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Nowa Forma W Architekturze Łotewskiej I Jej Filiacje Na Przełomie XIX I XX Wieku Na Przykładzie Rygi

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Nowa Forma W Architekturze Łotewskiej I Jej Filiacje Na Przełomie XIX I XX Wieku Na Przykładzie Rygi NAUKA SCIENCE Zdzisława Tołłoczko Nowa forma w architekturze łotewskiej i jej filiacje na przełomie XIX i XX wieku na przykładzie Rygi New form in Latvian architecture, and its affiliations at the turn of the 19th and the 20th century, on the example of Riga Określenie ‘nowa forma’ nie jest pojęciem The term ‘new form’ is not a particularly orig- szczególnie oryginalnym bądź odkrywczym, ale za inal or innovative notion, but a very useful one, to bardzo poręcznym lub czasami niezastąpionym. sometimes even indispensable. The formula has Formułę tę stosowało z powodzeniem wielu au- been successfully used by many authors, among torów, a wśród nich, między innymi, Andrzej K.Ol- whom there were Andrzej K. Olszewski and Er- szewski oraz Ernest Niemczyk1. Próbowali oni nest Niemczyk. They tried to grasp the essence of uchwycić istotę nowych nurtów w architekturze, new trends in architecture which fell outside the które wymykały się spod rygorów naczelnych kie- rigorous principles of the mainstream tendencies, runków nie spełniając warunków przypisywanych by not fulfilling the requirements either of the old na ogół stylom dawnym, jak i modnym tendencjom styles or the fashionable trends shaping the most kształtującym architekturę najnowszą. Autorzy ci modern architecture. The authors focused their skupiali głównie swą uwagę na stylowych wyda- attention mainly on stylistic events which took rzeniach lat około 1900-1925, opisując i analizując place during the years 1900-1925, describing and zjawiska niezwiązane bezpośrednio z awangardą, analyzing the phenomena not directly connected czyli z nieawangardową architekturą nowoczesną2. with the avant-garde, which means the non-avant- Tymczasem w historii sztuki od jej zarania niemal garde modern architecture. Since the beginnings zawsze pojawiała się jakaś ‘nowa forma’ i nie była of the history of art there always appeared a ‘new ona wyłącznie fenomenem pierwszej ćwierci XX form’, so it was not exclusively a phenomenon of wieku. Zawsze wszak istniała jakaś współczesność, the first quarter of the 20th century. There always czyli ówczesna nowoczesność, bądź to osobliwy, existed some sort of present, that is the then mo- jedyny dla jakiejś epoki, modernizm. Przykłado- dernity, or a peculiar modernism, particular to wo, Michel Ragon twierdzi, że sam termin archi- a given epoch. For example, Michel Ragon claims tecture moderne jest nonsensem, gdyż wszystkie sty- that the term architecture moderne itself is nonsense le były kiedyś modernes3. Ale i w nich ścierały się since all the styles were once modernes, in which trendy zachowawcze i bardziej nowatorskie. Traf- conservative and innovative trends clashed as well. nie zatem A.K.Olszewski konstatuje, iż: „...Starcie A. K. Olszewski concluded that “…Clashing of the się ‘nowego’ ze ‘starym’ musi wywołać pewne for- ‘new’ with the ‘old’ must result in some forms in my pośrednie, oscylujące między uproszczoną tra- between, oscillating between simplified tradition dycją a powierzchowną nowoczesnością”4. Dobrą and superficial modernity”. A good illustration lo- ilustracją ulokowaną w szeroko rozumianym mo- cated in the widely understood Modernism, and dernizmie, a znakomicie ugruntowującą ów po- perfectly consolidating the above mentioned view- Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Conservation News • 27/2010 11 gląd, może być północnoniemiecki ekspresjonizm, point was the north-German Expressionism which który estetycznie nawiązywał do mistyki gotyku5. alluded aesthetically to the mysticism of the Goth- Były więc różne modernizmy, a ich rozmaite ga- ic. There were different modernisms, and their tunki nosiły wiele nazw. Podstawowym wszakże various versions were called numerous names. ich wyróżnikiem jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy However, their distinctive feature is the answer to nie tylko pragnęły, ale przede wszystkim: czy swe the question whether they not merely wanted to, marzenia zrealizowały w kwestii radykalnego od- but whether they realized their dreams concern- cięcia się od przeszłości – zerwania ciągłości trady- ing the matter of radical separation from the past – cji architektonicznej. breaking the continuity of architectonic tradition. Punktem ciężkości zainteresowań autorki ni- The focus of interest of the author of this paper niejszego artykułu jest nowa forma w architektu- is the new form in architecture which, since new rze, która, jako że nowa, to rzecz oczywista nowo- meant also modern, but at the same time was sub- czesna, ale jednocześnie podporządkowana zasa- ordinated to the principle expressed in the maxim dzie zawartej w paremi św.Tomasza z Akwinu, of the St. Thomas