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Download E-Book (PDF) African Journal of Biotechnology Volume 15 Number 14, 6 April 2016 ISSN 1684-5315 ABOUT AJB The African Journal of Biotechnology (AJB) (ISSN 1684-5315) is published weekly (one volume per year) by Academic Journals. African Journal of Biotechnology (AJB), a new broad-based journal, is an open access journal that was founded on two key tenets: To publish the most exciting research in all areas of applied biochemistry, industrial microbiology, molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, food and agricultural technologies, and metabolic engineering. Secondly, to provide the most rapid turn-around time possible for reviewing and publishing, and to disseminate the articles freely for teaching and reference purposes. All articles published in AJB are peer-reviewed. Contact Us Editorial Office: [email protected] Help Desk: [email protected] Website: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJB Submit manuscript online http://ms.academicjournals.me/ Editor-in-Chief Associate Editors Prof. Dr. AE Aboulata George Nkem Ude, Ph.D Plant Breeder & Molecular Biologist Plant Path. Res. Inst., ARC, POBox 12619, Giza, Egypt Department of Natural Sciences 30 D, El-Karama St., Alf Maskan, P.O. Box 1567, Crawford Building, Rm 003A Ain Shams, Cairo, Egypt Bowie State University 14000 Jericho Park Road Bowie, MD 20715, USA Dr. S.K Das Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, Japan Editor Prof. Okoh, A. I. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), N. John Tonukari, Ph.D Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry University of Fort Hare. Delta State University P/Bag X1314 Alice 5700, PMB 1 South Africa Abraka, Nigeria Dr. Ismail TURKOGLU Department of Biology Education, Education Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey Prof T.K.Raja, PhD FRSC (UK) Department of Biotechnology PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous) (Affiliated to Anna University) Coimbatore-641004, Tamilnadu, INDIA. Dr. George Edward Mamati Horticulture Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Gitonga Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Horticultural Research Center, P.O Box 220, Thika, Kenya. Editorial Board Prof. Sagadevan G. Mundree Dr. E. Olatunde Farombi Department of Molecular and Cell Biology Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit University of Cape Town Department of Biochemistry Private Bag Rondebosch 7701 University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria South Africa Dr. Stephen Bakiamoh Dr. Martin Fregene Michigan Biotechnology Institute International Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) 3900 Collins Road Km 17 Cali-Palmira Recta Lansing, MI 48909, USA AA6713, Cali, Colombia Dr. N. A. Amusa Prof. O. A. Ogunseitan Institute of Agricultural Research and Training Laboratory for Molecular Ecology Obafemi Awolowo University Department of Environmental Analysis and Design Moor Plantation, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-7070. USA Dr. Desouky Abd-El-Haleem Environmental Biotechnology Department & Dr. Ibrahima Ndoye Bioprocess Development Department, UCAD, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Departement de Biologie Vegetale Institute (GEBRI), BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal. Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Applications, IRD/ISRA/UCAD New Burg-Elarab City, Alexandria, Egypt. BP 1386, Dakar Dr. Simeon Oloni Kotchoni Dr. Bamidele A. Iwalokun Department of Plant Molecular Biology Biochemistry Department Institute of Botany, Kirschallee 1, Lagos State University University of Bonn, D-53115 Germany. P.M.B. 1087. Apapa – Lagos, Nigeria Dr. Eriola Betiku Dr. Jacob Hodeba Mignouna German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Associate Professor, Biotechnology Biochemical Engineering Division, Virginia State University Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124, Agricultural Research Station Box 9061 Braunschweig, Germany Petersburg, VA 23806, USA Dr. Daniel Masiga Dr. Bright Ogheneovo Agindotan International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences Dept Nairobi, University of Idaho, Moscow Kenya ID 83843, USA Dr. Essam A. Zaki Dr. A.P. Njukeng Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Département de Biologie Végétale Institute, GEBRI, Faculté des Sciences Research Area, B.P. 67 Dschang Borg El Arab, Post Code 21934, Alexandria Université de Dschang Egypt Rep. du CAMEROUN Dr. Alfred Dixon International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Prof. Christine Rey PMB 5320, Ibadan Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, Oyo State, Nigeria University of the Witwatersand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Dr. Sankale Shompole Dept. of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemisty, University of Idaho, Moscow, Dr. Kamel Ahmed Abd-Elsalam ID 83844, USA. Molecular Markers Lab. (MML) Plant Pathology Research Institute (PPathRI) Dr. Mathew M. Abang Agricultural Research Center, 9-Gamma St., Orman, Germplasm Program 12619, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Giza, Egypt Areas (ICARDA) Dr. Jones Lemchi P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, SYRIA. