Index

A Although, 524 Aberrant expression, 118 Alzheimer’s disease, 305, 326 Abluminal, 47 American type culture collection (ATCC), 537 Actin, 7 AMH, see Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) Actinic keratosis, 342 , 501 Actinomycetes, 485 Amino-triphenyl dicarboxylate-bridged Zr4+ Activated macrophages, 13 metal-organic framework nanoparticles Activation, 93 (NMOFs), 215 Activation functions (AFs), 89 Amphiregulin (AREG), 240 Active targeting, 467 β-Amyloid fibrils, 305 Adamantane–hyaluronic acid, 420 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), 219 Adamantane polyethylene glycol, 473 Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), 233 Adaptive immune responses, 328 Ancillary targets, 165 Adaptor proteins, 15 Androgen receptor (AR), 115 Adenocarcinoma, 231 Androgen receptor antagonists, 123 Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), 188, 191 Androgen response elements (ARE), 116 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 243 Androgens, 120 Adherens junction, 179 Ang2 inhibitor (recombinant peptide-Fc-­ Adsorptive endocytosis, 49 fusion protein), 215 Advanced chemorefractory endometrial Angiogenesis, 53, 490, 529 , 193 Angiogenesis factors, 189 Advanced epithelial ovarian, 131 Angiogenic paracrine factors, 490 Advanced gastric adenocarcinoma, 220 Anilinoquinazoline tyrosine kinase inhibitor, 242 Advanced glycation end products (AGE), 305 Annexin V, 493 Advanced/metastatic NSCLC, 258 Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay, Adverse effects, 400 534–536 A glycoprotein hormone, 121 Antagonists, 287, 393 Agonists, 87 Antiangiogenic activity, 527 AIDS, 280 Antiangiogenic drugs, 215 Albumin, 63, 102 Antiapoptotic proteins, 188 Albumin nanoparticles, 254 Antibiotics, 341 ALK inhibitors, 257 Antibodies, 9, 59, 411, 464, 471 Alkaline, 356 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated Allosteric sites, 192 cytotoxicity (ADCC), 84

© American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 2019 545 P. V. Devarajan et al. (eds.), Targeted Intracellular Drug Delivery by Receptor Mediated Endocytosis, AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series 39, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29168-6 546 Index

Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy ATPase inhibitors, 506 (ADEPT), 59 ATP-binding cassettes (ABC), 98 Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC), 59, 133 ATP-competitive, 251 Antibody-mediated cellular cytoxicity ATX, see Autotaxin (ATX) (ADCC), 242 Autoimmune, 414 Antibody-nanoshell conjugates, 192 diseases, 328 Anticancer drugs, 485 events, 257 Anticancer vaccines, 445 Autophosphorylation, 153, 208 Anti-CD antibodies, 393 Autotaxin (ATX), 175 Antidiabetic agents, 160 Axin-1/axin-2 (tumor suppressor proteins), 188 Antiestrogens, 124 , 411 Antigen–adjuvant complexes, 339 B Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 339 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 342 Antihuman TfR, 471 Bacterial flagella, 336 Anti-infective drugs, 340, 485 Bacterial flagellin, 330 Anti-mucin 1 aptamer (Apt), 206 Bacterial load, 509 Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), 202 Bactericidal, 540 Antineuroblastoma, 215 Bacteriostatic, 540 Antiprogestins, 90 Basal lamina, 47 Antiproliferative activity, 96 B-cell receptor (BCR), 390 Antiretroviral, 510 BCG, see Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Antisense oligonucleotides, 336 (BCG) Antitumor agents, 340 BC staging, 82 Anti-VEFG intraceptor, 254 Betacellulin (BTC), 240 Antiviral agents, 340 Biantennary oligosaccharides, 361 APC, see Adenomatous polyposis coli Binding affinity, 356 (APC) Bioavailability, 154 APCs, see Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Biochemical, 502 Apolipoprotein, 51 Biodegradable, 468 Apolipoprotein A1, 159 Biological functions, 389 Apoptosis, 199, 492 Biomarkers, 313, 448 Apoptotic bodies, 493 Biotin, 371 Apoptotic cells, 300 Bladder , 414, 501 Aprotinin, 53 Block polymers, 99 Apt, see Anti-mucin 1 aptamer (Apt) B lymphocytes, 325 Aqueous lecithin dispersions, 488 BMPs, see Bone morphogenetic proteins Arabinogalactan (AG), 362 (BMPs) Arachidonic acid, 246 BMP type II receptor, 210 Aromatase inhibitors, 88 200-μl Boiling double-distilled, 528 β-Arrestins, 174, 179 Bombesin receptors (BBR1, BBR2 and Arthritis, 342 BBR3), 236 ASGP-R, see Asialoglycoprotein receptors Bone morphogenetic proteins (ASGP-Rs) (BMPs), 202 Asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-Rs), 204, Bone sialoprotein, 55 355, 372 Boron nitride nanoparticles, 418 Aspartic acid, 250 Bradykinin receptors, 237 Aspartic acid-arginine-tyrosine, 145 BRCA1 mutations, 91 Astrocytes, 47 BrdU, see Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) Atazanavir, 422 BrdU-labeled assay, 526–527 ATCC, see American type culture collection Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), 487 (ATCC) α-Bromophosphonate, 187 Atherosclerosis, 281 Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 233 Athymic nude BALB/c mice, 254 Burkholderia cenocepacia, 504 Index 547

