Representation in Cognitive Science
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Tracing Autism’ Ambiguity and Difference in a Neuroscientific Research Practice
The London School of Economics and Political Science ‘Tracing Autism’ Ambiguity and difference in a neuroscientific research practice Patrick D. Fitzgerald A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, September 2012 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 88,543 words. I can confirm that portions of this thesis were copy-edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by John MacArtney, Megan Clinch, Joanne Kalogeras, Juljan Krause and Neasa Terry. ________________________________________________________ Des Fitzgerald, September 2012 2 Abstract Tracing Autism is about neuroscientists’ on-going search for a brain-based biomarker for autism. While much recent sociological work has looked at the ‘cerebralization’ of such diverse diagnostic categories as depression, bipolar disorder, psychopathy, addiction, and even autism itself, surprisingly little light has yet been shed on the mundane ways that researchers in the new brain sciences actually think about, reason through, and hold together neurological accounts of complex and emerging diagnostic entities . -
Download Complete Issue
VOLUME 1, No.2 30 June 2017 ISSN 2514-3174 bsdj.org.uk Advanced Necrotising Enterocolitis How well are we managing them? The British Student Doctor is an open access journal, which means that all content is available without charge to the user or his/her institution. You are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from either the publisher or the author. bsdj.org.uk Journal DOI 10.18573/issn.2514-3174 /thebsdj Issue DOI @thebsdj 10.18573/bsdj.v2i1 @thebsdj This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. The copyright of all articles belongs to The British Student Doctor, and a citation should be made when any article is quoted, used or referred to in another work. The British Student Doctor is an imprint of Cardiff University Press, an innovative open-access publisher of academic research, where ‘open-access’ means free for both readers and writers. cardiffuniversitypress.org Contents EDITORIAL 1 Dr James M Kilgour and Dr Shivali Fulchand Editorial: Mental health and medical students Natalie Ellis, Munzir Quraisy, Dr Matthew Hoskins, ORIGINAL RESEARCH 4 Dr James Walters, Dr Steve Riley and Dr Liz Forty Medical student attitudes to mental health and psychiatry: the use of a patient-experience short film DISCUSSION 12 Alexander J Martin Medicalisation: the definition of disease and the role of tomorrow’s doctors 18 Michael Houssemayne du Boulay An inconsistency -
Literature and the Cognitive Revolution: an Introduction
Literature and the Cognitive Revolution: An Introduction Alan Richardson English, Boston College Francis F. Steen Communication Studies, UCLA Literary studies and the cognitive sciences, pursuing common interests in language, mental acts, and linguistic artifacts, have developed markedly different approaches to similar phenomena of reading, imaginative involve- ment, and textual patterning. Until quite recently, the distance between them has drawn more attention than their possible convergence (Franchi and Güzeldere ). A number of literary theorists and critics, however, have steadily been producing work that finds its inspiration, its method- ology, and its guiding paradigms through a dialogue with one or more fields within cognitive science: artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, post- Chomskian linguistics, philosophy of mind, neuroscience, and evolution- ary biology. Reuven Tsur () has been developing his ‘‘cognitive poet- ics’’ since the s; the prominent psychoanalytic critic Norman Holland (: ) demonstrated the advantages of attending to the ‘‘more powerful psychology’’ emerging from cognitive neuroscience in ; Mark Turner (: viii) advanced his far-reaching project of a ‘‘cognitive rhetoric’’ in ; and Ellen Spolsky (: ) trenchantly brought a theory of ‘‘cogni- tive instability’’ to bear on literary interpretation in . These and like- minded critics respond to the limitations (or, in Spolsky’s case, missed op- portunities) of poststructuralist conceptions of meaning and interpretation by questioning the reigning models in the field, whether in the interest of Poetics Today : (Spring ). Copyright © by the Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics. Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/poetics-today/article-pdf/23/1/1/458295/01.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 2 Poetics Today 23:1 displacing, reworking, supplementing, or fundamentally regrounding them (Hart ). -
Dehaene Et Al (2008)
