CHAPTER IV - REFERENCES

A Cohesive Strategy for Protecting People and Sustaining Resources in Fire-Adapted Ecosystems (October 2000)

A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment (August 2001)

Abbas, G. 1997. East Fork Ashland Creek level II stream survey report. Available from Siskiyou Mountains Ranger District, Ashland, OR.

Abbas, J.G. 1999. Personal communications concerning anecdotal sightings of tailed frog larvae in the East Fork of Ashland Creek.

Agee and Huff. 2000. The Role of Prescribed Fire in Restoring Ecosystem Health and Diversity in Southwest Oregon: Part 1. Ecological Conditions” a report to the Pacific Northwest Research Station Director’s Office, September 2000.

Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Island Press, Washington, DC.

Agee, J.K. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-320. 52pp.

Agee, J.K. 1996. The influence of forest structure on fire behavior. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference, January 16–18, 1996. Redding, CA.

Agee, J.K. 1997. The severe weather wildfire: too hot to handle. Northw. Sci. 71, 153–156.

Agee, James K., B. Bahro, M.A. Finney, P.N. Omi, D.B. Sapsis, C. Skinner, J. W. van Wagtendonk, and C.P. Weatherspoon. 1999. The Use of Fuelbreaks in Landscape Fire Management, unpublished.

Agee, J.K., Bahro, B., Finney, M.A., Omi, P.N., Sapsis, D.B., Skinner, C.N., van Wagtendonk, J.W., and Weatherspoon, C.P. 2000. The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management. Forest Ecology and Management 127: 55-66.

Agee, J.K., Bahro, B., Finney, M.A., Omi, P.N., Sapsis, D.B., Skinner, C.N., van Wagtendonk, J.W., Weatherspoon, C.P. 2000. The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management.

Agee, J.K. 2002. The fallacy of passive management: managing for firesafe forest reserves. Conserv. Biol. Practice 3 (1), 18–25.

Agee, J.K. 2003. Monitoring postfire tree mortality in mixed-conifer forests of Crater Lake. Oregon. Nat. Areas J. 23, 114–120.

Agee, J.K., Skinner, C.N. 2005. Forest Ecology and Management.

Agee, J.K., Wright, C.B., Williamson, N., Huff, M.H. 2002. Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior. For. Ecol. Manage. 167, 57–66. For. Ecol. Manage. 127, 55–66.

Final EIS IV - 1 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Albini, F. 1976. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station General Technical Report INT-30. Ogden, UT

Alexander, M. E. 1988. Help with making crown fire hazard assessments. In: Fischer, W. C.; Arno, S. F., comps. Protecting people and homes from wildfire in the Interior West: proceedings of the symposium and workshop; 1988 October 6–8; Missoula, MT. Proc. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-251. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station:

Allen, C.D., Savage, M., Falk, D.A., Suckling, K.F., Swetnam, T.W., Schulke, T., Stacey, P.B., Morgan, P., Hoffman, M., Klingel, J.T. 2002. Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. Ecol. Appl. 12, 1418–1433.

Altman, B. 1999. Conservation strategy for landbirds in coniferous forests of Oregon and Washington. Oregon-Washington Partners in Flight. Boring Oregon, USA

Amaranthus, Michael P. Personal communications concerning wildfire effects on soil cover following the 1987 Longwood Fire.

Amaranthus, M. 1990. Stream shading, summer stream flow, and maximum water temperature following intense wildfire in headwater streams. In: Wildfire recovery and monitoring. Siskiyou National Forest 1990 monitoring reports. Available from Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Medford, OR.

Amaranthus, Michael P. and Trappe, James M. 1993. “Effects of Erosion on Ecto- and Va-Mycorrhizal Inoculum Potential of Soil Following Forest Fire in Southwest Oregon.” Plant and Soil 150; 41-49 pp.

Anderson H.E., 1982. Aids to Determining Fuel Models for Estimating Fire Behavior. USDA USFS. GTR-INT-122. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Andrews, P. L. 1986. BEHAVE: Fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system—BURN Subsystem, Part 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-194. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Andrews, P.L., Chase, C.H. 1989. BEHAVE: Fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system-BURN subsystem, part 2, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-260. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.

Andrews, P.L., Bradshaw, L.S. 1990. RXWINDOW: defining windows of acceptable burning conditions based on desired fire behavior. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-273. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.

Anthony, R.G., E.D. Forsman, A.B. Franklin, D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, G.C. White, C.J. Schwarz, J. Nichols, J.E. Hines, G.S. Olson, S.H. Ackers, S. Andrews, B.L. Biswell, P.C. Carlson, L.V. Diller, K.M. Dugger, K.E. Fehring, T.L. Fleming, R.P. Gerhardt, S.A. Gremel, R.J. Gutiérrez, P.J. Happe, D.R. Herter, J.M. Higley, R.B. Horn, L.L. Irwin, P.J. Loschl, J.A. Reid, and S.G. Sovern. 2004. Status and trends in demography of northern spotted owls, 1985-2003. Final Report to the Interagency Regional Monitoring Program, Portland, Oregon. September 2004. 179pp.

Arthur, V. 2004. Wildlife Biologist. Bureau of Land Management, Medford, OR. Personal communications.

Ashland Watershed Stewardship Alliance. 1999. Draft Comment and Proposal for the Ashland Watershed Protection Project. 114p.

Final EIS IV - 2 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Atzet, Thomas. 1979. Description and Classification of the Forests of the Upper Illinois River Drainage of Southwestern Oregon. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

Atzet, Thomas. 1994. “The Southern Oregon Intersection.” Foghorn, Winter 1994-1995. Friends of the Greensprings, Ashland, Oregon.

Atzet, Thomas. 1998. Personal communication, re: missed fire cycles and wildfire severity.

Atzet, Thomas and D.L. Wheeler. 1982. “Historical and Ecological Perspectives on Fire Activity in the Klamath Geological Province of the Rogue River and Siskiyou National Forests.” R6 Range, 102, 1982. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon.

Atzet, Thomas and D.L. Wheeler. 1984. Preliminary Plant Associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province. USDA Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest, Grants Pass, Oregon.

Atzet, Thomas, D.E. White, L.A. McCrimmon, P.A. Martinez, P Reid Fong, and V.D. Randall. 1996. Field Guide to the Forested Plant Associations of Southwestern Oregon. Technical Paper R6-NR-ECOL TP-17-96. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon.

Aubry, K.B., and C.M. Raley. 2002. The pileated woodpecker as a keystone habitat modifier in the Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181.

Aubry, K.B., C.M. Raley, T.J. Catton, and G.W. Tomb. 2002. Ecological characteristics of fishers in the southern Oregon Cascade Range: final progress report: 1 June, 2002. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA.

Aubry, K.B. and J.C. Lewis. 2003. Extirpation and reintroduction of fishers (Martes pennanti) in Oregon: implications for their conservation in the Pacific states. Biological Conservation 114 (1):79-90.

Aubry, K.B., S.M. Wisely, C.M. Raley, and S.W. Buskirk. 2004. Zoogeography, spacing patterns, and dispersal in fishers: insights gained from combining field and genetic data.

Aubry, K.B. and C. Raley. 2006. Ecological characteristics of fishers (Martes pennanti) in the southern Oregon Cascade Range. USDA Forest Service. Olympia Forestry Sciences Laboratory. Olympia, WA.

Badura, George and Philip Jahn. 1977. Soil Resource Inventory for the Rogue River National Forest. Medford, Oregon.

Bailey, V. 1936. The mammals and life zones of Oregon. North American Fauna, 55:1-416.

Barbour, Michael G., J.H. Burk, W.D. Pitts. 1987. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California.

Barrett, N.M. 2004 and 2008. Wildlife Biologist, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Prospect, OR. Personal communications.

Benda, L., and Dunne, T. 1987. Sediment routing by debris flows: In Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim, Edited by Beschta, R.L., Blinn, R., Grant, G., and Swanson, F.J., International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 165, P. 213-223.

Benda, L., D. Miller, P. Bigelow, and K. Andras. 2003. Effects of post-wildfire erosion on channel environments, Boise River, Idaho. Forest Ecology and Management 178: 105-119.