C Cellular proliferation, 409, 487 Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding Cellular signals, 173 protein, 534 Cellular trafficking, 438 Calcium ion mobilization, 178 Cellular uptake, 504, 541 Ca2+ levels, 360 Central nervous system, 337 CAM, see Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) Cerebral malaria, 280 , 371, 418 Cervical and ovarian cancers, 111 Cancer, 5 CFP-YFP, see Cyan fluorescent protein– metastasis, 490 yellow fluorescent protein (CFP-YFP) progression, 174 CFU, see Colony-forming unit (CFU) stage, 459 Chemo-endocrine therapy, 94 Cannabinoid receptors, 192 Chemokine receptors, 175 Canonical Wnt β-catenin pathway, 188 Chemokines, 273 Capillary blood vessels, 527 Chemorefractory ewing sarcoma, 219 Carbocyclic phosphothionate, 187 Chemotactic, 490 Carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), 358 Chemotherapeutic agent, 503 Carbohydrates, 300 , 58, 199, 259 Carbon nanoparticles, 418 Chimeric (mouse/human) monoclonal Carbon nanotubes, 312, 418 antibody, 244 Carcinogens, 233 Chitosan nanoparticles, 248, 417 Caspase-3, 161 Chlamydiae, 485 Caspase activation, 536, 537 Chloroquine, 12 Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), 114 Cholesterol, 51 Cathelicidins, 12 Cholesterol ester, 300 Cathepsin B, 180 Chondroitin sulfate, 391 Cationic proteins, 49 Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), 490, 529 Cation-supplemented, 537 Chromatin-remodeling proteins, 188 Caveolae, 241 Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, 161 Caveolin, 7 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 395, Caveolin-1, 16 399, 414 Caveosomes, 16 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 154 CC receptors, 273 Circular dorsal ruffles (CDR), 7 CD3 complex, 386, 387 , 415 CD4, 387 C-Kit, 144, 151 CD8, 387, 393 Clathrin, 7 CD8-T cells, 339 Clathrin-coated pits, 15 CD19, 388, 390 Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, 241 CD20, 388, 391 Cleft like structure, 460 CD36, 303 CLIC/GEEC, 19 CD44, 385, 389 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CD45, 435 (CLSI), 537 CD68, 305 Clinical pilot trial, 163 CDKs, see -regulated kinases Clinical trials, 68, 93, 128 (CDKs) C-lobe, 460 Cell cycle analysis, 492, 532–533 Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB), 190 Cell cycle-regulated kinases (CDKs), 214 CLSI, see Clinical and Laboratory Standards Cell cycle regulation, 164 Institute (CLSI) Cell differentiation, 162 Cluster differentiation 44 (CD44), 236 Cell internalization, 6 Cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules, 330 Cell line-derived xenograft model, 495 CmAbs, 400 Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP), 22 C-MET receptor, 247 Cell programming, 164 C-Met tyrosine kinase receptor, 200 Cell proliferation, 276, 489, 526–527 CNS diseases, 473 Cell surface receptors, 173 Coexpression, 240 548 Index

Cofilin, 10 Cylindramatosis protein (CYLD), 335 Coiled-coil, 300 Cysteine-rich domain (CRD), 187 Collagenous domain, 301 Cytokine receptor, 151 Collagens, 55 Cytoplasmic domain, 358 Collectins, 9 Cytoplasmic tail, 52 Colocalization, 507 Cytoskeletal function, 250 Colon cancer, 463 Cytosol, 464 Colonic endoscopic biopsies, 192 Cytosolic, 21, 506 Colony-forming unit (CFU), 509 Cytostatic, 199 Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), 214 Cytotoxic drug, 95 Colorectal, 463 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), 387 Colorectal cancer, 143, 414 Cytotoxicity, 421 Combination therapy, 129, 254 Competitive binding, 473 Competitive inhibition, 251 D Competitive inhibition assay, 505 DA, see Dodecylamine (DA) Complement-mediated toxicity, 242 DAG, see Diacylglycerol (DAG) Complement receptors (CR), 10 Damage-associate molecular patterns Computed tomography (CT), 248 (DAMPs), 326 Computer-aided screenings, 335 DAMPs, see Damage-associate molecular Concancamycin-A, 12 patterns (DAMPs) Conditional transgenic models, 502 , 415 Confirmed response rate (CRR), 256 Decatenation, 532 Control of substances hazardous to health Deep epidermis, 460 (COSHH), 533 Defensins, 12 Coordinate bond, 360 Delivery, 248 Copper nanoclusters, 421, 472 Dendrimers, 65, 99, 471 Co-receptors, 330, 390 Dendritic cells, 325, 421 Coronins, 10 Development, 459 COSHH, see Control of substances hazardous Dextran, 288, 362 to health (COSHH) Diacylglycerol (DAG), 178, 183 CpG motifs, 328 Diacyl lipopeptide, 327 CRD, see Carbohydrate recognition domain Diagnostics, 67 (CRD); Cysteine-rich domain (CRD) Dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, 411 Crithidia fasciculata, 532 5α-Dihydrotestosterone (5 α-DHT), 115 Crohn’s disease, 337 Dimerization, 120 Cryo-anesthetize, 529 Discoid, 101 CSF-1, see Colony-stimulating factor 1 Dishevelled (DSH), 191 (CSF-1) Disintegrin, 240 C-terminal, 436 Disulfide-bonded dimers, 208 CTLDs, see C-type lectin domains (CTLDs) Disulfide bonds, 436 C-type lectin domains (CTLDs), 434 Disulfide bridges, 52 C-type lectin superfamily, 434 Dlg1, see Drosophila disc large tumor Curcumin, 421, 498 suppressor (Dlg1) CXCL12, see C-X-C motif chemokine 12 DNA, 409 (CXCL12) aptamers, 209 C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), 143 hydrolysis, 527 CXC receptors, 274 , 419 Cyan fluorescent protein–yellow fluorescent Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 65 protein (CFP-YFP), 494 Dodecylamine (DA), 471 CyclinD1/CDK4/6 pathway, 89 Domains, 201, 460 Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27/Kip1, 146 Double-blinded, 256 Cyclodextrin, 473 Downregulate, 439 CYLD, see Cylindramatosis protein (CYLD) Downstream target, 254 Index 549

