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The International Journal of Science & Technoledge The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321 – 919X) www.theijst.com THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLEDGE Bee Inventory and Distribution in the Forest Savannah Transition Zone of Ghana Dr. Eddiebright Joseph Buadu Lecturer, Department of Mathematics and Science Education College of Distance Education, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Peter Kofi Kwapong Professor (Head), Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Abstract: Wild bees ensure the delivery of pollination services and the maintenance of biodiversity in agricultural and natural landscapes. A study to identify bees in the Forest Savannah Transition Zone (FSTZ)of Ghana and determine their distribution was carried out from June 2013 to April 2014. The study area was divided into upper, middle and lower FSTZs on the basis of the proportion of trees relative to grasses. Three landscapes types namely agricultural land, natural vegetation and settlement fringes were identified and replicated within each of the three subzones giving a total of 18 sampling sites. Traps were set along a 500m x 3m transect constructed in each site. Bees were sampled along these transects using coloured pan traps (blue, white and yellow) and insect sweep net. In all, 706 bees, made up of three families (Apidae, Halictidae and Megachilidae) 18 genera and 34 species were collected. Five of the 34 bee species were represented by single individuals (singletons). Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) was the most ubiquitous species occurring in all subzones and landscape types. Bees were variously distributed in response to the availability of resources in both space and time. Whereas some species were limited to a particular subzone, others were restricted to a specific landscape type. Keyword: Abundance, bees, diversity, pollination, nesting, natural vegetation 1. Introduction Pollination contributes to food security, biological diversity and the economy. Bees, the main animal pollinators of wild and agricultural plants in most ecosystems (Buchmann & Nabhan, 1996; Ollerton, Winfree & Tarrant, 2011), are currently suffering considerable declines in abundance and species richness (Steffan-Dewenter, Potts & Packer, 2005; Biesmeijer et al.,2006). Landscape change is one cause of fragmentation, which may decrease bee abundance and species richness (Jennersten, 1988, Steffen-Dewenter & Tscharntke, 2002). Studies conducted in Central Europe and the US show that bee diversity and abundance is influenced by the structure and composition of the surrounding landscape (Tscheulin,Neokosmids,Petanidou,& Settele,2011). In Ghana, many food and cash crops are grown in the FSTZ among which are yam ( Discorea alata ), plantain ( Musa sapien ), maize ( Zea mays ), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus ), tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), eggplant ( Solanum melongena ), pepper ( Capsicum annum ), cucumber (Cucumis sativus ), mango ( Mangifera indica ), cashew ( Anarcadium occidentale ); and several other fruits, vegetables and horticultural crops. Many of these crops including mango, cashew, cucumber, eggplant, tomato, pepper and water melon are pollinated by bees. In fact, the FSTZ is often referred to as the ‘food basket’ of Ghana. Yields of these crops have been insufficient in recent times and these could be attributed to widespread human activities in the study area including wildfire, logging, mining and urbanization. Human activity, based on the assumption that pollination is a free and abundantly available ecosystem service, has put a large pressure on pollinators by both increasing their demand and removing their habitat (FAO, 2008). It is believed that humans have modified greater than 50% of the Earth’s land surface and this is but one change; others include changes in composition of air and water, and loss of overall biodiversity (Hooke & Martín-Duque, 2012). Biodiversity, therefore, is being exploited at much faster rates than ever before with negative implications for sustainable human livelihood (Turner, Clark, Kates, Richards, Matthews, & Meyers, 1990)). A report by Wuver and Attuquayefio (2006) indicated that major human activities that impact on biodiversity are bushfires, hunting, fuel wood harvesting and agriculture. It is feared that similar activities which are very pervasive in the FSTZ of Ghana might alter the landscape and affect bee populations. Many studies have confirmed that diverse communities of pollinators (mainly wild bees) provide more effective pollination services to crops and wild plants than less diverse communities (Breeze, Bailey, Balcombe & Potts, 2011). In addition, research has shown that yields of insect-pollinated crops are more unstable when the pollinator community (in a region) consists of fewer species (Garibaldi, Aizen, Klein, Cunningham & Harder, 2011). Regrettably, no study to my knowledge has been conducted to identify and determine the status of bees in the different zones and landscapes within the FSTZ of Ghana. Across landscapes, bee abundance and richness change in response to floral diversity which is also linked to environmental cues such as temperature and precipitation (Welch, 2011). 