Final EIS IV - 3 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Benedict, M.A. 1930. Twenty-one years of fire protection in the national forests of California. J. For. 28, 707–710.

Beschta, R.L., M.R. Pyles, A.E. Skaugset, and C.G. Surfleet. 2000. “Peakflow Responses to Forest Practices in the Western Cascades of Oregon, USA” in Journal of Hydrology. Vol. 233.

Beukema, S., Reinhardt, E., Greenough, J., Kurz, W., Crookston, N., Robinson, D. 2000. Fire and Fuels Extension: Model Description. ESSA Technologies, Vancouver, BC.

Bird, Frank. 2000. Personal communication, re: NMFS fish consultation. February.

Bisson, P.B., B.E. Rieman, C. Luce, P.F. Hessburg, D.C. Lee, J.L. Kershner, G.H. Reeves, and R.E. Gresswell. 2003. Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: current knowledge and key questions. Forest Ecology and Management 178: 213-229.

Biswell, H.H. 1989. Prescribed Burning in California Wildlands vegetation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Biswell, B., M.Blow, R.Breckel, L.Finley, and J.Lint. 2002. Survey Protocol For The Red Tree Vole. Arborimus longicaudus (=Phenacomy longicaudus in the Record of Decision of the Northwest Forest Plan).

Breshears, D.D.; Cobb, N.S.; Rich, P.M.; Price, K.P.; Allen, C.D.; Balice, R.G.; Romme, W.H.; Kastens, J.H.; Floyd, M.L.; Belnap, J.; Anderson, J.J.; Myers, O.B.; Meyer, C.W. 2005. Regional vegetation die- off in response to global-change type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102: 15144–15148.

Brose, P., Wade, D. 2002. Potential fire behavior in pine flatwood forest following three different fuel reduction techniques. For. Ecol. Manage. 163, 71–84.

Brown and Caldwell. 2008. Reeder Reservoir Study; Prepared for City of Ashland, Oregon. Portland, OR 97239

Brown, E. R.(ed). 1985. Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forest of Western Oregon and Washington (two volumes). USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. R6-F&WL-192-1985. Pacific Northwest Region, 319 SW Pine, PO Box 3623, Portland, Oregon 97208.

Brown, H.A., R.B. Bury, D.M. Darda, L.V. Diller, C.R. Peterson, and R.M. Storm. 1995. Reptiles of Washington and Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, WA.

Brown, J.K., Arno, S.F. 1991. The paradox of wildland fire. Western Wildlands (Spring) 40–46.

Brown, R.T., Agee, J.K., Franklin, J.F. 2004. Forest restoration and fire – principles in the context of place. Cons. Biol. 18, 903–912.

Burns, Craig. 1999. Personal communication, re: NMFS fish consultation. November 28.

Burgan, R. E.; Rothermel, R. C. 1984. BEHAVE: fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system- FUEL subsystem. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-167. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Final EIS IV - 4 Ashland Forest Resiliency Bush, G.W. 2002. Healthy Forests: An Initiative for Wildfire Prevention and Stronger Communities. The White House, Washington, DC.

Buskirk, S.W. and L.F. Ruggiero. 1994 American marten. Pages 38 -73 in L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon, and W.J. Zielinski, eds. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores; American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States. General Technical Report RM- 254. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Buskirk, S.W. and R.A. Powell. 1994. Habitat ecology of fishers and American martens. In: Buskirk, S.W., Harestad, A.S., Raphael, M.G., Powell, R.A. (Eds.), Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, pp. 283-296.

Busby, P.J., T.C. Wainwright, and R.S. Waples. 1994. Status review for Klamath Mountains Province steelhead. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-19. Available from National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Coastal Zone and Estuarine Studies Division, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle WA 98112.

Butler, Bret W, and Jack D Cohen. 1998. Firefighter safety zones: a theoretical model based on radiative heating. International Journal of Wildland Fire 8(2): 73-77.

Carey, A. B. 1991. The biology of arboreal rodents in Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA. General Technical Rpt. PNW-GTR-276.

Carey, A.B., C.C. Maguire, B.L. Biswell, and T.M. Wilson. 1999. Distribution and abundance of Neotoma in western Oregon and Washington. Northwest Science, Vol. 73, No. 2.

Catchpole, E.A., de Mestre, N.J., and Gill, A.M. 1982. Intensity of fire at its perimeter. Aust. For. Res. 12: 47–54

Chambers, J. 2003. The impacts of the Quartz Gulch Fire on fish and amphibian population dynamics in Glade Creek, Oregon. Poster. Oregon Chapter American Fisheries Society, Eugene, OR, 26-28 February.

Childs, S.W., Shade, S.P., Miles, E.W., Sheppard, E. and Froehlich, H.A. 1989. “Soil Physical Properties: Importance to Long-Term Forest Productivity.” Maintaining the Long-Term Productivity of Pacific Northwest Forest Ecosystems. Timber Press.

City of Ashland. 2004. Community Wildfire Protection Plan; Living with Fire in Ashland.

Clayton, Dave. 2004. Wildlife Biologist. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Roseburg, OR. Personal communications.

Clayton, Dave. 1999. Personal communication, re: utilization of habitat by bats.

Clements. 1953 The Effects of on Natural Vegetation.

Cochran. 1992 Regulation of Ponderosa pine Folia Physiology and Resistance Mechanisms by basal Area.

Copeland, J.P. 1996. Biology of the wolverine in central Idaho. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.

Cooper, R. 2008. Pers. com. regarding white-headed woodpecker.

Final EIS IV - 5 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Corn, P. S., R. B. Bury, and T. A. Spies. 1988. Douglas-fir forests in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington: is the abundance of small mammals related to stand age and moisture? Pages 340-352 in Szaro, R. C., K. E. Severson, and D. R. Patton, editors. 1988. Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America. Proceedings of a symposium, 19-21 July 1988, Flagstaff, AZ. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. General Technical Rpt. RM-166.

Corn, P. S., and R. B. Bury. 1991. Small mammal communities in the Oregon Coast Range. Pages 241-254 in Ruggiero, L. F., K. B. Aubry, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff, editors. 1991. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. General Technical Rpt. PNW-GTR-285.

Countryman, C.M. 1955. Old-growth conversion also converts fire climate. U.S. Forest Service Fire Control Notes 17(4): 15-19.

Costa, J.E. 1984. Physical geomorphology of debris flows, Chapter 9. In: Costa, J.E., Fleisher, P.J. (eds.), Developments and Application of Geomorphology. Springer-Verlag Publishing Co., Berlin, Pages 268-317.

Costa, J.E. 1988. Floods from dam failures, Chapter 26 of Baker, V.R., Kochel, R.C., and Patton, P.C., eds., Flood geomorphology: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Pages 439-463.

Courtney, S.P., J.A. Blakesley, R.E. Bigley, M.L. Cody, J.P. Dumbacher, R.C. Fleischer, A.B. Franklin, J.F. Franklin, R.J. Gutiérrez, J.M. Marzluff, L. Sztukowski. 2004. Scientific evaluation of the status of the northern spotted owl. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute. Portland, Oregon. September 2004.

Covington, W.W., Everett, R.L., Steele, R., Irwin, L.L., Daer, T.A., Auclair, A.N.D. 1994. Historical and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems of the inland west of the United States. J. Sustain. For. 2 (1–2), 13–63.

Crosby, J.S.; Chandler, C.C. 2004. Fire Management Notes. Get the most from your windspeed observations. Vol. 64, No. 1, Winter 2004. Reprinted from: Fire Control News 27(4): 12-13, 1966.

Cross, S.P. 1973. Preliminary vertebrate faunal survey of the Ashland Research Natural Area. Unpublished Report. Southern Oregon College.

Cross, S.P., H. Lauchstedt, and M. Blankenship. 1997. Bat studies in the Ashland and Applegate Districts of the Rogue River National Forest. Final Report. Southern Oregon University.

Csuti, B. et al. 1997. Atlas of Oregon wildlife. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, Oregon.