Doxorubicin, 67 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), DPPC, 61 212, 497 DPPG, 61 Erb2 receptor, 240 DRD2, see GPCR dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) ErbB family of receptors, 234 Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor ERK, see Extracellular signal regulated kinase (Dlg1), 182 (ERK) Drug conjugates, 395 ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway, 211 Drug discovery, 524 ERK1/2 prosurvival pathway, 186 Drug susceptibility, 509 Escherichia coli, 504 DRY motif, 145 Esophageal, 161 DSH, see Dishevelled (DSH) Estrogen receptors (ERs), 86, 118 DSPE, 61 Estrogen response elements (ERE), 119 DT-diaphorase (DTD), 245 Ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)- D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid succinate (TPGS), 468 (EGTA), 543 Dual fret quenching nanoprobes, 181 , 470 Dual-PPAR-γ/α agonists, 159 E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl, 239 Duffy antigen receptor, 279 Exacerbation, 343 Dysplasia, 496 Exons, 164 Exosomes, 204, 510 Experimental metastasis, 499 E Experimental metastatic mouse model, 499 Early endosomes, 438 Extended release tablet, 164 Ebola virus (EBV), 328 Extracellular matrix, 338 EBV, see Ebola virus (EBV) Extracellular signal regulated kinase Echinoderm -associated protein-­ (ERK), 192 like 4 (EML4), 256 Extra-hepatic, 355 Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-­ like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK), 236 F Ectodomain, 460 Fab region, 9 Ectopic, 494 Fallopian tube, 131 EGFR-mutant, 254 adenocarcinoma, 413 Egg phosphotidylcholine, 61 cancer, 219 Elasticity, 32 Family, 434 Electrostatic interactions, 52 Fc receptor, 9 EMT, see Epithelial-mesenchymal transition Feedback loops, 257 (EMT) Ferric ions, 460 Endo180, 442 Ferritin, 300, 466 Endocytosis, 6 Fibrinogen, 338 Endo-estrogens (E2), 119 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 53, 200, Endogenous ligand, 505 215, 528 Endolysosome, 327 Fibronectin, 55, 338 Endometrial (EOC), 114 Fibronectin type II (FnII), 436 Endoplasmic reticulum, 27, 329 Fibronectin type III (FnIII), 205 Endosome, 357 Ficolins, 9 Endothelial, 303 First-line therapy, 253 Endothelial cell migration assay, 490, 530 Fish gelatin methacryloyl-based nanogels, 488 Endothelial cells, 438 Fixation, 527 Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), 50 FKBPI2, see Immunophilin FK506-binding Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 240 protein (FKBPI2) Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), 232 Flagellin, 336 Epigen (EPG), 240 Flagellin–ovalbumin (OVA) fusion protein, 339 Epiregulin (EPR), 240 Flotillin, 17 550 Index

Flow cytometry, 492 Gelatin, 397 Fluorescence imaging reporter, 494 Gelsolin, 10 Fluorescence microscopy, 505, 542, 543 , 371, 498 Fluorescent imaging, 421 Gemcitabine monophosphate (GMP), 215 Fluorescent probes, 368 GEMMs, see Genetically engineered mouse 5- (5-FU), 468 models (GEMMs) FnIII, see Fibronectin type III (FnIII) Gene delivery, 371 Foam cells, 299 Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy -methyl-β-cyclodextrin, 420 (GDEPT), 59 Folate receptor (FR), 234, 409 Gene therapy, 128 Folate receptor alpha (FRα), 234 Genetically engineered mouse models Folic acid, 398 (GEMMs), 494, 499 Folin-Ciocalteu/biuret method, 542 Genetic and epigenetic alterations, 231 Folkman, J., 527 Genetic approaches, 507 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 87, 114 Gene therapy, 128 Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), GEP-NETs, see Gastroenteropancreatic 494, 536, 537 neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) Forward scatter (FS), 533 Germline transgenic and conditional FRET, see Förster resonance energy transfer transgenic models, 494 (FRET) GFP, see Green fluorescent protein (GFP)

Frizzled receptor (FZD), 187 Gi/o proteins, 146 FS, see Forward scatter (FS) GIST, see Gastrointestinal stromal tumors 5-FU, see 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (GIST) Fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody, 244 GIT cancers, 143 Functional domains, 177 Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor, 209 Fungal ligands, 441 Glioblastomas, 252, 344 Fungi, 485 Gliomas, 47 Fusogenic peptides, 23 Glycerophospholipid, 182 FZD, see Frizzled receptor (FZD) Glycine (G), 250 Glycogen synthase kinase-3β, 161 Glycolipids, 362 G Glycoproteins, 362, 434 Gab1, see Grb2-associated binding protein 1 Glycosaminoglycans, 391 (Gab1) Glycosylation, 247, 460 Gadolinium, 422 GMP, see Gemcitabine monophosphate Gal, 363 (GMP) Galactosamine, 362 G2/M phase, 493 Galactose, 360 GNRHR agonists, 124 Galactosides, 360 GNRHR antagonists, 125 Galactosylated chitosan, 362 Gold, 288 Gantrez AN-119, 422 Gold nanoparticles, 100 Gas chromatography (GC), 505 Gold nanostars (NS), 101 Gastric adenocarcinoma, 392 Golgi apparatus, 27 Gastric tumors, 392 Gonadotropin agonists (GNRh), 87 Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GEP-NETs), 148, 163 (GNRHR), 114 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), 151 GPCR dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2), 192 Gating, 533 G-protein-binding pocket, 121 GBM, see Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) G-protein-coupled protease-activated receptors tumor (PARs), 176 GC, see Gas chromatography (GC) G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), 112, 173 G1 cell cycle arrest, 162 G-quadruplexes, 155 GDFs, see Growth and differentiation factors Granule fraction, 543 (GDFs) Graphene oxide nanosheets, 421 Index 551