Aquinas, saying: Conservatio est brzmiącej: Conservatio est continua creatio, którą to continua creation, was so wonderfully developed by myśl tak wspaniale rozwinął w swej teorii estetycz- Edmund Burke in his aesthetic theory. And so was nej Edmund Burke6. I taką właśnie jest, na poły the half – new, half – traditional architecture of Riga nowa, na poły tradycjonalna, odpowiadająca po- at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, which re- dobnym nurtom europejskim, architektura Rygi na flected similar European trends. Let us have a look przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Rzućmy pokrótce at some of its examples, considering the new situ- okiem na jej niektóre przykłady, uwzględniwszy ation which questioned the time-honoured prin- nową sytuację, w której zakwestionowano uświę- ciples of identifying historic styles on the basis of cone zasady wytyczania stylów historycznych na ideal types, constructed on the basis of mutual for- podstawie typów idealnych, skonstruowanych mal and ideal connections, thus dividing the whole w oparciu o wzajemne powiązania formalno-ide- centuries. In the case of appearance of the in-be- owe, dzieląc na tej zasadzie całe stulecia. Natomiast tween forms, e.g. those known as decadent style, w przypadku pojawiania się form pośrednich, np. proto-style, post-style, neo-style etc. moving away określanych jako: styl okołoschyłkowy, protostyl, from the ideal type, at the turn of the 19th and the poststyl, neostyl, itp., oddalających się od typu ide- 20th century the problem was additionally compli- alnego, na przełomie XIX i XX wieku problem cated by the appearance of eclecticism and the re- komplikował się dodatkowo w przypadku pojawie- action to it, namely Secession which in France was nia się eklektyzmu i reakcji nań, czyli secesji, która known as Art Nouveau, while in England it was we Francji nosiła nazwę Art Nouveau, a w Anglii called Modern Art. zwała się Modern Art7. Considering the limited choice and the subject Do pierwszych prognostyków owego nowego range discussed in this article, among the first bea- genre’u należy, uwzględniwszy skromność wyboru cons of the new genre was the first building of the i zakresu ujętej w tym artykule problematyki, industrial complex of the VEF factory erected by pierwszy budynek zespołu zakładów VEF w Ry- Heinrich Karl Scheel during the years 1899-1914. dze, wzniesiony w latach 1899-1914 przez Heinri- The factory, which was then owned by the Rus- cha Karla Scheela. Zakłady te, wówczas należące sian electro-technical enterprise Union, belonged do rosyjskiego przedsiębiorstwa elektrotechnicz- to the German concern AEG, so it was not sur- nego Union, wchodziły w skład niemieckiego kon- prising that Peter Behrens participated in the next cernu AEG i nic przeto dziwnego, że w kolejnej stage of expansion during the following years. Some rozbudowie w latach następnych uczestniczył Pe- Latvian scientists gave the work of Scheel the name ter Behrens. Pracę Scheela niektórzy badacze ło- Rundbogenstil, though it seems that this particular tewscy określają mianem Rundbogenstil, atoli wy- object represents eclecticism more than neo-Ren- daje się, że w tym obiekcie więcej eklektyzmu niż aissance of which Rundbogenstil was a variety. The neorenesansu, którego odmianą był Rundbogenstil8. before mentioned statement is not a criticism, al- Przy tym stwierdzenie to nie jest czymś w rodzaju though eclecticism and academism constituted an zarzutu, wszak jeszcze do niedawna eklektyczność anathema until recently, nowadays they have be- bądź akademizm były anatemą, zaś obecnie stały come a significant feature indicating particular in- się znamiennym wskazaniem na swoistą innowa- novativeness in the architecture at the turn of the cyjność w architekturze przełomu XIX i XX wie- 19th and 20th century. Eclecticism was invented by ku. Eklektyzm wymyślili już architekci w dobie architects during the Greek antiquity or even ear- antyku greckiego, a nawet wcześniej, o rzymskim lier, not to mention the Roman period. Therefore, nie wspominając. Zatem dziewiętnastowieczne the 19th-century mutations of those stylistic hybrids 12 Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Conservation News • 27/2010 mutacje owych hybryd stylowych śmiało nazwać can confidently be called new eclecticism, and the można nowym eklektyzmem, a odwaga w ampli- bravery in amplifying various motifs deserved the fikacji różnorodnych motywów zasługuje na mia- name of a curious, nevertheless a novel form. no osobliwej wprawdzie, a jednak nowej formy (fig. 1, 2). However, the closer it was to the end of (ryc. 1, 2). Wszelako im bliżej końca XIX stulecia, the 19th century, the more this new proto-form was ta nowa protoforma ulega znaczącej redukcji reduced and its detail, or even the tectonics itself, i uproszczeniu detalu, a nawet tektoniki samej. Się- simplified. According to the findings of Krzysztof gając do ustaleń
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