Daily, Gretchen C., S. Alexander, P. R. Ehrlich, L. Goulder, J. Lubchenco, P. A. Matson, H. A. Mooney, S. Postel, S. H. Schneider, D. Tilman, and G. M. Woodwell. 1997. Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems. Issues in Ecology. Ecological Society of America, Number 2, Spring.

Daubenmire, R. 1968. Plant Communities: A Textbook of Plant Synecology. Harper and Row, New York, NY.

Debano, Leonard F. 1981. Water Repellent Soils: A State-of-the Art. PSW General Technical Report PSW-46.

Final EIS IV - 6 Ashland Forest Resiliency Detling, L.E. 1953. “The Chaparral Formation of Southwestern Oregon, with Considerations of its Postglacial History,” in Ecology, 42: 348-357 pp.

Dinwiddie, John. 1995. Understanding The Ecological Implications of The Hull Mountain Fire. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Medford District, unpublished.

Dinwiddie, John. 1998. Personal communications concerning wildfire effects on soil cover following the 1994 Hull Mountain Fire.

Dissmeyer, George E. Editor. 2000. Drinking Water from Forests and Grasslands. A Synthesis of the Scientific Literature.

Duncan, N., T. Burke, S. Dowlan, and P. Hohenlohe. 2003. Survey protocol for survey and manage terrestrial mollusk species from the Northwest Forest Plan. Version 3.0. USDI Bureau of Land Management, USDA Forest Service, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.

Dunham, J.B., M.K. Young, R.E. Gresswell, and B.E. Rieman. 2003. Effects of fire on fish populations: landscape perspectives on persistence of native fishes and nonnative fish invasions. Forest Ecology and Management 178: 183-196.

Dwire, K.A. and J.B. Kauffman. 2003. Fire and riparian ecosystems in landscapes of the western USA. Forest Ecology and Management 178: 61-74.

Everest, F. 1971. An ecological and fish cultural study of summer steelhead in the Rogue River. Oregon State Game Commission Anadromous Fish Project Annual Progress Report, 49 p. Available from Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 3406 Cherry St NE, Salem, OR 97303.

Everest, F. 1973. Ecology and management of summer steelhead in the Rogue River. Oregon State Game Commission. Research Division. Fishery report number 7. Federal aid to fish restoration project AFS 31. Available from Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 3406 Cherry St NE, Salem, OR 97303.

Farber, S. and T. Franklin. 2005. Presence-absence surveys for Pacific fisher (Martes pennanti) in the eastern Klamath Province of interior northern California. Timber Products Company. Timberlands Office. Yreka, California.

Field, C.B., Mortsch, L.D., Brklacich, M., Forbes, D.L., Kovacs, P., Patz, J.A., Running, S.W., and Scott, M.J. 2007: North America; in Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), (ed.) M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, p. 617–652.

Finnerman, Brian. 1999. Oregon Department of environmental Quality. Facsimile to RRNF regarding air quality.

Finney, M.A. 1998. FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator – model development and evaluation. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Research Paper RMRS-RP-4. Fort Collins, CO

Finney, M. A. 1999. Mechanistic modeling of landscape fire patterns. In D. J. Mladenoff and W. L. Baker, editors. Spatial modeling of forest landscape change: approaches and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Finney, M.A. 2000. A spatial analysis of fire behavior associated with forest blowdown in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Duluth, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Superior National Forest.

Final EIS IV - 7 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Finney, M.A. 2001. Design of regular landscape fuel treatment patterns for modifying fire growth and behavior. For. Sci. 47, 219–228.

Finney, M.A. 2003. Calculation of fire spread rates on random landscapes. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 12, 167– 174.

Finney, M.A., Ryan, K.C. 1995. Use of the FARSITE fire growth model for fire prediction in the US national parks. In: Sullivan, J.D., Luc Wybo, J., Buisson, L. _Eds.., International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference. International Emergency Management and Engineering Society. Nice, France, pp. 183–189.

Finney, M.A., Bartlette, R., Bradshaw, L., Close, K., Gleason, P., Langowski, P., McHugh, C.W., Martinson, E., Omi, P.N., Shepperd, W., Zeller, K. 2002. Interim Hayman fire case study analysis: report on fire behavior, fuel treatments, and fire suppression. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/hayman_fire/text/02finney/ 02finney.html.

Flanagan, P. 1996. “Survival of Fire-Injured Conifers. Fire Management Notes, 56:13-16 pp.

Foster, D.E. 1974. Ovipositional behavior of aspasma (: ). Pan Pacific Entomologist 50(2):207-208.

Frandsen, William and Kevin C. Ryan. 1986. Soil moisture reduces below ground heat flux and soil temperatures under a burning fuel pile . Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16: 244-248 pp.

Franklin, J.F. 1997. Ecosystem management: An overview. In Boyce, M.S. and A. Haney (eds.), Ecosystem management: Applications for sustainable forest and wildlife resources. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 21–53.

Frey, R.I. and J.D. Alexander. 2008. Summary report on long-term constant effort monitoring station and special species monitoring efforts in the Klamath-Siskiyou Bioregion by the Klamath Bird Observatory in 2007. Klamath Bird Observatory. Ashland, Oregon.

Frissel, Christopher A. 1986. Classification of Stream Habitat and Watershed Systems in South Coastal Oregon and an Assessment of Land Use Impacts. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Portland, Oregon.

Froehlich, Aulerich, and Curtis. 1981. Designing Skid Trail Systems to Reduce Soil Impacts from Tractor Logging Machines. Research Paper 44. Oregon State University Forest Research Laboratory.

Froehlich, Robbins, Miles, and Lyons. 1983. Monitoring recovery of Compacted Skid Trails in Central Idaho. Special report for Payette National Forest.

Fule, P.Z., Covington, W.W., Smith, H.B., Springer, J.D., Heinlein, T.A., Huisinga, K.D., Moore, M. M. 2002. Comparing ecological restoration alternatives: Grand Canyon, Arizona. For. Ecol. Manage. 170, 19–41.

Galea, F. 2002. Northern spotted owl surveys for the Ashland Watershed Project Area, 2002. Final Report. Galea Wildlife Consulting. Crescent City, CA.

Garrett, K.L., M.G. Raphael, and R.D. Dixon. 1996. White-headed woodpecker (Picoides albolarvatus). In The birds of North America, No 252 (A. Poole and F. Gill eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologist’ Union, Washington, DC.

Final EIS IV - 8 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Gauthier, G. 1993. Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola). In The Birds of North America, No. 67 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

Gilbert, F. F., and R. Allwine. 1991. Small mammal communities in the Oregon Cascade Range. Pages 257-267 in Ruggiero, L. F., K. B. Aubry, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff, editors. 1991. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. General Technical Rpt PNW-GTR-285.

Goggans, R. 1986. Habitat use by Flammulated Owls in northeastern Oregon. Masters thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

Graham, R.T.; Harvey, A.E.; Jain, T.B.; Tonn, J.R. 1999. The Effects of Thinning and Similar Stand Treatments on Fire Behavior in Western Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR463. Portland, OR. Pacific Northwest Research Station.

Graham, R.T.; McCaffrey, S.; Jain, T.B. 2004. Science basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity. Gen. Tech. Report RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Green, L.R. 1977. Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wildland fire control. USDA Ag. Handbook 499.

Greene, Sarah. (pers. com. 2004) Regarding healthy older and larger trees at great risk of disappearing entirely from the RNA

Groot, C. and L. Margolis. Eds. 1998. Pacific salmon life histories. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. 564 p.

Gruell, G.E. 1983. Fire and vegetative trends in the northern Rockies: Interpretations from 1871-1982 photographs. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-158.

Gruell, G.E., Schmidt, W.C., Arno, S.F., Reich, W.J. 1982. Seventy years of vegetative change in a managed ponderosa pine forest in western Montana – implications for resource management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-130.

Hall, S.A.; Burke, I.C. 2006. Considerations for characterizing fuels as inputs for fire behavior models. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2006, 227, 102-114.

Hardy et al. 1998. Mapping Historic Fire Regimes for the Western United States: Integrating Remote Sensing and Biophysical Data.

Hardy, C.C. 2005. Wildfire hazard and risk: problems, definitions, and context. For. Ecol. Manage. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005. 01.029.