Graphene quantum dots, 421 High-throughput, 485 Grb2-associated binding protein 1 (Gab1), 203 Histogram plot, 535 Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 494 Histological, 502 Greenwood, 145 HIV, see Human immunodeficiency virus Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), 202 (HIV) Growth control tube, 539 3H-labeled thymidine (3H-T) assay, 487, 526 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 Hodgkin lymphoma, 389 (Grb2), 249 Hollow manganese oxide nanoparticles, 101 Growth factor receptors, 86 Homodimer of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), 460 GTPase, 18 Hormone response elements (HRE), 116–117 Guanosine, 338 HPLC, see High-performance liquid Guanosine diphosphate (GDP), 285 chromatography (HPLC) Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 285 HPV oncoproteins, 498 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), 328 Human embryonic kidney 293T H (HEK293T), 204 Haemophilus influenzae, 504 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 Hairpin loop, 152 (HER2/neu), 234 Hamster leishmaniasis model, 443 Human epidermoid carcinoma, 497 H-bonds, 360 Human hemochromatosis protein (HFE), 465 HCC, see Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 279, HCMV, see Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) 280, 334 HDL-like NP, see High density-like Humanized monoclonal antibody, 244 nanoparticle (HDL-like NP) Human keratinocytes, 438 Head and neck cancer, 413 Human papilloma virus (HPV), 111 Heat shock protein (HSP90), 84 Human PBMCs, 337 HEK293T, see Human embryonic kidney Human serum albumin, 368 293T (HEK293T) Human tumor xenograft, 189 Helical, 460 Human umbilical vein endothelial cells α-Helices, 410 (HUVECs), 204, 530 Heparan sulfate, 391 HUVECs, see Human umbilical vein Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, 216 endothelial cells (HUVECs) Heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), 240 Hyaluronan fragments, 338 Heparin-binding homodimeric glycoprotein, 252 Hyaluronic acid (HA), 362, 389 Hepatitis, 364 Hydrogen bond, 411 Hepatocellular, 371 Hydrophobic, 61 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 162, 358, 472 amino acid, 116 Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 200–202, 247 fold, 436 Hepatocytes, 355 Hydrophobicity, 31 HEPES, 536 Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, 418 HER-2 + BCs, 83 17 α-Hydroxyprogesterones, 120 HER-2 receptor, 82 Hypolipidemic fibrate drugs, 160 Heteroaromatic, 205 Hypothalamic–pituitary gonadal (HPG) HFE, see Human hemochromatosis protein axis, 120 (HFE) Hypovascularization, 190 HGF, see Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) Hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAP), 246 HIF, see Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), 461 High density-like nanoparticle Hypoxia-inducible factor-1, 213 (HDL-like NP), 340 Hypoxic, 246 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 159 High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), 129 I

High-performance liquid chromatography IC10/IC50 values, 486 (HPLC), 505, 542 IFN, 273 552 Index

IFN-γ, see Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) Intraperitoneal injection, 499 IgA, see Immunoglobulins (IgA) Intraportal injection, 499 IGF, see Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) Intrasplenic injection, 499 IL-8, see Interleukin 8 (IL-8) Intravascular injection, 497 Imatinib, 416 Invasion proteins, 188 Imidazoquinolines, 334 In vitro PK/PD modeling, 503 Immune chemokines, 273 Ion channel receptors, 112 Immunemodulators, 341 Ion channels, 47 Immunocytochemical markers, 150 IP3, see Inositol triphosphate (IP3) Immunoglobulin-like plexin-transcription IPT, see Immunoglobulin-like plexin-­ (IPT) domains, 201 transcription (IPT) domains Immunoglobulins (IgA), 356 IR, see Insulin receptor (IR) Immunoliposomes, 288 Iron, 459 Immunomodulation, 94 chelator desferrioxamine, 461 Immunomodulatory, 356 oxide, 312 Immuno nanoparticles, 397 oxide nanoparticles, 100 Immunophenotyping, 385 Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), 461 Immunophilin FK506-binding protein IRPs, see Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) (FKBPI2), 211 Ischemic reperfusion injury, 186 Immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs Isoforms, 409 (ITAMs), 386 Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation (ITAM), 10 J Immunotherapy, 259 JNK, see Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) Indirect targeting, 127 Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), 203 Infections, 326 Juxtamembrane domain, 152 Infectious diseases, 5 Inflammatory, 414 chemokines, 273 K cytokines, 331 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 438 mediators, 274 Kinase, 249 Innate immunity, 304, 325 Kinetoplast DNA, 532 Inoculum size (colony-forming units/ml), 537 KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase, 144 Inorganic nanoparticles, 312 Knockins, 502 Inositol triphosphate (IP3), 178, 183 Knockouts, 502 Insulin IGF-I (Somatomedin C), 202 KRAS signaling cascade, 244 Insulin-like growth factor (ILGF), 204 Insulin receptor (IR), 204 Integrin receptor, 51 L Interferon-β, 333 LA, see Lactobionic acid (LA) Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), 326, 393 Labeling, 526 Interleukin 8 (IL-8), 333 Lactobionic acid (LA), 362, 370 Interleukin receptor, 51 Lactoferrin receptor, 51 Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase LAM, see Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) (IRAK) family, 331 Large-cell carcinoma, 231 Intermolecular silencing, 158 Late endosomes, 438 Intracardiac injection, 499 Lateral tail vein injection, 499 Intracarotid injection, 499 Layer-by-layer, 156 Intracellular, 5 LC-MS, see Liquid chromatography–mass Intracellular trafficking, 146 spectrometry (LC-MS) Intracranially, 344 LCP, see Lipid/calcium/phosphate (LCP) Intramolecular repression, 158 nanoparticle Intramuscular injection, 512 LDL receptor, 51 Intranasal, 510 Lectin-like oxidized (LOX-1), 305 Index 553