Log or Linear? Distinct Intuitions of the Number Scale in Western and Amazonian Indigene Cultures Stanislas Dehaene, et al. Science 320, 1217 (2008); DOI: 10.1126/science.1156540 The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of June 6, 2008 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/320/5880/1217 Supporting Online Material can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/320/5880/1217/DC1 This article cites 24 articles, 4 of which can be accessed for free: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/320/5880/1217#otherarticles Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce this article in whole or in part can be found at: on June 6, 2008 http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl www.sciencemag.org Downloaded from Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2008 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS. REPORTS Before formal schooling, Western children may Log or Linear? Distinct Intuitions of the acquire the number-line concept from Arabic nu- merals seen on elevators, rulers, books, etc. Thus, Number Scale in Western and existing studies do not reveal which aspects of the number-space mapping constitute a basic in- tuition that would continue to exist in the absence Amazonian Indigene Cultures of a structured mathematical language and educa- 1,2,3,4 1,2,4,5 5 6 tion. -
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
SCHRES-07994; No of Pages 6 Schizophrenia Research xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Schizophrenia Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/schres Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms as antecedents of later psychotic outcomes in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome Maria Niarchou a,b,⁎, Samuel J.R.A. Chawner a, Ania Fiksinski c,d,e, Jacob A.S. Vorstman d,e,f, Johanna Maeder g, Maude Schneider g, Stephan Eliez g, Marco Armando g, Maria Pontillo h, Stefano Vicari h, Donna M. McDonald-McGinn i, Beverly S. Emanuel i, Elaine H. Zackai i, Carrie E. Bearden j, Vandana Shashi k, Stephen R. Hooper l, Michael J. Owen a, Raquel E. Gur m,n,o, Naomi R. Wray b, Marianne B.M. van den Bree a,1, Anita Thapar a,1, on behalf of the International 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Brain and Behavior Consortium a Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom b Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia c Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands d Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada e The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada f The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada g Department of Psychiatry, University -
Anthropology's Disenchantment with the Cognitive Revolution
Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (2012) 354–361 Copyright Ó 2012 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1756-8757 print / 1756-8765 online DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01199.x Anthropology’s Disenchantment With the Cognitive Revolution1 Richard A. Shweder Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago Received 25 June 2011; received in revised form 3 November 2011; accepted 28 November 2011 Abstract Beller, Bender, and Medin should be congratulated for their generous attempt at expressive aca- demic therapy for troubled interdisciplinary relationships. In this essay, I suggest that a negative answer to the central question (‘‘Should anthropology be part of cognitive science?’’) is not necessar- ily distressing, that in retrospect the breakup seems fairly predictable, and that disenchantment with the cognitive revolution is nothing new. Keywords: Cognitive revolution; Behaviorism; Anthropology; Jerome Bruner; Roy D’Andrade; Clifford Geertz; Roger Shepard Some of the leaders of the cognitive revolution of the late 1950s and 1960s began parting from the cause almost as soon as it triumphed. Jerome Bruner, for example, who always enjoyed writing essays for both the left hand and the right hand, turned to hermeneutics, the study of law, and the interpretation of narratives (see Bruner, 1979, 1990). Even in the early days of the rebellion Bruner was attentive to language pragmatics, which may be one reason he named his 1960s big tent interdisciplinary center at Harvard University the ‘‘Center for Cognitive Studies’’ and not the ‘‘Center for Cognitive Science.’’ Bruner had just as much interest in the humanistic writings of E. H. Gombrich, Nelson Goodman, and Clifford Ge- ertz as in the latest claims about basic ⁄fundamental⁄universal cognitive processes coming out of experimental labs situated in Cambridge, London, or Geneva. -
Mill's Conversion: the Herschel Connection