Hargis, C.D., J.A. Bissonette, and D.L. Turner. 1999. The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens. Journal of Applied Ecology 36. p.157-172.

Harrington, M.G., and S.S. Sackett. 1992. “Past and present fire influences on southwestern ponderosa pine old-growth”. Old-growth forests of Southwest and Rocky Mountain Region. Workshop, Portal, AZ. pp. 44-50.

Final EIS IV - 9 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Hart, M.M., J.P. Copeland, and R.L. Redmond. 1997. Mapping wolverine habitat in the northern Rockies using a GIS. A poster presented at the Wildlife Society’s 4 th Annual Conference. Snowmass Village, CO.

Hartsough, B. 2003. Economics of harvesting to maintain high structural diversity and resulting damage to residual trees. West. J. Appl. For. 18, 133–142.

Haspiel, A. 1990. Fish habitat and population in Silver and Indigo creeks. In: Wildfire recovery and monitoring. Siskiyou National Forest 1990 monitoring reports. Available from Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Medford, OR.

Heinzelmann, J.L., and J.D. Alexander. 2004. Bird abundance in the Ashland Watershed: results from 2004 bird monitoring. Unpublished Report. Klamath Bird Observatory. Ashland, OR.

Henderson, J.A., Peter, D.H., Lesher, R.D., Shaw, D.C. 1989. Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest. USDA Forest Service R6 ECOL Technical Paper 001-88.

Hess, Jurgen A. 1986. The Forest at Ashland’s Doorstep – A Study of Visitation to the Ashland Creek Watershed. Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.

Hessburg, P.F., Agee, J.K. 2003. An environmental narrative of inland Northwest US forests, 1800–2000. For. Ecol. Manage. 178, 23–59.

Heyerdahl, E.K., Brubaker, L.B., Agee, J.K. 2001. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the interior West. USA. Ecol. 82, 660–678.

Hicks, B.G. and Dan R. Sitton. 1998. “Landslide Mapping on the Rogue River National Forest” in Environmental Groundwater and Engineering Geology: Applications from Oregon. Scott Burns, editor. Association of Engineering Geologists. Star Publishing Company. Belmont, California.

Hicks, B.J., R.L. Beschta, and R.D. Harr. 1991. “Long-term Changes in Streamflow following logging in Western Oregon and Associated Fisheries Implications” in Water Resources Bulletin. Vol. 27, No. 2.

Hill, Timothy B. 1996 Forest Biometrics from Space. Geographic Resource Solutions, Arcata, CA 95521.

Hirsch, Stanley, D.L. Radloff, W.C. Schopfer, M.L. Wolfe, and RF Yancik. 1981. The Activity Fuel Appraisal Process: Instructions and Examples. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-83.

Hobbs, G. A. 1968. Ecology of species of Bombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in southern Alberta. VII. Subgenus Bombus. Canadian Entomol. 100(2):156-164.

Hooton, B. 1995. Status of coastal cutthroat trout in Oregon. Pp. 57-67 in J.D. Hall, P.A. Bisson, and R.E. Gresswell. Eds. Sea-run cutthroat trout: biology, management, and future conservation. Oregon Chapter American Fisheries Society, Corvallis.

Hornocker, M.G. and H.S. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern Montana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59:1286-1301.

Howell, P. 2003. Effects of wildfire and subsequent floods, debris torrents, and landslides on fish distribution and abundance in tributaries of North Fork John Day River. Presentation. Oregon Chapter American Fisheries Society, Eugene, OR, 26-28 February.

Final EIS IV - 10 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Huff, M.H., R.D. Ottmar, E. Alvarado, R.E. Vihnanek, J.F. Lehmkuhl, P.F. Hessburg, and R.L. Everett. 1995. Historical and current landscapes in eastern Oregon and Washington. Part II: Linking vegetation characteristics to potential fire behavior and related smoke production. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, PNW-GTR- 355. Portland, Oregon.

Hungerford, Rodger, M. Harrington, W. Frandsen, K. Ryan, G. Niehoff. 1991. “Influence of Fire on Factors that Affect Site Productivity.” Proceedings - Management and Productivity of Western Montaine Forest Soils. General Technical Report INT-280.

IPCC. 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Annual Report.

Iverson, R. 1997. The physics of debris flows. Rev Geophysics 35, Pages 245-296.

Jacobs, S.J. 2003. Prediction of the 2003 ocean abundance of Rogue River fall Chinook salmon. Available on the internet at: http://oregonstate.edu/Dept/ODFW/spawn/pdf%20files/reports/rogue%20chf%20prediction%20report%20 2003.pdf

Janes, Stewart, John Kemper, Norman Barrett, Richard Cronberg, Jim Livaudias, Marjorie Moore, Thomas Phillips, Howard Sands, Gary Shaffer, Joseph Shelton, and Pepper Trail. 2002. The birds of Jackson County, Oregon – Distribution and Abundance. 28 pp.

Janes, S.W. 2003. Bird populations on the Panther Gap Timber Sale, 1994-2003: short- and long-term response to commercial thinning. Unpublished technical report. Medford District Bureau of Land Management.

Johnson, S. 2005. Recreation manager. U.S. Forest Service. Ashland, OR. Personal communications.

Jones, J.L. and E.O. Garton. 1994. Selection of successional stages by fishers in north-central Idaho. In: Buskirk, S.W., Harestad, A.S., Raphael, M.G., Powell, R.A. (Eds.), Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, pp. 377-387.

Keane, R.E., Finney, M.A. 2003. The simulation of landscape fire, climate, and ecosystem dynamics. In: Veblen, T.T., Baker, W.L., Montenegro, G., Swetnam, T.W. (Eds.), Fire and Climatic Change in Temperate Ecosystems of the Western Americas. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 32–68.

Kellogg, L. 1995. Environmentally and economically sound timber harvesting in eastside forests. In: Johnson, K.N. (Ed.), Forest Health and Timber Harvest on National Forests in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Report to Governor of Oregon John Kitzhaber. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

Keppeler, E.T. 1998. The Summer Flow and Water Yield Response to Timber Harvest. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. Fort Bragg, CA.

Kershner, J., L.M. Decker, and D. Winters. 2004. An evaluation of the short-term effects of the Hayman Fire on aquatic ecosystems. Presentation. Oregon Chapter American Fisheries Society, Sunriver, OR, 18- 20 February.

Kerwin, A.E. 2007. Conservation assessment for the Mardon skipper butterfly (Polites mardon). USDA Forest Service Region 6, California, Oregon and Washington. USDI Bureau of Land Management, Oregon and Washington

Final EIS IV - 11 Ashland Forest Resiliency

LaLande, Jeff. 1980. Prehistory and History of the Rogue River National Forest: A Cultural Resource Overview. Rogue River National Forest, Medford, Oregon.

Laudenslayer Jr. W.F., Shea, P.J., Valentine, B.E., Weatherspoon, C.P., Lisle, T.E. (Eds.). USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181: 445- 454.

Leonard, W.P., H.A. Brown, L.L.C. Jones, K.R. McAllister, and R.M. Storm. 1993. Amphibians of Washington and Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, WA.

Madden, Gene. 2006. Guidelines for selecting a safe escape area. Wildland Firefighter Magazine December 2006 Vol. 24 Issue 12.

Magoun, A.J., and J.P. Copeland. 1998. Characteristics of wolverine reproductive den sites. Journal of Wildlife Management 62(4):1313-1320.

Main, Marty. 1998. Native Grass Establishment in a Newly Cleared Brushfield. Special report to the City of Ashland.

Mangan, Richard J. 1995. “The Effects of Forest Fire Smoke on Firefighters.” The Biswell Symposium: Fire Issues and Solutions in Urban Interface and Wildland Ecosystems. General Technical Report PSW- GTR-158. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. Albany, California.

Marshall, D.B. 1989. Status of the wolverine in Oregon. Unpublished report. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Portland, OR.

Martin, R.E. and D.B. Sapsis. 1992. Fires as agents of biodiversity: Pyrodiversity promotes biodiversity. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Biodiversity of Northern California. Univ. California, Berkeley. pp. 150-157.