Lectin receptor, 356 Macrophages, 13, 325 Leghorn chicken eggs, 528 Macropinocytosis, 506 Legionella pneumophila, 326 Magnetic nanocapsules, 100 Legionnaires disease, 326 Magnetic nanoparticles, 418 Leishmaniasis, 309 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 206, 421 Leukemia, 414, 463 Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), 339 Leutinizing hormone (LH), 87 Malaria, 280, 364 Ligand-based therapies, 164 Malignant, 68 Ligand-binding domains, 84 Malignant cells, 462 Ligand-dependent transactivation, 158 Mammographic screening, 80 Ligands, 13, 116 Mannan, 448 Linker, 59 Mannose conjugates, 442 Lipid/calcium/phosphate (LCP) nanoparticle, 215 Mannose oligosaccharides, 440 Lipid raft/caveolae-mediated endocytosis, 507 Mannose receptors, 434 Lipid rafts, 301, 391 Mannosylated cell walls, 439–440 Lipinski’s rule, 49 Mannosylated vaccine, 442 Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), 327, 441 MAPK, see Ras-dependent mitogen-activated Lipopeptides, 333 protein kinase (MAPK) Lipophilicity, 49 Mass spectrometry, 192 Lipopolyplex, 416 Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), 179 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 273, 305 Matrix metalloproteinase, 55 Lipoprotein particles, 310–311 McFarland standard, 538 Lipoproteins, 333 Melanoma, 342 Liposomes, 60, 99, 443 Membrane-assisted steroid signaling (MISS), 86 Lipoteichoic acid, 327 Membrane-spanning domain, 52 Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry Memory T cells, 328 (LC-MS), 505, 542 Meningitis, 473 Liver disease, 358 Meningoencephalitis, 473 Liver infections, 372 2-Mercaptoethanol, 536 Long-chain fatty acids, 305 Mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), 234 Long-circulating liposomes, 489 Mesoporous silica, 417 Loop regions, 410 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 299 209, 245 LPA-methyl phosphomonoester, 183 Metal-ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS), 54 LPS tolerance, 341 Metalloestrogens, 119 Lung cancer, 413 Metalloproteinase family (ADAM), 240 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 114 Metastatic cancer, 414 Lymphangiogenesis, 253 Metastatic cancer model, 494 Lymph nodal dissemination, 253 Metastatic colorectal cancer, 220 Lymphocytic leukemia, 389, 392 Metastatic disease, 496 Lymphopenia, 344 Metastatic gastric carcinoma, 220 Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA-1-acyl-2-lyso-sn- Metastatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine glycero-3-phosphate), 182 tumors, 162 Lysophosphatidylcholine, 175 Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, 220 Lysosomal enzymes, 461 Metastatic tumors, 462 Lysosomal targeting, 448 , 411 Lysosomes, 309 5-Methyl tetrahydrofolic acid, 410 Lysozyme, 12 Met nanobodies (anti-Met-NANAPs), 204 MHC, see Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) M MHC class I molecules, 339 Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, 154 MIC, see Minimum inhibitory concentration Macrophage receptor with collagenous (MIC) structure (MARCO), 300 Mice peritonitis model, 509 554 Index

Micelles, 128, 398, 418, 419 Myelogenous leukemias, 414 Microdilution technique, 503 Mytomycin C, 245 Microemulsions, 64 Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs), 91, 156 Microspheres, 162 N Migration, 276 N-acetyl-galactosamine, 360 8 Min, 535 Namalwa cells, 500 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Nanocarrier, 287 503, 537 Nanocomposite, 215 miRNAs, see Microribonucleic acids Nanodrug delivery, 29 (miRNAs) Nanoemulsions, 64 Mitochondria delivery, 25, 26 Nanoformulations, 128, 309 Mitochondrial activity, 486 Nanoparticles (NPs), 150 Mitogen-activated kinases pathway, 242 Nanopolymeric micelles, 497 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP), 249 Nanosheets, 398 6 Ml of water, 528 Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), 419, 470 MMPs, see Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) Nanosuspension, 416, 422 Molecular biomarkers, 260 Nanosystem, 12 Molecular mechanisms, 164 Nanovectors, 101 Molecular modelling, 334 Nanoworms, 181 Molecular probes, 507 Natural drug products, 123 Molecular targets, 199 Natural killer cells, 325 Monoclonal antibodies, 99, 387, 389, 470 Natural ligands, 146 Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL™), 339 NCoR, see Nuclear receptor corepressor Monotherapy, 95 (NCoR) (+)-Morphinan compounds, 337 Necrosis, 492 Morphine, 336 Negatively charged phospholipids, 309 Mortality (% survival), 509 Neoadjuvant treatment, 92 Motifs, 438 Neoangiogenesis, 253 Mouse models, 494 Neomycin B, 395 Mouse respiratory tract infection model, 509 Neovascularization, 501 MPL™, see Monophosphoryl lipid A Nervonic acid, 190 (MPL™) Neuregulins (NRG), 240 MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Neurocysticercosis, 473 MSN, see Mesoporous silica nanoparticles Neuroendocrine, 231 (MSN) Neuropilins receptor proteins (NRP), 235 mTOR, 93 Neurosyphilis, 473 MTT assay, 486–487, 525 Neurotransmitter, 121 Mueller–Hinton broth, 537 NF-κB pathway, 331 Multidomain receptors, 437 Nguyen, M., 527 Multidrug resistance, 98 NIPAM, see N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) Multikinase inhibitor, 253 NIPMAM, see N-isopropylmethacrylamide Multiple lung metastatic cancer, 252 (NIPMAM) Multiple sclerosis, 289, 337 NIR fluorescent dye, 421 Multitargeted inhibition, 155 N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), 209 Multivalent, 192 N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAM), 209 Murine dendritic cells, 337 Nitric oxide radicals (NO), 12 MVD, see Microvessel density (MVD) Nitrocamptothecin, 493 Mycobacteria, 485 NLCs, see Nanostructured lipid carriers Mycobacterium, 393 (NLCs) M. bovis, 342 NMOFs, see Amino-triphenyl dicarboxylate-­ M. tuberculosis, 326 bridged Zr4+ metal-organic framework MyD88, 331 nanoparticles (NMOFs) Myddosome, 331 Noncompetitive, 251 Index 555