volume 18, no. 23 Introduction november 2018 John Stuart Mill’s A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, being a connected view of the principles of evidence, and the methods of scientific investigation was the most popular and influential treatment of sci- entific method throughout the second half of the 19th century. As is well-known, there was a radical change in the view of probability en- dorsed between the first and second editions. There are three differ- Mill’s Conversion: ent conceptions of probability interacting throughout the history of probability: (1) Chance, or Propensity — for example, the bias of a bi- The Herschel Connection ased coin. (2) Judgmental Degree of Belief — for example, the de- gree of belief one should have that the bias is between .6 and .7 after 100 trials that produce 81 heads. (3) Long-Run Relative Frequency — for example, propor- tion of heads in a very large, or even infinite, number of flips of a given coin. It has been a matter of controversy, and continues to be to this day, which conceptions are basic. Strong advocates of one kind of prob- ability may deny that the others are important, or even that they make Brian Skyrms sense at all. University of California, Irvine, and Stanford University In the first edition of 1843, Mill espouses a frequency view of prob- ability that aligns well with his general material view of logic: Conclusions respecting the probability of a fact rest, not upon a different, but upon the very same basis, as conclu- sions respecting its certainly; namely, not our ignorance, © 2018 Brian Skyrms but our knowledge: knowledge obtained by experience, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons of the proportion between the cases in which the fact oc- Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. -
Brain, Body and Culture: a Biocultural Theory of Religion1
METHOD & THEORY in the STUDY OF RELIGION Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 22 (2010) 304-321 brill.nl/mtsr Brain, Body and Culture: A Biocultural Theory of Religion1 Armin W. Geertz Religion, Cognition and Culture Research Unit (RCC), Department of the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, Denmark [email protected] Abstract This essay sketches out a biocultural theory of religion which is based on an expanded view of cognition that is anchored in brain and body (embrained and embodied), deeply dependent on culture (enculturated) and extended and distributed beyond the borders of individual brains. Such an approach uniquely accommodates contemporary cultural and neurobiological sciences. Since the challenge that the study of religion faces, in my opinion, is at the interstices of these sciences, I have tried to develop a theory of religion which acknowledges the fact. My hope is that the theory can be of use to scholars of religion and be submitted to further hypotheses and tests by cognitive scientists. Keywords biocultural theory, embrainment, embodiment, enculturation, extended mind, distributed cog- nition, neuroscience, religion Introduction At the Religion, Cognition and Culture Research Unit (RCC) in Aarhus, our central axiom is that cognition is not just what goes on in the individual mind. In adapting our approach to contemporary research in neurobiology, archaeol- ogy, anthropology, comparative religion and philosophy of science, we hold that cognition is embrained, embodied, encultured, extended and distributed.2 1 My warmest thanks are extended to Michael Stausberg, Jesper Sørensen, Jeppe Sinding Jensen and Aaron Hughes for comments and critiques of earlier drafts of this paper. -
Evolution and the Social Contract
Evolution and the Social Contract BRIAN SKYRMS The Tanner Lectures on Human Values Delivered at Te University of Michigan November 2, 2007 Peterson_TL28_pp i-250.indd 47 11/4/09 9:26 AM Brian Skyrms is Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and of Economics at the University of California, Irvine, and Pro- fessor of Philosophy and Religion at Stanford University. He graduated from Lehigh University with degrees in Economics and Philosophy and received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Pittsburgh. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. His publications include Te Dynamics of Rational Delibera- tion (1990), Evolution of the Social Contract (1996), and Te Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure (2004). Peterson_TL28_pp i-250.indd 48 11/4/09 9:26 AM DEWEY AND DARWIN Almost one hundred years ago John Dewey wrote an essay titled “Te In- fuence of Darwin on Philosophy.” At that time, he believed that it was really too early to tell what the infuence of Darwin would be: “Te exact bearings upon philosophy of the new logical outlook are, of course, as yet, uncertain and inchoate.” But he was sure that it would not be in provid- ing new answers to traditional philosophical questions. Rather, it would raise new questions and open up new lines of thought. Toward the old questions of philosophy, Dewey took a radical stance: “Old questions are solved by disappearing . while new questions . -
The Mirror-Neuron Paradox: How Far Is Sympathy from Compassion, Indulgence, and Adulation?
Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Mirror-Neuron Paradox: How Far is Sympathy from Compassion, Indulgence, and Adulation? Khalil, Elias Monash University 11 June 2007 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3599/ MPRA Paper No. 3599, posted 17 Jun 2007 UTC The Mirror-Neuron Paradox: How Far is Sympathy from Compassion, Indulgence, and Adulation? Elias L. Khalil1 ABSTRACT The mirror-neuron system (MNS) becomes instigated when the spectator empathizes with the principal’s intention. MNS also involves imitation, where empathy is irrelevant. While the former may attenuate the principal’s emotion, the latter paradoxically reinforces it. This paper proposes a solution of the contradictory attenuation/reinforcement functions of fellow-feeling by distinguishing two axes: “rationality axis” concerns whether the action is efficient or suboptimal; “intentionality axis” concerns whether the intention is “wellbeing” or “evil.” The solution shows how group solidarity differs from altruism and fairness; how revulsion differs from squeamishness; how malevolence differs from selfishness; and how racial hatred differs from racial segregation. Keywords: Adam Smith; David Hume; Fellow-Feeling; Desire; Paris Hilton; Crankcase Oil Problem; Comprehension; Understanding (empathy or theory of mind); Imitation; Status Inequality; Elitism; Authority; Pity: Obsequiousness; Racial Segregation; Racial Hatred; Rationality Axis; Intentionality Axis; Propriety; Impropriety; Revulsion; Social Preferences; Altruism; Assabiya (group solidarity); Fairness; Schadenfreude (envy/spite/malevolence/evil); Vengeance JEL Code: D01; D64 1 [email protected] Department of Economics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. The paper was supported by the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research (Altenberg, Austria). During my stay at the Konrad Lorenz Institute, I benefited greatly from the very generous comments and extensive conversations with Riccardo Draghi- Lorenz. -
Ten Great Ideas About Chance a Review by Mark Huber
BOOK REVIEW Ten Great Ideas about Chance A Review by Mark Huber Ten Great Ideas About Chance Having had Diaconis as my professor and postdoctoral By Persi Diaconis and Brian Skyrms advisor some two decades ago, I found the cadences and style of much of the text familiar. Throughout, the book Most people are familiar with the is written in an engaging and readable way. History and basic rules and formulas of prob- philosophy are woven together throughout the chapters, ability. For instance, the chance which, as the title implies, are organized thematically rather that event A occurs plus the chance than chronologically. that A does not occur must add to The story begins with the first great idea: Chance can be 1. But the question of why these measured. The word probability itself derives from the Latin rules exist and what exactly prob- probabilis, used by Cicero to denote that “...which for the abilities are, well, that is a question most part usually comes to pass” (De inventione, I.29.46, Princeton University Press, 2018 Press, Princeton University ISBN: 9780691174167 272 pages, Hardcover, often left unaddressed in prob- [2]). Even today, modern courtrooms in the United States ability courses ranging from the shy away from assigning numerical values to probabilities, elementary to graduate level. preferring statements such as “preponderance of the evi- Persi Diaconis and Brian Skyrms have taken up these dence” or “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Those dealing with questions in Ten Great Ideas About Chance, a whirlwind chance and the unknown are reluctant to assign an actual tour through the history and philosophy of probability. -
The Cognitive Revolution: a Historical Perspective
Review TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.7 No.3 March 2003 141 The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective George A. Miller Department of Psychology, Princeton University, 1-S-5 Green Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Cognitive science is a child of the 1950s, the product of the time I went to graduate school at Harvard in the early a time when psychology, anthropology and linguistics 1940s the transformation was complete. I was educated to were redefining themselves and computer science and study behavior and I learned to translate my ideas into the neuroscience as disciplines were coming into existence. new jargon of behaviorism. As I was most interested in Psychology could not participate in the cognitive speech and hearing, the translation sometimes became revolution until it had freed itself from behaviorism, tricky. But one’s reputation as a scientist could depend on thus restoring cognition to scientific respectability. By how well the trick was played. then, it was becoming clear in several disciplines that In 1951, I published Language and Communication [1], the solution to some of their problems depended cru- a book that grew out of four years of teaching a course at cially on solving problems traditionally allocated to Harvard entitled ‘The Psychology of Language’. In the other disciplines. Collaboration was called for: this is a preface, I wrote: ‘The bias is behavioristic – not fanatically personal account of how it came about. behavioristic, but certainly tainted by a preference. There does not seem to be a more scientific kind of bias, or, if there is, it turns out to be behaviorism after all.’ As I read that Anybody can make history.