Maser, C., B.R. Mate, J.F. Franklin, and C.T. Dyrness. 1981. Natural history of Oregon Coast mammals. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report, PNW-133:1-496.

Maser, C. 1998. Mammals of the Pacific Northwest, from the coast to the high Cascades. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 406p.

Mason and Chandler. 2005. Observations of the Sterling Wolf Timber Sale, in the Applegate Valley. The Applegator.

McCallum, D. A. 1994. Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus). In The Birds of North America, No. 93 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

McCandliss, D.S. 2002. Prescribed burning in the Kings River Ecosystems Project Area: lessons learned. In: Proceedings of a symposium on the Kings River Sustainable Forest Ecosystems Project: progress and current status. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-183, pp. 37–46.

McCrimmon, Lisa and Thomas Atzet. 1992. Distribution of Large Woody Debris on the Rogue River National Forest. Medford, Oregon.

Final EIS IV - 12 Ashland Forest Resiliency

McDonald, Philip M. 1990. California black Oak: in Silvics of North America. Volume 2 Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture. Pages 661-671.

McKelvey, K.S., Skinner, C.N., Chang, C., Erman, D.C., Husari, S.J., Parsons, D.J., van Wagtendonk, J.W., Weatherspoon, C.P. 1996. An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II: Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Water Resources Center Report No. 37. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis, pp. 1033– 1040.

McKelvey, K.S, K.B. Aubrey, and Y.K. Ortega. 1999. “History and Distribution Lynx in the Contiguous United States.” Ruggiero, L.F., K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk et al., tech eds. The Scientific Basis for Lynx Conservation in the Contiguous United States. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-30: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Ogden, Utah.

McKelvey, K.S., K.B. Aubry, and Y.K. Ortega. 2000. History and distribution of lynx in the contiguous United States. Chapter 8 in Ruggiero, L.F., K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, G.M. Koehler, C.J. Krebs, K.S. McKelvey, and J.R. Squires. eds. Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO.

McKenzie, D., Hessl, A., in press. A neutral model of low-severity fire regimes. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR.

Meyer, G. A., Pierce, J. L., Wood, S. H., and Jull, A. J. T. 2001. Fire, storms, and erosional events in the Idaho Batholith, Hydrological processes. 15, 3025-3038.

Meyer, G. A., Wells, S. G., and Jull, A. J. T. 1995. Fire and alluvial chronology in Yellowstone National Park: Climatic and intrinsic controls on Holocene geomorphic processes. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 107, 1211- 1230.

Meyer, G., Pierce, J., In Press. Climatic Controls on Fire-Induced Sediment Pulses in Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho: A Long-Term Perspective.

Miller, C., Urban, D.L. 2000. Modeling the effects of fire management alternatives on Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Ecol. Appl. 10, 85–94.

Miller, C. 2003. Simulation of effects of climatic change on fire regimes. In Fire and climatic change in temperate ecosystems of the western Americas. pp. 69-94. Edited by T.T. Veblen, W.L. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Minshall, G.W. 2003. Responses of stream benthic macroinvertebrates to fire. Forest Ecology and Management 178: 155-161.

Mooney, H. A., S. Postel, S. H. Schneider, D. Tilman, and G. M. Woodwell. 1997. Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems. Issues in Ecology. Ecological Society of America, Number 2, 1997.

Mote, Philip, Salathe, Eric, Peacock, Cynthia. 2005. Scenarios of future climate for the Pacific Northwest, Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington

Mote, P. W. 2003. Trends in Temperature and Precipitation in the Pacific Northwest During the Twentieth Century. Northwest Science, 77, 271-282

Final EIS IV - 13 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Mote, P. W., A.F. Hamlet, M.P. Clark and D.P. Lettenemier. 2005. Declining Mountain Snowpack in Western North America. Bull. Amer. Meteo. Soc., 86, 39-49.

Muraro, S. J. 1968. Prescribed fires - evaluation of hazard abatement. Canadian Department of Forestry and Rural Development, Forestry Branch Publication Number 1231, 28 p.

Montgomery, David R. and Buffington, John M. 1993. Channel Classification, Prediction of Channel Response, and Assessment of Channel Condition. Department of Geological Sciences and Quaternary Research Center. University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Nice, C. and R. VanBuskirk. 1996. The butterflies of Mt. Ashland: community surveys along the Siskiyou Crest. Unpublished report. Section of Evolution and Ecology. Division of Biological Sciences. University of California. Davis, CA.

Norris, L.A., H.W. Lorz, and S.V. Gregory. 1991. Forest chemicals. Pp 207-296 in: Meehan, W.R. Editor. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19. 750p.

Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie Jr., and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University of Idaho Press. Moscow, ID.

Oakley, C. Wildlife Biologist. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Yreka, CA. Personal communication.

Oliver, W. W. 2000. Ecological research at the Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest in northeastern California. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-179. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA.

Ollivier, L., R.D. Clayton, and H. Welsh. 2001. Habitat Correlates of the Siskiyou Mountains Salamander, Plethodon stormi (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Report to Rogue River National Forest, Medford District BLM, and California Department of Fish and Game.

Omi, P.N. 1996. The role of fuelbreaks. In: Proceedings of the 17 th Forest Vegetation Management Conference. Redding, CA, pp. 89-96.

Omi, Philip N. 1997. Final Report, Fuels Modification to Reduce Large Fire Probability. Western Forest Fire Research Center (WESTFIRE), Colorado State University.

Omi, P.N., Martinson, E.J. 2002. Effects of fuels treatments on wildfire severity. Final report, Joint Fire Sciences Program. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.

Oredson, V. 2005. Habitat Biologist. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. White City, OR. Personal communications.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1999. Aquatic survey data, on file at the Ashland Ranger District.

Oregon Department of Forestry. 2000. Oregon Smoke Management Plan. Oregon Administrative Rules 629-043-00043.

Orr, E., and Orr, W. 1999. Geology of Oregon, Fifth Edition, by Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.

Final EIS IV - 14 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Otak, Inc. 1997. Appendix Two to Ashland Creek Flood Restoration Project Final Report: Ashland Creek Hydrologic Investigation Flow Magnitude Determination. Lake Oswego, Oregon. October 29.

Perry, D. A., R Molina, M.P. Amaranthus. 1987. “Mycorrhizae, Mycorrhizospheres, and Reforestation: Current Knowledge and Research Needs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. Vol. 17.

Peterson, D.L., Ryan, K.C. 1986. Modeling post-fire conifer mortality for long-range planning. Environ. Manage. 10, 797–808.

Pierson, E.D., M.C. Wackenhut, J.S. Altenbach, P. Bradley, P. Call, D.L. Genter, C.E. Harris, B.L. Keller, B. Lengus, L. Lewis, B. Luce, K.W. Navo, J.M. Perkins, S. Smith, and L. Welch. 1999. Species conservation assessment and strategy for Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii townsendii and Corynorhinus townsendii pallescens). Idaho Conservation Effort, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, Idaho.

Peterson, D.L., Agee, D.L., Jain, T., Johnson, M., McKenzie, D., and Reinhardt, E. 2003. Fuels planning: managing forest structure to reduce fire hazard. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Wildland Fire Ecology and Fire Management Congress, Orlando, FL, American Meteorological Society, Washington, DC.

Peterson, D.L.; Johnson, M.C.; Agee, J.K.; Jain, T.B.; McKenzie, D.M.; Reinhardt, E.R. 2004. Forest structure and fire hazard in dry forests of the Western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-628. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

Peterson G.L. and C.F. Sorg. 1987. Toward the Measurement of Total Economic Value. Gen. Tech. Report RM-148. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, Colorado.

Pierson, T.C., and Costa, J.E. 1987. A rheologic classification of subaerial sediment-water flows, Engineering Geology and Geological Society of America, #7, Pages 1-12.

Pollet, J., Omi, P.N. 2002. Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 11, 1–10.

Popp, D. and F.B. Isaacs. 1995. Draft site-specific management plan for the Emigrant Lake bald eagle nest site. Oregon Eagle Foundation, Klamath Falls, OR.

Powell, R.A. 1993. The fisher: life history, ecology and behavior. 2 nd ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Powell, R.A. 1994. Effects of scale on habitat selection and foraging behavior of fishers in winter. Journal of Mammology 75 (2):349-356.