Non-olfactory GPCRs, 192 Particle size, 28, 29 Norrie disease, 190 Passive targeting, 467 NPs, see Nanoparticles (NPs) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns N-terminal, 436 (PAMPs), 325 Nuclear delivery, 26 Pathogenicity, 485 Nuclear localization, 158 Pathogens, 441 Nuclear localization signal (NLS), 115 Pathologies, 434 Nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR), 159 Pathophysiological, 462–463 Nuclear receptors, 113 Patient-derived tumor xenograft model, 494 Nucleolin, 66 Patient-derived xenograft (PDX), 495, 501 Nucleus-initiated steroid signaling (NISS), 86 PDGF, see Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) PDGFR, see Platelet-derived growth factor O receptors (PDGFR) Objective response, 260 PDX, see Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) Oligosaccharide, 356 PEG linker, 416 Oncogenic, 118 PEG-PE, see PEGylated-­ genes, 199 phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) proteins, 199 PEGylated nanoparticle, 468 Oncolytic adenovirus (Ad.sTβRII-Fc), 212 PEGylated-phosphatidylethanolamine Open-label, 259 (PEG-PE), 470 Opioid ligands, 336 Pentraxins, 9 Opsonic receptors, 438 Peptibody, 215 Opsonins, 9 Peptide agonists, 147 Opsonization, 9 Peptides, 467 Oropharyngeal, 510 Peptidoglycan, 327 Orthotopic, 494 Pericytes, 47 Orthotopic sites, 500 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors Ortho-vanillin, 335 (PPARs), 144 Osteogenic sarcomas, 411 Personalized therapy, 103, 232 Osteopontin (OPN), 393 Pertussis toxin (PTX), 146 Ovarian cancer, 412 PET, see Positron emission tomography (PET) Ovarian epithelial cancer, 219 P-glycoprotein, 98 Overall survival rate, 259 P-gp inhibitor ketoconazole, 419 OX26, 470 Phagocytes, 8 Oxidative stress, 460 Phagocytosis, 6 Oxytocin and vasopressin receptors, 237 Phagolysosomal, 12 Phagosome, 10 Pharmacokinetic, 147 P Pharmacological inhibitors, 506 p21Ras, 207 Phenotypic, 502 p53 tumor suppresser gene, 472 Phenotypic heterogeneity, 485 (PTX), 66, 397, 415 Phenylalanine (F), 250 PAE curve, 540 Phosphatase, 356 PAMPs, see Pathogen-associated molecular Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate patterns (PAMPs) (PIP2), 178 Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), 392 Phospholipase, 122 Pancreatic tumors, 150 Phospholipase C-β (PLC-β), 178 PAPs, see Protease-activated prodrugs (PAPs) Phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ), 249 Paracellular, 47 Phospholipid phosphatidyl serine (PS), 493 Paracrine–autocrine growth factor, 121 Phospholipids, 300 Parenchymal, 356 Phosphorothioates, 183 Parkinsonism, 473 Phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), 146 Partial agonists, 127 , 420, 448 556 Index

Photosensitizer, 420 Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), 92 pH-sensitive polymer, 470 Pore, 24 Physiology, 434 Porins, 327 Phytoestrogens, 119 Positron emission tomography (PET), 163, 421 PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, 89 Post antibiotic effect, 539–541 PI3K/AKT pathway, 305 Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), 182 PI3K/AKT signaling, 84 Potocytosis, 410 PI3K-PKB/Akt, see Ras-independent PP1, see Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) phosphoinositide3-kinase-protein PPARs, see Peroxisome proliferator-activated kinase B/Akt (PI3K-PKB/Akt) receptors (PPARs) Picropodophyllin, 207 Preclinical studies, 128 Pinocytosis, 6, 506 Precursor, 250 Pioneer proteins, 15 Primary peritoneal cancer, 219 PIP2, see Phosphatidylinositol Primary peritoneal carcinoma, 131 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) Proapoptotic effects, 161 PK/PD evaluation, 509 Prodrugs, 59, 127 Placebo-controlled, 256 Progesterone, 119 Placental growth factor, 202 Progesterone receptor (PR), 89 Planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, 188 Progesterone receptor antagonist (PRA), 124 Plasma membrane, 327 Progesterone receptor modulators, 124 Plasmodium vivax, 339 Progesterone response elements (PREs), 120 Plasmodium yoelii, 339 Progestin activity, 120 Platelet activators, 178 Programmed cell death, 199 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 201, Programmed cell death receptors (PD-1), 91 207, 214 Progression-free survival time, 260 Platelet-derived growth factor receptors Proinflammatory cytokines, 341 (PDGFR), 151 Propidium iodide, 532–533 PLC-β, see Phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) Prostaglandin E, 439 Pleiotropic receptor, 252 Prostatic neoplasia, 132 Plexin-semaphorin-integrin (PSI) domain, 201 Protease-activated prodrugs (PAPs), 180 PLGA, see Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) Protease-activated protein C (APC), 179 (PLGA) Protease-like, 460

