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Journal of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects + August-September, 1940 Journal of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects

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Journal of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects + August-September, 1940 Journal of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vol. )(XXVIII. Melbourne, August-September, 1940 No. 4 CONTENTS STONES OF ATHENS ... ... FRONTISPIECE AIR RAID PRECAUTIONS 79 NOTES OF GENERAL INTEREST ... 81 R.V.I.A. VICTORIAN STREET ARCHITECTURE MEDAL 82 HEIDELBERG TOWN HALL AND MUNICIPAL OFFICES 83 THE I.E.S. AWARD FOR LIGHT IN ARCHITECTURE, 1940 84 DESIGN AWARDED FIRST PRIZE ... 85 DESIGN AWARDED SECOND PRIZE 86 DESIGN AWARDED THIRD PRIZE 87 CONTEMPORARY RESIDENTIAL SHOP DESIGN ... 88 NEW BUILDING FOR THE ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED 90 LOUDON SAINTHILL ... 92 PUBLISHED MONTHLY FOR THE ROYAL VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS REGISTERED OFFÍCE: 53-55 COLLINS PLACE, MELBOURNE, C.1 journal Committee HORACE J. TRIBE (Chairman) ALAN L. FILDES LESLIE M. PERROTT D. C. WARD ROY K. STEVENSON W. R. GODFREY Managing Editor— JOHN B. ISLIP This Journal is set up and printed by G. W. GREEN & SONS PTY. LTD. 458 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne Subscription Rates, £1/1/- per year COPYRIGHT "WATERLOO" FIRE DOORS To Fire Underwriters' Specifications • Are manufactured to any size and erected to your entire satisfaction by WORMALD BROS. PTY. LTD. Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne Telephone: MX 3121 FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERS SINCE 1889 • "Calcimo" is the perfect wall and ceiling finish — it has set the standard for quality among kalsomines in Australia for over 40 years! It's easy to mix—easy to use—made ready for application by the simple admixture of cold water. "Calcimo" is durable, economical, and enables the most beautiful, distinctive colour harmonies to be achieved at minimum cost. CALCIMO Sole Victorian DECORATIVE WALL COATING Distributors: BROOKS J MU R/1 LO * PROCESSI ROBINSON PTY. LTD. Now made in Australia by: MURALO 59 Elizabeth Street, COMPANY (Australia) Pty. Ltd. Melbourne Port Adelaide + Melbourne + Sydney xvi. ~~oraei otAhevm JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS + AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1940 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vol. XX XVIII. Melbourne, August-September, 1940 No. 4 AIR RAID PRECAUTIONS THE PROVISION OF AIR RAID SHELTERS IN VICTORIA T the request the State EmergencyJ Council shelter, and have been adopted as the basic type A or Civil De,offence the A.R.P. oint Com- for all areas except specially vulnerable areas of mittee of the Royal Victorian Institute of limited extent, for three main reasons, viz.:— Architects and of the Institution of Engineers, (a) Small bomb-proof shelters are so excessively Australia, Melbourne Division, has prepared a costly as to be impracticable. report regarding the provision of Air Raid Shelters (b) Large bomb-proof shelters in which the cost in Victoria. per head can be reduced to practicable limits The report deals in a comprehensive manner are unsuitable for use in this country, where with the question of obtaining shelter protection the density of population is -relatively low. in Greater Melbourne and the urban centres of (c) In the event of larger bombs being used than the State and examines the relative costs. The those provided against, the efficiency of large document is of such length that it is not possible bomb-proof shelters is doubtful. to publish it here in full: a summary of the con- "Since it has been found unduly costly to pro- clusions and recommendations contained in the vide by structural means lateral protection above report, however, is set out hereunder. ground equivalent to that provided by solid earth, The recommendations are based upon the as- the trench type of shelter wholly sunk into the sumption that in the event of Victoria being raided ground has been recommended for use, wherever from, the air complete evacuation of the popula- practicable. tion is not a practicable policy, owing to the vital "The recommendations for the structural design need in wartime to maintain war production and of covered trënch shelters have been based upon civil organisation. This problem, together with a the factors of efficiency and cost. The 9 in. re- number of other difficulties inherent in any whole- inforced concrete wall adopted as a basis provides sale evacuation scheme, has led the Committee to high efficiency in relation to cost. The detailed adopt a plan which provides for the evacuation costs given in Appendix B show that the efficiency of all non-essential persons from congested areas of heavier construction increases at a lower rate and the provision of shelter accommodation for than the costs of such construction. all those remaining in populous or dangerous "In areas of low density of population, with areas. The Committee points out that the report relatively few shelters, the probability of bombing does