Drawn to the Light the Freehand Drawing from the Dramatic Text As an Illumination of the Theatre Designer’S Eye of the Mind
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Drawn to the Light The freehand drawing from the dramatic text as an illumination of the theatre designer’s eye of the mind Sue Field A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree: Master of Design (Honours) School of Design Studies College of Fine Art University of New South Wales 2012 2 Acknowledgements Special thanks to my supervisor Dr Vaughan Rees Associate Dean, to my father Dr Geoffrey Field and to my mother Janice Field. Without their unrelenting support this would never have happened. 3 Abstract This practice-based research is drawn from the broader field of the Dramatic Arts and lies within the specific discipline of theatre design. The principle aim is to investigate and analyse the methodology of freehand drawing as the unique means of imaging the dramatic text for theatre and to contextualise my own practice within a theoretical framework. It is driven by the argument that the ‘thinking’ drawings, more so than the finished, built design, exist as the primary ‘site of revelation’ for the Australian theatre designer. This research is underpinned by the formal methodologies of Stephen Scrivener, Donald Schön and Douglas Hofstadter; my unconscious practice emerges organically through the unstructured reflective process of Peggy Phelan’s ‘performative writing’. The hypothesis driven model has been replaced with the equally rigorous model of reflective practice, by which the ‘unending’ transformative spiral of research has spawned multiple avenues for future research examining drawing from the dramatic text. One such avenue is the discovery of the unrecognised secret ‘autonomous’ drawing (a drawing that exists outside the original theatre production process). It is this drawing, in particular, that is potentially a ‘door’ or portal, deep in the consciousness of the theatre designer. The ghosts inhabiting the dark space of the empty stage are illuminated in the designer’s eye of the mind where the spectral presence embedded in the palimpsest of the autonomous drawing becomes the seminal source of revelation, of originality and innovation. 4 Integral to this practice-based research was an exhibition, held at the COFA Space, of a personal body of dramatic drawings that accompanied the text. The explorations documented in the text were tested for their potential to become a primary outcome, such as an exhibition of works before a different type of audience in a different style of venue from that of a theatrical production. This exhibition complemented the written dissertation with a critical and reflective focus on the creative or practice component.The principle focus of this exibition was an interrogation of the process of creating new spaces in the dramatic drawing - the transformation of the dramatic text into the performative ‘scenographic script’1 and ‘in so doing open up new possibilities and artistic and design potential.’2 In the Twenty-First Century the drawings of the contemporary Australian theatre designer are an exclusive personal insight into the intricate nuances of the imaging of the dramatic text and are exceptional in their ability to illuminate a space in constant flux, a site of infinite mutable signs, which excite ‘cognitive surprise’,3 wonder and astonishment. Importantly, they are also the only ‘door’ into the theatre designer’s uncensored private thoughts in an innately collaborative art form. 1 Howard, What Is Scenography??39 2 Scrivener, "Artistic and Designerly Research: Articulated Transformational Practice." 3 Stephen Scrivener, "Artistic and Designerly Research: Articulated Transformational Practice," Final ESRC Seminar at the British Library (2010), 18 May 211. 5 Contents Originality/Copyright/Authenticity Statement 2 Acknowledgments 3 Abstract 4 Table of Contents 6 List of Illustrations 10 Chapter One Drawn to the light: The freehand drawing from the dramatic text as an illumination of the theatre designer’s eye of the mind. 1.1 Statement of aims 18 1.2 The drawings of the ‘unproven’ contemporary Australian theatre designer 19 1.3 The early freehand preparatory or ‘thinking’ sketch as the site of innovation and 23 ideation 1.4 The theatre designer’s ‘thinking’ drawings from the dramatic text 28 1.5 Freehand drawing as autograph 38 1.6 Chapter Outline and thesis breakdown 41 1.7 Drawing conclusions 43 6 Chapter Two Setting the literary scene 2.1 Setting the literary scene 45 2.2 Practical texts on theatre design 46 2.3 Australian texts on drawing for theatre 48 2.4 The key international authorities on scenographic practice 53 2.5 The analogue and digital drawing 57 2.6 The analogue and digital drawing for theatre 60 2.7 Drawing conclusions 68 Chapter Three Creating a scene 72 3.1 Research by design 73 