PLL, see Poly(L-lysine) (PLL) Protective dose (PD50), 509 Pneumonia, 326 Protective immune response, 445 Poly(ε-caprolactone), 150 Protein kinase C (PKC), 122 Poly(ethyleneglycol), 150 Protein kinase oncogene, 151 Poly(L-lysine) (PLL), 363 Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), 211 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), 397, 447 Protein–protein interactions, 436 Poly(lactic-co-glycolide), 468 Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), 203, 390 Polyanionic, 301 Proteoglycans, 300 Polyanionic ligands, 305 Proteomic, 502 Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 29 Proton sponge effect, 24 Polyethylene glycol–poly lactic acid-co-­ Protozoa, 485 glycolic acid (PEG–PLGA), 398 PS, see Phospholipid phosphatidyl serine (PS) Polyethylenimine (PEI), 254 PSD-95, see Postsynaptic density protein 95 Polylactide co glycolide-PEG, 418 (PSD-95) Polymer–alendronate– conjugate, 491 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 504 Polymeric, 60, 62, 468 Pseudopodium, 10 nanocarriers, 365 PSI, see Plexin-semaphorin-integrin (PSI) nanoparticles, 62, 102 domain Polymers, 445 PTK, see Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) Polymorphism, 485 PTPs, see Phosphotyrosine phosphatases Polynucleotides, 305 (PTPs) Polypeptides, 464 PTX, see Pertussis toxin (PTX) Index 557

Pullulan, 362 RES, see Reticuloendothelial system (RES) Pulmonary, 448 Resilience, 485 Pulse processing (pulse shape analysis), 533 Resistance, 85 Pyrogenic response, 341 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 328 Respiratory tract infection (RTI) model, 509 Reticuloendothelial system (RES), 8, 341 Q Retinal cell carcinoma, 342 QDs, see Quantum dots (QDs) Retinal pigment epithelium, 438 Quantitative inhibition, 531 X receptor (RXR), 159 Quantum dots (QDs), 150 RGD cell-penetrating peptide, 252 RGD tripeptide, 54 Rh2-treated graphene oxide (GO-Rh2), 488 R Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 328, 415 RA, see Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) RhoA, see Ras homolog gene family member RAC, see Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin A (RhoA) substrate (RAC) Rhodobacter capsulatus endotoxin, 337 Radiation, 233 Rhodobacter sphaeroides, 343 Radiation therapy, 199 Rickettsiae, 485 Radioactivity, 487 Rifampicin, 422 Radioisotope, 147 RIP-1, see Receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP-1) Radiomitigator, 186 Risk factors, 80 Radiopharmaceuticals, 149 RNA, 409 Radio-protective protein 105 (RP105), 336 Rodent infection models, 508 RAF-MEK-MAPK, see Rapidly accelerated RP105, see Radio-protective protein 105 fibrosarcoma-MAPK ERK kinase- (RP105) mitogen-activated protein kinase R-Smads, 211 (RAF-MEK-MAPK) RSV, see Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RANTES, 280 RTI, see Respiratory tract infection (RTI) Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-MAPK model ERK kinase-mitogen-activated protein RTK, see Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) kinase (RAF-MEK-MAPK), 183 Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 217 S Ras homolog gene family member A SA, see Stearylamine (SA) (RhoA), 179 Safety toward, 541 Ras proteins, 285 Salmonella minnesota R595, 338 RAS/RAF/MAPK cascade, 84 SAR, see Structure–activity relationship Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (SAR) (RAC), 182 Scaffolds, 399 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 11 Scatter factor (SF), 200, 202 Receptor autoinhibition, 216 Scatter plot, 535 Receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP-1), 333 SCF, see Stem cell factor (SCF) Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), 6 scFv component, 471 Receptor signaling kinetics, 177 SCID mice, 210 Receptor-targeted therapies, 98 Scintigraphy, 149 Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), 151, 238 Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine Recombinant fusion protein, 191 (SPARC), 307 Recombinant human EGF conjugated to a Selective androgen receptor modulators protein carrier, 244 (SARM), 123 Recurrent epithelial ovarian, 131 Selective estrogen receptor modulators Recurrent meningioma, 219 (SERMs), 87, 124 Renal cancer, 413 Selective inhibition, 155 Replacement, reduction and refinement, 524 Self-apoptotic bodies, 339 Reproductive neoplasia, 123–125 Self-assembled microparticles, 156 558 Index

