long and Fisher 2005). Spotted bass 1995). occurred naturally in the system and were At Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma fisheries not stocked. biologist with the Oklahoma Department Fishing is one of the most popular rec- of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) noticed reational activities on Skiatook Lake and a dramatic increase in the number of the fishing pressure from black bass tourna- spotted bass beginning in 1992 (ODWC ment anglers is particularly high (ODWC 1995). A differential harvest regulation, 1995). Most angler effort on Skiatook Lake aimed at increasing the number of spotted is directed toward black bass and crappie, bass harvested by anglers while minimizing Pomoxis spp. (Zale and Stubbs 1991). Fish harvest of largemouth bass and smallmouth habitat in Skiatook Lake is characterized by bass, was implemented in 1997 (Long 2000). deep clear water with steep rocky shore- Modeled after the successful example at lines, particularly in the lower end of the Cave Run Lake, Kentucky (Buynak et al. lake, with abundant standing and fallen 1991), spotted bass at Skiatook Lake were timber (Long and Fisher 2006). Skiatook defined as any black bass species that had Lake is highly dendritic, with 257 km of a tooth patch on the tongue and was not a shoreline and a shoreline development smallmouth bass. Beginning in 1997, an- index of 11.3, a mean depth of 9.7 m, and glers at Skiatook Lake could harvest up to a maximum depth of 31 m (ODWC 1995). 15 spotted bass of any size per day whereas The trophic state of the lake ranges from only six, in aggregate, largemouth bass and oligotrophic near the dam to eutrophic at the Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 92: pp 9-20 (2012) DIFFERENTIAL HARVEST ON BLACK BASS SPECIES 11 Figure 1. Creel survey sections (A-H) at Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma used from 1997 to 1999 to document angler attitudes toward a differential harvest regulation on black bass. The star indicates the approximate location of Skiatook Lake in the state. upper end (Long and Fisher 2006) and the randomly selected days when possible. resident black bass community segregates Sampling effort for months and day type according to these trophic states (Long and was proportional to effort based on counts Fisher 2005); largemouth bass were uniform of cars at boat ramps on Skiatook Lake pro- in abundance across the lake, spotted bass vided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were more abundant in the eutrophic up- (unpublished data). Based on these car- per end, and smallmouth bass were more count data, too few anglers were present abundant in the oligotrophic lower end. during December, January, and February (4% combined of total annual car count) to Creel survey warrant sampling so effort was allocated To assess angler attitudes and to moni- to the remaining months. Time of day was tor catch and harvest after implementation partitioned equally between morning (AM) of the differential harvest regulation, a and evening (PM), which changed according two-stage probability roving creel survey to seasons (e.g., more daylight available in was used (Robson 1991) with intercept- summer than fall). Time of day (AM/PM) interviews of anglers conducted by boat. was allocated among survey days equally Sampling effort was allocated by month in 1997, but proportionally in 1998 and 1999 (March-October) and day type (weekdays based on trends in effort observed in 1997 and weekend days) and time of day was (Hyler 2000). randomly selected for sampling (Pollock The lake was divided into eight sec- et al.1994; Malvestuto and Hudgins 1996) tions of equal shoreline distance that served (Table 1). Additionally, because a large as starting and stopping locations for the proportion of effort was expected to come creel clerk (Figure 1). The creel clerk spent from fishing tournaments and holidays, an equal amount of time in each section, advanced notice of these high use events interviewing and counting anglers to obtain were chosen as sampling days in place of an instantaneous count for each section Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 92: pp 9-20 (2012) 12 J. M. LONG, R. G. HYLER and W.L FISHER Table 1. Sampling effort among strata for a creel survey at Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma from 1997 to 1999. Surveys were one-half day long, occurring during morning (AM) or evening (PM). Day type is number of days per week and time of day is probability of selection for sampling. WD = weekday and WE = weekend day. Probability of sampling during AM on WD and WE was 0.5 for all months in 1997. Eight sections were sampled each survey day and time per section was allocated equally per day.
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