not deal with the question of the billeting and the risk of near hits on a number of shelters of evacuees nor the provision of buildings for such are less than in congested areas and these factors a purpose. have been considered to justify some reduction in CONCLUSIONS the strength of construction used in shelters in In summarising its conclusions, the Committee such areas. states that "consideration of the type of shelter "The nature of the earth into which the shel- accommodation to be provided for the unevacu- ters are sunk also affects their efficiency. Various ated population has entailed examination of the strengths of structure have, therefore, been recom- relative merits of bomb-proof shelters and blast mended for use according to density of population and splinter resisting shelters. and the nature of the ground. "After detailed examination of the data avail- "Where suitable buildings are available, shelters able, blast and splinter resisting shelters have been in buildings may be used. The construction of such considered to be preferable to the bomb-proof shelters is intended to be such that they give ap- 79 i►'--, ^~ proximately the same amount of protection as the covered trench shelter. Stones o[_/dtheni In view of the relatively low cost of gas-proof- Mr. Max Collard (A.), a winner of the ing measures in shelters and in view of the pos- Robert and Ada Haddon Travelling Scholar- sible use of gas, it has been considered desirable ship of the R.V.I.A., has captured an unusual that all shelters should be completely gas-proof. angle of the Parthenon in the camera study It should be noted, however, that the provision of which forms the frontispiece of this issue of gas-proof shelters will not render the use of in- the Journal. The photograph was taken by dividual gas masks unnecessary. Gas masks will be Mr. Collard during his recent tour overseas. essential for all persons to ensure that they can enter and leave a shelter in the presence of gas. "For reasons of economy and efficiency, it is recommended that all external shelters should be in public gardens, open spaces and in streets, par- mechanically ventilated, and, where possible, ticularly secondary streets. This will allow shel- should be capable of accommodating not less than ters to be properly distributed according to the 25 persons. distribution of population with a minimum travel- time for the occupants of each shelter. The maximum capacity of any one external "It is clear that the construction of such shel- shelter has been fixed at 100 persons, since a ters, the majority of which will be located on smaller shelter (of say 50 persons as adopted in public property and roads, can be efficiently under- England) adds considerably to the cost. Internal taken only by some Government Authority with shelters accommodating more than 100 persons adequate powers to control the matters of design, should be sub-divided with blast and splinter re- location and construction of shelters. sisting partitions, so that no section will contain "While the shelter-construction scheme outlined more than 100 persons. In all other details, the in this report is not comparable in scale or in recommendations made in regard to shelter design total cost with any of the main social services are, in principle, the same as those adopted in such as railways, sanitation or power supply, it is England. nevertheless a very large programme. It could not "English recommendations for surface area per be efficiently nor economically carried out under person and air volume per person have been used emergency conditions. It is essential, therefore, in this report to determine the capacity of shelters. that all necessary preparations should be made and These figures may require modification owing to the work carried out before an emergency arises." the difference between English and Victorian climatic conditions. Any such modification will RECOMMENDATIONS not, however, affect the general recommendations "It is recommended that— in this report. "1. The scheme of protection most suitable for "It is essential, before any final shelter designs Melbourne and the rural centres of Victoria is a are made, that a specimen shelter should be built combination of evacuation and the provision of and tested under a variety of weather conditions shelter accommodation. to determine the surface area and air volume re- "2. All children and non-essential persons quired per person in this climate. should be evacuated from all areas which are "The size and type of shelter adopted control to densely populated or adjoin specific targets. a large extent the method of carrying out the con- "3. Where the population density, in any par- struction programme and the question of location. ticular area, after evacuation, equals or exceeds "Since the basic type of external shelter recom- say five (5) persons to the acre, shelter accom- mended is the covered trench type and accom- modation should be provided in order to give, as modates 25 or more persons, shelters must gen- far as possible, an equal degree of immunity for erally be sited in open ground or in streets, and all persons.
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