SEMA, see Structural domain of semaphorins SRIF, see Somatotropin release-inhibiting (SEMA) factor (SRIF) Semaphorins, 201 SS, see Side scatter (SS) Septic shock, 341 SSTs, see Somatostatin receptors (SSTs) Sequence homology, 205 Staining, 527 Serine/threonine kinase mTOR, 153 Staphylococcus aureus, 504 Serine/threonine kinase receptors, 210 Stealth, 29 SF, see Scatter factor (SF) Stearylamine (SA), 471 SFK, see Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFK) Stem cell factor (SCF), 214 SH2, see Src-homology-2 domain (SH2) Stereochemistry, 186 Shape, 30 Sterility control tube, 539 Shell cross-linked needle-like polymeric Steroid hormones, 113 nanoparticles, 511 Steroid receptor (SR), 116 Shell-less chick embryo, 528 Sterylglucoside, 362 Shing, Y., 527 β-Strands, 410 Sialic acid, 356 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 326, 504 Sialoadhesin, 435 Structural domain of semaphorins (SEMA), 201 Side scatter (SS), 533 Structure–activity relationship (SAR), 333 Signaling cascades, 250 Subcellular organelles, 14 Signaling markers, 96 Subcutaneous (S.C.) implantation, 497 Silica nanoparticles (SN), 245 Sucralfate, 528 Silico, 176 Sugar moieties, 437 Silver plasmonic NPs, 150 Sulfated carbohydrates, 435 Single-cell population, 533 Sulfated glycoproteins, 437 Single chain variable fragment (scFv) Sulfated polysaccharides, 305 antibodies, 252 Sulfated tyrosine, 284 Single-stranded cuts, 530 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles siRNA, 254 (SPIONs), 204, 421, 448 Skin infections, 328 Surface charge, 31 SLE, see Systemic lupus erythematosus Survival, 409 (SLE) Sustained, 248 Small-molecule inhibitor, 257 Synergistically, 338 Small-molecule TKIs, 256 Synergistic effect, 97 Solid lipid nanoparticles, 61 Synthetic agonists, 146 Solute Carrier (SLC), 49 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 328 Solutions and solvents, 525 Somatostatin, 146 Somatostatin receptors (SSTs), 144 T Somatotropin release-inhibiting factor Tamoxifen, 419 (SRIF), 144 Targeted drug-delivery, 14 Sorting and recycling endosomes, 11 TcdB, see Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB) SP, see Spermine (SP) T-cell, 390 Spatial and temporal resolution, 524 T-cell priming, 259 Spatial targeting, 84 T-cell receptor (TCR), 390 Spermine (SP), 471 , 470 SPIONs, see Superparamagnetic iron oxide Testosterone, 95 nanoparticles (SPIONs) Tetanus toxoid, 445 Spleen cells, 489 Tethered ligand (TL), 177, 179 Spontaneous metastatic mouse model, 499 Tetraantennary, 361 Squamous cell carcinoma, 231 Tetrahydrofolate, 411 SR-A1, 301 Tetraspanins, 234 Src family kinases, 10 Tf peptide, 460 Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFK), 153 TGF-β, see Transforming growth factor-β Src-homology-2 domain (SH2), 203 (TGF-β) Index 559

T-helper immune cell, 339 Transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) Theranostics, 68, 100, 399 proteins, 234 Therapeutics, 459 Transplant models, 499 Therapeutic targets, 231 Transwells, 530 Thermosensitive polymer (TSP)-based TRAP, see Thyroid hormone receptor-­ liposomes, 209 associated protein (TRAP) Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), 160 Trastuzumab, 85

Thigh lesion model, 510 Triacylated lipopeptide ligand Pam3CSK4, 330 Three Rs, 524 Triantennary oligosaccharide, 360 Thrombin, 176 Triazine, 205 Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, 178 TRIF, see Toll-interferon response factor (TRIF) Thrombospondins (TSPs), 202 TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM), 330 Thymocytes, 489 Triple-negative breast cancer, 91 Thymopentin, 489 Triskelion, 15 Thymopoietin, 489 Trypsin, 176 Thyroid carcinomas, 392 TSP, see Thermosensitive polymer (TSP)- Thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein based liposomes (TRAP), 159 TSPs, see Thrombospondins (TSPs) Time-kill assays, 503, 539–541 Tuberculosis, 309, 393 TIRAP, 331 Tumor, 448, 459 T lymphocytes, 288, 325 biology, 485 TK, see Tyrosine kinase (TK) imaging, 399 TL, see Tethered ligand (TL) suppressor, 335 TLRs, see Toll-like receptors (TLRs) suppressor pathways, 231 TMDs, see Transmembrane domains (TMDs) Tumoral mucins, 440 TNF receptor type 1-associated death domain Tumorigenesis, 174 (TRADD), 333 Tumor microvessel density (MVD), 215 TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 53, 273 (TRAIL) death receptors, 234 Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 393 Toll-interferon response factor (TRIF), 330 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, 234 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 143 Type I collagen, 528 Topoisomerase I, 493, 530 Type of BC, 81 Topoisomerase I inhibition assay, 530, 531 Tyrosine kinase (TK), 201 Topoisomerase II, 532 inhibitors, 85 Topoisomerase inhibition assay, 491 receptors, 113 Topoisomerases, 491 Tyrosine residues, 359 Toxicity, 485 TZDs, see Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) Toxins, 466 Toxoplasmosis, 473 TPGS, see D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene U glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) UA, see Ursolic acid (UA) TRADD, see TNF receptor type 1-associated Ubiquitin protein ligase, 203 death domain (TRADD) U373 human astrocytoma, 63 TRAM, see TRIF-related adaptor molecule U87 human glioblastoma, 63 (TRAM) Ultrasound-mediated delivery, 209 Transcriptional repression, 157 Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), 101 Transcription factors, 157 Upregulate, 439 Transferrin, 465 Ursolic acid, 493 Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), 240 UV transilluminator, 531 Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), 201, 210 Transgenic, 255, 502 V Transmembrane domains (TMDs), 145, 358 Vaccine adjuvants, 334 Transmembrane RTKs, 216 Vaccinia virus, 339 560 Index

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), W 143, 200, 212–215, 233 Wheat germ agglutinin, 60 VEGF, see Vascular endothelial growth Wortmannin, 12 factor (VEGF) Vesicles, 7 Vesicular stomatitis virus X (VSV), 328 Xenoestrogens, 119 Villi of the intestine, 460 Xenograft, 494 Vintafolide, 422 Xenograft mouse models, 494 Virulence, 509 Virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (VDEPT), 59 Z Viruses, 485 Zac1, see Zinc finger protein (Zac1) Vitamin D3, 439 Zebrafish, 490 Vitamin D3 receptor-interacting protein Zebrafish caudal fin regeneration assay, 529 (DRIP), 159 Zinc finger protein (Zac1), 146 Vitrogen, 528 ZO-1, see Zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) VSV, see Vesicular stomatitis virus Zona occludens 1 (ZO-1), 182 (VSV) Zymosan, 327