3.2 The double-loop of learning 74 3.3 The double helix 75 3.4 Paradoxical level-crossing feedback loop 77 3.5 The design for this research by design 79 Data Collection: 3.6 The dramatic drawing process 82 3.7 Performative writing 85 3.8 Monologues 87 3.9 The dramatic script of monologues as a trace in the dramatic drawing 89 3.10 Dramatic drawings as a primary outcome 91 7 3.11 An unending search for the key to the secret of creativity 92 Chapter Four Ephemeral traces: the dramatic drawing from the dramatic text 4.1 Selecting the text 93 4.2 The shorthand primal 102 4.3 The ideation thumbnail 103 4.4 The ‘gap’ 105 4.5 The generative sketch 108 4.6 Illuminating the shadows 111 4.7 The exploration drawing 114 4.8 Flow 120 4.9 Story-boarding the text 124 4.10 Set design illustrations 126 4.11 The autonomous drawing 128 4.12 The ‘mind’s eye’ view 130 4.13 Drawn to the door 135 4.14 Drawing back the veil 147 4.15 Drawn to reveal 149 4.16 The vaudevillian dreamscape of postmodern theatre 160 8 Chapter Five Drawn beyond the fourth wall 5.1 The threshold 163 5.2 The Albertian one-point perspective 164 5.3 The ‘in-between’ space 164 5.4 The ‘in-between’ space of the dramatic drawing 166 5.5 The ‘other’ space in the future 166 5.6 Baudrillard’s veil 168 5.7 Impact of digital technology 170 5.8 Drawn to the light 174 Bibliography 176 Appendix 179 9 List of Illustrations Chapter One Drawn to the Light 1. Sue Field, 1998. Generative sketch: black pen, red and grey markers on bond paper, 148 x 210 mm: for the theatre production of The Curse of the House of Atreus directed by Helmet Bakaitis, set and costume design by Sue Field. 2. Sue Field, 1998. Generative sketch: black pen, red and grey markers on bond paper, 148 x 210 mm: for the theatre production of The Curse of the House of Atreus directed by Helmet Bakaitis, set and costume design by Sue Field. 3. Peacham Drawing, black pen executed in 1595 during a rehearsal of William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus Accessed 3 March 2011, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peacham_drawing 4. Sue Field, 2000. Rehearsal drawing in black pen on bond paper, 148 x 210 mm: for the theatre production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, directed by Elke Neidhart, costumes designed by Sue Field, set design by Michael Scott-Mitchell for the Bell Shakespeare Company. 5. Sue Field, 2009. Autonomous Drawing: black and red pen, collage on watercolour paper, 594 x 941mm for The Master and Margarita, by Edward Kemp (a translation into a play of Mikhail Bulgakov’s Soviet novel of the same name), hypothetical set design by Sue Field. 6. Sue Field, 2009. Autonomous Drawing: black and red pen, collage on watercolour paper, 594 x 941mm: for The Master and Margarita, by Edward Kemp (a translation into a play of Mikhail Bulgakov’s Soviet novel of the same name), hypothetical set design by Sue Field. 10 Chapter Two Setting the literary scene 1. Dan Potra, 2010. Generative sketch: black pen for the ‘Human train’ for the opening of the XIX Commonwealth Games, Delhi, production by Dan Potra. 2. Dan Potra, 2010. Generative sketch: black and coloured pen in sketch journal, 148 x 210mm for the ‘Human train’ for the opening of the XIX Commonwealth Games, Delhi, production design by Dan Potra. 3. William Kentridge, 2004. Drawing in charcoal and coloured pencil on paper, 80 x 120mm for the opera production, Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute), Theatre Royal de la Monnaie, Brussels 2005, set and costumes designed by William Kentridge 4. Production photo, 2005. Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute), Theatre Royal de la Monnaie, Brussels set and costumes designed by William Kentridge 5. Michael Scott-Mitchell, 2006. ‘Thinking’ CAD orthograph for the Cauldron design for the event production of The Opening and Closing of the XIV Asian Games, Doha production design by Michael Scott-Mitchell 6. Andrew Chan, 2006. Finished presentational drawing of the Cauldron developed in RHINO. Chapter Three Creating a Scene 1. M.C Escher, 1948. Lithograph, 280 × 330mm: Accessed 26 May 2012. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/DrawingHands.jpg 2. Double helix. Image accessed 26 May 2012 http://www.dna-structure.com/history.htm 3. Sydney Opera House carpark. Diagrammatic rendering: Accessed 16 May 2012, http://www.tunneltalk.com/Discussion-Forum-Sep10-Iconic-underground- structures.php 11 4. The transformative spiral of research, diagram of research model, Sue Field 5. Taxonomy of drawing process 6. Branco Gaica, 1998. Production photograph for the theatre production of The Fall of the House of Atreus directed by Helmet Bakitus, set and costume design by Sue Field. Chapter Four Ephemeral traces: the drawing from the dramatic text 1. Dr Geoffrey Field, 1972: Colour photograph of a derelict Georgian mansion, Cottrell Manor, Wales. 2.