45 Vol 5 Issue 7 July, 2017 The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321 – 919X) www.theijst.com Knowledge of bees and their occurrence in the FSTZ of Ghana are a prerequisite for identifying the areas that need to be preserved, managed, or supplemented to keep bee populations at levels that will ensure sustainable food production. The general objective of the study was to assess the status of wild bees in the FSTZ of Ghana. The specific objectives were (1) to identify bee species occurring in the FSTZ of Ghana; (2) to determine bee distribution across subzones and landscape types within the FSTZ of Ghana, and (3) to determine bee abundance in three different subzones in relation to richness across landscape types. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study area and Field work The research was conducted on a bi-monthly basis within the FSTZ of Ghana (Fig 1) from June 2013 to April 2014. Figure 1: Communities sampled within the FSTZ of Ghana Source: Modified from http://www.apipnm.org 46 Vol 5 Issue 7 July, 2017 The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321 – 919X) www.theijst.com The study area was divided into three subzones or blocks based on the proportion of tree-to-grass vegetation. The upper FSTZ (Awisa and Subinso) constitutes the northern portion with the highest percentage grass cover whilst the south with the highest percentage tree cover was named the lower FSTZ (Nyameadom and Mankranso). The middle FSTZ (Kobedi and Yawhima) comprise the midsection with approximately equal proportions of grasses and trees. Three landscape types namely agricultural land, settlement fringes and natural vegetation were identified and replicated in each subzone (Table 1). According to Turner, Gardener and O’Neill (2001), the term landscape refers to an area of land spatially heterogeneous in at least one factor of interest. Locations Subzone 1 2 Landscape type Agricultural land Upper FSTZ Awisa Subinso Settlement fringes Natural vegetation Agricultural landscape Middle FSTZ Kobedi Yawhimah Settlement fringes Natural vegetation Agricultural landscape Lower FSTZ Mankranso Nyameadom Settlement fringes Natural vegetation Table 1: Subzones, Locations and Landscape types studied within the FSTZ of Ghana Upper FSTZ-towards the savannah region; Lower FSTZ- towards the forest region; Middle FSTZ- lies between the lower and upper transition zones. At each site, a 500m by 3m fixed transect was constructed and a set of three5.08cm PVC pipes erected at intervals of 100m along each transect (Fig 2). The pipes were placed in a triangular form with each separated from the other by a distance of one metre and projecting one metre high above the surface of the ground. Figure 2: Diagrammatic representation of the sampling protocol in each transect 2.2. Bee Sampling Two complementary methods (pan trapping and netting) used by Potts et al. (2005) and Munyuli (2012a) were adopted to sample bees from flowering plants. Bee communities are best sampled when pan-trapping is used concurrently with aerial netting (Wilson,Griswold, & Messinger, 2008). It has been established that the pan trapping technique is easy to use by researchers with varying levels of entomological experience (Leong & Thorp, 1999). Westphal, Bommarco, Carre´, Lamborn and Morison (2008) established that the pan trap method is the least biased and most successful technique for collecting bees.Pan traps of the colours yellow, white and blue (Droege et al., 2010) were filled with soapy water and placed on the PVC pipes for 48 hours during each sampling visit. Bees caught in pan traps were collected the third day and preserved in vials containing 70% alcohol. In addition, a 45- minutewalk was taken along each transect the second day and any bee found on plants occurring within 2m radius on either side was netted. After each sampling period, the samples collected were transported to the University of Cape Coast (UCC) Entomology Museum where the different bees collected were sorted out and pinned for identification and storage.The bee species identified were counted and corresponding figures indicated in a frequency table. 47 Vol 5 Issue 7 July, 2017 The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321 – 919X) www.theijst.com 3. Results 3.1. Bee Occurrence and Distribution in the FSTZ of Ghana Using the two sampling methods, a total of 706 bees made up of
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