Powell, R.A. and W.J. Zielinski. 1994. Fisher. Pages 38-73 in L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, and W.J. Zielinski, editors. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

Quigley, T.M., Haynes, R.W., and Graham, R.T. 1996. Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report GTR-PNW-382. Portland, OR.

Pyne, S.J. 2001. Year of the Fires: Story of the Great Fires of 1910. Viking Press, New York.

Final EIS IV - 15 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Raley, C. 2005. Wildlife Biologist. USDA Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Olympia, WA. Personal communication.

Ralph, C.J., G.R. Geupel, P. Pyle, T.E. Martin, D.F. DeSante. 1993. Handbook of field methods for monitoring landbirds. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-144. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 41p.

Ranalli, Anthony J. 2004. A Summary of the Scientific Literature on the Effects of Fire on the Concentration of Nutrients in Surface Waters. USDI US Geological Survey. Open file report 2004-1296

Randall, A. 1992. “A Total Value Framework for Benefit Estimation.” In: Peterson, G.L. et al., eds. Valuing Wildlife Resources in Alaska. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. pp. 87-111.

Regional Ecosystem Office. 1996. Memorandum. Review of Rogue River and Klamath National Forest’s Mt. Ashland Late-Successional Reserve Assessment. September 30, 1996.

Reid, I. S. and J. L. Chambers. 2005. Influence of wildfire and subsequent habitat restoration on lotic fishes and amphibians in southwestern Oregon. Poster. Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology and the Oregon Chapter of the Wildlife Society Joint Annual Meeting, 23-25 February 2005, Corvallis, Oregon.

Reinhardt, E.D., Keane, R.E., and Brown, J.K. 2002. First Order Fire Effects Model: FOFEM 4.0, User’s Guide. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-344 (updated to WindowsTM version 5.0).

Rible, G. 2005. Research Assistant. Oregon State University. Ashland, OR. Personal communication.

Rich, T.D., C.J. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P.J. Blancher, M.S.W. Bradstreet, G.S. Butcher, D.W. Demarest, E.H. Dunn, W.C. Hunter, E.E. Iñigo-Elias, J.A. Kennedy, A.M. Martell, A.O. Panjabi, D.N. Pashley, K.V. Rosenberg, C.M. Rustay, J.S. Wendt, T.C. Will. 2004. Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca, NY.

Rieman, B. and J. Clayton. 1997. Wildfire and native fish: issues of forest health and conservation of Sensitive species. Fisheries: 22(11): 6-15.

Reineke, L. H. 1933. Perfecting a stand density index for even-aged forests. Journal of Agricultural Research 46(7):627-638

Rose, W.R. 1999. Personal communications, re: seasonal duff, soils, and fuel moistures in the eastern Siskiyou Mountains of southwest Oregon.

Rosgen, Dave. 1994. Applied Fluvial Geomorphology. Unpublished course manual. Wildland Hydrology Consultants. Pagosa Springs, Colorado.

Rothermel, R. C. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. Res. Pap. INT-115. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Rothermel, R. C. 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Final EIS IV - 16 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Rothermel, R.C. 1991. Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-438.

Rowe, J.S. 1983. Concepts of fire effects on plant individual and species. In: Wein, R.W., MacLean, D.A. (Eds.). The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. Wiley, New York, pp. 135–154.

Ruediger, B., J. Claar, S. Gniadek, B. Holt, L. Lewis, S. Mighton, B. Naney, G. Patton, T. Rinaldi, J. Trick, A. Vandahey, F. Wahl, N. Warren, D. Wenger, and A. Williamson. 2000. Canada lynx conservation assessment and strategy. USDA Forest Service, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management, and USDI National Park Service. Forest Service Publication #R1-00-53, Missoula, MT. 142pp.

Ruggerio, L.F., K.Aubry, S. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon, W. Zeilinski. Tech eds. 1994. The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores: American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine in the Western United States. Gen. Tech. Report RM-254. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, Colorado.

Steven W. Running. 2006. Climate Change: Is Global Warming Causing More, Larger Wildfires? Science 313 (5789), 927. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1130370]

Ryan, K.C. 1990. “Predicting Prescribed Fire Effects on Trees in the Interior West.” M.E. Alexander, F.F. Bisgrove technical advisors The Art and Science of Fire Management. Proceedings of the First Interior West Fire Council Annual Meeting. Forestry Canada, Northern Forestry Centre. 148-162 pp.

Ryan, K.C. and W.H. Frandsen. 1991. “Basal Injury from Smoldering Fires in Mature Pinus Ponderosa.” International Journal of Wildland Fire. 1: pp. 107-118.

Saiget, D. 2004. Coastal cutthroat trout shoal spawning in a high montane lake of the Cascade Range of Oregon. Presentation. Oregon Chapter American Fisheries Society Annual Conference, Sunriver, OR, 18- 20 February 2004.

Sandberg, David. 1980. Duff Reduction by Prescribed Underburning in Douglas Fir. PNW Research Paper MW-272. Portland, Oregon.

Sandberg. D.V., C.C. Hardy, R.D. Ottmar, K.J.A. Snell, A.L. Acheson, J.L. Peterson, P Searmon, P Lahm, and D. Wade. 1998. National strategic plan: modeling and data systems for wildland fire and air quality. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR 450. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland Oregon

Schafer, C. 2004. A reptile and amphibian survey of the Ashland Watershed. Unpublished report.

Schmidt, K.M., Menakis, J.P., Hardy, C.C., Hann, W.J., Bunnell, D.L. 2002. Development of coarse- scale spatial data for wildland fire and fuel management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-62.

Schmidt, David A., Taylor, Alan H., Skinner, Carl N. 2008. The influence of fuels treatments and landscape arrangement on simulated fire behavior, Southern Cascade range, California, Forest Ecology and Management 255 (2008) 3170-3184

Scott, J.H. 1999. NEXUS: a system for assessing crown fire hazard. Fire Manage. Notes 59 (2), 20–24.

Final EIS IV - 17 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Scott, J.H., Reinhardt, E.D. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RMRS-RP-29.

Scott, Joe H.; Burgan, Robert E. 2005. Standard fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel's surface fire spread model. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-153. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.

Show, S.B., Kotok, E.I. 1924. The role of fire in the California pine forests. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, US Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1294.

Sedell, T. 2003. Impacts of the Quartz Gulch Fire on stream channel characteristics within Glade Creek. Poster. Oregon Chapter American Fisheries Society, Eugene, OR, 26-28 February.

Show, S.B., Kotok, E.I. 1929. Cover type and fire control in the National Forests of northern California. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, Department Bulletin No. 1495.

Shilling, Jason. 2007. Annual report on Spotted Owl Radio-Telemetry Monitoring in the Ashland Watershed. Annual Report submitted to the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest

Siskiyou Research Group. 2002a. Neil Creek 2002 stream survey report. Available from Siskiyou Mountains Ranger District, Ashland, OR.

Siskiyou Research Group. 2002b. West Fork Ashland Creek 2002 stream survey report. Available from Siskiyou Mountains Ranger District, Ashland, OR.

Skinner, C.N. 1995. Change in spatial characteristics of forest openings in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California, USA. Landsc. Ecol. 10, 219–228.

Skinner, C.N. 2002. Influence of fire on dead woody material in forests of California and southwestern Oregon. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood in Western Forests, November 2–4,1999. Reno, NV.

Skinner, C.N., Ritchie, M.W., Hamilton, T., Symons, J., in press. Effects of prescribed fire and thinning on wildfire severity: the Cone Fire, Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest. In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference, January 20–24, 2004. Redding, CA.

Slauson, K. and W.J. Zielinski. 2001. Distribution and habitat ecology of American martens and Pacific fishers in southwestern Oregon. Unpublished Progress Report I, July 1 – November 15, 2001. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station and Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 17p.

Spencer, C.N., K.O. Gabel, and F. R. Hauer. 2003. Wildfire effects on stream food webs and nutrient dynamics in Glacier National Park, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 178: 141-153.