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Dr. Solomon Olawale Odemuyiwa Onne, Nigeria Pulmonary Research Group Department of Medicine Prof. Greg Blatch 550 Heritage Medical Research Centre Head of Biochemistry & Senior Wellcome Trust Fellow University of Alberta Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Edmonton Biotechnology Canada T6G 2S2 Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Prof. Anna-Maria Botha-Oberholster South Africa Plant Molecular Genetics Department of Genetics Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute Dr. Beatrice Kilel Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences P.O Box 1413 University of Pretoria Manassas, VA 20108 ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa USA Dr. O. U. Ezeronye Dr. Jackie Hughes Department of Biological Science Research-for-Development Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria Dr. Joseph Hounhouigan Maître de Conférence Dr. Robert L. Brown Sciences et technologies des aliments Southern Regional Research Center, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques U.S. Department of Agriculture, Université d'Abomey-Calavi Agricultural Research Service, 01 BP 526 Cotonou New Orleans, LA 70179. République du Bénin Dr. Deborah Rayfield Physiology and Anatomy Bowie State University Department of Natural Sciences Crawford Building, Room 003C Bowie MD 20715,USA Dr. Marlene Shehata Dr. Yee-Joo TAN University of Ottawa Heart Institute Department of Microbiology Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 40 Ruskin Street National University Health System (NUHS), K1Y-4W7, Ottawa, ON, CANADA National University of Singapore MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Dr. Hany Sayed Hafez Singapore 117597 The American University in Cairo, Egypt Singapore Dr. Clement O. Adebooye Prof. Hidetaka Hori Department of Plant Science Laboratories of Food and Life Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nigeria Niigata University. Niigata 950-2181, Dr. Ali Demir Sezer Japan Marmara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi, Tibbiye cad. No: 49, 34668, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Prof. Thomas R. DeGregori Turkey University of Houston, Texas 77204 5019, Dr. Ali Gazanchain USA P.O. Box: 91735-1148, Mashhad, Iran. Dr. Wolfgang Ernst Bernhard Jelkmann Medical Faculty, University of Lübeck, Dr. Anant B. Patel Germany Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007 Dr. Moktar Hamdi India Department of Biochemical Engineering, Laboratory of Ecology and Microbial Technology Prof. Arne Elofsson National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry BP: 676. 1080, Bioinformatics at Stockholm University, Tunisia Sweden Dr. Salvador Ventura Prof. Bahram Goliaei Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Departments of Biophysics and Bioinformatics Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona University of Tehran, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Bellaterra-08193 Iran Spain Dr. Nora Babudri Dr. Claudio A. Hetz Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Dipartimento di Biologia cellulare e ambientale Università di Perugia Independencia 1027 Via Pascoli Santiago, Chile Italy Prof. Felix Dapare Dakora Dr. S. Adesola Ajayi Research Development and Technology Promotion Seed Science Laboratory Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Department of Plant Science Room 2.8 Admin. Bldg. Keizersgracht, P.O. 652, Cape Faculty of Agriculture Town 8000, Obafemi Awolowo University South Africa Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria Dr. Geremew Bultosa Dr. Luísa Maria de Sousa Mesquita Pereira Department of Food Science and Post harvest IPATIMUP R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n 4200-465 Porto Technology Portugal Haramaya University Personal Box 22, Haramaya University Campus Dr. Min Lin Dire Dawa, Animal Diseases Research Institute Ethiopia Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ottawa, Ontario, Dr. José Eduardo Garcia Canada K2H 8P9 Londrina State University Brazil Prof. Nobuyoshi Shimizu Department of Molecular Biology, Prof. Nirbhay Kumar Center for Genomic Medicine Malaria Research Institute Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku Immunology Tokyo 160-8582, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
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