Spencer, K. 2003. Chapter 3, species accounts in Birds of Oregon; a general reference. Marshall, D.B., M.G. Hunter, and A.L. Contreras, editors. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, OR.

Steel, B. S., P. List, and B. Shindler. 1995. “Conflicting Values About Federal Forests: A Comparison of National and Oregon Publics.” Society and Natural Resources, 7: pp. 137-153.

Steele, R., Pfister, R.D., Ryker, R.A., Kittams, J.A. 1981. Forest habitat types of central Idaho. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-114.

Final EIS IV - 18 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Steinfeld, Dave. 1997. Applegate AMA Learning Summary. Applegate Ranger District. Jacksonville, Oregon.

Stephens, J. 2004/2005. Wildlife Biologist. Bureau of Land Management. Medford, OR. Personal communications.

Stephens, J.L. and J.D. Alexander. 2005. Bird Abundance in the Ashland Watershed: Results from 2005 bird monitoring. Klamath Bird Observatory. Ashland, Oregon.

Stephens, J.L. and J.D. Alexander. 2006. Klamath Bird Observatory point count effort report: 2006 spring and fall summary. Klamath Bird Observatory. Ashland, Oregon.

Stephens, J.L. and J.D. Alexander. 2008. Klamath Bird Observatory spring point counts and fall area searches: 2007 effort report. Klamath Bird Observatory. Ashland, Oregon.

Stewart, I. T., Cayan, D. R., and Dettinger, M. D. 2003. Changes towards Earlier Streamflow Timing across Western North America, in preparation

Swetnam, T.W., Baisan, C.H. 1996. Historical fire regime patterns in the southwestern United States since AD 1700. In: Allen, C.D. (Ed.), Fire Effects in Southwestern Forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286

Swetnam, T.W., Baisan, C.H. 2003. Tree-ring reconstructions of fire and climate history in the Sierra Nevada and south-basis for management options. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis, Water Resources Center Report No. 37, pp. 1471–1492.

Swezy, D.M. and J.K. Agee. 1990. “Prescribed Fire Effects on Fine Root and Tree Mortality in Old- Growth Ponderosa Pine.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21: 626-634 pp.

Taylor, A.H., Skinner, C.N. 1998. Fire history and landscape dynamics in a late-successional reserve in the Klamath Mountains, California, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 111, 285–301.

Taylor, A.H., Skinner, C.N. 2003. Spatial patterns and controls on historical fire regimes and forest structure in the Klamath Mountains. Ecol. Appl. 13, 704–719.

Thomas, J. W., E.D. Forsman, J.B. Lint, E.C. Meslow, B.R. Noon, and J. Verner. 1990. A Conservation Strategy for the Northern Spotted Owl. Interagency Scientific Committee to Address the Conservation of the Northern Spotted Owl, U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service. Portland, Oregon. 427 pp.

Thomas, J.W., R.G. Anderson, C. Maser, and E.L. Bull. 1979. Chapter 5; Snags in Wildlife habitats in managed forests: the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. J.W. Thomas, J.L. Parker, R.A. Mowrey, G.M. Hansen, and B.J. Bell editors. USDA Forest Service. Agricultural Handbook No. 553. pp 60-77.

Thomas, T.L. and J.K. Agee. 1986. “Prescribed Fire Effects on Mixed Forest Structure at Crater Lake, Oregon.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16: 1082-1087 pp.

Thorp, R. W., D. S. Horning, Jr., and L. L. Dunning. 1983. Bumble bees and cuckoo bumble bees of California. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 23:1-79.

Final EIS IV - 19 Ashland Forest Resiliency

USDA and City of Ashland. 1929. Cooperative Agreement for the Purpose of Conserving and Protecting the Water Supply of the City of Ashland, Oregon. August 21.

USDA Forest Service and City of Ashland. 1996. Memorandum of Understanding. Rogue River National Forest. May 17.

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management, et al. 1993. Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic and Social Assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT). Portland, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. 1994. The Record of Decision for Amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Planning Documents Within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. Portland, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. 1995. Ecosystem Analysis at the Watershed Scale: Federal Guide for Watershed Analysis - Section II.

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. 1995. Memorandum, Federal Wildland Fire Policy.

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. 2001. Managing the Impacts of Wildland fires on Communities and the Environment - The National Fire Plan (http//:www.fireplan.gov/references/).

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. 2001. Record of Decision and Standards and Guidelines for Amendments to the Survey and Manage, Protection Buffer, and other Mitigation Measures Standards and Guidelines. Portland, OR. 135 pp.

USDA Forest Service and USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Rogue River/South Coast Biological Assessment and Biological Opinion. 2003. FY 04-08 for activities that may affect listed species in the Rogue River/South Coast Province for Medford BLM and the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forests. USDA Forest Service, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Medford, OR.

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. 2004. The Healthy Forests Initiative and Healthy Forests Restoration Act: Interim Field Guide. FS-799. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 58 p. (http//:frdev.ftcol.wo.fs.fed.us/hfra/.)

USDA Forest Service and USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Rogue River/South Coast Biological Assessment and Biological Opinion. 2006. FY 06-08 for activities that may affect listed species in the Rogue River/South Coast Province for the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forests. USDA Forest Service, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Medford, OR.

USDA Forest Service. 1985. Values at Risk, A Comprehensive Assessment of Resource Values of the Ashland Watershed. Medford, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service. 1987. Origins and Characteristics of Sedimentation in Reeder Reservoir. Rogue River National Forest. Medford, Oregon. August

USDA Forest Service. 1990. Record of Decision - Rogue River National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. Medford, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service. 1990. Rogue River National Forest Fire Management Action Plan. Updated annually. Medford, Oregon.

Final EIS IV - 20 Ashland Forest Resiliency

USDA Forest Service. 1990. Rogue River National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. Medford, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service. 1994. Width Determination – Riparian Reserves. Rogue River National Forest. Medford, Oregon. Forest White Paper Number 36. May 3.

USDA Forest Service. 1995. The Bear Watershed Analysis. Ashland Ranger District. Ashland, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service. 1996. The Mt. Ashland Late-Successional Reserve Assessment. Ashland Ranger District. Ashland, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service. 1996. Beaver Creek Ecosystem Assessment.. Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California.

USDA Forest Service. 1998. Regional Supplement to the Forest Service Manual (FSM 2521 R-6 Supplement 2500-98-1, Effective August 24, 1998)

USDA Forest Service. 1999. Roads Analysis: Informing Decisions about Managing the National Forest Transportation System. Miscellaneous Report FS-643.

USDA Forest Service. 2000. Aquatic survey data, on file at the Ashland Ranger District.

USDA Forest Service. 2002. Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest Fire Management Plan. Rogue River National Forest. Medford, Oregon. March.

USDA Forest Service. Undated. Forest Orders for Ashland Watershed. 36 CFR Part 261.50 (a)(b). Ashland Ranger District. Ashland, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service. 2003a. 2003 Upper Bear Assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rogue River- Siskiyou National Forest, Ashland Ranger District, Ashland, OR.

USDA Forest Service. 2003b. Rogue River/South Coast Biological Assessment. FY 04-08 for activities that may affect listed species in the Rogue River/South Coast Province for Medford District BLM, Rogue River and Siskiyou National Forests. USDA Forest Service, Rogue River National Forest, Medford, OR.

USDA Forest Service. 2004. Mt. Ashland Ski Area Expansion Final Environmental Impact Statement. Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Ashland Ranger District, Ashland, OR.

USDA Forest Service. 2004. Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest Roads Analysis. Rogue River- Siskiyou National Forest. Medford, Oregon.

USDA-Forest Service. 2005. FEIS and record of Decision. Pacific Northwest Region Invasive Plant Program: Preventing and Managing Invasive Plants.

USDA Forest Service. 2005. Ashland Forest Resiliency. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Ashland Ranger District, Ashland, OR.

USDA Forest Service. 2008a. Regional Forester's sensitive species list. From Forest Service Manual 2670-44. Last updated January 2008.

USDA Forest Service. 2008b. Environmental Policy and Procedures Handbook. Forest Service Handbook (FSH) 1909.15. Washington, DC.

Final EIS IV - 21 Ashland Forest Resiliency USDA Forest Service. 2008c. Final Biological Assessment for Threatened, Endangered, Proposed, and Sensitive Wildlife Species that May be Affected by the Mount Ashland Late-successional Reserve Habitat Restoration and Fuels Reduction Project. Oak Knoll Ranger District, Klamath National forest

USDA Forest Service/PNW. 1988. Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement on Managing Competing and Unwanted Vegetation. Portland, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service/PNW. 1988. General Water Quality Best Management Practices.

USDC NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. Section 7 Informal Consultation, Forest Service and BLM Actions Affecting Southern Oregon/Northern California Coho Salmon in Oregon. August 11, 1997.

USDI Bureau of Land Management and USDA Forest Service. 1994. Applegate Adaptive Management Area Ecosystem Health Assessment. Medford, Oregon.

USDI Bureau of Land Management and USDA Forest Service. 1995. Little Applegate River Watershed Assessment. Medford, Oregon.

USDI Bureau of Land Management and USDA Forest Service. 1998. Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy, Implementation Procedures Reference Guide. National Interagency Fire Center. Boise, Idaho.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Recovery Plan for the Pacific Bald Eagle. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland, OR. 160 pp.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: determination of threatened status for the northern spotted owl: final rule. Federal Register, 50 CFR 17:26,114-26,194.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of critical habitat for the northern spotted owl; Final rule.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Rogue River/South Coast Biological Opinion. FY 04-08 for activities that may affect listed species in the Rogue River/South Coast Province for Medford District BLM, Rogue River and Siskiyou National Forests. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Roseburg Field Office, Roseburg. Oregon.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: 12-month finding for petition to list the West Coast distinct population segment of the fisher (Martes pennanti); Proposed Rule. Federal Register, 50 CFR 17:69. p.18, 769-18,792.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Final recovery plan for the northern spotted owl, May 2008. Portland, Oregon.

Van Wagner, C.E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Can. J. For. Res. 7, 23–34. van Wagtendonk, J.W. 1995. Large fires in wilderness areas. In: Proceedings, symposium on fire in wilderness and park management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320, pp. 113–116. van Wagtendonk, J.W. 1996. Use of a deterministic fire growth model to test fuel treatments. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, vol. II. Final Report to Congress. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources. University of California, Davis, pp. 1155–1166.

Final EIS IV - 22 Ashland Forest Resiliency

Vargas, M. 2005. District Wildlife Biologist, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. White City, OR. Personal communications.

Verts, B.J., and L.N. Carraway. 1998. Land mammals of Oregon. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA.

Vogt, J. 2001, 2002, 2003. Upper Rogue smolt trapping project reports. Available from Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Upper Rogue Watershed, 1495 E Gregory Rd., Central Point, OR 97502.

Wade, D. D. 1993. Societal influences on prescribed burning, Proceedings of 18 th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Tall Timbers Research Statistics, pp. 351-355.

Was, N.W. 1995. Furbearer study. A joint study conducted for the Applegate and Ashland Ranger Districts. Rogue River National Forest. Supervisors Office. Medford, Oregon.

Weatherspoon, C.P. 1996. Fire-silviculture relationships in Sierra forests. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, Final Report to Congress, II: Assessments, scientific basis for management options, ed., vol. II: Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis, Water Resources Center Report No. 37, pp. 1167–1176.

Weatherspoon, C.P., Skinner, C.N. 1995. An assessment of factors associated with damage to tree crowns from the 1987 wildfires in northern California. For. Sci. 41, 430–451.

Weatherspoon, C.P., Skinner, C.N. 1996. Landscape-level strategies for forest fuel management. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, II: Assessments, scientific basis for management options, vol. II: Assessments and scientific 32.

Weir, E. 2002. Report on pacific fisher sightings in Mt. Ashland Ski Area. Unpublished.

Wier, E. 2002. Steelhead spawning report. Available from Ashland Ranger District, 645 Washington St., Ashland, OR 97520.

Weir, E. 2003. Ashland and Applegate Ranger District forest carnivore survey; summary of results for photographic bait station and snow tracking surveys conducted on the Ashland and Applegate Ranger Districts of the Rogue River National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Rogue River National Forest, Ashland Ranger District, Ashland, OR.

Weir, R.D. and A.S. Harestad. 2003. Scale-dependent habitat selectivity by fishers in south-central British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Management 67(1):73-82.

Weitkamp, L.A., T.C. Wainwright, G.J. Bryant, G.B. Milner, D.J. Teel, R.G. Kope, and R.S. Waples. 1995. Status review of coho salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-24. Available from National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Coastal Zone and Estuarine Studies Division, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle WA 98112.

Wells, Carol; Ralph Campbell, Leonard DeBano, Clifford Lewis, Richard Fredriksen, Carlyle Franklin, Ronald Froelich, and Paul Dunn. 1979. Effects of fire on soil - a state-of-knowledge review. USDA Forest Service General Tech. Report WO-7.

Wemple, B.C. 1994. Hydrologic integration of forest roads with stream networks in two basins, Western cascades, Oregon. Oregon State University MS Thesis. Corvallis, Oregon.

Final EIS IV - 23 Ashland Forest Resiliency

A. L. Westerling, H. G. Hidalgo D. R. Cayan, T. W. Swetnam. 2006. Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity. Science 18 August 2006: Vol. 313. no. 5789, pp. 940 - 943 DOI: 10.1126/science.1128834

Whittaker, R. H. 1960. “Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California.” Ecol. Monogr. 30:279-338pp.

Williams, J.T., R.G. Schmidt,, R.J. Lasko, R.A. Norum, P.N. Omi, and R.G. Lee. 1994. Communicating fire related considerations along successional pathways using decision tree analysis. In: Proceedings of the 12th conference on fire and forest meteorology, October 26-28, 1993, Jekyll Island, Georgia. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD. pp. 291-302.

Williams, T.H. and G. Reeves. 2004. Geographical variation in genetic and meristic characters of coastal cutthroat trout. Presentation. Oregon Chapter American Fisheries Society Annual Conference, Sunriver, OR, 18-20 February 2004.

Williams, P. H. 1998. An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns

Wisely, S.M, S.W. Buskirk, G.A. Russell, K.B. Aubry, and W.J. Zielinski. 2004. Genetic diversity and structure of the fisher (Martes pennanti) in a peninsular and peripheral metapopulation. Journal of Mammology 85(4):640-648.

Wisseman, Bob. 1995. Benthic Invertebrate Biomonitoring in the Rogue River National Forest, Oregon. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Ashland Ranger District. Aquatic Biology Associates, Inc. Corvallis, Oregon.

Woodbury, P.B., J.E. Smith, and L.S. Heath. 2007. Carbon sequestration in the U.S. forest sector from 1990 to 2010. For. Ecol. Manage. 241 :14–27

Yeager, J.S. 2005. Habitat at fisher resting sites in the Klamath Province of northern California. Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, USA.

Zabel, C.J., J.R. Dunk, H.B. Stauffer, L.M. Roberts, B.S. Mulder, and A. Wright. 2003. Northern spotted owl habitat models for research and management application in California (USA). Ecological Applications 13(4):1027-1040.

Zabel, C.J., K. McKelvey, and J.P. Ward Jr. 1995. Influence of primary prey on home-range size and habitat-use patterns of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 73:433-439.

Zielinski, W.J. and N.P. Duncan. 2004. Diets of sympatric populations of American martens (Martes americana) and fishers (Martes pennanti) in California. Journal of Mammology, 85(3)

Zielinski, W.J., and T.E. Kucera. 1995. American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine: survey methods for their detection. USDA Forest Service. Pacific Southwest Research Station. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-157.

Zielinski, W.J., N.P. Duncan, E.C. Farmer, R.L. Truax, A.P. Clevenger, and R.H. Barrett. 1999. Diet of fishers (Martes pennanti) at the southernmost extent of their range. Journal of Mammology, 80(3):961- 971.

Zielinski, W.J., R.L. Truax, G.A. Schmidt, F.V. Schlexer, and R.H. Barrett. 2004. Resting habitat selection by fishers in California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(3); 475-492. Final EIS IV - 24 Ashland Forest Resiliency